Unit 2 Working the land全单元课件

课件24张PPT。Grammar动词-ing形式作主语和宾语Working the land1. 动词-ing形式是在动词末尾加 -ing，属于非谓语动词。如：do-doing, write- writing , sit-sitting , etc.否定形式：not+ v--ing 构成
2. 动词-ing形式作主语或宾语时，也可称为动名词。动词-ing形式作主语
1. 动词-ing形式作主语表示抽象的或泛指的动作, 谓语动词用单数。如：
Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.
Going to bed early and getting up early is considered to be a good habit.2. 动词-ing形式作主语时常后置, 用it作形式主语，用形容词或名词作表语。常见的作表语的名词或短语有：no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / difficult job, a wonder, a waste of time等。如：
Is it worthwhile quarrelling with her? It’s no good waiting here. Let’s go home. It was a waste of time reading that book.3. “There is + no”后可以用动词-ing形式作主语，表示“没法……”。如：
There was no telling when this might happen again. 没法预料这样的事什么时候会再发生。
There was no knowing what he could do. 他能做什么很难说。动词-ing形式作宾语
1. 有些动词如admit, avoid, consider, escape, deny, risk, suggest等后能接动词-ing形式作宾语，而不能接动词不定式。如：
We’re considering paying a visit to the Science Museum. 2. 有些短语如can’t help, be used to, end up, feel like, lead to, be busy, be tired of, be fond of, be afraid of, be proud of, think of / about, put off, keep on, insist on, be good at, give up等后常接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。如：
I have been used to living here.
I’m fond of collecting stamps and coins. 3. need, require, want作“需要”解时, 后接动词-ing形式作宾语, 主动形式表示被动意义, 相当于to be done。如：
The radio needs / requires / wants repairing / to be repaired. 常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:考虑建议盼原谅，
承认推迟没得想，
避免错过继续练，
否认完成停能赏，
不禁介意准逃亡，
不准冒险凭想象。consider, suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon
admit, delay / put off, fancy
avoid, miss, keep /keep on, practise
deny, finish, stop, enjoy / appreciate
can’t help, mind, allow/ permit, escape

forbid, risk, imagine [注意]
动词-ing形式的复合结构是指在动词-ing形式前面加上逻辑主语来强调动作的执行者，该逻辑主语常为形容词性物主代词或名词所有格；当逻辑主语不出现在句首时，可用人称代词的宾格代替形容词性物主代词或用名词普通格代替名词的所有格。如：I’m annoyed about John’s
forgetting to pay.
I really can’t understand you
treating her like that. 2. 动词-ing形式的否定形式是在其前面加not，带有逻辑主语时not应在动词-ing形式之前。如：
Not cleaning her teeth made her smell bad.
Your schoolmate’s not coming home in time made her parents worried.需要注意的问题：以下的动词后面加动词的不定式作宾语：
decide, hope, expect, seem, agree, afford, arrange, choose, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀：三个希望两答应，
两个要求莫拒绝,
设法学会做决定,
不要假装在选择。hope; wish; want; agree; promise
demand; ask; refuse
manage; learn; decide
pretend; choose 想要拒绝命令，
需要努力学习,
期望同意帮助，
希望决定开始。want; refuse; order
need; try; learn
expect; agree; help
hope; wish; decide; begin; start 以下的动词后面既可接动词的不定式又可以接动词的ing作宾语：
hate, love, prefer, remember, forget, regret, like, try, stop, begin, start 既跟动词ing又接不定式作宾语的动词歌诀:双方一旦开始，不论喜欢与否，都得继续下去。
不管记住与否，努力打算停止，后悔三个需要。begin, start, like, prefer, hate, dislike, continue.
remember, forget, try, mean, stop, regret,
want, need, require 从 A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳
选项。
1. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ____ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had
C. Have D. HavingD2. The parents suggested ____ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.
A. sleep B. to sleep
C. sleeping D. having sleptC3. How I regret ___ so much time in the net bar! I should have studied harder.
A. to waste B. wasting
C. wasted D. being wastedB高考链接1. Lydia doesn’t feel like _____ abroad. Her parents are old. (四川 2011)
A. study B. studying
C. studied D. to study2. Planning so far ahead _____ no sense — so many things will have changed by next year. (2011新课标全国卷)
A. made B. is making
C. makes D. has madeHomework Next time we’ll learn Organic Farming on Page 14. If possible, please find some information. Today’s homework is to finish all Exercises on Page 49 and 50. 课件43张PPT。Language points
in ReadingWorking the landImportant words and phrases1. … for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.struggle vi. 搏斗, 挣扎, 努力, 拼搏
They were struggling to get out the burning car.
他们挣扎着从烧着的车里往外爬。
She struggled up the stairs with her heavy bags.
她提着沉重的行李艰难地走上楼梯。struggle n. 努力, 拼搏
We should all believe in ourselves in the
struggle of life.
Mary’s struggle with the disease lasted
ten years. [搭配]
struggle against/with
与……斗争
struggle for sth.
为争取……而奋斗/斗争
struggle to do sth.
努力做某事 The children talked so loudly at the dinner table that I had to struggle _____. (浙江2007)
A. to be heard B. to have heard
C. hearing D. being heard
【点拨】 选A。I与hear之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，再根据struggle to do结构可知选A项。用struggle及其短语的适当形式完成下列
句子。
1. We should be brave to _____________ (同……做斗争) the difficulty.
2. The _______ (斗争) for independence was long and hard.
3. Three brothers ___________ (为争取……而斗争) the possession of a jewelry box.struggle withstrugglestruggled for 2. Thanks to his research, the UN has more tool in the battle to rid the world of hunger.
1) thanks to表示“幸亏, 多亏”多用于表达正面意思, 相当于感谢, 在句中作状语和表语。
Thanks to your help, much trouble was saved.
多亏你的帮助, 减少了许多麻烦。2) rid…of …用法
阅读下列句子，注意rid ... of的意思和用法。
1. The man rid himself of debt.
2. It is very hard for the people to rid the earth of pollution.
rid ... of意为“____________”，此时，rid作_____词，rid oneself of sb. / sth. 意为“摆脱，从……中解脱” 摆脱，除去动3. Will science finally rid us of this disease?
rid sb. / sth. of sb. / sth. 意为“去除，清除”[注意] rid还可以作名词, 构成短语get rid of, 意为“摆脱掉、除掉、处理掉”。如:
It’s easy to get into the habit of taking drugs but hard to get rid of it.
We can’t get rid of war until we get rid of the causes of war. 完成句子，使其与所给的句子意思相同或相近。
1. It is not easy for him to get rid of the bad habit.
It is hard for him to ___ ______ __ the bad habit.
