(共30张PPT)
高考英语专题讲解
完型填空
2020~2022年全国卷完形填空考频统计
项目 卷别 语篇类型 主题语境 考点分布
动词 (短语) 名词 (短语) 形容词 (短语) 副词 介词
(短语)
2022 甲卷 记叙文 人与自我·宠物情缘 8 7 2 2 1
乙卷 说明文 人与社会·儿童捉迷藏的研究 8 7 3 2 0
新高考Ⅰ卷 记叙文 人与自我·野营度假经历 5 5 3 1 1
2021 甲卷 记叙文 人与自我·个人经历 10 5 4 1 0
乙卷 记叙文 人与社会·表达感谢 10 7 1 2 0
新高考Ⅰ卷 记叙文 人与自我·假期打工 9 4 2 0 0
2020 Ⅰ卷 夹叙夹议文 人与自我·父母对孩子撒谎 6 8 3 2 1
Ⅱ卷 记叙文 人与社会·竞拍买到名画 11 4 3 2 0
Ⅲ卷 记叙文 人与社会·善待顾客 8 3 6 1 2
新高考Ⅰ卷 记叙文 人与自然·保护湿地 5 7 2 1 0
从近三年高考试题来看,完形填空有如下命题特点:
1.短文特点
体裁:文章体裁多为记叙文,值得一提的是2022年全国乙卷为说明文。2020年全国Ⅰ卷为夹叙夹议文。
主题:所选语篇涵盖人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题,选材贴近学生生活实际,体现小故事大道理,弘扬正能量,体现育人功能。
2.命题规律
(1)文章首句一般不设空,选项均匀分布,设题为句内、句组、语篇三个层次。
(2)高考完形填空遵循“以实词为主、虚词为辅、突出词汇语境化”的命题原则,设空词类主要是四类词:名词、动词、形容词、副词;偶尔还涉及介词(短语)等。
(3)文章材料以记叙文为主,夹叙夹议文、议论文、说明文各种题材和体裁兼顾。
3.考情变化
(1)词汇考查。与2021年相比,2022年完形填空动词的考查有所减少,形容词和副词的考查有所上升,考查的知识点分布更加平均。但总体还是考查实词居多。
(2)词汇的运用和短语的表达新颖地道。如“kept a close eye on” “end up doing sth”等表达都非常地道,这些地道的短语在阅读中也大量出现。这就要求学生在平时的训练中注重积累并熟练掌握词汇、语法等扎实的基本语言知识和基本技能。
解题方法
第一步:通读全文,浏览大意
完型首尾是中心,里面的每句话都要为中心服务,确定主题中心后,就确定了整篇文章的基调,理解了文章中心,心中就有了谱,做题时就好比“有了灯塔的指引”,不会让你迷路。
第二步:精读首句
首句一般没有空格,对于首句应该给与足够的重视,因为往往它就是中心句或是引导句,它的时态往往决定了全文的时态,所以多花一点时间看首句是值得的。
第三步:前瞻后顾,重复原则
完型一般只说一件事,因为这件事是主体,作者会反复重复,做题时如果做不出,不必着急,跳过去,往下看,或者往前找,比如
I was filled with a lot of__37__. I hoped no one could see it.Would he guess it was me I was so worried.
37.A surprise B doubt C fear D joy
下句说希望没人看见,老爸会猜出是我吗,可见作者对此是诚惶诚恐。A.惊讶,B.怀疑,C.害怕,D.高兴。只有C符合题意,I was so worried.重复原则,worried和fear同意。
注意:
虽然绝大多数题只需根据空格所在句的前后信息或空格前后句提供的信息就可以选出正确答案,但有的题的答案信息,可能出现在与空格相差几句之遥,甚至在下一段或更远处。如:
Back home, Ehlers was troubled by that 45 dog. So, four days later, he called his friend Greg, and the two drove back…
A local farmer told them the dog sounded like one 50 as lost in the local paper.
45. A. injured B. stolen
C. lost D. rescued
解析:第45题,不但根据本句选不出答案,即使
根据上下句,甚至整段也无法解题,直到相隔6句话
之后的下一段中的“…like one 50 as lost in the local paper”才知道,这是一只走失的(lost)狗,故选C项。
第四步:明确考点,试填选项
在把握文章主旨,理解句、段间内在联系的基础上,选出能使补全后短文语义通顺、前后连贯、结构完整的选项。解题过程中,应遵循先易后难的原则,先选出那些自己有把握的选项,并将所选词速写在空格处。对少数难题,暂时跳过,或许根据上文信息或空格后一两句都难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示,或许一个在前面不能解答的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。
第五步:复读全文,解决难题
借助已经补全的空格,我们对全文有了更清楚的理解,可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题。
第六步:利用规律,不留空格
高考中正确选项A、 B、 C、 D的个数是均等或基本均等的,即每个选项5个。我们在做好有把握的题后,哪个字母的选项最少,就选哪个字母,决不留空。
解题必备技能
1. 背景常识
将相关信息和我们原有的生活经验、文化背景知识,以及科普常识等结合起来,进行简单推理,从而得出正确答案。事实上,该技巧与“逻辑推断”常常交织在一起,因为虽有背景常识,仍需简单推理;逻辑推理离不开背景常识。如:
The crowds might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing, changing the 43 of Kilimanjaro.
