上海市长宁区三年（2020-2022）高考英语模拟试题分题型分层-写作（含答案）

上海市长宁区三年（2020-2022）高考英语模拟试题分题型分层-写作
一、建议信
1．（2022·上海长宁·统考二模）Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生王磊，最近在学校英语报“Advice Column”中看到一则启示，关于征询同学们“提高在线学习有效性”的建议。请给该报的编辑写一封邮件，内容须包括：
1）你的建议
2）你的理由
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2．（2021·上海长宁·统考一模）Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生王磊，最近在学校英语报“Advice Column”上看到如下一则信息。给这位署名为“Worried”的读者写一封邮件，针对他的问题提出建议，内容须包括：
1）你的建议
2）你的理由
（信的开头已经为你写好。）
My best friend seems anxious a lot. She bites her fingernails and always looks tired. I don’t think she’s eating right, either, How can I convince her to take better care of herself
— Worried
二、其他应用文
3．（2022·上海长宁·上海市复旦中学统考一模）Directions: Write an English composition in 120- 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的高三学生李华。学校为了帮助学生减压，拟从以下三种形式中选择其一：午睡三十分钟，设立“音乐角”和开设瑜伽 (Yoga) 课程。现听取全校学生的意见。请给负责的王老师写封邮件，内容须包括：
1)你的选择；
2)你的理由。
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4．（2021·上海长宁·二模）Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
某英文网站正举办征文活动，题目是The Most Useful Skill I Have Ever Learned，请以此写一篇征文。你的文章必须包括:
这项技能是什么？你是通过什么方式学会的？
举例说明为什么你觉得它最有用。
(注:文中不得出现真实的姓名及学校名称)
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5．（2020·上海长宁·统考二模）Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假如你是明启中学的学生李平，写信给你在海外的笔友王平，与他分享这段时间在线学习生活的感受。你的信必须包括：
1.在线学习与在校学习的不同；
2.你更偏爱的学习方式，并说明理由。
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三、开放性作文
6．（2021·上海·统考二模）Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》规定，学校可以对违纪学生进行管理、训导或矫治，使其引以为戒并改正错误，同时也明确了实施惩戒时被禁止的行为，如体罚和辱骂等。请就如何保证校园安全和维护教学秩序, 谈谈你对《规则》颁布的看法。
参考词汇：《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》Punishment rules for primary and secondary education (for trial implementation)、训导discipline、矫治correct、体罚physical punishment、辱骂verbal abuse。
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7．（2021·上海长宁·统考一模）Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
随着城市的发展，许多历史建筑被夷为平地。这些建筑所承载的文化和历史也随风而去。应该怎样对待这些历史建筑呢？请就此谈谈你的看法。
四、概要写作
8．（2022·上海长宁·上海市复旦中学统考一模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Men may eat more in summer
Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.
The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Levy and her colleagues noticed the effect in experiments in mice, in which male animals exposed to UV light (紫外线) ate more food.
To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey. Between March and September, the men consumed about 17 per cent more calories per day than they did during the rest of the year, while the women’s food intake stayed about the same.
Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating. It was thought to be mainly produced by the stomach when empty. “It tells the brain to eat more,” says Caroline Gorvin at the University of Birmingham, UK.
Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线 B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. This was blocked by the female sex hormone, which may explain why the effect wasn’t seen in the female mice or the women. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.
Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.
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9．（2022·上海长宁·统考二模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Secrets of the ginkgo tree
New research into an incredibly long-lived tree has revealed some of the tricks that help it survive for thousands of years. The ginkgo is a huge, slow-growing tree with fan-shaped leaves, native to China, but planted in parks and gardens across the world. Some of the largest ginkgoes are said to be more than 3,000 years old.
In order to discover how these and other trees can live for so long, scientists from the US and China took samples from 34 healthy ginkgoes of various ages. The team studied growth rings in each tree’s trunk, as well as individual cells from the bark (树皮), leaves and seeds. They found that 600-year-old trees were just as healthy as 20-year-olds.