2. He plans to give up smoking in two months.
He plans to _________ _________ __ smoking in two months.get rid of / rid himself ofrid himself of3. He would much rather keep time for his hobbies.
阅读下列句子，注意would rather的意思和用法。
1)Would you rather walk or take the bus?
would rather意为“更喜欢”2) I would rather choose to give up than give in to him.
3) I would rather write to him than call him.
would rather意为____________, 常用结构为________________________宁愿、宁可would rather do ... than do ...4) I would rather you came with us.
5) I’d rather you didn’t go out alone.
would rather 后还可跟从句，用虚拟语
气。翻译下列句子。
1. 她宁愿死也不愿意演讲。
2. 我宁愿你现在回家。
3. 我宁愿你昨天没做那件事情。
She would rather die than give a speech.
I would rather (that) you went home now.
I would rather (that) you hadn’t done that thing yesterday.George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he _____ more on its culture. (江苏2010)
A. focus B. focused
C. would focus D. had focused
【点拨】 选B。句意：乔治将要谈他的国家的地理，但是我宁愿他能更多地谈一下文化。本题中would rather后跟从句，用虚拟语气。4. He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.
[考点] therefore adv. 因此；所以；
因而，表示因果关系。[考例] Progress so far has been very good. ______, we are sure that the project will be completed on time.
A. However B. Otherwise
C. Therefore D. Besides [点拨] 题意是“至今情况进展良好，因此我们确信能按时完成这项工程。” 前后两句为因果关系，故选therefore；however然而，可是；otherwise否则，要不然，二者均表示转折关系；besides而且，也不符合题意。Important sentencesWhat do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?
[点拨] 本句中使用了插入语do you think。插入语经常插到一个语法结构完整的句子里去，对句子的内容作一些附加说明，有时表示说话者的态度和看法等，它不和句子的成分发生结构上的关联，常置于句首、句中或句末。把插入语去掉之后，句子的结构和语义还是完整的。 [拓展]
①常用于插入语的动词有suppose, know, hope, believe, guess, find, say等。如：
You came by air, I suppose.
②用作插入语的主要有：副词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing形式短语和分句。如：
Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. Unfortunately, neither of them could swim.
If she ran towards it, it might attack her. Worse still, it could even carry off the baby in its mouth.Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard — in other words, you failed.
To be frank with you, I have no money on me.
Judging from what he said to me today, his mind’s made up.
It is so nice to hear from her. Believe it or not, we last met more than thirty years ago.
[仿写] _____________________________________ _________________________ (令我惊讶的是, 他说的话和所做的事没有任何关系。) What he did, to my surprise, has nothing to do with what he said.从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
① —What fruit is in season now?
—Pears and apples, ____.
A. I know B. I think C. I see D. I feel
② —Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes, ____, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A. If ever B. If busy
C. If anything D. If possibleDB2. Although he is one of China’s most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research.
[分析]
①这是一个含让步状语从句的主从复合句。其结构为: 让步状语从句(Although he is one of China’s most famous scientists)+主句(Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer)。
②主句中包含“consider + 宾语 + n.”结构。③ for引导的从句并不表示原因, 而只是为主句中所说的话提供推断的理由, 加以解释, 此时for前要加逗号。
e.g. The shop was quite new, for it had
opened only the week before.
work vi./ vt. 经营, 管理
work the land=grow crops on it 耕耘土地　
e.g. He works a big farm. 他经营着一个大的农场。3. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
the first ... to do sth. 意为“第一个做……”。本句中动词不定式(to grow rice) 作定语, 修饰 the first agricultural pioneer。the first, the last, the second, the only等短语后面多用动词不定式作后置定语。[仿写] __________________________ __________________________ ___________________________
(公元950年第一个到达新西兰 的旅行者是一个叫库佩的人。) The first traveler to reach New Zealand in the year 950 was a man whose name was Kupe.4. This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.
make it +宾语补足语+动词不定式, it 做形式宾语, 动词不定式是真正的宾语。
it做形式宾语, 通常和下列动词连用:
consider, think, make, find, believe, count, declare, deem, fancy, feel, guess, imagine, judge, prove, see, show, suppose, understand, take等。We consider it our duty to support good leaders.
The new method makes it possible to complete the task faster.
Tom found it very embarrassing to be reminded of the long-standing debt.
Susan deemed it advisable to keep the matter secret.
We all feel it nice to be able to visit that distinguished university.5. Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.
英语中的倍数表达法共有三种形式:
(1) 倍数 + 形容词/副词的比较级 + than...
(2) 倍数 + as +形容词/副词的原级 + as...　(3) 倍数 + the + 名词+ of...
This building is five times higher than that one. 这座楼比那座楼高出五倍。
This building is five times as high as that one. 这座楼是那座楼的五倍高。This building is five times the height of that one. 这座楼是那座楼的五倍高。
The new building is four times the size of the old one.The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be _____ the present one. (陕西2011)
A. as three times big as
B. three times as big as
C. as big as three times
D. as big three times as
【点拨】 选B。句意：正在建的下一届亚运会的新体育馆是现在体育馆的三倍大。本题考查倍数的表达法：倍数+ as +形容词的原级+ as ...。6. He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading.
[考点] 动词-ing形式作宾语。
[考例] After he became conscious, he remembered ___ and ___ on the head with a rod.
A. to attack; hit
B. to be attacked; to be hit
C. attacking; be hit
D. having been attacked; hit[点拨] 选D。remember doing sth.表示“记着做了某事”(事已完成)；且he和attack与hit之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态。remember to do sth. 表示“记得要做某事”(此事未做)。 ExercisesI. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示, 写出所缺单词的正确形式。
1. We were all _________ (晒黑的) from a day on the beach.
2. She’s s________ to bring up a family alone.sunburntstruggling3. The measures will enable us to increase our o_____ of bicycles soon.
4. He was down with the flu, and ________ (因此) couldn’t come to the party.
5. The d________ problem has been making him hard to sleep every night. disturbing outputtherefore6. In ten years the city’s population e_______ by 12%, which has made the city more crowded.expanded7. Our products are ________ (出口) to Southeast Asia to gain more benefits.
8. Blood ________ (循环) in the body until life stops. circulatesexportedII. 根据括号内的提示翻译下列句子。
1. 我倒宁愿他告诉了我这件事。(would rather)
2. 我们必须除去花园的杂草。(rid ... of)I’d rather he had told me about the matter.
We have to rid the garden of weeds. 3. 我们必须与各种困难作斗争。(struggle against)
4. 卧室是厨房的两倍大。(as ... as)We must struggle against all sorts of difficulties.
