module 3 The Violence of Nature知识清单

Words and phrases
1.experience vt. 经历 n. 经历，经历的事; 经验（其后常跟介词in。）
The city experienced over 2,000 such incidents last year.
Please tell us your experiences while in Africa.请告诉我们你在非洲的经历。
She has no experience in cooking.她没有下厨房的体验。
2.cause vt.导致，引起 n. 原因;起因[C][U][(+of)]
What caused the accident What was the cause of the accident
补充： the relation between cause and effect 因果关系
cause sb sth The car has caused him a lot of trouble.
cause sb to do sth ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) The pepper in the food caused me to sneeze. 这食物中的胡椒味呛得我直打喷嚏。
3.occur vi.发生（指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”。）
Tornados occur frequently in this area.
sth occur(s) to sb某人想到……；……出现在某人头脑中 An idea has occurred to me.
It occurs to sb to do/ that-clause 某人突然想到……
Didn’t it occur to yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u that your husband might be late 你当时没想到你丈夫也许会晚去吗？
辨析happen，occur和take place：
happen 偶然或未能预见地发生
All sorts of unexpected things might happen. 什么样的意外都有可能发生。
其后接不定式或用在It happens that…句型中的时候，作“恰好”、“碰巧”、“偶然”解。
I happened to meet her on my way home.
It happens that she is a teacher.
take place 指有计划有安排的事情。The wedding will take place in the church.
4.strike vt. struck / struck or striken(雷电 暴风雨等的)袭击；突然想到；敲钟& n 罢工
The violent hurricane struck the city in midnight.
It struck me that there was no one at home.
The Boston police went on strike in 1919.
The clock is striking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) twelve. Let’s go home at once, or mother will be anxious.
5.ruin vt.(完全地)毁坏；毁灭；n. (建筑物的)废墟，残余
The heavy rain ruined our holiday.
Now the castle lies in ruins.( in ruins成为废墟)
补充：ruined adj. 破败不堪的
辨析ruin ，damage和destroy
damage 不一定全部破坏，损坏部分还可以修复
ruin 现在多用于借喻中，泛指一般的“坏了“，还可指价值、用途降低或外表损坏等。
destroy 指彻底损坏以致不能或很难修复，还指“破坏（计划、希望）
The building was ________ in the earthquake.
The bus was badly ________ when it hit the wall.
He has ________ his health through drinking heavily.
6.manage vt./ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vi 设法对付、处理，能应付 （manage to do 相当于succeed in doing “设法做成”;
try to do“尽力去做”，强调动作，而结果不明确。）
He managed to pass his driving test on the fifth attempt.
He tried to pass his driving test on the fifth attempt.
7.bury vt. 埋葬 bury oneself in =be buried in 埋头于……
After the divorce, she buried herself in/ was buried in her work.
8.possibility n. 可能性 there is /was the possibility of 有……的可能性
there is /was a possibility that 有可能……
Take your umbrella; _____________________ it will rain.
9. pick up　卷起；掀起，拿起
Tornadoes can pick up cars and put them down in the next street.
Whenever you make a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) phone call smile when you pick up the phone, because someone feel it!
另外pick up是动词词组 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，作及物动词使用，up为副词，可拆开使用。pick up有多种意思和用法，如让乘客上车；驾车接某人；恢复；偶然得到；接收广播等。
10.on（the）average　平均,一般说来
On (the) average, I receive five e-mails every day.
11.end up 　结果为……；以……结束
end up with 以……而结束 end up in 以……结束
The party _____________ the singing of You and me.
He’ll ____________ prison if he’s not careful.
12.set fire to 点燃相当于set sth. on fire；短语中的to是个介词，后一般接名词或代词。
A match will set fire to a large building. 星星之火，可以燎原。
补充：catch fire 着火/ be on fire
13.in all 总共 We were fifty in all.
补充：all in all 总的说 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )来All in all, he's more learned than he was ten years ago.
after all 毕竟 Don ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )'t blame him for breaking that vase; after all he is a child.
Sentences
1.They can de ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stroy hourses, but leave the furniture inside exactly where it was.
它们（龙卷风）能够毁坏房子， 但是房子里面的家居去留在原地。
解读：leave+宾语+宾语补足语（n/adj/ adv/prep/to do/doing/done）
仿写：你让机器日夜一直开着是不对的。
It’s wrong of you to _____________________ day and night.
他还有些问题没有作答。He left a few questions _________.
2.On average ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), there are 800 tornadoes in the US each year, causing about 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries.
