2023届高考英语复习第五讲　形容词、副词和比较等级学案（有答案）

第五讲　形容词、副词和比较等级
高考真题练悟
单句语法填空
1．When he looked down，he ________ (accidental) slipped and fell over the edge.[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷]
2．Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ________ (meaning). The two of them collected more than 1，000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.[2022·全国甲卷]
3．As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the ________ (large) tea-producing country, China has a responsibility to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.[2022·全国乙卷]
4．In the last five years, Cao has walked through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa's ________ (high) mountain.[2022·全国甲卷]
5．That's a big problem and it is getting even ________ (bad). The use of those plastics has increased by 300% since 2019.[2022·北京卷]
[感悟]　语法填空二谨记
1．形容词、副词的词形转换
①若空处作定语、表语则应考虑填形容词形式；
②若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，则应考虑填副词形式；
2．形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级
①题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇时用比较级；
②设空后有表示范围的标志词in, of, among等时用最高级；
③设空前有one of the等修饰词时，用最高级。
④“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”表示“越……，就越……”。
⑤句中虽没有标志词，但暗含比较，也需要用比较级或最高级。
考点多维突破
考点一 形容词和副词的句法功能
1．形容词用法：修饰名词作定语；跟在系动词后作表语；跟在宾语后作宾补；还可用作状语。
Having been praised by the teacher，the little girl ran back home，happy and satisfied．
被老师表扬之后，这个小女孩跑回了家，既开心又满足。
2．副词用法：修饰动词；修饰形容词或副词；单独作状语。
I firmly believed that you will finish your run if you bravely face this challenge. 我坚信，只要你勇敢地面对这个挑战，你一定能跑完全程。[2022·新课标卷读后续写]
【名师指津】　有些副词如fortunately, luckily, surprisingly, honestly, actually, personally 等作评注性状语时往往修饰整个句子，对整个句子进行说明或解释，表示说话人的态度与看法。通常位于句首，常用逗号与句子分开。
Unfortunately, as our economy advances, recent years have seen the oceans being polluted. 不幸的是，随着我们经济的发展，近年来海洋受到了污染。[2022·全国甲卷书面表达]
即学即练
单句语法填空
1．________ (typical), the winners receive prize money at the end of the competition.[2023·丽水、湖州、衢州三地市质量检测]
2．Rong Bao Zhai is located in Beijing. Its woodblock printing skill was listed in the first batch of national-level intangible (非物质的) ________ (culture) heritage by the State Council of PRC.[2023·湖南省高三六校联考]
3．Dragon boat racing has been going on for thousands of years in China, ________ (initial) in honor of the Chinese water or dragon deity (神) in an effort to call down rain and avoid misfortune and disaster.[2023·南京市高三年级学情调研]
4．Since many of the ________ (origin) features of the garden have been preserved, the garden has a high historical and artistic value.[2023·苏锡常镇四市调研一]
考点二 形容词和副词的构词规律
1.形容词的构词规律
类别 例词
词尾加-y cloud→cloudy, luck→lucky, health→healthy, sleep→sleepy
词尾加-(e)d gift→gifted, talent→talented, advance→advanced, excite→excited
词尾加-ing surprise→surprising, convince→convincing, frighten→frightening
词尾加-ful/-less meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless, harm→harmful/harmless, home→homeless, colour→colourful/colourless, use→useful/useless, thank→thankful/thankless, peace→peaceful/peaceless
词尾加-able comfort→comfortable, knowledge→knowledgeable, accept→acceptable, respect→respectable
词尾加-ous danger→dangerous, courage→courageous, humour→humorous
词尾的-ce变为-t confidence→confident, difference→different
词尾加-al music→musical, person→personal, nation→national, education→educational, tradition→traditional
词尾加-ly friend→friendly, week→weekly, love→lovely
词尾加-en wood→wooden, wool→woolen
其他常见变化 energy→energetic, fool→foolish, pleasure→pleasant/pleased, science→scientific [以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny, fun→funny等)，以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy, ice→icy, taste→tasty等)]
动词词尾加-ive/-ative attract→attractive, talk→talkative, prevent→preventive, protect→protective
[提示]　如何区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词
解决此类问题有两个切入点：第一，看语境表示的是“令人……”(-ing)，还是“感到……”(-ed)；第二，看语境说明的是性质特征(-ing)，还是感受(-ed)。具体如下：
