北师大版（2019）选择性必修 第四册Unit 12 Innovation Lesson 1 Scientific Breakthroughs课件(共62张PPT)

(共62张PPT)
UNIT 12 INNOVATION
LESSON 1　SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
北师大版高中英语选择性必修第四册
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
Activity 1
ACTIVATE AND SHARE
What do you think are the most important inventions or discoveries of the 20th century Can you name a few inventors What makes them great
premier scientist pioneers of the 20th century to be committed to
to be inspired by to be proposed by to improve the quality of human life
ACTIVATE AND SHARE
Activity 2
Read the text about some of the pioneers in science during the 20th century. What discoveries are mentioned Who made them
If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century，you would have a real problem on your hands. In just 100 years，the world has changed completely. Amazing discoveries were made in medicine，communications and transport，not to mention our knowledge of the world and space. Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated munications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and，
at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.
Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century. Here are some of them.
One of the 20th century’s premier scientists was Albert Einstein. In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired. Subsequently, “E = mc ” was born. It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy. Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time，mass or length are constant—they change according to our experience of them.
In 1929，another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming. Before he went on holiday，Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory. When he came back，he noticed something strange. He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed. This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin，which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria. A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to save the lives of millions. Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery. “Nature made penicillin,” he said, I just found it.”
During World War Ⅱ，when Fleming’s discovery was first helping to cure people，the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles. The navy turned to Eckert，an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist，to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort.
Although they only finished after the war in 1946，it did not matter. This huge machine was the world’s first computer，but it was nothing like our computers today. It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30，000 kilograms. With 18，000 tubes，thousands of circuits and 6，000 switches，it used so much energy that when it was turned on，the lights in the local town went out!
With the development of computers，people expected to get more things done efficiently. During the Cold War，a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists. With computers talking to one another，it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other. By the end of the 1960s，some mini-networks were established，but only a few computers could connect to them. In 1990，Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web，which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other. Nowadays，life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable.
These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth. Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”，with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests. There is no doubt about it. Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place.
Match the discoveries or inventions（1-4 ）with how they came about
Activity 3
1 　E = mc2
2 　penicillin
3 　the first computer
4 　the Internet
a 　there was a lucky accident
b 　scientists worked together as a team
c 　different scientists worked on it for many years
d 　a scientist was inspired
Group Work Find information about how the following things were
invented/discovered. Organise the information in your own way. Then
Activity 4
Activity 5
Write T （true），F （false）or NI （no information）in brackets.
（　　）1　 It is not easy to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century. （　　）2　An atom is the smallest particle of matter.
（　　）3　 Einstein was at work when he thought of the equation “E = mc2”.
（　　）4　 Einstein participated in the programme that developed the nuclear bomb.
（　　）5　 Einstein observed changes in time，size and mass.
（　　）6　 Fleming had been studying bacteria in his laboratory when the discovery happened. （　　）7　Fleming developed the process of making penicillin.
（　　）8　The first computer project failed to meet its original goal.
（　　）9　The first computer was extremely difficult to programme.
（　　）10　Computers could not connect to each other before 1990.
T 　
F 　
F 　
NI 　
T 　
F
NI 　
T 　
NI 　
F
Activity 6
Group Work Think and share.
Which discovery or invention mentioned in the text has been the most important so far Why
2　 Which discovery or invention will most influence the future Why
3　How did the writer connect the paragraphs Circle the signal words or phrases.
Line 12：Although...Here are some of them.
Line 15：One of the 20th century’s premier scientists was...
Line 24：...another important finding...
Line 34 ：...when Fleming’ s discovery was...
Line 49：With the development of computers...
Line 57：These pioneers...
Activity 7
Group Work Each member writes a short summary about one of the discoveries or inventions from the following aspects. Then share with other members. The whole group works together to edit the summaries before putting them together to make a poster.
Activity 8
Complete the passage with the correct form of the words below.
orbit missile enable launch accuracy
scientific microscope inventor biologist
I really don’t know what I want to do when I leave school. My dad is a computer
engineer working on the improvement of the 1 　　　　 of the Navy’s 2 　　　　.
I would like to follow in his footsteps，but then I’d have to sit in front of a computer all day.
My mum is a 3 　　　　，but it seems to me that all she does is looking at bacteria
through a 4 　　　　. All that stuff about 5 　　　　 findings that save people’s
lives is pretty interesting，but I think I might be more interested in studying medicine.