To learn more, the team then looked in detail at the DNA of nine trees aged between three and 667 years old. At the beginning of a tree’s life, DNA instructs the cells in a seedling (幼苗) to divide frequently so the tree grows rapidly. The cells also make special chemicals to help the young plant survive stressful situations, such as disease and lack of water. As most trees grow older and tougher, their DNA tells the cells to divide more slowly and to make fewer chemical defences.
Ginkgoes, however, do things differently. The team found that although their growth eventually slows, both young and old trees make protective chemicals. The secret is maintaining a really healthy defence system. As ginkgoes age, they show no evidence of weakening their ability to defend themselves from stresses. Other trees that live for a long time may have the same ability.
For all their defences, though, ginkgoes cannot live forever—they eventually meet with fatal accidents such as fire, disease and storms. While they last, however, these leafy giants are some of the most beautiful trees in the world.
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10．（2021·上海长宁·统考一模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Brainpower: Use It or Lose It
Where brainpower is concerned, the old rule of ‘use it, or lose it’ holds true from the start. Babies who receive love and encouragement from their parents develop the neural (神经的)connections they need to get on in life. But what happens to those who fail to get this support
It would be comforting to believe that such children escape long term damage by being too young to speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests otherwise.
At a recent meeting of the Royal Society of Medicine, the participants were shown slides taken with a powerful scanner comparing the brains of ‘normal’ three-year-old with those who had been raised in poverty or in orphanages. The work was done by Bruce Perry of the Child Trauma Academy in Houston, Texas. The scans showed that the frontal-temporal areas of the brain, those responsible for personality and enabling a person to display and regulate emotions, showed little activity.
For years it has long been known to scientists that animals brought up in enriched environment have larger and more complex brains than animals that grow up in disadvantaged situations, so experts like Perry assumed that the same would hold true for humans. However, it is only now, thanks to powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the test, that the damage is clearly visible. Perry explains the reason for the abnormality is that the brain develops in a ‘use-dependent’ way, growing, organising and working according to experience. With the right stimulation, the brain makes the connections it needs. Without it, synapses (突触), junctions between the neurons used to transport the brain’s messages, actually dissolve. “Negative experiences play a vital role in organising the neural system in the developing brain,” says Perry; in other words, ill-treatment in infancy leads to faulty wiring in the brain.
11．（2021·上海·统考二模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Students in the United States are assigned to classes for different goals. Those in the more advantaged tracks and programs not only encounter more curricular material; they are also typically asked to learn the material differently. They have opportunities to think, investigate, and create. They are challenged to explore. In Keeping Track, Jeannie Oakes describes the way in which teachers differently frame their work for students in different tracks.
Teachers of high-track classes describe their class goals in terms of higher-order thinking and independent learning, for example: “Logical thought process”; “Scientific reasoning and logic”. Students’ view of what they learned in class reflect these goals. High-track students said they learned: “To understand concepts and ideas and to experiment with them, and to work independently”; “How to express myself through writing and compose my thoughts in a logical manner and express my creativity.”
Conversely, in low-track classes, teachers described few academic goals for their students and none related to thinking logically, critically or independently. They often focused on low-level skills, for example: “Better use of time”; “Punctuality and self-discipline”; “Good work habits”. And low-track students said they had learned how to: “Behave in class”; “How to shut up”; “How to listen and follow the directions of the teacher.”
This phenomenon is widespread. In his research in New York City, Jonathan Kozol described how, within integrated schools, minority children were disproportionately assigned to special education class that occupy small corners and split classrooms, while gifted and talented classrooms occupied the most splendid spaces filled with books and computers, where they learned, in the children’s words, “logical thinking,” and “problem solving”. Students were recommended for these classes by their teachers and parents as well as by their test scores. Kozol wrote in his notes,“Six girls, four boys, nine white, one Chinese. I am glad they have this class. But what about the others Aren’t there ten black children in the school who could enjoy this also ”
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12．（2021·上海长宁·二模）Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hope
Nothing in my life had prepared me for what I had to do. Choosing my words carefully, and fighting to stay calm, I told my 4-year-old daughter that her grandmother had suffered a stroke（中风），that she was unconscious, and that the doctors said she would probably never wake up. As she moved closer to me, Amelia looked at me, eyes bright, and said, “Maybe Grandma will be okay.” “Maybe she will,” I said, keeping back the tears, But I knew better. I was flying up to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, from our Florida home in the morning to say good-bye to my mom.