(1)-ing型形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质特征，常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed型形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑), feeling(感觉), appearance(外貌), cry(哭), face(面部表情), voice(声音), mood(情绪), look(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
2. 形容词转化为副词的规律
【名师指津】　(1)词尾为-ble/-le的形容词，去掉e，再加-y terrible→terribly, possible→possibly, gentle→gently, probable→probably, comfortable→comfortably, responsible→responsibly, suitable→suitably
(2)词尾为-ue的形容词，去掉e再加-ly true→truly (高中阶段仅此一例)
(3)下列单词以-ly结尾， 但却是形容词而非副词：lively, lonely, lovely, deadly, friendly, ugly, silly, timely等。
即学即练
单句语法填空
1．So eager was she to be a crew member that she overcame many difficulties and ultimately became ________ (qualify)．[2023·厦门市第二次质量检测]
2．They have developed an ________ (advance) system that can grow plants anywhere, even in space.[2023·南京市高考模拟卷(一)]
3．A lot of problems are associated with overusing our digital devices, from eye health and issues of mental health to addiction and ________ (education) difficulties.[2023·郴州市高三第一次教学质量监测]
4．This is especially true in countries where traditional medicines are ________ (wide) used.[2023·连云港市高三第二次调研]
5．China has expressed an ambition to land people on the moon and ________(possible) build a scientific base there.[2023·抚顺市普通高三模拟]
考点三 形容词和副词的比较等级
一、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的词形变化
1．规则变化
词形分类及变化方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词 一般加-er或-est tall taller tallest
以e结尾的，直接加-r或-st nice nicer nicest
以一个重读闭音节结尾的，先双写该辅音字母再加-er或-est big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
fat fatter fattest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，先变y为i再加-er或-est happy happier happiest
easy easier easiest
其他双音节词/多音节词 在前面加more或most difficult more difficult most difficult
2.不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best
bad (badly)/ill worse worst
many/much more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
二、形容词和副词比较等级的用法
1．同级比较：“as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”，其否定形式是“not as/so＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”。
He worked as well as a qualified technician.
他干得跟合格的技术员一样好。
2．比较级常见的结构
(1)“形容词/副词的比较级＋than”；“more/less＋多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词＋than”。常见的修饰比较级的词有any, much, even, far, by far, a lot, a great deal等。
The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.
这本书比我读过的书有趣得多。
(2)“比较级＋and＋比较级”或“more and more/less and less＋原级”表示“越来越……”。
Holiday flight tickets are getting less and less expensive．假期的机票越来越便宜了。
(3)“the＋比较级＋主语＋谓语， the＋比较级＋主语＋谓语”，表示“越……就越……”。
The more people are involved, the better the ocean environment is. 参与的人越多，海洋环境就越好。[2022·全国甲卷书面表达]
(4)“the＋比较级＋of (the)＋名词/代词”，表示“(两者中)较……的”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机中，我喜欢较小的那个，它很容易携带。
3．最高级结构：“the＋形容词的最高级(＋名词)＋比较范围(in/of/among短语)”；“one of the＋形容词的最高级＋名词复数”。常用来修饰最高级的词有by far, almost以及序数词等。
My parents wanted me to have the best possible education.我父母想让我接受最好的教育。
4．比较级表达最高级含义
(1)“否定词＋比较级”或“否定词＋such/so...as”结构表示最高级含义。
Your story is perfect; I've never heard a better one before.你的故事太完美了；我从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。
(2)比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级含义：
①比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词
②比较级＋than＋all the other＋复数名词
③比较级＋than＋any of the other＋复数名词
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China. 长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。/长江是中国最长的河。
三、倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达法句型主要有：
(1)A＋is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
(2)A＋is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B
(3)A＋is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of＋B
(4)the＋名词(size，length，height 等)＋of＋A＋is＋倍数＋that＋of＋B
(5)A＋is＋倍数＋what引导的名词性从句
Smoking is harmful to people's health, killing seven times more people each year than traffic accidents. 吸烟有害健康，每年因抽烟而丧命的人比死于交通事故的人多7倍。
即学即练
单句语法填空
1．Designed and constructed to the ________ (high) ever standards for green and sustainable housing, the three villages will be able to accommodate 5，500 athletes and team officials.[2023·莆田市第二次质量检测]