平均来说，美国每年发生800 次龙卷风，造成大约80 人死亡，1,500 人受伤。
解读：causing about 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries 是v-ing形式作结果状语。
知识拓展：1）v-ing作结果状语指句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )子主干中的动作与状语中的动词之间具有必然的因果关系，通常放在句末，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
A terrible earthquake happened, causing a lot of damage
2)不定式作结果状语通常表示一种出乎意料的结果，可以在不定式前加only或never,用来强调惊讶和出乎意料的意思。
He hurried to the station, only to be told the train had left.
即学即用：1）More highway ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s have been built in China, ____ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
2) China’s Liu Xi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ang equaled the world record of the 110- meter hurdles, thus ____ him world famous overnight. A. to make B. made C. making D. to have make
Grammar
过去完成时的被动语态
构成：had＋been＋动词的过去分词
用法：决定动词用主动还是被动语态主要看动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词和主语之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者，它们就是主动关系，动词应用主动语态；如果它是动作的承受者，也就是它们是被动关系，动词就需要用被动语态
The vegetables didn’t taste good .They had been cooked for too long.
蔬菜不好吃，煮的时间太长了。
By the end of last ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) term more than 3,000 English words had been learnt by us at our middle schools.　到上学期末为止， 我们已经学会了3,000多个英语单词。
间接引语
英语中常用两种方式引用别人的话，一种是直接引语，另一种是间接引语。
直接引语：直接引述别人的有的原话，把它放在引号内
John said, “I like reading story books.”
间接引语: 用自己的话转述别人的话
John said that he liked reading story books.
把直接引语转变为间接引语，一般会转变成 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )宾语从句，从句中的人称、时态、代词、时间状语和地点状语等一般都要作相应的改变。直接引语可能是陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句或祈使句，变成间接引语时有不同的方法，其具体用法如下表所示：
转变方法 例句
陈述句→间接引语 陈述句变为间接引语时，要用that引导从句，在口语中常可省略。 He said, “I’m s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )till working because there’s a lot to do.” →He said (that) he was still working because there was a lot to do.　
一般疑问句→间接引语 一般疑问句变为间接引语时，要用从属连词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )whether或if引导，并将的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked，没有间接宾语的，可以接一个间接宾语，如me，him，her或us等。 He said, “Did you see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) him last night.” →He asked me whether I had seen him the night before. 他问我我是否前一天晚上见过他。
注意事项 直接引语如果是客观真理，变为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )间接引语时，时态不变。如：He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.” →He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光的传播速度要比声音快。
特殊疑问句和祈使句变成间接引语时的具体用法如下表所示：
转变方法 例句
特殊问句→间接引语 原句中的疑问词作连接词，从句改为陈述语序 The teacher asked, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“how did you repair it ” The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
祈使句→间接引语 将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，在不定式前根据意思加上tell，ask，order等动词，即“动词+宾语+不定式”结构 “Make sure the door ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is shut,” she said to her little son. → She told her little son to make sure the door was shut.　他告诉她的儿子要确保把门关上。
如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加上not。 “Tom, don’t smoke in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the room,” he said. →He asked Tom not to smoke in the room.他叫汤姆不要在房子里抽烟。
趁热打铁
1.The police found that the house ____ and a lot of things _____.
A. has broken into; be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en stolen B. had broken into; been stolen
C. has been broken ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
2.When they went to the theatre, the play ____ for five minutes.
A. had begun B. has begun C. had been on D. was on
3.By the time I ____ back they____ up ten satellites.
A. came; have sent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. came; had sent C. come; have sent D. had come; sent
4.The students _____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _____ in the office.
A. had written; left B. were writing; has left
C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left
5.Hardly _____ ourselves in the theatre when the curtain ____ up.
A. had we seated; went B. we had seated; went
C. seated; had gone D. did we seated; went
6.“I never eat meat.” hesaid.
He said that ________ never ________ meat.
7.“I have found my wallet.” h said to me.
He _______ me that he _______ ________ _______ wallet.
8. “I took it home with me.” se said.
She said that ________ ________ ________ it home with her.
9. “Did you see her last week ” h said.
He ________ ________ I ________ ________ her the week _______.
10.He asked, “How did you find it, mother ”
He asked her mother _______ _______ _______ found it.
11. “Where have you been these days ” he asked.
He asked me _______ ________ ________ been ________ days.
12. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.
He _______ the children _______ _______ making so much noise.
13. “Don’t tell him the news.” She said.
She told me _______ _______ _______ him the news.