The bedroom is twice as big as the kitchen. 课件12张PPT。Word studyWorking the land1. Find the word or phrase from the text for each of these meanings.Discovering useful words and expressionsbrown (skin) from spending too much time in the sun
to make something or somebody free of
to become larger in size, number or amountsunburntrid…ofexpand4. to make information and ideas known to many people
5. would prefer to
6. to try extremely hard to achieve somethingcirculatewould ratherstruggle7. to send things to foreign countries for sale
8. pleased by having what one wants or needs
9. to provide with things necessary for a certain purposeexportsatisfied withequip10. plants grown in large amounts by farmers
11. because ofcropthanks to 2. Find words from the previous pages of this unit to replace the underlined words. You may need to change the words’ forms to fit.1. According to the WHO’s information, about 1.8 million people across the world die each year from diseases caused by unsafe food and water.statistics, globe 2. Different kinds of strong corn, another hybrid grain, has been developed by scientists of many different races.
3. Not having enough food leads to poor health and, therefore, sickness.super, nationalitiesHunger, disease4. Over 56 percent of the people in a small Southeast Asian country are in jobs related to agriculture.
5. With the open conditions in today’s international business world, hybrid grains can be sold and sent abroad to countries around the world.Vietnam, occupationsfreedom, exported3. Complete the passage with the words below in their proper forms.disturbing expand output struggle battles grain crops decade equipIn the past _______, some of the farmers in the west of China have met with some success in the _______ against the __________desert. decade struggleexpanding_________ with new scientific farming methods, they have been able to use less farmland than in the past. Their _______ of _____ and other _______, however, is still the same, which makes it possible for them to use the remaining farmland for planting trees. These and other farmers are starting to win small _______ in the treat war against the _________ growth of the desert.Equipped outputgraincropsbattlesdisturbing课件33张PPT。 Unit 2 Working the land Enjoy a PoemFarmers weeding at noon,Sweat down the field soon.Who knows food on a tray,Due to their toiling day.Have you ever grown any plants?
If so, what did you do to grow them?
If not, what kind of
plant would you like to grow?
How will you grow it?Do you know these grains (谷物)?wheat rice sorghum高粱corncottonbroomcornpeanutsoybeanAre you from a farmer’s family? What do you know about farming?Ploughing (犁田) seedingfertilizing
(施肥)irrigating (灌溉)transplanting 插秧harvestingwinnowing (扬 谷)ricericeWhat is the main food in all East Asian and Southeast Asian countries?Rice. It is said that there are 2.4 billion people to eat rice every day throughout the world. Answer the following questions:Pre-readingWhat do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?suffer from starvation and starve to death.
feel scared / be panic(惊慌).
fight for food, even kill each other
and the whole country would get into trouble.If you had the chance to do something to help end hunger in the world, what would you do?How to solve hunger?making good use of the waste landdeveloping the technology to… inventing a new kind of food…improving the quality of the soil preventing the pests from eating our cropsWhat do you predict this passage is going to talk about? A Pioneer For All PeopleFather of Hybrid Rice He is father of hybrid rice (杂交水稻), who was lately awarded “the Nobel Prize of Asia ”. He received the honor for his great contributions (贡献) to hybrid rice research and work he did to improve rice production in developing countries. Now he is head of the National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center in Hunan Province, China (中国湖南省国家杂交水稻研究与发展中心). He is called a pioneer for all people. Dr Yuan Longping (袁隆平博士)Super Hybrid Ricethe rice that has a high outputFind out the main idea of each
paragraph.SkimmingA PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE Match the following headings with the right paragraphs.a farmer named Yuan Longping
how Yuan Longping became rich and famous
C. an agricultural pioneer named Yuan Longping who worked hard to produce a new strain of rice
D. a new strain of rice which is called super hybrid rice Which of the following statements tells the main idea of the text?
It ’s about____ .
1. What dose Dr. Yuan look like?
2. What is his achievement?Para. 1He produces super hybrid rice.Careful reading He is more a farmer than a scientist.Personal informationName:
Nationality:
Born:
Age:
Occupation:
Education:
Dream:Yuan LongpingChinese in 1930; in a poor family84 (as of 2014)scientist/farmerSouthwest Agriculture College, in 1953To export his hybrid rice so that it
can be grown around the globePara 2Which of the following description about
Dr. Yuan’s personality is not true?
A. He is satisfied with his life because he is
now rich and famous.
B. He cares little about money and fame.
C. He would rather work than lead a
comfortable life.
D. He enjoys a simpler life than most rich  and famous people.Para. 3 Dr Yuan’s personalityA Describe the rice in Dr. Yuan Longping’s first dreamAs tall as sorghum
As big as a broom
As huge as a peanutPara. 4To export his rice so that it
can be grown all over the world.The second dreamHomework Finish the exercises in Learning about language in page 12.课件16张PPT。Speaking & Writing Working the landMaking a Dialogue
(Pair work)Situation:
You are a farmer and your partner is the customer, who doesn’t know much about the green food.
You are persuading the customer to buy your “green food” that is healthy and safe but more expensive.Making a Dialogue (Pair work)Farmer: Good morning!
Would you like some…?
Customer: Hmm… They are a little expensive! What is the advantage of …?
Farmer: The advantages are…For example ----Mark is persuading Joan to have organic food.
(Mark = M; Joan = J)
M: Would you like to have some ice-cream? I’ve got a variety of flavors for you to choose from. I’ve got strawberry, peach, chocolate, coffee and vanilla.
J: Oh, no. I am on a diet. You know, I am putting on weight.
M: But you should not be too hard on you.Talk ShowJ: If I have a choice, I’d choose to have good food because I want to enjoy a good life.
M: May I suggest you have organic food?
J: It is a pity that I have no idea of it. What is organic food?
M: Organic food is generally named for the uncontaminated (未受污染的), safe, high-quality and full-of-nutrients food.J: It sounds interesting. I’d prefer organic food because it is healthy. But how to identify organic food?
M: “Green Food” label is printed on all the packages of organic food.
J: Is it expensive?
M: It’s more expensive but it is good for your health.
J: OK, I’ll try to have some from now on.如何创作海报
海报写作属于应用文写作。海报是一种宣传广告，其内容是向广大群众提供活动信息、介绍产品或说服别人等。Guided Writing 写作时应注意以下几点：
1. 注意海报的格式。
2. 海报内容应条理分明，使读者一目了然。
3. 海报语言应清晰、简练、重点突出，尽量使用省略句，力求简洁生动。
4. 版面要新颖、美观，可采用不同的字体和颜色，还可以插图，形式活泼多样。海报通常包括标题、正文和结尾三个部分。
1. 标题介绍主要信息。
2. 正文提供更多有关的信息，并提供选择或推荐的理由。
3. 结尾总结海报内容。语言积累
organic food in eco-friendly packaging
environmental benefits of eating organic foods
vitamins, minerals
completely natural, whole nutrition
no artificial colors & preservatives
promote efficient digestion 学以致用
请写一份海报，劝说别人购买绿色蔬菜。
海报应包含以下内容：
题目: 来这儿买最好的蔬菜！
理由: 价格合理; 新鲜; 富含维生素; 安全; 远离化肥; 在远离工业区的地方种植。
结论: 有机种植方式培育的绿色食品, 有益于身体健康。参考范文
Buy the best vegetables here!