But then again，my uncle is a scientist and he is always talking about 6____________ 　　　　
satellites into 7 　　　　. I find this very exciting. I know what I want to be! I could
be an 8 　　　　! I could come up with hundreds of inventions that will 9_________ 　　　　
people to live better lives. But...I don’t think there’s a university course for inventors.
Maybe I should just find out what I really like first.
accuracy
missiles
biologist
microscope
scientific
launching
orbit
inventor
enable
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE:ADJECTIVES
Activity 9
Complete the sentences with adjectives from the text.
Adjectives
If you had to choose the 　　　　 most important discovery of the 20th century...
2　 ...the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending messages.
3　 ...it is 　　　　 to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century.
...this 　　　 　 young man was rocking his 　　　　 baby when he was suddenly
inspired.
5　 In 1929，another 　　 　　 finding was made by...
...the world as we know it today would be a completely 　　　　 place.
single
instant
possible
outspoken one-year-old
important
different
Activity 10
Study the sentences in Activity 9. Answer the questions.
If there is more than one adjective before a noun，what is the order of the adjectives
2　What words can be used to modify adjectives
3　Find some compound adjectives. How are they formed
4　Which of the adjectives are comparable adjectives Which are non-comparable adjectives
If there is more than one adjective before a noun，opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.
Adverbs can modify adjectives.
For example，“one-year-old” and“strong-willed”are compound adjectives. They are formed when two or more adjectives are joined together by one or more hyphens.
Adjectives that show quality， opinion，size，shape or colour are comparable. Adjectives that show quantity，number，nationality or material are non-comparable.
Activity 11
Search online to find the major discoveries and inventions of the 21th century. Which do you think is the most important Why
EXPRESS YOURSELF
Language points
核心词汇
题组练·领悟方法
教材原句p.52 SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
科学突破
1 scientific adj. 科学（上）的
a scientific discovery科学发现
scientific knowledge科学知识
The scientific innovation is beneficial to the whole factory.
科学创新对全厂都有益。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
scientist n. 科学家 science n. 科学 scientifically adv. 科学（上）地
The scientists have made great scientific breakthroughs in the field of science.
科学家们在科学领域取得了重大的科学突破。
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］The 　　　　 　（science）is gifted in innovation and has made great contributions to our country.
（2）［词汇复现］We have found further 　　　　 　（science）evidence for this theory.
（3） However，this entire conception is 　 　　　 　（science） inaccurate.
（4） In general， 　　　　 　（science）don’t have much free time as 　　　　 　（science） research takes almost all their time.
scientist
scientific
scientifically
scientists scientific
教材原句p.52 Amazing discoveries were made in medicine， communications and transport，not to mention our knowledge of the world and space. 医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。
2 not to mention 更不用说
He knows French and German，not to mention English. 他熟悉法语和德语，更不用说英语了。
He knows little about the technique，not to mention making innovation in it.
他对这项技术知之甚少，更不用说对它创新了。［词汇复现］
We can’t afford a car，not to mention the fact that we have no garage.
我们买不起汽车，更不用说我们没有车库的事实了。
【词语积累】 近义词组：let alone
The baby can’t even sit up yet，let alone walk. 这个婴儿甚至都不会坐，更不用说走了。
完成句子
（1） He has two big houses in this country， 　　 　　　　　（更不用说） his apartment in France.
（2） It’s too far to walk， 　　　　　　　（更不用说）the fact that it’ll probably be closed by now anyway.
翻译句子
（3） Pollution has a negative effect on the health of everyone living in the city，not to mention
the damage to the environment.
______________________________________________________________________________
not to mention
not to mention
污染对生活在这个城市里的每个人的健康都有负面影响，更不用说对环境的破坏了。
原句p.52 Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones. 医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因、施行手术，到用捐赠的器官置换病变的器官。
3 range from A to B 包括从A 到B 之间的各类事物
She has had a number of different temporary jobs，ranging from chef to swimming instructor.
她做过许多不同的临时性工作，从厨师到游泳教练。［词汇复现］
【归纳拓展】
range between A and B 在A 和B 之间变化 a range of 一系列
within/in range（of sth） 在（……）可及的范围内 out of range（of sth） 超出（……）范围
The prices of the trousers here range between 30 yuan and 1，300 yuan.