The rest of that awful week, I joined my brother and father sitting by my mother’s side in the hospital room. I held her hand and talked to her. I told her that we still needed her. I told her that it wasn’t time to leave yet. I told her how much I loved her. And I told her that her little granddaughter, Amelia, believed that she’d get better. The doctors, with all their years of training and experience, offered no hope for recovery. The damage was simply too extensive.
Then, a couple of weeks later, an odd thing happened. Mom woke up. She regained consciousness. Persevered through a long and tough recovery, during which she had to learn to walk, read, and write all over again, and eventually returned home to Dad. The only one who wasn’t shocked was Amerlia. The doctors couldn’t explain it. Amelia didn’t need to. Hope came as naturally to her as breathings.
So why are we so afraid to hope sometimes Maybe it’s because over the year, life’s disappointments can turn us to disillusionment（理想破灭）. How many times have you heard someone say: “Hope for the best, expect the worst” That’s not really hope at all.
Hope is being able to look at our world with all of the joy and wonder of a child.
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13．（2021·上海长宁·统考一模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
If you’re like most of the world, you make time for following friends on social media. That is not a bad thing at all. Positive posting and communication can help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others. It can be surprisingly easy, though, to unconsciously slip into less healthful behavior on social media, and that can lead to anxiety and depression. New research has identified which habits can lead to troubles.
Do you feel jealous every time you read on social media about your cousin’s beautiful new home or you boss’ exciting European vacation？ “Surveillance” of those you know in order to get an inside look of their material success is a potentially destructive behavior, according to researchers at the University of Missouri. Measuring material or lifestyle achievements of someone you know can lead to negative feelings, and can easily lead you to create tension in a relationship where there was none.
A second study by the University of Missouri found that people who post often- about anything and everything they are doing- experience more troubles in their marriages and romantic relationships than those who don’t post about their lives in detail. Another study by researchers at Boston University also found that heavy social media users are 32% more likely to think about leaving their husbands or wives.
This is most likely because over-sharing your life with others by direct messaging and posting images can create relationship conflict. Not only are you potentially developing bonds with new people, but also that bonding may deepen and affect your own relationship, according to the study of a doctoral student, Russell Clayton.
14．（2020·上海长宁·统考二模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Scottish summers set to keep getting warmer, study shows
Cold, wet summers could become a thing of the past in Scotland, according to a new study. Researchers from Edinburgh and Oxford universities and the Met Office, the UK’s official weather service, say that summer temperatures of 30°C could become common in the future because of climate change.
Climate change is long-term changes in the world’s weather patterns, including rising temperatures. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), farming and cutting down forests are a major cause of changing weather patterns around the world. When fossil fuels are burned, for example, they release gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These gases are called greenhouse gases. Their emissions contribute to climate change.
People experienced hot and dry conditions during a heatwave in the summer of 2018. The team found that climate change would lead to those conditions becoming more frequent in Scotland. Lead researcher Professor Simon Tett, from Edinburgh University, said that carbon dioxide emissions had to be cut around the world in order to prevent this from getting worse.
The study also looked into the direct effects of the unusual weather in 2018 on people, animals and landscapes in Scotland. Among these were a thirty per cent increase in demand for water, an increase in harmful insects such as flies and mosquitoes, and a fall in the amount of peas, potatoes, carrots and onions that were harvested. The populations of some types of birds declined because of a lack of water. There was also disturbance to trains because rails were bent by the heat.