Have you had any organic vegetables? They are healthy and green. Please come here and have a taste. Organic vegetables are on sale.Good reasons to buy:
◆reasonable price
◆fresh
◆rich in vitamins
◆safe
◆free of fertilizer
◆grow away from industrial areas
Grown by organic farming methods, the vegetables here have all the advantages of “green food”, which of course can help you to keep healthy.Design a poster Now you work for a green food company.
Your boss asks you to design a poster for advertising the safety and importance of eating “green food”. 知识点例析
单词·巧记·典句·考点
hunger［hg］n. 饥饿；欲望?vt. & vi.（使）饥饿?
【巧记提示】 hung （hang的过去式）+er（谐音“饿”），饿得上吊而死。 ?
【经典例句】 Hunger is the best sauce.饥不择食。?
【考点聚焦】 1）反义词：full；形容词：hungry 饥饿的?
2）常用搭配：hunger for/after渴望；渴求,如：?
I am hungering for/after news from you.我热切地等待着你的消息。?
go hungry 挨饿，如：?
He had to have a job or go hungry.他必须找到工作，否则就得挨饿。?
3）hunger 作名词时表示“饥饿、饥荒”等时，通常是不可数名词。如：?
His grandfather died of hunger before liberation. 他爷爷解放前饿死了。?
hunger 作名词也可以与for/after搭配，常见的结构是have a hunger for，其中的hunger 则是可数名词。
struggle [strgl] vt. & vi.斗争；拼搏；努力?
【巧记提示】 struggle（斗争）→juggle（欺骗），和欺骗作斗争。?
【经典例句】 We should learn to struggle with difficulties.?
我们应该学会和困难作斗争。?
【考点聚焦】 1）近义词：fight?
2）与struggle相关的词组：?
struggle with与……斗争；和……一起战斗?
struggle...for 为争取……而斗争?
struggle...against与……斗争；为反对……而斗争?
3）struggle后面除了可以接介词外，还可以接副词与不定式。?
struggle+副词，如：?
She struggled up the stairs with her heavy bags.?
她提着沉重的包费力地爬上楼梯。?
struggle+不定式，如：?
A bird was caught in the net and was struggling to get free.?
一只鸟被网罩住了，挣扎着想要逃脱。 ?
4）struggle还可以作名词，意思是“斗争；搏斗；努力；挣扎；难事”等。如：?
With a struggle，he controlled his feelings.他费力地控制住了自己的感情。
expand [spnd] vt. & vi.使变大；伸展；阐述?
【巧记提示】 ex（向外）+ -pand（展开），伸展?
【经典例句】 Heat expands metal.金属受热膨胀。?
【考点聚焦】 1）反义词：decrease?
2）常用搭配：expand on/upon 详谈；充分叙述，如：?
You mentioned the need for extra funding.Would you please expand on that?
你提到了增加资金的必要性，请你充分叙述一下好吗？?
3）expanding和expanded的区别：?
两者都是形容词，前者有主动意味；后者有被动意味。?
4）名词：expansion展开；膨胀；扩展?
expansion作“扩大；膨胀”等解时，是不可数名词；作“扩大物；增加部分”解时，则是可数名词。
circulate [skjlet] vt. & vi.?循环；流传?
【巧记提示】 circl（e）（循环）+ ?ate（动词后缀）?
【经典例句】 Blood circulates through the body.血液在体内循环。?
【考点聚焦】 1）形容词：circular圆形的；循环的；?
名词：circulation循环；流通；发行量；circuit电路；环行；绕行一周；巡回?
2）circulation 作“（报纸、杂志等的）发行量”解时，是可数名词。
equip [kwp] vt. & vi.配备；装备
【巧记提示】equi-（相等）+p（谐音“配），配相同的装备。?
【经典例句】 She equipped herself in all her finery.?
她穿上最好的衣服。?
【考点聚焦】1）名词：equipment装备；配备；设备；用具，常用搭配：?
office equipment 办公设备　sports equipment 运动器械?
fire-fighting equipment消防用具　mining equipment 采矿设备?
electronic equipment电子设备　all-weather equipment全天候设备?
2）与equip相关的词组：
equip with 配备……　equip for 为……配备?
3）equip的过去式和过去分词都是equipped；现在分词是equipping。
grain [gren] n. 谷物；粮食；颗粒?
【巧记提示】 g+rain（雨），如雨点般的颗粒。?
【经典例句】 Farmers produce millions of tons of grain to feed the nation.?
农民生产千千万万吨粮食供国人食用。
【考点聚焦】 1）短语：a grain of 一粒……，<喻> 少许；一点儿，如：?
a grain of rice/wheat/corn/sand/salt 一粒米/麦/谷/沙/盐?
She has not a grain of humour.她一点都不幽默。?
2）grain作“谷物；粮食”解时，是不可数名词，如refined grain（细粮）,coarse grain（粗粮）；作“谷粒；颗粒”解时是可数名词，如：grains of sand 沙子。
export [spt] vt. & vi.输出；出口
【巧记提示】ex-（由……出来）+ port（港口），出口?
【经典例句】 China exports to many foreign countries.?
中国向许多国家出口物资。?
【考点聚焦】 1）反义词:import?
2）export 当名词时，它的读音是 [spt]。类似的词:?
record（记录；记载）[rkd] v. [rekd] n.? ?
desert [dzt]（抛弃；遗弃）v. [dezt]（沙漠）n.
import（进口）[pt] v.　[mpt] n.等。
3）export n. 作“输出；出口”解时，是不可数名词；作“出口物；出口量”解时，是可数名词。
suitable [sjutbl] adj.合适的；适当的?
【巧记提示】 suit（合适）+ -able（形容词后缀）?
【经典例句】 This wine is not suitable to my taste.这酒不合我的胃口。?
【考点聚焦】 1）反义词：unsuitable?
2）suit 的用法：?
v. 使满意，满足……的要求（或需要）；适合；使适合，如：?
Any time will suit me.什么时候我都行。?
n. 一套衣服，如：?
She looks younger with a sports suit.穿着一套运动装她显得更年轻了。?
a suit of一套，如：?