这里裤子的价格从 30 元到 1 300 元不等。
The cat stayed well out of range of the children. 这只猫离孩子们远远的。
单句语法填空
（1） The national park has a large collection of wildlife， 　　　　 　（range）from butterflies to elephants.
（2） It is stated in the report that the age of the applicants should range from 21 　　　　 　 23.
（3） Estimates of the damage range between $1 million 　　　　 　 $5 million.
完成句子
（4） Take it easy! Your blood pressure is well 　　　　　　　　 　　　（在正常范围内）.
（5）［词汇复现］The prices of the bread in this bakery_________________________________ 　　　　　　　　
（在5 元到20 元之间）.
（6） The coat is 　　　　　　　　　 　（我买不起）.
ranging
to
and
within/in the normal range
range between 5 yuan and 20 yuan /
range from 5 yuan to 20 yuan
out of my price range
4 donate vi. & vt. 捐献（器官），献（血）；捐赠，捐献
donate...to... 将……捐赠给……
搭配： donate blood 献血
donate organs 捐献器官
He donated a large sum of money to help the orphans.
他捐了一大笔钱来帮助那些孤儿。［词汇复现］
Every year we donate many books to the children in the remote mountainous area.
每年我们都捐赠很多书给偏远山区的孩子们。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
donation n. 捐赠物；捐赠
make a donation to 向……捐赠
donor n. 捐赠者
近义词：contribute（只能表示捐献财物，不表示献血或捐献器官）
单句语法填空
（1） The schoolmaster urged that we should donate some books 　　　　 　 the children in the poor area.
（2） He made a generous 　　　　 　（donate）to the charity.
（3） All the 　　　　 　（donate）money will be used to help the homeless children.
完成句子
（4） The retired man 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　（把他的大部分积蓄捐给了）the schools damaged by the earthquake.
（5）［词汇复现］The children in the storm-stricken area showed their appreciation for the money and goods we 　　 　　　　　　（向他们捐献）in their letters.
to
donation
donated
donated most of his savings to
had donated to them
教材原句p.52 ...the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. ……我们的通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。
5 correspond vi. 通信；符合，一致，相对应；相当于
correspond with sb 与某人通信
搭配 correspond to/with 与……相符
correspond to 相当于
Although he stays abroad alone，he frequently corresponds with his friends.
尽管他独自一人待在国外，但是他常和他的朋友们通信。［词汇复现］
His actions do not correspond to/with his words.他言行不一致。
The function of this machine corresponds to that of the human brain.
这种机器的作用就相当于人脑的作用。
【词语积累】 corresponding adj. 符合的；相应的；相关的
单句语法填空
（1）We’ve corresponded 　　　　 　 each other by email for years.
（2） Profits have risen by 15 per cent compared with the 　 　　　 　（correspond）period last year.
完成句子
（3） She still 　　　　　　　　（和……通信） friends she met in Majorca nine years ago.
（4） The American Congress 　　　　　　　　（相当于）the British Parliament.
（5）［词汇复现］The result of the scientific experiment doesn’t 　　　　　　　　（与……相符） what we predicted.
with
corresponding
corresponds with
corresponds to
correspond to/with
6 instant
（1）adj. 立刻的，马上的；速食的，速溶的，方便的
instant coffee 速溶咖啡 instant noodles 方便面
I felt instant relief after taking a couple of tablets. 服用了几片药以后我立即感到轻松了。
（2）n.［C］瞬间，片刻；某一时刻
the instant（that） 一……就……（相当于as soon as）
搭配 for an instant 一瞬间（指动作持续的时间）
in an instant 立即，马上（指动作不久将发生）
I recognised her the instant（that）I saw her. 我一眼就认出她来了。
He froze with shock for an instant. 刹那间他惊呆了。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
instantly adv. 立即；马上；即刻
She is gifted in picking up a tune instantly on the piano.
她很有天赋，听到曲子就能马上用钢琴弹出来。［词汇复现］
He got into a panic instantly he saw smoke rising from his room.
他看到他的房间里冒出了烟，顿时惊慌起来。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） The birds flew away in all directions 　　　　 　 instant they caught sight of a man coming near.
（2） These boys and girls jumped with joy 　　　　 　（instant）the chairman announced the result of the game.