43. A. position B. age
C. face D. name
解析:由前文的“The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing”可知,冰川正在消失;结合常识可知,冰川是乞力马扎罗山地貌之一,所以冰山融化会改变乞力马扎罗山的地貌(face),故选C项。
2. 词语复现
词语复现是指某一个词以原词,或同义词(如decide与determine)、同源词(如ill与illness)、上下义词(如flower与rose)、反义词(如wrong与right)等方式在同一语篇中重复出现的现象。词语复现是语篇衔接的一个重要手段,我们可以借助这一衔接手段解答完形填空题。如:
(1)同/近义复现
While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration. I myself went through this 41 process and found something…
41. A. searching B. planning
C. natural D. formal
解析:根据前文的“explore new aspects of life”可知选A项。searching process意为“探索过程”。explore与search为近义词复现。
(2) 原词复现
However, I soon discover that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 46 among tons of rubbish. I find a clean mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths.
46. A. equipment B. grass
C. camps D. stones
解析:由下文“with toilets at camps and along
the paths”可知,这些营地(camps)就在垃圾堆
里面,本题属于原词复现。故选C项。
(3)同源词复现
It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart; it can keep a 22 with very little effort… And with that one letter we became friends again.
22. A. record B. promise
C. friendship D. secret
解析:由下文的“became friends(成为朋友)”可知,写信可以毫不费力地保持“友谊(friendship)”, 故选C。friend和friendship是同源词复现。
(4) 上下义复现
Sitting back in the car on the way to the airport, I figured it all out. Rani’s 39 —her warm smile, her nods, her ‘I’m here for you’ attitude…
39. A. forgiveness B. agerness
C. friendliness D. skillfulness
3. 词语同现
某些语义相关联的词语在语篇中有同时出现的倾向性,叫词语同现。也有人将相关联的一群词称之为“词场”。同现词之间有反义或相对关系,或者同类互补关系等。如ill、hospital、doctor、nurse、operation、medicine、patient等一群相互关联的词语就有同时出现在一个语篇中的可能性。如:
Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures. This view is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as 53 go through five ecosystems (生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers.
53. A. scientists B. climbers
C. locals D. officials
解析:最有可能与mountains同现的应当是“登山
者(climbers)”,而不是“科学家(scientists)”“当地
人(locals)”“官员(officials)”。故选B项。句意:在
乞力马扎罗,登山者(climbers)在几公里的空间里穿越五种生态系统。
4. 逻辑关系
根据句、段间内在的逻辑关系来推断正确答案。常见的逻辑关系有因果关系、转折关系、对比关系、递进关系、让步关系、并列关系、条件与结果的关系等。如:
(1) 因果关系
In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids entered “The Thinking Laboratory”. That was the name students voted for after deciding that “Room 104” was too 43 .
43. A. small B. dark C. strange D. dull
解析:学生认为“Room 104”教室太dull(无聊,没有乐趣),所以把教室的名字叫做“思想实验室”。前后为因果关系,故选D项。
(2) 转折关系
The environmental challenges are significant but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 49 .
49. A. paying off B. spreading out
C. blowing up D. fading away
解析:由句中的“but”可知前后为转折关系。句意为:来自环境的挑战虽然很重大,但坦桑尼亚国
家公园管理局的努力似乎正取得成效(paying off)。故选A项。spreading out(展开,伸开)、blowing up(爆炸)、fading away(逐渐消失)均不合语境。
(3)对比关系
I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. 58 , if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less.
58. A. Lastly B. Thus
C. Instead D. However
解析:上一句“I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant.”与“if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less”形成对比,句意:恰恰“相反(Instead)”,如果交流中有讲话(即有声语言)的参与,这势必让我们少学习一些手语。故选C项。
5. 语法知识
(1) 从句连词
Larry … Suddenly, he saw a car with its bright lights on. 43 he got closer, he found another vehicle upside down on the road…
The man who had his bright lights on …and told Larry…
43. A. Since B. Although C. As D. If
解析:将Since (自从)或Although (尽管)代入句中,意义不通;而If (如果)是假设,而这是事实;将As (当……时)代入,“当他走得更近时,他发现了…”意义通顺,前后连贯,故选C项。
(2) 并列连词
They told her to stay still until the emergency personnel arrived, 53 she thought the car was going to explode…
53. A. for B. so C. and D. but
解析:因“叫她待着不动等急救员来”与“她以为车就要爆炸”之间转折关系,故填表示“但是”的but,意义才通顺。故选D项。
(3) 人称代词
When we were finally safe on the other side, he said to me, “You know, I didn’t tell you this during the season, but you did fine. Thank you for filling in for 56 .”
56. A. us B. yourself
C. me D. them
解析:由上文可知,作者取代了米勒,米勒应是说“谢谢你取代了我(me)”,故选C项。
(4) 限定词
Larry … Suddenly, he saw a car with its bright lights on. As he got closer, he found 44 vehicle upside down on the road…
The man who had his bright lights on …and told Larry…
44. A. each B. another C. that D. his
解析:由下一段首句“The man who had his bright lights on …and told Larry”可知,翻车的不是灯亮着的那辆,而是“另外一辆”,故选B项。
6. 习惯搭配
The best of a Kilimanjaro experience, in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are 51 as spiritual places by many cultures.
51. A. studied B. observed
C. explored D. regarded
解析:山被许多文化视为(regarded)精神场所。
be regarded as意为“被视为……”,符合语境,
故选D项。
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