2024届高考英语二轮复习专题：第七讲定语从句学案（有答案）

语法专题提升
专题四　五彩缤纷的从句：三大从句和特殊句式
第七讲　定语从句
高考真题练悟
单句语法填空
1．Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.[2022·浙江卷1月]
2．That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ________ are only good for one use.[2022·北京卷]
3．On the 1，100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.[2022·全国甲卷]
4．BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.[2021·浙江卷1月]
5．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.[2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]
[感悟]　语法填空二谨记
1．确定定语从句关系词的解题要领：根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。
2．关系词应遵循“缺什么，补什么”的原则
(1)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who；
(2)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom；
(3)如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which；
(4)如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，用when或where；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that或which；
(5)在“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中如果先行词指人，用whom；如果先行词指物，则用which。
考点多维突破
在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句
(一)who, whom, whose引导的定语从句
1.who和whom指人 (1)who在定语从句中作主语或宾语； (2) whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。 (3)在口语中可用who代替whom。 On behalf of those who feel like making progress in English, I sincerely invite you to deliver a speech in our English program at 7 pm on Friday.代表那些想在英语上取得进步的人，我真诚地邀请你周五晚上7点在我们的英语节目中发表演讲。[2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ] The student who/whom you talked to just now is my best friend. 你刚才谈话的那个学生是我最好的朋友。
2.whose既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。 My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. 我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他走遍了全世界。 He lives in a house，whose window is broken. 他住在一所房子里，房子的窗户坏了。
(二)that/which/as引导的定语从句
1．只用that引导定语从句的情况
(1)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。
If I run into anything that might interest you, I'll send it your way.
(2)先行词被the only, any, few, no, very等修饰时。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
(3)先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。
That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city.
(4)先行词既有人也有物时。
My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
2．只用which引导定语从句的情况
(1)先行词为物，引导非限制性定语从句时
David had a brain disease，which prevented him from walking or running like other children.
大卫患有脑部疾病，这使他不能像其他孩子一样行走或奔跑。[2022·新高考卷Ⅰ读后续写]
(2)先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(3)引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念时
A small percentage of students learn through reading books and looking through websites, which make up 18% and 12%.小部分学生通过阅读书籍和浏览网站来学习，分别占18%和12%。[2022·全国乙卷书面表达]
3．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 这一点 正如……，正像……的那样
She married again，which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料不及的。
She married again，as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
即学即练
单句语法填空
1．After each cycle of trading, companies ________ have leftover carbon allowances (限额) can sell them to others.[2023·嘉兴市高三基础测试]
2．The letter was one of the earliest documents on record ________ mentioned tofu in the West.[2023·南京六校高三联合调研]
3．What makes something a sport Traditional definitions usually included some physical activities ________ show athletic ability or strength.[2023·丽水、湖州、衢州市质量检测]
4．The character “three” is shaped like a book, ________ represents the long historical tradition of Rong Bao Zhai.[2023·湖南省高三联考]
5．Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one ________ transforms waste into a usable resource.[2023·青岛市高三调研]
考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句
先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time, day, year等。 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which
表示场所的名词：park, place, country, house等。 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which
表示理由的名词：the reason。 why 作原因状语 ＝for which
【名师指津】
(1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point, situation, case, stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
(2)先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。
(3)当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用that, in which或省略关系词这三种形式。
①He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much education.在他生活的那个时代，盲人是接受不了什么教育的。
②I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend，where we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
我和朋友一起登上了山顶，在山顶上我们欣赏到了湖光美景。
③I have come to the point where/at which I can't stand him.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。