（3） ［词汇复现］The representatives of the interna-tional company will arrive 　　　　 　 an instant and we should get prepared to greet them.
（4）［词汇复现］He stood there 　　　　 　 an instant and then made up his mind to donate blood to the poor boy.
完成句子
（5） The show was 　　　　　　　　　（立即成功了）.
the
instantly
in
for
an instant success
教材原句p.52 We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit...
我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道……
7 launch v.
（1）发射；发动，发起，开始从事；使（船，尤指新船）下水
launch a communications satellite 发射通信卫星
launch an investigation 开始调查
launch an attack 发起攻击
launch a national campaign against smoking 发起一场全国性的禁烟运动
Another Chinese designed and built ship was recently launched. 又一艘中国设计制造的船最近下水了。
（2）（首次）上市，发行
He took advantage of his sporting background to launch a new brand of sportswear.
他利用他的体育背景推出了一种新品牌的运动服。
The company launched an investigation into the market demand and decided to launch their new product.
这家公司调查了市场需求，决定推出他们的新产品。
单句语法填空
（1） The new model will 　　　　 　（launch）in July.
（2）［词汇复现］With an instant campaign 　　　　 　（launch）at midnight last night，those people in the hotel were arrested.
完成句子
（3） The organisation has 　　　　　　　　 　 　　（发起一场活动）to raise money.
（4） The police are planning to 　　　　　　　 　　　　（开始调查）into the murder.
（5） He 　　　　　　　　　　（创办了一个企业）when he was 30 years old.
（6） We 　　　　　　　　　　　　（发射了另一颗卫星）last month.
be launched
launched
launched a campaign
launch an investigation
launched a business
launched another satellite
教材原句p.52 ...scientists figured out how to split the atom...
……科学家们发现了如何分裂原子……
8 figure out 计算出；弄清楚，理解
He couldn’t figure out all the money he invested in his son’s company.
他已经算不出他在他儿子的公司投入了多少钱。［词汇复现］
I have figured out the procedure of complaint. 我已弄清楚投诉的程序了。［词汇复现］
I simply couldn’t figure out his resolution. 我简直揣摩不透他的决定。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
figure n. （绘画或故事中的）人，动物；塑像；人物；人影；身材；数字； 图形；（书中的）图，表
a leading/key/central figure 领军/ 关键/ 核心人物 a tall figure in a hat 一个戴帽子的高个子人影
keep one’s figure 保持身材 a five-sided figure 五边形
She has a good figure. 她身材很好。
The figure of the figures on show is 108. 正在展出的雕像数是 108。
The central figure in the painting is the artist’s daughter.
画中间那个人物是画家的女儿。
完成句子
（1） If you don’t understand，you may research， study，and talk to other people until you 　　　　　　　　 　　　
（弄清楚它）.
（2）［词汇复现］He hasn’t 　　　　　　　　（弄明白该如何）be productive in the office.
写出下列句子中figure 的含义
（3）［词汇复现］She instantly revealed her secret of keeping her figure to me. ___________　　　　
（4） Tsinghua University is home to a great number of outstanding figures. ___________ 　　　
（5） By last month，this figure had risen to 14 million. ___________
（6） Last night he saw two dark figures enter the building. ___________
figure it out
figured out how to
身材
人物
数字
人影
教材原句p.52 Subsequently，“E=mc2”was born.
随后，“E=mc2”诞生了。
9 subsequently adv. 后来，随后（近义词later；afterwards）
The original interview notes were subsequently lost. 采访记录原稿后来丢失了。
Subsequently，new guidelines were released to all surgeons.
随后，新的准则发放给了所有外科医生。［词汇复现］
The book was subsequently translated into 15 languages.
这本书后来被翻译成了15 种语言。
【词语积累】
subsequent adj. 随后的；随着发生的
Developments on this issue will be dealt with in a subsequent report.
这个问题的发展将在以后的报道中予以说明。
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］Although he 　　　 　 　（subsequent） became a successful businessman，he never forgot the bitter days when he had picked up something to eat in the garbage.
（2） He said he was a doctor，but it 　　　　 　（subsequent）turned out that he was a cheat.
