第十一章动词的语态（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

第十一章 动词的语态
思维导图
知识梳理
一、语态概述
英语动词除了有时态之外,还有语态,表示主语和谓语的不同关系.如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动语态;如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词则用被动语态.动作的执行者用“by”引导的短语表示,但往往被省略;动作的对象则充当了被动语态句中的主语.汉语中常用“挨”“被”“受”等词来表示这个意思.
The boy broke the window.那个男孩把玻璃窗打碎了.(主动语态)
The window was broken by the boy.这扇玻璃窗被那个男孩打碎了.(被动语态)
They watched the children sing that morning.那天早上他们看着孩子们唱歌.(主动语态)
The children were watched to sing that morning.那天早上,孩子们被观看唱歌.(被动语态)
二、被动语态的构成
“助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式.助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样.现以动词ask为例,列表如下:方式
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在 am is asked are am being is being asked are being has been asked have been
过去 was asked were asked was being asked were being asked had been asked
将来 Shall be asked will be asked - shall have been asked will have been asked
过去将来 should be asked would be asked - should have been asked would have been asked
三、常用被动语态
(一)一般现在时
This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.这种电视是广州制造的.
Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.汉语是世界上最多人讲的语言.
(二)一般过去时
The thief was arrested.小偷被抓住了.
These pictures were taken on the Great Wall.这些照片是在长城拍摄的.
(三)一般将来时
Your watch will be repaired.你的表将会被修理好.
The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.班会下周六下午召开.
(四)现在进行时
A new road is being built outside my house.我们家门口正在修一条新路.
The watch is being repaired.这只表正在修理.
(五)过去进行时
The bridge was being repaired when we passed it.我们过桥时,桥正在修.
While the supper was being prepared, the light suddenly went out.正在做晚饭时,电灯突然灭了.
(六)过去将来时
They decided that invitations would not be sent out unless they were carefully checked.
他们决定除非经过仔细校对,否则请柬不会发送出去.
(七)现在完成时
Your wallet has been found.你的钱夹已经找到了.
Enough has been said here of this question.关于这个问题,这里已经谈得不少了.
(八)过去完成时
By 1972 a cooperative medical system had been set up in this area.
到1972年这个地区已建立了合作医疗制度.
When the anthem had been played, the Congress began.奏完国歌后,大会开始.
四、被动语态的用法
(一)不知道谁是动作的执行者,用被动语态
My watch was stolen.我的手表被窃了.
This jacket is made of cotton.这件夹克是棉制的.
Her son was killed in World War II.她的儿子在第二次世界大战中战死.
(二)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者,用被动语态
The children have been very well looked after.孩子们得到很好的照顾.
A big building has been put up in my home town.我家乡已经建起一座大楼.
Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.每年必须种很多树.
This hat was made in China.这顶帽子是中国制作的.
The bicycles must not be put here.这儿不准放车.
(三)强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态
The letter was posted.信发了.
She was asked to sing a song.她被要求唱支歌.
He cannot be relied on.他不可靠.
A liar is looked down upon.说谎的人被人看不起.
(四)出于礼貌措辞等原因不愿说出动作的执行者
Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.
有谁看见这只狮子,请给动物园和警方打电话.
You are wished to do it more carefully.希望你认真一点做.
(五)为使句子结构简练、紧凑,上下连贯,也即出于行文的需要
When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his home land for political reasons.
他年轻时,就由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国.
Lenin often talked to his comrades and was always listened to attentively.
列宁经常和同志们谈话,同志们总是留心听他说.
(六)在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态
Telephone call placed.(TCP)电话接通了.(省略了has been)
Girls Wanted.招女工.(广告用语,省略了are)
Road Blocked.道路堵塞.(新闻报道,省略了is)
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
情态动词的被动语态,其结构是:情态动词＋be+过去分词.
Young trees cannot be cut down.小树不可以砍伐.
The exercises must be done in class.练习必须在课堂上做.
This dictionary must be taken good care of.这本词典必须保管好.
The time in class must be made good use of.上课的时间必须好好地利用.
六、主动形式表示被动意
(一)某些由及物动词转化来的不及物动词
read, write, clean, wash, iron, burn, draw, cook, keep, cut, open, blow, peel, sell, act等,常和副词well, easily, smoothly等连用,且通常用主动结构表示被动含义.
The pen writes well.这支笔很好写.
(二)动词need, require, want, deserve, be worth 后接v.-ing的主动结构常表被动含义
This film is really worth seeing.这部电影的确值得看.
The car needs cleaning.这辆汽车需要清扫了.
(三)有些动词如:cook, print, do等,常用主动结构的进行时表被动含义
The lunch is cooking.午饭正在烧.
(四)某些系动词如 feel, prove, smell, taste, sound等加上形容词,也可用主动语态表示被动意义.如:
The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很美.
七、主动语态变为被动语态的方法
把主动语态的结构变为被动语态结构时,要做如下的变动:
(一)主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语
(二)主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态结构的谓语动词(be+动词的过去分词)
(三)主动结构的主语变为介词“by”的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后.若动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时,by组成的短语就可以省略
(四)主动语态变被动语态时,时态要保持一致
(五)含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构,变为被动结构时,可以将其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语,另一个不动.一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语,这样句子显得自然一些
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away.阅览室的书和报纸都不能带走.
This kind of bike is not made in our factory.这种自行车不是我们厂生产的.
This picture can't have been drawn by him.这张画不可能是他画的.
When was that book published 那本书是什么时候出版的
Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony 会邀请我们参加开幕式吗
点拨
(1)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化成主语.若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化成主语,则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for.