The warrior was equipped with a suit of armour.那名武士装配了一身盔甲。?
3）固定搭配：suitable for 合适的；适合的，如：?
Is he suitable for the job? 他适合这项工作吗？
confuse [kfjuz] vt. 使迷惑；使为难?
【巧记提示】 con-（共同）+ fuse （熔合），一起熔合让人为难。?
【经典例句】 Her expression confused me.她的表情使我困惑。?
【考点聚焦】 1）名词：confusion ?n.? 混乱；紊乱；混乱状态?
2）常用搭配：confuse with/and 混淆；把……混同；辨别不清，如：?
I’m always confusing John with/and Paul.我一直分不清约翰和保罗。?
3）confused 和confusing的区别：?
两者都是形容词。confused指“困惑的；迷惑不解的；被弄糊涂的”，表示人的内心感受；confusing“使人困惑的；令人迷惑的；使人混乱的”，表示事物的状态。
reduce [rdjus] vt. 减少；缩减；简化?
【巧记提示】 re?（后退）+ duce（首领），首领后退减少压力。?
【经典例句】 The price of these shoes has been reduced.这些鞋子的价格已经降低了。?
【考点聚焦】 1）反义词：increase；名词：reduction减少（量）；削减（数）；降低（数）?
2）与reduction相关的词组：?
make a reduction 打折扣　at a reduction of 打……折扣?
3）与reduce相关的词组：?
reduce to 使……变为（更小尺寸或更简单形式）；使成为某种状态；?
reduce by （以……的比例、程度）减少。
supply [spla] n. 补给；供给；供应品　vt. 补给；供给；提供?
【巧记提示】 sup（吸）+ply（辛勤工作），吸收供应品是为了辛勤工作。?
【经典例句】 Trees supply shade in summer.树木在夏天提供荫凉。?
【考点聚焦】 1）与supply相关的词组：?
supply and demand 供求；供求（关系） in short supply 供应短缺?
supply...with/supply... to（或for）为……提供，如：?
The school supplies the children with books.= The school supplies books to/for the children.学校为孩子们提供书籍。?
2）supply n. 作“供给；供应”解时，是不可数名词；作“供应量；供应品”解时，是可数名词。
exchange [ktend] vt. & n. 交换；交流；兑换?
【巧记提示】ex-（出）+ change（换），换出；交换?
【经典例句】There was an exchange of visiting teachers between the two universities.?
这两所大学有交流访问教师。
【考点聚焦】 1）exchangeable adj.可交换的?
2）与exchange相关的词组：
exchange...for 交换；以……换……?
in exchange作为交换?
in exchange for 代替；与……交换?
3）注意：“转车；换车”不能用exchange train，而要用change train。
certain [stn] adj.确定的；必然的；某一个 ?
【巧记提示】cert （确实的事情）+-ain
【经典例句】She is certain to do well in the examination. 她这次考试肯定能考好。?
【考点聚焦】 1）反义词:uncertain; 副词:certainly一定；必定；当然;?
名词:certainty必然;毫无疑问的事，当作“必然；肯定；无疑”解时，是不可数名词；当作“确定的事情，毫无疑问的事”解时，是可数名词。?
2）与certain相关的词组：?
for certain 肯定地；确凿地　make certain of 把……弄确实；弄清楚?
3）make certain+从句　把……弄确实；弄清楚
短语·巧记·典句·考点
in a way/in one way/in some ways 在某种程度上?
【经典例句】 Your article is well written in a way.从某个方面来看，你的文章写得不错。?
【考点聚焦】 1）与way相关的词组：?
in no way 根本不　in the way 挡道的?
by the way 顺便说　all the way 无保留地；无限地；一直?
2）way作“路；道路”解时与road，path，lane，route，street，avenue的区别：?
way道路，最普通的用语。当指一条特定的道路时，通常不用way，而用road，path等。way常用作比喻用法，指抽象的路；?
road路；道路，指通车的宽广平坦的大路；?
path小路，只供人行的路，不是开出来的，而是走出来的路；?
route 路线；路程；航线，指从此处可通往彼处的道路；?
lane巷道，指墙壁房屋等之间可以通行的小路；?
street 街；街道，指村落或都市中两边有房屋等的道路；?
avenue 大路；大街；林阴路，特指长而宽阔的街道。
search for 到处找寻；搜寻?
【巧记提示】 search（寻找）+for（为）?
【经典例句】 Scientists are still searching for a cure to the common cold.?
科学家们仍在寻找普通感冒的治疗方法。?
【考点聚焦】 1）近义词组： look for?
2）和search有关的短语: in search of 寻找?
search sb./sth.for搜查;搜索?
3）search 和search for在用法上的区别:?
search作“寻找；搜寻”的意思时，宾语一般为地点。当search的宾语是人时，意思是“搜……身”。 ?
search for的宾语是人或物。
4）search for，in search for，search out?
search for表示“寻找;在（某处或某人身上）搜查”，是短语动词，其中for可用?after替换。
in search for表示“寻找；搜寻”，是短语介词，其中for可用of替换。?
search out表示“设法找到；发现；找出”，是短语动词。
thanks to 幸亏;由于?
【经典例句】 Thanks to the efforts by the headmaster，I can go back to school now.?
由于校长的努力，我现在又能回学校上学了。?
【考点聚焦】 1）近义词组:because of?
2）thanks to相当于because of，具有介词性质，后接sb.或sth.。?
3）常用短语：thank God/goodness/heavens 谢天谢地
rid...of 使摆脱;使解除;使去掉?
【经典例句】 You must rid yourself of these old-fashioned ideas.?
你必须摆脱这些陈腐观念的束缚。
【考点聚焦】 1）近义词组:break away from be rid of 摆脱;去掉；?
get rid of 摆脱;去掉;除去
2）rid 的过去式和过去分词可以是rid，也可以是ridded。现在分词是ridding。
be satisfied with 对……表示满足或满意?
【经典例句】 You’ve done well at school.I’m very satisfied with you.?
你在学校干得不错，我对你很满意。?
【考点聚焦】1）近义词组:be content with?
同根词:satisfy vt. 满足;使满意; satisfaction n. 满意；满足?
2）be satisfied to do对做……感到满意。如：
He was satisfied to win the race.他对赢得赛跑感到满意。?
3）satisfying，satisfied和 satisfactory的区别:?
satisfying 令人满意的；使人满足的　如：?
a satisfying answer（令人满意的回答）?
satisfied 感到满意的；满足的　如：a satisfied smile（满意的微笑）?
satisfactory圆满的　如：a satisfactory explanation（圆满的解释）
lead one’s ...life 过着……的生活?
【经典例句】 We all like to lead our lives in our own way.我们都想按照自己的方式生活。?