完成句子
（3）［词汇复现］ 　　　　　　　　　　　　（他们后来听说）he had made a great scientific breakthrough.
subsequently
subsequently
They subsequently heard
教材原句p.52 Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time，mass or length are constant... 爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的……
10 constant
（1）adj. 恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的
a constant stream of visitors 络绎不绝的游客
keep in constant contact with sb 一直与某人保持联系
travel at a constant speed 以恒定速度行驶
The constant friction between the young couple finally caused divorce. 这对年轻夫妻之间经常的冲突最终导致了离婚。［词汇复现］
（2）n. 常量，恒量，常数
The speed of light is an important constant. 光速是一个重要的常数。
【词语积累】 constantly adv. 始终；一直；重复不断地 constancy n. 坚定不移；恒久不变
It is annoying that the direction of the wind is constantly changing.
风向一直变化，真烦人。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］We are 　　　　 　（constant） working to improve access to the gallery and its collections displayed.
（2）［词汇复现］Scientists are 　　　　 　（constant） developing new technology and they make scientific breakthroughs from time to time.
完成句子
（3）［词汇复现］I am fed up with his 　　　　　 　　　 　　（没完没了的抱怨）.
（4） In our world nothing 　　　　　　　（似乎是永恒不变的）.
（5）［词汇复现］The Forbidden City appeals to 　　　　　　　　　　　　　（络绎不绝的游客）every day，especially during national holidays.
constantly
constantly
constant complaints
seems constant
a constant stream of visitors
教材原句p.53 This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin，which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria. 这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。
11 perceive vt. 察觉，注意到，发觉；认为
搭配 perceive... as/to be... 认为……是……
perceive that... 注意到……
We can perceive his sorrow and annoyance by the looks on his face.
我们从他脸上的表情可以察觉出他的悲伤和气愤。［词汇复现］
Indeed，this problem is greater than you may perceive. 确实，这个问题远大于你所能感知到的。
They perceive television as entertainment. 他们将电视视为娱乐。［词汇复现］
Adults learn what they perceive to be beneficial in their life situations.
成年人学习他们认为对其生活处境有帮助的东西。［词汇复现］
【误区警示】 perceive 不能用于进行时态。
单句语法填空
（1） Often what 　　　　 　（perceive）to be aggressive is simply fear.
完成句子
（2） Children who do badly in school tests often ____________________________________ 　　　　　 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　 　　（认为自己是失败者）.
（3）［词汇复现］Nobody seemed to 　　　　 　 （注意到）the boy should answer violence with violence.
（4） That morning，he 　　　　　　　　 　　　（注意到变化）in Franca’s mood.
is perceived
perceive themselves as/to be failures
perceive that
perceived a change
教材原句p.53 Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery. 弗莱明对他这一发现的惊人结果保持谦虚的态度。
12 outcome n. 结果，后果
No one could have predicted the final outcome. 谁也没有预想到最终结果会是这样。
The outcome is still far from clear. 结果还很不明朗。
【归纳拓展】 v. + adv. → n.（由动词短语转化而来的合成名词）
break down 出故障 → breakdown n. 故障
break out 爆发 → outbreak n. 爆发
put out 生产，输出 → output n. 产量，输出量
come in 进来 → income n. 收入
Always carry your toolbox in case your car has a breakdown on the motorway.
总是带着工具箱，以防汽车在高速公路上抛锚。
The research project was put off because of the outbreak of the war.
由于战争的爆发，这个研究项目被延期了。
完成句子
（1） It was impossible to 　　 　　　　　　 （预测结果）of the election.
（2）［词汇复现］Subsequently，the biologists are confident of 　 　　　　　　　（一个成功的结果）.
选词填空（breakdown/outbreak/income/out-come）
（3） He said people will be the winner，whatever the 　　　　.
（4） The 　　　　 from visitors makes the museum self-supporting.
（5） He is optimistic that the government will be able to manage the 　　　　 of the virus effectively.
（6）［词汇复现］The 　 　　　 in talks represents a temporary setback in the peace process.
predict the outcome
a successful outcome
outcome
income
outbreak
breakdown
教材原句p.53 With the development of computers，people expected to get more things done efficiently. 随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。
13 efficiently adv. 有效率地，高效能地
We can arrange time efficiently and know how long a single task will take.
我们可以有效地安排时间，并知道每项任务要花费多长时间。
To work more efficiently，the representative has adopted a different approach.
