2023届高三英语二轮复习每日阅读打卡 DAY 24 Wild lives专题（选自NewScientist）（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2023届高三英语二轮复习每日阅读打卡 DAY 24 Wild lives专题（选自NewScientist）（含答案） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2023-04-12 09:59:15 | ||
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每日阅读打卡 DAY 24 Wild lives专题（选自NewScientist）
They found that all three species display similar behaviours and share certain physical features. Like bonobos and humans, elephants are social, play, have a long childhood and care for the offspring of others in their group. Wild African elephants’ also share a shortened jawbone – a trait shared by many domesticated animals – and show restraint in aggression toward others.
Next, the researchers looked for commonalities between the genome of domesticated animals and the genome of wild elephants. By drawing on studies of 261 mammals such as cattle, dogs, cats and horses, they built a list of genes frequently associated with domestication. They then identified 674 genes as having a high likelihood of being passed down from earlier elephant generations.
The team found that 79 of those African elephant genes were associated with domestication in other species, further strengthening the idea that elephants evolved these traits without the direct intervention of people. This is significant, says Raviv, because elephants and humans are not closely related, suggesting domestication can evolve convergently in multiple branches of the mammal evolutionary tree.
Raviv suspects Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) may also show signs of self-domestication, but genome data was only available for African elephants at the time of the research. She says it is possible that other highly intelligent, social animals like dolphins, whales and parrots have also evolved self-domestication
Melinda Zeder at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC takes issue with the term self-domestication. Domestication is a mutual process between two species, which means no species could do it alone, she says. “There are parallels to domestication that are interesting to explore, but by branding it as domestication, they’re muddying the waters.”
Raviv says though self-domestication might seem like “a pretty wacky idea”, it is still worth investigating the phenomenon, even if another explanation is afoot. Raviv and her team are now looking for signs of self-domestication in seals, dolphins, whales and bats.
1: Which species have been documented to show signs of self-domestication besides wild elephants
A. Dogs B. Cats C. Humans D. None of the above
Answer: C. Humans
2: What is the process called when humans breed animals to maximize certain traits A. Domestication B. Self-domestication
C. Socialization D. None of the above
Answer: A. Domestication
3: What is Limor Raviv's profession
A. Biologist B. Zoologist C. Psycholinguist D. Veterinarian
Answer: C. Psycholinguist
4: Which species were compared with African savannah elephants on 20 different measures
Bonobos and humans B. Dogs and cats
C. Gorillas and chimpanzees D. All of the above
Answer: A. Bonobos and humans
5: Why did Limor Raviv decide to study African savannah elephants
They were the only species she was familiar with
They are the only species known to show signs of self-domestication
They are the largest land animals
D. None of the above
Answer: B. They are the only species known to show signs of self-domestication
Parasite from cat faeces killed four sea otters in California
Four sea otters in California are reported to have died from infection with a rare strain of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which is primarily found in wild and domestic cats and commonly transmitted through their faeces. This is the first recorded instance of this severe form of toxoplasmosis in a marine animal, and could mean an unusually virulent strain of the parasite is circulating on lanD.
“Otters are really good at showing what comes from land to sea,” says Melissa Miller at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Their heavy diet of bivalves, which filter water, means runoff contaminated with T. gondii eggs can end up reaching otters.
The parasite commonly causes chronic infections in otters, but it is unusual for infections to rapidly kill adult otters, she says.
Miller and her colleagues performed necropsies on four southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded between 2020 and 2022, all during the February and March rainy seasons. Three adult female otters were stranded near Big Sur in San Luis Obispo county in California; one younger male was found in Santa Cruz county around 170 kilometres further north.
The otters were infected with more parasites across more tissue types than usually seen in Toxoplasma infections, and they had severely inflamed fat associated with the presence of parasites. “As soon as I started looking at them under the microscope, I was like, ‘whoa’,” says Miller.
How many sea otters in California have died from infection with a rare strain of Toxoplasma gondii
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Answer: C. Four
What is the primary source of Toxoplasma gondii infections
A. Wild and domestic cats
B. Sea otters
C. Bivalves
D. Rain water
Answer: A. Wild and domestic cats
What is the significance of the four sea otters dying from Toxoplasma gondii
A. It is the first recorded instance of severe toxoplasmosis in a marine animal
B. It is the first recorded instance of Toxoplasma gondii in California
C. It is the first recorded instance of rapid deaths from toxoplasmosis in otters
D. It is the first recorded instance of Toxoplasma gondii in sea otters
Answer: A. It is the first recorded instance of severe toxoplasmosis in a marine animal
Why are sea otters particularly susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii infections
A. They have a weak immune system
B. They eat contaminated bivalves that filter water
C. They are in direct contact with cats
D. They live in a polluted environment
Answer: B. They eat contaminated bivalves that filter water
What did Miller and her colleagues find in their necropsies on the sea otters
A. The otters died from other causes
B. The otters were infected with fewer parasites than usual
C. The otters had inflamed fat associated with the presence of parasites
D. The otters had no signs of Toxoplasma gondii infection
Answer: C. The otters had inflamed fat associated with the presence of parasites
They found that all three species display similar behaviours and share certain physical features. Like bonobos and humans, elephants are social, play, have a long childhood and care for the offspring of others in their group. Wild African elephants’ also share a shortened jawbone – a trait shared by many domesticated animals – and show restraint in aggression toward others.