2．In China, only 1% of the population has an interest in the skiing, far ________ (low) than the 35% in Switzerland, 9% in Japan and 8% in the United States.[2023·泉州市质量监测三]
3．Without thinking ________ (far), Florence started writing and became a professional web novelist.[2023·河北省张家口市一模]
4．“The higher risk our work is, the ________ (firm) belief we should have，” said Remila.[2023·厦门市第二次质量检测]
巩固训练夯提
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Between 1976 and 1981, the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized three large scale ________(science) investigations.[2023·聊城市第一次模拟]
2．More important, thrift, a traditional Chinese virtue, can help build a ________ (health) social environment for China to realize its targets of peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060.[2023·菏泽市高三一模]
3．Covering some 7，000 square meters and ________(official) known as the Palace Museum, it was home to royal families of the Ming and Qing dynasties.[2023·淄博市二模]
4．________(similar)，instead of learning knowledge inside the classroom, students should be encouraged to take adventure outside and visit places where they can witness the development of their hometown. [2023·泉州市质量监测二]
5．The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which preserves almost one million seed samples, has one of the ________ (large) collections.[2023·江苏省连云港市模拟二]
6．All in all, challenging yourself can make you ________ (brave) and adapt to society better.[2023·辽宁省辽南协作校模拟]
7．However, the real battlefield is ________(impressive) than the scene in the film. The war was on in the freezing temperature of around －40℃.[2023·漳州市第二次质量检测]
8．Due to cases with cheating voter registration and political control over the election, Abrams lost the election by ________ (few) than 55，000 votes due to voter suppression (压制)．[2023·邯郸市一模]
9．These heritage sites ________ (effective) protected China's representative geological relics, mountains, forests and lakes, along with the rare and ________ (endanger) animal and plant species.[2023·湖北省新高考联盟第一次质量监测]
10．While the new enzyme only breaks down the PET, it will still have a major influence on limiting pollution and helping improve recycling capabilities ________ (global)．[2023·南京市六校联合体高三联合调研]
Ⅱ.语法填空
[2023·河北省衡水中学素养评估]
While many people have made videos to cheer on those working on the front lines of the fight since the latest COVID-19 outbreak in Shanghai, Chien Meishuang 1.________ (spend) her time in lockdown at home, painting simple heartwarming works.
The paintings are part of her Journal of the Pandemic Lockdown, 2.________ project she started two years ago. “We are all facing a difficult time 3.________ we are trapped at home，” Chien tells China Daily. “I 4.________ (simple) wanted to let others know that there is a silver lining amid the dark clouds.”
The Taiwan native, who lives in Shanghai, is being on the receiving end of her neighbors' kindness. 5.________ (document) her experience, the artist created a painting, titled Good Neighbors in China, marking the first new 6.________ (add) to her project this year. Other 7.________ (scene) shown in her latest works include delivery men having a quick lunch and her neighbors 8.________ (welcome) a 70-year-old man who returned from hospital after recovering from COVID-19.
“It is because of the pandemic 9.________ I have made friends from all walks of life in the area where I live. These individuals have provided infinite inspiration and stories 10.________ my works，” she adds. “As long as an artwork can touch people's hearts, I believe it is good art. It doesn't matter how simple it is.”
Ⅲ.写作运用
根据汉语提示补全作文， 并注意其中形容词和副词的使用。
Dear David，
I've learned it from the Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to learn the Chinese language and culture. 1.____________________________________________________ (我很高兴你对中国有浓厚的兴趣)and I would like to be your friend.