【考点聚焦】 1）同义短语：live a life
2）与lead相关的词组：?
lead to 通向；导致?
lead up to导致；逐渐把（话题等）引向?
3）lead的过去式和过去分词都是led。
would rather宁愿；宁可做某事?
【经典例句】 Jane would rather stay at home than go to such parties.?
简宁愿待在家中也不愿参加此类晚会。?
【考点聚焦】1）“would rather +动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式（美国英语中多用had rather）。’d rather为would（或had）rather的缩写形式。would（had）在此不是过去式，绝无“过去”之意，且无词性、时态的变化。该句式常用来表示选择的意愿，意为“宁可……；宁愿……；最好……”。如：?
He’d rather work in the countryside.他宁可到农村去工作。?
2）would rather与than连用，可构成另一个惯用句式，即“would rather ...than ...”,意为“宁可（愿）……（而）不要（愿）……；与其……不如……”。用以表达主语的意愿，强调经过选择后做其中一件事，而不愿做另一件事。
prefer to比起……来，还是……好; 喜欢……（而不喜欢……）?
【经典例句】 He preferred death to dishonour.他宁死也不愿受辱。?
【考点聚焦】 1）近义词组：like...better than?
2）prefer和to后跟同等的并列成分，可以跟名词、动名词或不定式。常用三种?结构：??
prefer+n. +to+n.，如：?
I prefer English to biology.我喜欢英语而不喜欢生物。?
prefer doing ...to doing，如：?
He prefers playing football to watching TV.他喜欢踢足球而不喜欢看电视。?
prefer to do... rather than do，如：?
He prefers to walk home rather than take a bus.?
比起乘公共汽车，他更愿意走回家。
refer to指的是；指……而言；提到；谈到?
【经典例句】 When I said some people are stupid I wasn’t referring to you.?
当我说有些人很笨的时候，我不是指你。?
【考点聚焦】 1）refer to的其他意义：?
引……去参照（查询）；使……求助于，如：?
The teacher referred him to Chapter Ⅱ.老师叫他去查第2章。?
提交……处理，如：?
The Local Court has referred the whole case to the High Court.?
地方法院已将整个案件提交高级法院处理。?
把……归因于，如：?
He referred his wealth to his own hard work.?
他将自己的富有归因于个人的辛勤劳动。?
2）refer to中的to是介词，后接动词时用-ing形式。?
3）作“查阅”解时，refer to与look up的区别：?
refer to 后面接的是要查阅的资料。如：refer to the dictionary（查字典）?
look up 后面接的是不明白的、需要查阅的问题或内容。如：?
look up a word（查单词）
insist on坚持；坚决主张?
【巧记提示】 insist（坚持）+on （关于……）?
【经典例句】 He insisted on doing the work all by himself.他坚持自己做这项工作。?
【考点聚焦】 1）近义词组：persist in；stick to?
2）insist的用法：?
如果表示坚持做某事，从句的谓语要用should +动词原形。其中should 可以省略。如：?
The patient insisted that he （should）walk home.?
那个病人坚持走回家去。?
如果坚持的是观点、态度，that引导的名词性从句用正常的形式。如：?
The lady insisted that she was right.那位女士坚持认为她是正确的。?
3）insist on和stick to，persist on表示“坚持”时的区别：?
insist on“坚持”的是意见、主张等。?
stick to “坚持”原则、计划、诺言、决定、意见等。?
persist in“坚持”行动，有时表示固执己见或坚持不改。
句子·剖析·拓展
What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?
如果明天突然没有米可吃了，你认为会发生什么事呢？?
【剖析】1）该句中用了虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句用过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should+动词原形。?
2）本句型是一种复杂的特殊疑问句，其结构是：特殊疑问词+不带宾语的一般疑问句+陈述结构。从语法角度看，do you think是插入语，不是句子的主干，句子的主干应是What would happen? 因为插入语把原来的特殊疑问句一分为二，故不管疑问词在句中作什么成分特殊疑问句都要用陈述语序。?
【拓展】在以上谈到的复杂的特殊疑问句的句型中，常见的动词除think外，还有believe，consider，suppose，imagine，guess，say和suggest等。还有能接宾语从句的形容词，如?afraid， sure，glad,certain，surprised，pleased等。如：?
What time does the letter say he will start? 信中说他什么时间动身？?
注意：这种句型不能用Yes或No来回答，要把句型中的插入语变成“陈述句+宾语从句”的形式来回答，插入语也可后置，其前用逗号。如：?
—What do you think the ocean bottom is made up of? 你认为海底是由什么组成的？?
—I think it is made up of irregular plains.（或：It is made up of irregular plains，I think.）?
我认为海底是由高低不平的平原组成的。
This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one?third more of the crop in the same fields.?
这种特殊的稻种使同样的田地多收获三分之一的产量。?
【剖析】 这个句子的基本结构是由“make it...to do 使做（某事）成为……”构成的。?
it是形式宾语，possible是宾语补足语，to do是真正的宾语。?
【拓展】 有些动词后常跟这种结构，即：find/feel/think/consider/make+it+adj. /n. +不定式短语。如：
We found it pleasant to work in this school.我们发现在这所学校里工作很愉快。
Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.?
用他的杂交水稻种子，农民们种出比以前多一倍的粮食。?
【剖析】 动名词短语using his hybrid rice 作方式状语。?
形容词原形as...as的前面可以用倍数词（如half，a quarter，twice，three times等），意为“是……的多少倍”。?
【拓展】 倍数的表达可用下面三个句型：?
A+be+倍数+as+adj. + as+B。如：?
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。?
A+ be+倍数+比较级+than+B。如：?
Asia is three times larger than Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。?
A+be+倍数+the size/length/height/depth/width+of+B。如：?
Asia is four times the size of Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。?
注意：time表示倍数，一般只限于表示基数词在内的三倍或三倍以上；若表示两倍，可用副词twice或形容词double。time表示的倍数也可以用分数、百分数或某些表程度的副词替换。如：?
Our room is 60% the size of theirs.我们的房间是他们房间的60%大。
As Dr.Yuan proves，one dream is not always enough.?
正如袁博士证明的那样，仅仅有一个梦想是远远不够的。?
【剖析】as Dr.Yuan proves是非限制性定语从句，修饰后面的句子，as指代后面的整个句子，在从句中作proves的宾语。?
【拓展】 辨析：as与which?
1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置很灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末；而which引导的非限制性定语从句不能位于句首。?
2）as一般只代表整句话的内容；而which既可指代整句话的内容，也可指代某一个词或词组。?
3）as常常意为“正如；正像”，具有方式意味；而which则暗含因果关系。?
4）as与which都可以在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
It seems a strange name since all crops are organic no matter how they are produced.?