Tett explained, “Despite its cool climate, Scotland must start to prepare now for the impact of high temperature extremes. The bottom line is that heatwaves have become more likely because of the climate change caused by human activities.”
试卷第2页，共3页
试卷第1页，共3页
参考答案：
1．Dear editor:
I'm WangLei, a senior 3 student of Mingqi middle school. Recently, I saw a message in the advice column of the school English newspaper and it asked students for suggestions on improving the effectiveness of online learning. I’m writing to give my advice.
First of all, you should find a quiet room and put your phone outside the room. The reason is that you should concentrate all your attention on the study and make sure you are not disturbed during your study. What’s more, you should communicate with teachers and students actively in the discussion boards. By doing this, you can not only share your thoughts and experiences but also remember the knowledge well.
I hope my suggestions useful. Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
WangLei
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英语报的编辑写邮件，对于“提高在线学习有效性”提出建议，并且给出理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
建议：suggestion→advice
集中精力：concentrate on→focus on
此外：what's more→besides
交流：communicate→exchange
2.句式拓展
并列句变成复合句
原句： Recently, I saw a message in the advice column of the school English newspaper and it asked students for suggestions on improving the effectiveness of online learning.
拓展句： Recently, I saw a message in the advice column of the school English newspaper, which asked students for suggestions on improving the effectiveness of online learning.
【点睛】【高分句型1】The reason is that you should concentrate all your attention on the study and make sure you are not disturbed during your study.(that引导表语从句)
【高分句型2】By doing this, you can not only share your thoughts and experiences but also remember the knowledge well.(not only…but also…引导的并列句）
2．Dear Worried,
I am sorry to hear that your friend is suffering from anxiety. Here I would like to give you some suggestions to help her.
First, you can advise her to talk with people who she trusts. Chatting with others works out well because a casual talk can help her move away from the anxiety for a moment. Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety. It can help her to relax both physically and mentally. So, why not ask her to go out for some sports Finally, ask her to try a warm bath and take a cup of warm milk before going to bed, helping her to have a good rest.
I hope you will find my suggestions useful, and wish your friend get rid of anxiety soon.
Yours,
Wang Lei
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给署名为“Worried”的读者回信，就他提出的问题给予合理的建议并阐述理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
想要做：would like to→want to
此外：Besides → What’s more
建议：suggestions→advice
可以；能够：can→ be able to
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety. It can help her to relax both physically and mentally.
拓展句：Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety, which can help her to relax both physically and mentally.
【点睛】[高分句型1]I am sorry to hear that your friend is suffering from anxiety.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]Chatting with others works out well because a casual talk can help her move away from the anxiety for a moment. （运用了because引导的状语从句）
3．Dear Mr. Wang,
I chose the music corner as my first choice for relieving the stress from studies. It’s an honor to share my opinion about music with you.
Music makes great difference to our life. Music can not only make us relaxed and refreshed whenever we are tired, but it can stimulate us when we are confronted with difficulties. Besides, music enables us to gain insight into other cultures.
As for me, I prefer pop music and classical music. I am always in good mood as long as I play pop music. When I have a hard time dealing with stress, I choose peaceful and beautiful classical music, which calms me down and improves my mood. In conclusion, music plays an important role in my life.
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。假设你是明启中学的高三学生李华。学校为了帮助学生减压， 拟从以下三种形式中选择其一： 午睡三十分钟，设立“音乐角”和开设瑜伽 (Yoga) 课程。现听取全校学生的意见。
【详解】1.词汇积累
疲劳的：be tired →be worn out
面对：be confronted with→ be faced with
此外：besides → what’s more
总之：in conclusion →all in all
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：It’s an honor to be here to share my opinion about music with you.
拓展句：It’s an honor that I can share my opinion about music with you here.