为了工作更有效率，那个代表采用了一种不同的方法。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
efficient adj. 效率高的 the efficient use of energy 能源的有效利用
fuel-efficient cars 节能汽车 efficiency n. 效率 with efficiency 高效地
Learning by doing may not be efficient，but it is effective. 边做边学可能效率不高，但却很有效。
It didn’t say much for their efficiency that the order arrived a week late.
订货晚到了一个星期，可见他们的效率难以恭维。
单句语法填空
（1） She was very 　　　　 　（efficiency）in reducing waste.
（2）［词汇复现］His scientific innovation has greatly increased the work ___________ 　　　　 　（efficient）.
（3） You should exercise more so as to keep energetic and you can work 　　　　 　（efficient）.
（4） I was impressed by the efficiency 　　　　 　 which she handled the crisis.
（5）［词汇复现］People have figured out how to use water more 　　　　 　（efficient）in order not to waste water.
完成句子
（6） 　　　　　　 　　（能源效率）can play a vital role in reducing pollution.
efficient
efficiency
efficiently
with
efficiently
Energy efficiency
教材原句p.53 During the Cold War，a“huge network”of computers was proposed by two American scientists.
冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。
14 propose vt. 提出（某观点、方法等）
sth
搭配： propose doing sth
that 从句（谓语动词用“should+ 动词原形”，should 可省略）
He resolutely proposes investing in the property market.
= He resolutely proposes investment in the property market.
=He resolutely proposes that they should invest in the property market. 他坚决提议投资房地产市场。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
proposal n. 提议；建议
make/submit/accept/reject a proposal 提出/ 提交/ 接受/ 拒绝一项提议
【学法点拨】
（1）proposal 后的同位语从句或者表语从句用虚拟语气，谓语用 should do，其中should 可以省略。
At last，he turned down my proposal that we should invest more money in the factory in the countryside. 最后，他拒绝了我提出的增加农村工厂投资的建议。［词汇复现］
（2）v. +-al 构成抽象名词
survive v. → survival n. 幸存 remove v. → removal n. 移动
arrive v. → arrival n. 到达 refuse v. → refusal n. 拒绝
propose v. → proposal n. 建议 approve v. → approval n. 赞成
单句语法填空
（1） The engineer proposed 　　　　 　（inquire） about train times before setting off.
（2） The 　　　　 　（propose） made by Mike is quite reasonable.
（3） Various 　　　　 　（propose）were put forward by the employees for increasing sales.
（4）［词汇复现］The monitor proposed last night that we 　　　　 　（launch）an activity aimed at studying more efficiently.
一句多译
（5） 他们提议建造一个新的机场。
a. ______________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________
同义句转换
（6） In terms of the bad weather，we propose starting early tomorrow.
→ In terms of the bad weather，we propose _______________________________________ 　 　　　　　　　　　　　 tomorrow.
inquiring
proposal
proposals
（should） launch
They proposed building a new airport.
They proposed the building of a new airport.
They proposed that a new airport（should）be built.
an early start/ that we（should）start early
重点句式
教材原句p.52 ...at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom.
..…同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子
1 疑问词+ 动词不定式
How to increase the work efficiency is very important. 如何提高工作效率非常重要。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
（1）可用于该结构的疑问词
疑问代词：who，whom，what，which；疑问副词：when，where，how； 疑问词：whether
（ 2）常接该结构的动词：know，see，decide，tell，ask，consider， explain，learn，wonder 等。
（3）该结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
When to decorate the house hasn’t been decided. 什么时候装修房子还不确定。（作主语）
They didn’t decide whether to tell the old lady the news.
他们没有决定是否告诉那位老太太这个消息。（作宾语）
The question is how to take apart the machine. 问题是如何拆卸这台机器。（作表语）
完成句子
（1）Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach 　　　　　　　（如何
快速阅读）.
（2） 　　　 　　　　　（何时何地投票）hasn’t been decided.
（3）—It’s no use having ideas only.
— Don’t worry. Peter can show you 　　 　 　　　（如何将想法转
变为行动）.
单句语法填空
（4）We haven’t decided who 　　　　 　（search） for the missing painting.