这个名字看起来有些奇怪，所有的农作物，无论如何生产出来的，都是有机物。?
【剖析】 since引导原因状语从句。在这个原因状语从句中又有一个由no matter how引导的让步状语从句。?
【拓展】 连词词组no matter用来引导让步状语从句，但不能单独用，它常和what，when，where，how,who，whose，whether等词连用，构成“no matter what/when/where/how等+主句”结构，此类从句可置于主句之前或之后，意为“不论/不管……”。如：?
No matter where you work，you can always find time to study.?
无论你在哪儿工作，总能找到时间学习。
Firstly，leaving chemicals in the ground for a long time is not good for the soil or the water supply.??
第一，化学物质留在地里时间长了会对土壤或水质不好。?
【剖析】 动名词短语leaving chemicals in the ground for a long time是句子的主语。?
【拓展】 firstly常用于分开并依次列举所述各点。如：?
There are three reasons why I hate him; firstly he’s a cheat，secondly he’s a liar，and thirdly/finally he owes me money.?
我之所以恨他，有三个理由。首先他是个骗子，其次他是个说谎者，第三（最后）他欠?我钱。?
Instead，organic farmers insist on changing crops every two or three years，for example，corn or wheat followed by peas or soybeans.?
而有机耕作的农民们坚持每隔两到三年换种农作物。例如，种玉米或小麦后再改种豌豆或?大豆。??
【剖析】 这是一个简单句。过去分词短语followed by peas or soybeans作定语，修饰corn or wheat。?
【拓展】 every adj.与数词连用，表示“每……；每隔……”，表示时间或空间的间隔。具体用?法是：??
every+基数词+复数名词；every+序数词+单数名词。如：?
每年：every year；每两年（每隔一年）：every two years/every second year?
注意：?
表示“每隔……”还可用every other+单数名词。如: every other day/year/line每隔一天/年/行。
表示“每隔几……”须使用every few +复数名词。如：every few metres每隔几米
Some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil.?
有些有机耕种的农民愿意在庄稼中间种些草来阻挡风或防止水土流失。?
【剖析】 在这个句子to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil里，to不是和前面的prefer构成短语prefer...to，而是不定式符号，引导目的状语。?
【拓展】 prevent的用法?
prevent sb./sth.from doing sth.表示“制止（防止）某人（或某物）做某事”，在现代英语中from常常可以省略，但在被动句中，from不能省略。?
I was prevented by illness from taking the exam.?
我因病未能参加考试。（其中的from不可省略）?
与prevent sb./sth.from doing sth.结构相似的有stop sb./sth.from doing sth.（其中的from 在主动句中可以省略）; keep sb./sth.from doing sth.（其中的from不可?省略）。?
But whatever they grow they make sure that what is left in the ground after harvesting becomes a natural fertilizer for the next year’s crop.?
但无论他们种什么，他们都确保在收割后留在地里的东西成为来年农作物的天然肥料。?
【剖析】 这个句子的中心结构是they make sure that...。在that 从句中，what is left in the ground after harvesting是主语。?
【拓展】1）make sure 的用法:?
make sure+of/about; make sure+to do sth.; make sure+that 从句
2）whatever的用法:?
whatever相当于no matter what，引导让步状语从句，意为“不管……”。?
whatever引导名词性从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。?
注意：whatever从句不用倒装，但有时可省略一些成分。如：?
Whatever the reason，he refuses to go.不管什么原因，他都不去。
语法·剖析
动名词作主语、宾语?
动名词作主语的用法?
动名词作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，在口语中也可以表示具体的动作。如：
Painting is his hobby.绘画是他的爱好。?
Talking mends no holes.空谈无济于事。?
动名词作主语和不定式作主语一样，也可以用it作形式主语。如：?
It is no use talking without doing.光说不做没有用。?
不定式作主语往往表示具体的特别是将来的动作。如：?
It’s so hot.What I want to do now is to have a swim in a river.?
天这么热，现在我想做的事就是在河里游泳。
动名词作宾语的用法?
（1）有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语。如admit，appreciate，avoid，can’t stand（不能忍受），consider，delay，devote...to，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，feel like，finish，forgive，get down to，give up，imagine，insist on，keep（on），look forward to，mention，mind，miss（错过），pay attention to，practise，put off，stick to，suggest等。?
（2）在allow，advise，forbid，permit后直接跟动名词作宾语，如果有名词或代词作宾语，则 构成“allow/advise/forbid/permit +名词/代词+不定式（宾语补足语）”形式。如：?
We don’t allow smoking here.我们这儿不许吸烟。?
We don’t allow anybody to smoke here.我们这儿不允许任何人吸烟。?
（3）动词need，require，want意为“需要”时，后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。如：?
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning.窗户需要擦了。?
The window needs/requires/wants to be cleaned.窗户需要擦了。?
（4）在begin，continue，love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start后用动名词或不定式作宾语均可，意义没有多大区别。?
（5）动词forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can’t help后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大，须注意。?
forget，regret，remember后跟动名词表示已经发生的动作；跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。试比较下面例句：?
I forgot to post the letter.我忘了寄这封信。 （信没有寄出）?
I forgot posting the letter.我忘了这封信已经寄过了。 （信已经寄过，忘记寄信这件事）
go on后跟动名词表示“继续做原来做的事”；跟不定式表示“接着做另一件事”。如：?
Go on reading Lesson Three.继续读第三课。（刚才读的就是第三课）?
Go on to read Lesson Three.接着读第三课。（刚才也许读的是第二课或者在干别的事）?
mean后跟动名词表示“意味着要做某事”；跟不定式表示“想要做某事”。如：?
Accepting the job means living aboard.接受这个工作就意味着在国外居住。?
I didn’t mean to start an argument.我并不想（跟你）争论。?
stop后跟动名词表示“停止做某事”；跟不定式表示“停下来（别的事）开始做某事”。如：
We stopped talking.我们停止说话。?
We stopped to talk.我们停下来开始说话。?
try后跟动名词表示“试着做某事”；跟不定式表示“努力做某事”。如：?
He tried climbing the tall tree.他试着爬上那棵大树。（已经爬了）?
He tried to climb the tall tree.他努力要爬上那棵大树。（还没爬）?
be used to后跟动名词表示“习惯于做某事”；跟不定式表示“被用来做某事”。如：?
He has been used to getting up early.他已经习惯早起。?
Wood is used to make paper.木材被用来造纸。?
can’t help后跟动名词表示“禁不住做某事”；跟不定式表示“不能帮助做某事”。如：?
After hearing the story，we couldn’t help laughing.听完这个故事，我们忍不住大笑起来。
I’m sorry that I cannot help you to finish the task.很抱歉，我不能帮你完成这个任务。
动名词的复合结构?