2．__________________________________________________________(我将尽可能经常地给你写信介绍中国文化). When you have an opportunity to come to China, I'll teach you how to speak Chinese and 3.__________________________________________________(带你参观一些著名的历史名胜) 4.______________________________________________(无论如何， 我将尽可能多地帮助你)How do you think
I'm looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
第五讲　形容词、副词和比较等级
高考真题练悟
1．答案与解析：accidentally　考查词性转换。分析句子成分可知，设空处修饰动词slipped, 故可知该填副词。
2．答案与解析：meaningful　考查词形转换。结合句意“这将使他的徒步旅行更有意义”可知，空处应用形容词。
3．答案与解析：largest　考查形容词的最高级。“tea-producing country”前应用形容词修饰，提示词为形容词，且空前有定冠词“the”，再结合常识可知，应用形容词的最高级。
4．答案与解析：highest　考查形容词最高级。根据常识可知，乞力马扎罗山是非洲最高的山脉，故填最高级。
5．答案与解析：worse　形容词的比较级。根据空前的even和语境可知，该处指“情况甚至变得更加糟糕”，故填bad的比较级。
考点多维突破
考点一
即学即练
1．答案与解析：Typically　副词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用副词修饰整个句子，所以填Typically，注意首字母大写。
2．答案与解析：cultural　形容词。根据空前的intangible和空后的heritage可知，空处应填culture的形容词形式，故填cultural。
3．答案与解析：initially　副词。分析该句结构可知，空处修饰后面的介词短语，故用副词形式。
4．答案与解析：original　考查形容词。句意：由于许多园林的原始特征被保留下来，该园林具有很高的历史和艺术价值。修饰名词features需用形容词作定语。
考点二
即学即练
1．答案与解析：qualified　考查形容词。句意：她是如此渴望成为一名船员，她克服了许多困难，最终变得合格。系动词became后接形容词作表语。主语是人，所以用-ed形式形容词。
2．答案与解析：advanced　考查形容词。句意：他们开发了一种先进的系统，可以在任何地方种植植物，甚至在太空中。名词system前用形容词修饰。
3．答案与解析：educational　考查形容词。句意：许多问题都与过度使用电子设备有关，从眼睛健康、心理健康问题到成瘾教育困难。根据名词difficulties可知，此处要用形容词作定语。
4．答案与解析：widely　考查副词。句意：在广泛使用传统药物的国家尤其如此。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处用副词widely，表示“广泛地”，作状语，修饰used。
5．答案与解析：possibly　考查副词。句意：中国已经表达了将人类送上月球并可能在那里建立一个科学基地的雄心。动词build前用副词修饰。
考点三
即学即练
1．答案与解析：highest　考查形容词。句意：这三个村按照绿色和可持续发展的最高标准设计和建造，将能够容纳5500名运动员和代表团官员。根据句意和定冠词the可知，应使用形容词最高级highest形式，意为“最高标准”。
2．答案与解析：lower　考查形容词比较级。句意：在中国，只有1%的人口对滑雪感兴趣，远低于瑞士的35%、日本的9%和美国的8%。根据句子结构及than可知，此处应用形容词比较级。故填lower。
3．答案与解析：further　考查副词。句意：没多想，弗洛伦斯就开始写作，成为了一名专业的网络小说家。根据句意可知，应用far的比较级further，意为“更远地，进一步”，作think的状语。
4．答案与解析：firmer　考查比较级。句意：“我们的工作风险越大，我们的信念就越坚定，”雷米拉说。“the ＋ 比较级，the ＋ 比较级”结构，表示“越……，越……”。
巩固训练夯提
1．答案与解析：scientific　考查形容词。句意：1976年至1981年间，中国科学院组织了三次大规模的科学调查。分析句子，该空需要一个形容词作定语修饰名词investigations，所给词science为名词，其形容词形式为scientific。
2．答案与解析：healthy　考查形容词。句意：更重要的是，节俭作为中国的传统美德，可以帮助中国建立一个健康的社会环境，实现2030年碳达峰和2060年碳中和的目标。修饰名词environment应用形容词healthy，意为“健康的”。
3．答案与解析：officially　考查副词。句意：它占地约7000平方米，正式名称为故宫博物院，是明清两代皇室的家。修饰known应用副词officially，作状语。
4．答案与解析：Similarly　考查副词。句意：类似地，应该鼓励学生到外面去冒险，参观他们可以见证家乡发展的地方，而不是在教室里学习知识。分析句子结构可知，此处应使用副词位于句首，修饰整个句子作状语，注意大写，故填Similarly。
5．答案与解析：largest　考查形容词最高级。句意：斯瓦尔巴特群岛全球种子库保存了近100万份种子样本，是世界上收藏最多的种子库之一。one of＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数，所以空处需用形容词最高级。