④I'm writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 我写信是想向你解释我上次没去听你讲课的原因。
即学即练
单句语法填空
1．The reason ________ this traditional flatbread happening to be popular among the ethnic groups here lies in its being easy to bake, store and transport.[2023·湖南省第二次合检测]
2．Wherever you go in Xinjiang, whether north or south of the Tianshan Mountains, you'll notice small stands ________some crispy and delicious nang is sold.[2023·湖南省第二次合检测]
3．The government has also introduced a new proposal in order to limit the amount of after-school education kids can attend, especially during holidays and festivals, ________ kids should be having fun. [2023·郴州市第一次质量监测]
考点三 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词若是表示人，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物，就只能用which。
类别 句法功能 示例
介词＋关系代词(which/whom) 状语 In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.(turn to sb. for help) 在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。
介词＋whose＋名词 状语 I expressed my sincere gratitude to John, without whose help I couldn't have finished my task. 我向约翰表达了我诚挚的谢意，没有他的帮助，我不可能完成我的任务。
名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词(which/whom) 主语 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels. 上星期日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。
即学即练
单句语法填空
1．Project Hope, launched by the China Youth Development Foundation in 1989, is committed to sending poor children to schools, and has made a difference in the lives of 6 million students from poor families nationwide over the past three decades, among ________ is Su.[2023·济南名校高三交流联考]
2．Nowadays an increasing number of people in various parts of China have begun to celebrate their flower festival again, some of ________， dressed in hanfu, a type of traditional Chinese costume, perform a series of ceremonies.[2023·江西重点中学协作体联考]
3．Last year, Cambridge University Library announced that two of Charles Darwin's notebooks had been missing from their collection, one of ________ contains Darwin's “Tree of Life” sketch.[2023·浙江镇海中学考前模拟]
巩固训练夯提
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The app does this by monitoring their time ________the users go to sleep, which means that you will feel less sleepy when you wake up every morning.[2023·山东省实验中学模拟]
2．The six greatest 18th-century carved marble (大理石) sculptures in the East Sculpture Hall ________ sustained the most damage will receive conservation treatment.[2023·潍坊市高考模拟]
3．An additional reason ________ it can be so desirable is that it tends to come from resources that are free.[2023·南京市考前训练题一]
4．In the US, Diane Ott Whealy and her husband founded Heritage Farm, a place ________ people can store and trade seeds.[2023·江苏省连云港市模拟二]
5．This story about self-respect and self-love, ________ characters are Chinese, is set in Europe.[2023·河北省张家口市一模]
6．The first space launch led to the first human space flight, ________ led to the first moonwalk.[2023·威海市高考模拟]
7．The Double Ninth Festival is also a time ________ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms.[2023·泰安市全真模拟]
8．Gig workers, often referred to as independent contractors (承包人) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ________ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services for their clients.[2023·广东省六校第一次联考]
9．By the time of the Ming Dynasty, people could use the abacus in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, ________ were widely used for calculating the weight, amount, space and volume.[2023·福州高三起点调研]
10．Shaxian snacks is a shining example of Chinese food chain brands, ________ most likely include foods such as steamed dumplings, noodles and huntun.[2023·辽宁省五校联考]
Ⅱ.语段填空(用适当的关系词填空)
There was a time 1.________ I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this is the reason 2.________ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，3.________ I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately, my guide, 4.________ teacher was Li Yang, communicated with me face to face, from 5.________ I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.________ we did.My father and the guide 7.________ encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated.Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8.________ I put my entire energy.Every day I will read my words and passages aloud.In class I will join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep, I will recall my passages, through 9.________ I can memorize a large number of new words.10.________ our English teacher says，“As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, we will conquer English sooner or later.”