Next, the researchers looked for commonalities between the genome of domesticated animals and the genome of wild elephants. By drawing on studies of 261 mammals such as cattle, dogs, cats and horses, they built a list of genes frequently associated with domestication. They then identified 674 genes as having a high likelihood of being passed down from earlier elephant generations.
The team found that 79 of those African elephant genes were associated with domestication in other species, further strengthening the idea that elephants evolved these traits without the direct intervention of people. This is significant, says Raviv, because elephants and humans are not closely related, suggesting domestication can evolve convergently in multiple branches of the mammal evolutionary tree.
Raviv suspects Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) may also show signs of self-domestication, but genome data was only available for African elephants at the time of the research. She says it is possible that other highly intelligent, social animals like dolphins, whales and parrots have also evolved self-domestication
Melinda Zeder at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC takes issue with the term self-domestication. Domestication is a mutual process between two species, which means no species could do it alone, she says. “There are parallels to domestication that are interesting to explore, but by branding it as domestication, they’re muddying the waters.”
Raviv says though self-domestication might seem like “a pretty wacky idea”, it is still worth investigating the phenomenon, even if another explanation is afoot. Raviv and her team are now looking for signs of self-domestication in seals, dolphins, whales and bats.
1: Which species have been documented to show signs of self-domestication besides wild elephants
A. Dogs B. Cats C. Humans D. None of the above
Answer: C. Humans
2: What is the process called when humans breed animals to maximize certain traits A. Domestication B. Self-domestication
C. Socialization D. None of the above
Answer: A. Domestication
3: What is Limor Raviv's profession
A. Biologist B. Zoologist C. Psycholinguist D. Veterinarian
Answer: C. Psycholinguist
4: Which species were compared with African savannah elephants on 20 different measures
Bonobos and humans B. Dogs and cats
C. Gorillas and chimpanzees D. All of the above
Answer: A. Bonobos and humans
5: Why did Limor Raviv decide to study African savannah elephants
They were the only species she was familiar with
They are the only species known to show signs of self-domestication
They are the largest land animals
D. None of the above
Answer: B. They are the only species known to show signs of self-domestication
Parasite from cat faeces killed four sea otters in California
Four sea otters in California are reported to have died from infection with a rare strain of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which is primarily found in wild and domestic cats and commonly transmitted through their faeces. This is the first recorded instance of this severe form of toxoplasmosis in a marine animal, and could mean an unusually virulent strain of the parasite is circulating on lanD.
“Otters are really good at showing what comes from land to sea,” says Melissa Miller at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Their heavy diet of bivalves, which filter water, means runoff contaminated with T. gondii eggs can end up reaching otters.
The parasite commonly causes chronic infections in otters, but it is unusual for infections to rapidly kill adult otters, she says.
Miller and her colleagues performed necropsies on four southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded between 2020 and 2022, all during the February and March rainy seasons. Three adult female otters were stranded near Big Sur in San Luis Obispo county in California; one younger male was found in Santa Cruz county around 170 kilometres further north.
The otters were infected with more parasites across more tissue types than usually seen in Toxoplasma infections, and they had severely inflamed fat associated with the presence of parasites. “As soon as I started looking at them under the microscope, I was like, ‘whoa’,” says Miller.
How many sea otters in California have died from infection with a rare strain of Toxoplasma gondii
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Answer: C. Four
What is the primary source of Toxoplasma gondii infections
A. Wild and domestic cats
B. Sea otters
C. Bivalves
D. Rain water
Answer: A. Wild and domestic cats
What is the significance of the four sea otters dying from Toxoplasma gondii
A. It is the first recorded instance of severe toxoplasmosis in a marine animal
B. It is the first recorded instance of Toxoplasma gondii in California
C. It is the first recorded instance of rapid deaths from toxoplasmosis in otters
D. It is the first recorded instance of Toxoplasma gondii in sea otters
Answer: A. It is the first recorded instance of severe toxoplasmosis in a marine animal
Why are sea otters particularly susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii infections
A. They have a weak immune system
B. They eat contaminated bivalves that filter water
C. They are in direct contact with cats
D. They live in a polluted environment
Answer: B. They eat contaminated bivalves that filter water
What did Miller and her colleagues find in their necropsies on the sea otters
A. The otters died from other causes
B. The otters were infected with fewer parasites than usual
C. The otters had inflamed fat associated with the presence of parasites
D. The otters had no signs of Toxoplasma gondii infection
Answer: C. The otters had inflamed fat associated with the presence of parasites