6．答案与解析：braver　考查形容词比较级。句意：总而言之，挑战自己会使你更勇敢，更好地适应社会。结合句意，分析句子结构，还有句尾“better”的提示，此处需要形容词的比较级，作宾语补足语，故填braver。
7．答案与解析：more impressive　考查形容词比较级。句意：然而，真实的战场比电影中的场景更令人印象深刻。由than可知，此处应用形容词比较级形式，故填more impressive。
8．答案与解析：fewer　考查形容词比较级。句意：由于选民登记作弊和选举政治控制等问题，Abrams在选举中因“选民压制”以不到5.5万票的差距落选。根据空后的than可知，此处应该用few的比较级。
9．答案与解析：effectively　词形转换。空处修饰后面的动词protected，需要用副词，故填effectively。
答案与解析：endangered　词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处与前面的rare并列，共同修饰空后的名词短语animal and plant species，需要用形容词，故填endangered。
10．答案与解析：globally　副词。分析句子结构可知，该空作状语修饰动词，故填副词globally。
Ⅱ.语法填空
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了画家Chien Meishuang通过绘画身边人的暖心行为来记录自己的经历以及表达希望。
1．答案与解析：has spent/has been spending　考查时态。句意：自从最近一次新冠肺炎在上海爆发以来，许多人制作了视频来为那些在前线工作的人加油，而Chien Meishuang一直在家里被关起来，画一些简单的暖心作品。根据上文“While many people have made videos to cheer on those working on the front lines of the fight”可知，可用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，表示从过去持续到现在(或将继续持续下去)的动作，主语为Chien Meishuang，助动词用has。
2．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。句意：这些画是她两年前开始的《大流行封锁日记》的一部分。project为可数名词，此处为泛指，应用不定冠词修饰，且该词是发音以辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。
3．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。句意：Chien在接受《中国日报》采访时说：“当我们被困在家里时，我们都面临着一段艰难的时期”。定语从句修饰先行词time，先行词在从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导。
4．答案与解析：simply　考查副词。句意：我只是想让其他人知道，乌云中有一线希望。修饰动词want应用副词simply，作状语。
5．答案与解析：To document　考查非谓语动词。句意：为了记录她的经历，这位艺术家创作了一幅名为《中国的好邻居》的画，这是她今年项目的第一个新成员。此处作目的状语应用不定式，句首单词首字母要大写。
6．答案与解析：addition　考查名词。句意：为了记录她的经历，这位艺术家创作了一幅名为《中国的好邻居》的画，这是她今年项目的第一个新成员。作宾语，应用名词addition，此处特指一幅画，应用单数形式。
7．答案与解析：scenes　考查名词的数。句意：她最新作品中的其他场景还包括送货员吃快餐，她的邻居欢迎一名70岁的男子，该男子在新冠肺炎康复后从医院回来。scene为可数名词，由other修饰，应用复数形式。
8．答案与解析：welcoming　考查非谓语动词。句意：她最新作品中的其他场景还包括送货员吃快餐，她的邻居欢迎一名70岁的男子，该男子在新冠肺炎康复后从医院回来。分析句子结构可知welcome在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语neighbors构成主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。
9．答案与解析：that　考查强调句。句意：正是因为大流行，我在我居住的地区结交了来自各行各业的朋友。分析句子结构可知此处为强调句“it be＋被强调部分＋that(强调人可以who)”，被强调部分为原因状语because of the pandemic，应用that。
10．答案与解析：for　考查介词。句意：这些人为我的作品提供了无限的灵感和故事。短语provide sth. for表示“为……提供……”。
Ⅲ.写作运用
1．I'm glad that you show such great interest in China
2．I will try my best to write to you as often as possible to introduce you the Chinese culture.
3．show you around some famous historical places of interest.
4．Anyway, I am going to help you as much as I can.