Ⅲ.写作运用
完成下面短文，注意定语从句的运用。
1．________________________ (众所周知), high school life is an important turning point and 2.______________________________________ (高中校园是学生学习和生活的重要场所)．My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record 3.________________________ (我们的在校经历)．
Material collecting took us a whole week,
4．__________________________________________________________________ (在此期间，我们采访了我们的老师，并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面)．Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect.5.________________________________ (播放录像的那一天), it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time, 6.____________________________________ (这当然给了我们很大的成就感)．
专题四　五彩缤纷的从句：三大从句和特殊句式
第七讲　定语从句
高考真题练悟
1．答案与解析：who/that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，先行词为指代人的a small but growing minority of academics，应用who/that。
2．答案与解析：which　定语从句关系词。分析该句结构可知，此处为“代词＋of＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，空处指代空前的“cups, bottles, and bags”，作介词of的宾语，故用which。
3．答案与解析：who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，关系词在从句中充当主语，应用who。
4．答案与解析：that/which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是tool，关系词在从句中作主语，故用that/which。
5．答案与解析：that　考查定语从句。先行词“the species”指物，并且其前有all修饰，故此处应用关系代词that。
考点多维突破
考点一
即学即练
1．答案与解析：that/which　定语从句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，该空引导定语从句修饰先行词companies，先行词指物，该空在定语从句中作主语，故应填that/which。
2．答案与解析：that　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句且在从句中作主语，先行词指物，且因为先行词中含有形容词最高级，故空处只能填关系代词that。
3．答案与解析：which/that　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示物的名词短语physical activities，关系词在从句中作主语，所以空处填which/that。
4．答案与解析：which　定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，且空处在定语从句中作主语，指代主句“The character ‘three’ is shaped like a book”，故填which。
5．答案与解析：that　定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词one，且在从句中作主语，所以填that。one为不定代词，其后定语从句不宜用which引导。
考点二
即学即练
1．答案与解析：why　考查定语从句。句意：这种传统的大饼之所以能在这里的少数民族中流行，是因为它易于烘烤、储存和运输。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作原因状语，表示“由于这个原因”，应使用关系副词why引导该定语从句。
2．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。句意：在新疆，无论你走到哪里，无论是在天山的北边还是南边，你都会看到一些卖酥脆可口的馕的小摊。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词stands，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，表示“在这些小摊上”，应使用关系副词where引导该定语从句。
3．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：政府还提出了一项新的建议，以限制孩子们可以参加的课外教育的数量，特别是在假期和节日期间，孩子们本应该享受乐趣。分析句子可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是holidays and festivals，在从句中作时间状语，要用关系副词when引导。
考点三
即学即练
1．答案与解析：whom　定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处考查“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。又因此处先行词指人，故填whom。
2．答案与解析：whom　分析句子结构可知， “Nowadays...again”是一个完整的句子， 后面是“不定代词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。该从句的先行词是people, 空前有some of , 故关系代词只能用whom。
3．答案与解析：which　句意：去年，剑桥大学图书馆宣布，查尔斯·达尔文的两本笔记本从他们的收藏中丢失了，其中一本里有达尔文的“生命之树”素描。分析句子结构可知，空处指代“two of Charles Darwin's notebooks”，因此空后是“不定代词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是物，故填which。
巩固训练夯提
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：该应用程序通过监测用户睡觉的时间来实现这一点，这意味着每天早上醒来时你会感觉不那么困了。分析句子结构可知，此处“________ the users go to sleep”是限定性定语从句，先行词是time，指时间，从句缺少时间状语，故填when。
2．答案与解析：that　考查定语从句。句意：受损最严重的东方雕塑馆的6座18世纪最伟大的大理石雕塑将接受保护处理。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词sculptures是物，且被最高级greatest修饰，因此空格处用关系代词that，故填that。
3．答案与解析：why　考查定语从句。句意：它如此可取的另一个原因是，它往往来自免费的资源。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在从句中做原因状语，故填why。
4．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。句意：在美国，黛安·奥特·惠里和她的丈夫创立了传统农场，人们可以在这里储存和交易种子。分析句子结构可知，先行词是place，指地点，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。
5．答案与解析：whose　考查定语从句。句意：这个关于自尊和自爱的故事，主人公是中国人，故事发生在欧洲。此处考查非限定性定语从句的关系词，先行词为This story，先行词与characters为所属关系，设空处应用关系代词whose，后接characters，表示“故事的”。
6．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。句意：第一次太空发射引领了第一次人类太空飞行，这引发了第一次月球行走。分析句子结构，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前边的整个句子，故填which。
7．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：重阳节也是菊花盛开的时节。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，先行词time是时间，因此空格处用关系副词when。
8．答案与解析：who　定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为those，指人，空处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。
9．答案与解析：which　定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为addition, subtraction, multiplication and division，空处在从句中作主语，所以填which。
10．答案与解析：which　定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此句为一个非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。
Ⅱ.语段填空(用适当的关系词填空)
1．when　2.why　3.where　4.whose　5.whom　6.that/which　7.who/that　8.which　9.which　10.As
Ⅲ.写作运用
1．As is universally known
2．high school campus is an important place where students study and live
3．our experiences at school
4．during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life
5．That day when the video was played
6．which surely gave us a great sense of achievement