【点睛】【高分句型1】When I have a hard time dealing with stress, I choose peaceful and beautiful classical music, which calms me down and improves me mood.（运用了when引导的时间状语从句和which引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】I am always in good mood as long as I play pop music.（运用了as long as 引导的条件状语从句）
4．The best skill I have learned is English. I learn this skill at school, and I benefit a lot from the teachers’ teaching and the school’s platform. In my spare time, I read a lot of English articles to gain a broader range of knowledge and obtain more materials to complete the school tasks. In addition, I can smoothly watch my favorite English movies and enjoy the original artistic experience, which greatly improves the quality of my life. Besides, English songs are also a good way to relax. My English skill enables me to understand the meaning of a song when I listen to it, so that I can resonate with the singer and relax my spirit. In a word, English skill plays a great role in my study and life.
【解析】本篇书面表达属于说明文，要求考生介绍自己的一个最有用的技能。
【详解】第一步：审题
体裁：说明文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时。
结构：总分法总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1.介绍这项技能是什么；
2.介绍你是通过什么方式学会的；
3.举例说明为什么你觉得它最有用。
第二步：列提纲 （重点词组）
the teachers’ teaching; the school’s platform; gain a broader range of knowledge; obtain more materials; smoothly watch my favorite English movies; understand the meaning of a song; play a great role in my study and life
第三步：连词成句
1.The best skill I have learned is English.
2.I learn this skill at school, and I benefit a lot from the teachers’ teaching and the school’s platform.
3.In my spare time, I read a lot of English articles to gain a broader range of knowledge and obtain more materials to complete the school tasks.
4.In addition, I can smoothly watch my favorite English movies and enjoy the original artistic experience, which greatly improves the quality of my life.
5.Besides, English songs are also a good way to relax.
6.My English skill enables me to understand the meaning of a song when I listen to it, so that I can resonate with the singer and relax my spirit.
7.In a word, English skill plays a great role in my study and life.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表并列补充关系：In addition, Besides
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】[高分句型1]In addition, I can smoothly watch my favorite English movies and enjoy the original artistic experience, which greatly improves the quality of my life.（which引导的定语从句）
[高分句型2]My English skill enables me to understand the meaning of a song when I listen to it, so that I can resonate with the singer and relax my spirit.（so that引导的结果状语从句）
5．Dear Wang Ping,
How are you I’m writing the letter for the purpose of sharing my online schooling information during the COVID-19 epidemic with you.
As you know, the spring semester is postponed, but schooling continues online under our teachers’ guidance. In my opinion, the time and course schedules are just the same as we are in school. The biggest difference is that online learning emphasizes students’ autonomy, as there are more distractions and less supervision compared with on-campus life, which means we need a stronger self-regulation. By getting actively involved in classes, I’ve adapted to such a unique way of learning and made progress. However, I still hope to return to campus, where I can enjoy face-to face classes with my friends. Besides, I’m already missing my teachers and classmates. I wish we could get COVID-19 epidemic under control soon.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Ping
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一封信给在海外的笔友王平，与他分享这段时间在线学习生活的感受。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
人称：第一、三人称；
时态：根据提示，时态应为一般现在时；
结构：总-分法
要点：
1.你在线学习生活的感受；
2.在线学习与在校学习的不同；
3.你更偏爱的学习方式，并说明理由。
第二步：列提纲 （重点词组）
for the purpose of；online schooling；share with；during the COVID-19 epidemic；as you know；postpone；under sb’s guidance；in one’s opinion；the same as；autonomy；there are；distractions； supervision；compare with；on-campus life；self-regulation；get involved in；adapt to；make progress；hope to do；face-to face；under control等
第三步：连词成句
1. I’m writing the letter for the purpose of sharing my online schooling information during the COVID-19 epidemic with you.
2. The spring semester is postponed, but schooling continues online under our teachers’ guidance
3. The time and course schedules are just the same as they are in school.
4. The biggest difference is that online learning emphasizes students’ autonomy, as there are more distractions and less supervision compared with on-campus life, which means we need a stronger self-regulation.