（5）［词汇复现］When 　　　　 　（launch）the campaign will be determined by how
well we get prepared.
how to read fast
When and where to vote
how to turn an idea into an act
to search
to launch
教材原句p.53 Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. 如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
【句式分析】本句是一个复合句，as引导方式状语从句；其中Without the breakthroughs... 为含蓄虚拟条件，相当于if 引导的虚拟条 件句。
2 含蓄虚拟条件
有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过 if 条件句来表示，而是用一些词或短语，如 without，with，but，but for，otherwise，or 等，或通过上下文暗示。
Without your advice，I would have failed. 没有你的忠告，我早就失败了。
But for your help，I wouldn’t have made such a great scientific breakthrough.
要不是你的帮助，我不会有一个这么大的科学突破。［词汇复现］
He was ill yesterday. Otherwise，he would have donated blood to the poor girl.
他昨天病了，否则他就会给那个可怜的女孩献血了。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）Without his wartime experiences，Hemingway wouldn’t 　　　　 　（write）A Farewell to Arms.
（2）Without your help，we would 　　　　 　（run）out of petrol halfway.
（3）［词汇复现］I could have gone through bitter days 　　　　 　 your generous help.
（4） We lost our way in that small village. Otherwise，we 　　　　 　（visit）more places of interest yesterday.
（5） But for renewable energy，there 　　　　 　（be）more environmental problems.
同义句转换
（6） If there were no air，there wouldn’t be living things in the world now.
→ 　　　　 　　　　，there wouldn’t be living things in the world now.
have written
have run
without
would have visited
would be
Without air
Grammar
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE：ADJECTIVES
单元语法
形容词
1 形容词的概念
（ 1）形容词表示事物的形状、性质和状态等。如大、高、认真、生动、 美丽、精明、可爱、冰凉、初级、高级、简单、复杂等。
（ 2）形容词是一种主要用来描写或修饰名词或代词的词类，可以用 来表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征或属性，常用作定语，也可作表语、补语或状语。
（ 3）形容词通常置于其修饰的名词之前，并且多数形容词有比较等级
2 形容词的句法功能
（1）作定语（前置定语或后置定语）
He has worked as a teacher in a remote area since he graduated from college.
他大学毕业后一直在偏远地区当老师。［词汇复现］（remote 作area 的定语）
He is the happiest person alive. 他是世上最快乐的人。
（若语境需要， alive，alike，alone 等表语形容词可用于名词后作后置定语）
Do you have anything important to tell me
你有什么重要的事情要 告诉我吗？（形容词修饰复合不定代词，作后置定语）
That is the best book available. 那是可用的书中最好的一本。（以 -able 或-ble 结尾的形容词可作前面有形容词最高级或the only 等修饰的名词的后置定语）
This is a book suitable for children. 这是一本适合孩子们的图书。 （形容词短语作后置定语）
（2）作表语
His suggestions are very valuable. 他的建议很有价值。
He felt ashamed of what he had done to his friend.
他为自己对朋友所做的事感到羞愧。［词汇复现］
（3）作宾语补足语
I consider his suggestion very valuable.
我认为他的建议很有价值。
I find it annoying when a fly is flying around. 我觉得苍蝇飞来飞去很 烦人。［词汇复现］（annoying 作宾补，it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的从句）
3 合成形容词的构成
（1）副词+ 分词，如：hard-working 勤劳的
（2）名词+ 过去分词，如：man-made 人造的
（3）名词+ 现在分词，如：time-consuming 耗时的
（4）名词+ 形容词，如：world-famous 世界闻名的
（5）数词+ 名词，如：five-star 五星级的
（6）数词+ 名词-ed，如：three-legged 三条腿的
（7）数词+ 名词+ 形容词，如：five-year-old 5 岁的
（8）形容词+ 过去分词，如：ready-made 现成的
（9）形容词+ 名词-ed，如：kind-hearted 好心的
（10）形容词+ 现在分词，如：ordinary-looking 相貌一般的
（11）形容词+ 形容词，如：red-hot 炽热的
4 形容词比较级和最高级的构成规则
（1）一般加-er 或-est
strong—stronger—strongest
（2）以字母e 结尾的词只加 -r 或-st
late—later—latest
（ 3）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写这一辅音字母后再 加-er 或-est
hot—hotter—hottest big—bigger—biggest
（4）以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的单词，将y 变为i，再加-er 或-est
ugly—uglier—ugliest early—earlier—earliest
（5）多音节词和部分双音节词，在其前加more 或most
enthusiastic—more enthusiastic—most enthusiastic
（6）不规则变化单独记忆
【学法点拨】
（1）词尾为“元音字母+y”时，y 不变，直接加-er 或-est。
（ 2）有少数几个双音节词以及以 -er 和 -le 结尾的词，可以有两种比 较级和最高级形式。
clever—cleverer/ more clever—cleverest/most clever
（3）一些合成形容词的比较等级
good-looking—better-looking/more good-looking—best-looking/most good-looking
