虚拟语气讲义

虚拟语气：
1 语气(mood)
语气是动词的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类
a. 陈述语气：表示________________________________________________________________。如：
There are two sides to every question.
Were you busy all day yesterday
How good a teacher she is!
b. 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的____ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )___或_________。如：
Never be late again!
Don’t forget to turn off the light.
c. 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的______________________等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.
I wish I could pass ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the examination.
May you succeed!
二．虚拟语气在__________从句中的用法。
条件从句有两类：
1．_______条件句：如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。
试比较：
If time permits, we’ll go fishing together.
If time_______, we would go fishing now.
2．______条件句：如 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。
If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.
隐含的事实是：
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，现将其形式列表如下：
从句 主句
与现在事实相反
与过去事实相反
与将来事实可能相反
例句 If I had time, I would attend the meeting.
If you had taken my advice, you would not failed in the exams.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.
三．条件从句中省去if的情况
在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，常可以省略if，将______, ______或______提至句首。
Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是___________时，不能用动词的缩略形式。
如：我们可以说Were it not the expense, I would go abroad now.
但不能说 Were n’t it for the expense, I would go abroad now.
四. 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with, without, but for等。如：、
What would you do with a million dollars (= )
We couldn’t have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )finished the work ahead of time without your help. (= )
But for the rain( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )= ), we would have finished the work.
五. 含蓄条件句
句子中不用if条 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )件从句表示于事实相反的假设情况，而是通过_________________________等词语或短语，或上下文来暗示条件，常被称为含蓄条件句。
1. What would I have done without you
2. But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.
3. He would h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave given you more help, but he had to attend an important meeting.
4. Given more time, I would have been able to finish the test.
5．I was caug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ht in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I ____you waiting for such a long time.
A. will not keep ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. have not kept C. had not kept D. would not have
6. I forget where I read the article, or I would show it to you now.
六．虚拟语气的其它用法。
1. 虚拟语气在_________从句中的用法。
（1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中
时间 现在 过去 将来
wish 宾从
I wish I knew the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )answer to the question.
I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time.
He wishes (wished) he hadn’t lost the chance.
I wish it would ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stop raining.但愿雨能停止。
（2）在suggest（建议）, demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command(命 令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如：
I suggest that we ( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )should) start the meeting at once.
The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.

特别提示：
1）当suggest表示__________，主语为something，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。
His silence sug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gested that he agreed with my decision.
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.
2）insist表示___________时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较：
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.
He insists tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t he (should) do morning exercises every day.
2. 与名词 advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词相关的_________从句、________从句中，句中的谓语动词常用“_______________”结构，表示某人______________________等的内容。
如：
My advice is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.
We all agree to y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )our suggestion that we ( should ) go skating this week.
3.虚拟语气用在__________从句中
由_________________________所带从句内容与客观事实相反时，谓语要用虚拟语气，其形式与wish 所带的宾语从句形式相同，也于三个时间相对应。
时间 现在 过去 将来
The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.
He speaks as if he had been to the United States.
If only I were a bird.
If only I had taken ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) my friend here.
4. 在_____________________________________句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如：
It is time that we did something to stop pollution.
It is time that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.
I’d rather you told me the truth.
I’d rather I didn’t see you again.
5. 在It is + ___________________________________________等形容词或名词 + 从句中，从句谓语动词可用________________表主动，_________________表被动
It’s important that yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u should do chemistry experiment very carefully.
It’s a pity that you should miss the concert.
6.用 “_________________”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：
May good luck be yours!！
May you be happy!！
May you do even better!
7. 用动词原形。例如：
Long live the people!
“God bless you,” said the priest.
六. 要注意主从句时间不一致情况下的虚 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )拟语气(混合条件句)
有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.
__________________________________________________________________________________ If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.
_________________________________________________________________________________ If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
__________________________________________________________________________________