常见的能接双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的词有:give, show, bring, lend, send(送,寄)等,这些词与介词to搭配.还有buy, make, draw(画画)等,这些词与介词for搭配.
We gave them some books.我们给了他们一些书.
They were given some books.(变间接宾语为主语)
Some books were given(to)them.(变直接宾语为主语)
(2)含有宾语补足语的句子,宾语变为主语后,宾语补足语改为主语补足语,原来的位置一般不变.但如果宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式,句子变成被动语态后则要加to,以便将两个动词隔开.
We keep food cold in the fridge. =→Food is kept cold in the fridge.我们用电冰箱保鲜食品.
Every day the tiger makes one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.＝→Every day one of the smaller animals was made to bring the tiger something to eat.老虎每天强迫一个小动物给他带吃的东西来.
(3)短语动词的被动语态
短语动词在主动结构中是一个不可分割的词组,在被动结构中也是如此,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.
The nurse takes good care of the children.阿姨很好地照顾小孩.
The children are taken good care of by the nurse.孩子们受到保姆很好的照顾.
八、系表结构和被动语态的区别
(一)系表结构通常只用于一般现在时或一般过去时,而被动结构可用于多种时态
(二)系表结构中的过去分词常常有其固定的介词搭配,被动结构则没有
(三)系表结构中的过去分词可被very等副词修饰;被动结构中的过去分词可用much修饰.比较:
The husband was very agitated about his wife's health.丈夫为他妻子的健康状况深感不安.(系表结构)
Milk ,meat, eggs and vegetables are produced in the farm.
这个农场盛产牛奶、肉,鸡蛋和各种蔬菜.(被动结构)
They were asked to speak at the meeting.他们被邀请在会议上讲话.(被动结构)
He was puzzled about it.他为那件事感到困惑.(系表结构)
九、不能使用被动语态的情况
(一)某些表示状态的及物动词作谓语时
常见的表示状态的及物动词有have(有),fit(适合),suit(适合),hold(容纳),cost(花费)等.
The room can hold 100 people.这个房间能容纳100人.
(二)宾语是反身代词或相互代词、表示地点或处所的名词时,不可用于被动语态
在黑暗中我们几乎看不到对方.
We could hardly see each other in the dark.( )
Each other could hardly be seen in the dark.(x)
(三)宾语是不定式短语或动名词时
汤姆喜欢听音乐.
Tom enjoys listening to music.( )
Listening to music is enjoyed by Tom. (x)
好题精练
一、将下列句子变为被动语态
1.Everybody respects the brave old man.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.We elected Comrade Li head of our workshop.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.She can translate the difficult sentence into English.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4.We are turning China into a powerful industrial country.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.They asked her to tell a story.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.The brave old man is respected by everybody.
2.Comrade Li was elected head of our workshop(by us).
3.The difficult sentence can be translated into English by her.
4.China is being turned into a powerful industrial country(by us).
5.She was asked to tell a story.
二、将下列句子变成主动语态
1.We were told an interesting story by our teacher yesterday afternoon.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.A kite is being made(by us) now.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.What was said by you at the meeting
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4.Our homework must be finished first.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.A hole should be dug for the young tree.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
6.Will the trees be watered every day
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.Our teacher told us an interesting story yesterday afternoon.
2.We are making a kite now.
3.What did you say at the meeting
4.We must finish our homework first.
5.We should dig a hole for the young tree.
6.Shall we water the trees every day
三、选择填空
1.The lost boy_________ this early morning.
A. found B. was found C. is found D. are found
2.That factory_________ in 1970.
A. built B. was built C. is built D. were built
3.This medicine_________ before dinner.
A. should have took
B. ought have taken
C. should have been eaten
D. should have been taken
4.When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners_________.
A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating
5.Many trees_________ in spring every year.
A. plant B. planted C. are planted D. be planted
6.The People's Republic of China_________ on Oct.1,1949.
A. was founding B. was founded C. was found D. finded
7.Our classroom_________ every day.
A. cleans B. be cleaned C. cleaned D. is cleaned
8.A radio_________ in everyday life.
A. use B. is used C. are used D. was used
9.Children in China_________ since 1949.
A. are taken good care
B. have taken care of
C. took good care of
D. have been taken good care of
10.The patient is well_________.
A. took care of B. taken care of C. taken care D. take care of
11.The room was_________ smoke.
A. filled with B. filled C. fill with D. is filled with
12.His new book_________ next month.
A. will be published B. is publishing C. is being published D. has been published
13.The sun_________ at night as usual.
A. can be seen B. can't be seen C. can't see D. doesn't see
14.A strange sound_________ last night.
A. was heard B. hears C. heard D. is heard
15.The door_________. Better have it repaired.
A. isn't shut B. hasn't been shut C. isn't be shut D. won't shut
答案:
1-5BBDBC 6-10BDBDB 11-15 AABAD
四、翻译下列句子
1.应该在春天种树.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.我的家乡将要建造许多大楼.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.教室必须每天清扫.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4.这种书是为儿童写的.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.来信收到.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
6.这件外衣是棉的还是羊毛的
____________________________________________________________________________________________
7.你的收音机三天内可以修好.8.黑板上的那匹马不可能是林涛画的.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.Trees should be planted in spring.
2.Many buildings will be built in my home town.
3.The classroom must be cleaned every day.
4.Such books are written for children.
5.Your letter has been received.
6.Is this coat made of cotton or wool
7.Your radio can be mended within three days.
8.The hore on the blackboard can't be drawn by Lin Tao.