old-fashioned—older-fashioned/more old-fashioned—oldest-fashioned/ most old-fashioned
（ 4）有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，故没 有比较级和最高级。如：right 正确的，wrong 错误的，excellent 极好的，final 最后的，possible 可能的，east 东方的，empty 空的，wooden 木制的，favourite 最喜欢的，impossible 不可能的。
5 构成形容词的常见后缀
（1）名词+-al：cultural，global，industrial
（2）名词+-ic：scientific
（3）名词+-ish：foolish，childish
（4）名词+-ful：peaceful，helpful
（5）名词+-less：careless，homeless
（6）名词+-ary：revolutionary
（7）名词+-en：wooden，golden
（8）名词+-y：rainy，snowy，windy，healthy
（9）名词+-ous：dangerous，humorous
（10）动词+-ive：attractive，impressive
（11）动词+-ed：excited，surprised，annoyed
（12）动词+-ing：exciting，surprising，annoying
（13）动词/ 名词+-able/-ible：accessible，reliable
（14）动词/ 名词+-some：troublesome
（15）动词/ 名词+-ant/-ent：pleasant，different，
convenient
写出下列单词的形容词形式
（1） practice ___________ 　　　　 　
（2） nature ___________ 　　　　 　
（3） energy ___________ 　　　　 　
（4） wonder ___________
（5） end ___________
（6） west ___________
（7） product ___________
（8） sleep ___________
　　　　 　
（9）reason ___________
（10）gift ___________ 　　 　
（11）distance ___________
（12）comfort ___________
（13）poison ___________
（14）please ___________
（15）noise ___________
reasonable 　
gifted 　
distant 　
comfortable
poisonous 　
pleased/pleasing/pleasant 　
noisy
practical
natural
energetic 　
wonderful
endless
western
productive 　
sleepy
写出下列单词的比较级和最高级
（16）slim _________________________　　　 　 　　　　 　
（17）thin _________________________ 　　　 　 　　　　 　
（18）bad _______________________
（19）important _________________________
（20）good _________________________
（21）well-known _________________________
（22）small _________________________
（23）happy _________________________
（24）annoying _________________________
（25）far _________________________
slimmer；slimmest 　
thinner；thinnest 　
worse； worst 　
more important；most important
better； best 　
better-known；best-known 　
smaller， smallest 　
happier；happiest 　
more annoying；most annoying 　
farther/further；farthest/furthest
单句语法填空
（26）The Wallace giant bee is the world’s 　　　　 　 （large）bee，with a body the size of a
human thumb and wings that can spread to about 2.5 inches.
（27）［词汇复现］He is a little weak in all his subjects but he is 　　　　 　（gift）in dancing
and singing.
（28）The doctor explained the situation to her little brother，and asked the little boy if he would be 　　　　 　
（will）to give his blood to his sister.
（29）“We are now thinking about development， allowing the paintings to be more ___________ 　　　　 　
（create），”he said.
（30）It is one of the most 　　　　 　（amaze） TV shows from an artistic point of view.
（31）In the movie Coco，for instance，the 12-year-old Miguel and his family dance and sing to
celebrate the Day of the Dead，a 　　　　 　（tradition）festival in Mexico，when
colourful paper-cuts are hung on the street.
largest
gifted
willing
creative
amazing
traditional
（32）［词汇复现］He is so 　　　　 　（sorrow） because he can’t go to the graduation ceremony because of his illness.
（33）This gives the brightest and best students an opportunity to experience the benefits of studying at a 　　　　 　（globe）Top 100 university.
（34）［词汇复现］After all，family bonds are the most 　　　　 　（significance）thing in Chinese people’s hearts.
（35） The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and ______________ 　　　　 　（productive）lives than those who had not.
（36） Frank put the medicine in the top drawer to make sure it would not be 　　　　 　（access） to the kids.
（37） It isn’t socially 　　　　 　（accept）for parents to leave children unattended at that age.
sorrowful
global
significant
more productive
accessible
acceptable
THE END