动名词的复合结构有四种形式：?
①形容词性物主代词+动名词；?
②名词’s+动名词；?
③代词宾格+动名词；?
④名词+动名词。?
动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用③、④两种形式；无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语都不能用第②种形式。动名词的复合结构，实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。如：?
His/Jack’s not getting to the station on time made all of us worried.?
他/杰克没准时到火车站使得我们大家都很担心。?
Do you mind my/me/Jack’s/Jack leaving now??
你介意我/杰克现在离开吗？
动名词的时态?
在时态上，动名词有一般式（doing）和完成式（having done）两种形式。当动名词表示的动作发生的时间不明确，或与谓语动作同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之后时，用动名词的一般式；当动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前时，常用动名词的完成式。如：?
I enjoy playing football.?
（playing表示的时间概念不明确）?
He’s been used to going to bed late.?
（going to bed与has been used to同时发生）?
I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.?
（seeing发生在am looking forward to之后）?
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.?
（not having kept my promise发生在am sorry之前）?
需要特别注意的是，有时候通过上下文可以明显地看出动名词动作和谓语动作的先后时间关系，或者在一些动词（如remember，forget，regret）和动词短语（如excuse sb.for，thank sb.for）中，尽管动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，我们也常用其一般式来代替完成式，或者两种形式通用。如：?
Thank you very much for having helped me a lot.= Thank you very much for helping me a lot.?
谢谢你帮了我这么多忙。
动名词的语态?
在语态上，动名词有主动式（doing，having done）和被动式（being done，having been done）。主动式表示主动意义，被动式表示被动意义。如：?
He insisted on sending her to hospital.他坚持要把她送到医院去。?
He insisted on being sent to work in the countryside.他坚持要被派到乡下工作。?
课件35张PPT。Using Language
Chemical or Organic FarmingWorking the land What is the substance we put on the soil which makes crops grow?
It is fertilizer. How many kinds of fertilizers do farmers use?
There are two kinds. They are chemical fertilizers and natural ones. Which kind do farmers use when they are doing organic farming?
Do you know about organic farming? ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals.1. Why are chemical fertilizers so popular in farming today?I. Read the passage and answer the following questions.They are a great way to stop crop disease and increase production.Comprehending2. What problems can be caused by using chemical fertilizers?They can damage the land by killing helpful bacteria and pests and by staying in the ground and underground water for a long time. They damage people’s health by building up in their bodies and leading to cancer or other illnesses.3. What is organic farming? Organic farming means growing crops without using any chemicals.4. What is the main reason for using organic farming methods? The main reason for using organic farming methods is to grow good food and to avoid damaging the environment or people’s health. II. Read the text again and fill in the blanks.productionbacteria and pestsnutritionGoalgrassnaturalthe kind of cropdifferent levelsIn what condition do you think green food grow?The advantages of green fooddirty air
dirty water supplies
in industrial areas
many chemical fertilizersclean, fresh air
clean water supplies
away from industrial areas free of chemical fertilizersMain idea of the passageChemical fertilizers can cause many
problems, so organic farming is
becoming more popular.ORGANIC FARMINGStructure of the textI using chemical fertilizers for a long time can hurt the land and also people’s health
II Problem caused by chemical fertilizers1. Damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones2. Lead to cancer or other illness.3. Food grown with chemical fertilizers look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.Ⅲ Organic farming is becoming more popular with some farmers and many customers after these discoveries came out.
IV Other methods to keep the soil fertile.ProjectPersuade the farmers in our county to grow the crops by organic farming with the knowledge learnt. What is organic farming?
What fertilizer should they use? Why?
How to plant the different crops?
……Language points1. lead to用法
[寓词于境] 阅读下列句子，注意lead to的意思和用法。
1. His carelessness led to the accident.
2. This test is obviously bad because it leads to incorrect learning.
3. Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.
[自我归纳] lead to意为“_________________”, 后多跟名词或代词。导致、造成(后果)[联想] result in引起(某种结果)、使获得(某种成果)、结果……。如：
The accident resulted in two deaths.
result from由……造成、因……而产生。如：
Sickness sometimes results from eating too much.
[即学即练] 用lead to的适当形式完成句子。
1. Students should always remember that hard work is the main way which ______ success.
2. The bad weather _____ a terrible accident a few days ago.led toleads to2. focus用法
根据语境推断focus在下列句子中的含义, 并从a-d中找出与每句话中的focus相符合的英文释义。1. The focus of the meeting changed from population growth to the education of women.
2. Bring the object into focus if you want a clear photograph.
3. She tried to focus her mind on her work.
4. She turned the camera and focused on Martin’s face.
a. the thing, person, situation, etc. that people pay special attention to
b. a point or distance at which the outline of an object is clearly seen by the eye or through a lens
c. to point a camera at something, and change the controls slightly so that you can see that thing clearly
d. to give special attention to one particular person or thing, or to make people do thisc abdfocus作名词, 意为“焦点、中心点”; 作动词, 意为“集中、聚焦”, 常构成短语focus on, 意为“集中(注意力、精力等)于”。
翻译下列句子。
1. Because of his strange clothes, he immediately became the focus of attention when he entered the office. 由于他的奇装异服, 所以一走进办公室他便成了大家注意的焦点。2. Focus your camera on those trees.
3. I’m so tired that I can’t focus on anything today.把照相机的焦点集中在那些树上。
今天我太累了, 精神集中不起来。3. keep… free from “远离”或“避免”keep free from emotional reactions 避免激动的反应 keep free from restrictions 避免受到限制 4. Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil. [分析]
①本句结构比较复杂。其主干结构为: 主句(Crops put important minerals back into the soil) + 状语(making it ready for crops)。
②状语中又包含“make + it + 形容词”结构和由that引导的定语从句(that need rich and fertile soil)。 5. Some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil, and then leaving it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next year’s crop.
[分析]
①本句的主干结构是一个简单句, 其结构是: 主语(farmers) + 谓语(prefer) + 并列宾语(planting ... + leaving ...)。②其中between crops和in the ground作地点状语。
③两个宾语后面又分别带有一个不定式作目的状语（to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil和to become a natural fertilizer for the next year’s crop）。 What is the main topic of the conversation?
　 The possible bad effects of chemical fertilizers on the fruit and vegetables that we eat today. ListeningPaul thinks that Carrie is not telling him the truth.
Using chemical fertilizers always makes vegetables empty inside.
Today’s fruit is not as healthy for people as fruit fifty years ago.
Eating more vegetables might not always be good for us.
All of today’s vegetables look healthy but in fact are not.T or F. T FT FT Collect some information about the safety and importance of green food.Homework