5. By getting actively involved in classes, I’ve adapted to such a unique way of learning and made progress.
6. I still hope to return to campus, where I can enjoy face-to face classes with my friends.
7. I’m already missing my teachers and classmates.
8. I wish we could get COVID-19 epidemic under control soon.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表并列补充关系：As you know；In my opinion；and；Besides；still；
2.表转折对比关系：However；but；
3.表示因果关系：as等
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，
第五步：润色修改
【详解】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了较多高分句型，如：In my opinion, the time and course schedules are just the same as they are in school.使用了由as引导的状语从句；The biggest difference is that online learning emphasizes students’ autonomy, as there are more distractions and less supervision compared with on-campus life, which means we need a stronger self-regulation.使用了由that引导的表语从句、由as引导的原因状语从句和由which引导的非限制性定语从句；By getting actively involved in classes, I’ve adapted to such a unique way of learning and made progress.使用了方式状语；However, I still hope to return to campus, where I can enjoy face-to face classes with my friends.使用了由where引导的非限制性定语从句；I wish we could get COVID-19 epidemic under control soon.使用了省略that的宾语从句和虚拟语气等。还使用了一些固定短语，如：for the purpose of；share with；as you know；postpone；under sb’s guidance；in one’s opinion；the same as；there are；compare with；get involved in；adapt to；make progress；hope to do；under control等。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
6． According to a new regulation issued by China's Ministry of Education, teachers have the right to discipline students who break school rules, which, however, has generated a lot of discussion.
From my perspective, the significance of school discipline cannot be stressed too much. For one thing, the regulation will help students better understand the consequences of misbehaving, which is of great benefit to their healthy growth and development. For another, the regulation can delegate more power to teachers, who shoulder pressure in dealing with misbehaving students.
In order for the regulation to be conducted effectively, many joint efforts need to be made. First of all, authorities and schools should set up specific and reasonable rules for school discipline. Secondly, teachers ought to understand the rules thoroughly to employ them properly instead of abusing them. More importantly, parents are supposed to cooperate with teachers to reach a consensus on the level of punishments.
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生就如何保证校园安全和维护教学秩序，谈谈你对《中小学教育惩戒规则》颁布的看法。
【详解】1.词汇积累
重要性：importance→significance
强调：emphasize→stress
合理的：rational→reasonable
处理：cope with =deal with
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Secondly, teachers ought to understand the rules thoroughly to employ them properly instead of abusing them.
拓展句：Secondly, teachers ought to understand the rules thoroughly, which should be employed properly instead of abusing.
【点睛】[高分句型1] According to a new regulation issued by China's Ministry of Education, teachers have the right to discipline students who break school rules, which, however, has generated a lot of discussion. (运用了过去分词作定语)
[高分句型2] For another, the regulation can delegate more power to teachers, who shoulder pressure in dealing with misbehaving students. (运用了who引导非限制性定语从句)
7． Historical/old buildings is a very important resource, so we need protect them. First, some old buildings enhance the natural beauty of cities, thus making them distinct and attractive. In addition, old buildings can also serve as places of historical interest or museums, thus boosting the economy of the country. At last, ancient buildings, which depict culture and traditions of a country, are representative of history. Those traditional buildings remind people of their origins and the development of the civilization. If a country does not preserve ancient buildings that serve as historic footprints, it may lose its history. On the country, by preserving those historic buildings, it will be easier for future generations to learn more about the historic background of a given country and maintain cultural values.　
【分析】本篇书面表达属于议论文，要求考生就如何对待历史建筑谈谈自己的看法。
【详解】第一步：审题
体裁：议论文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时,少量一般将来时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1.保护历史建筑；
2. 历史建筑的意义。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
serve as; place of historical interest; remind...of...; by doing; learn about; cultural value
第三步：连词成句
1. In addition, old buildings can also serve as places of historical interest or museums, thus boosting the economy of the country.
2. Those traditional buildings remind people of their origins and the development of the civilization.
3. On the country, by preserving those historic buildings, it will be easier for future generations to learn more about the historic background of a given country and maintain cultural values.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First, At last
2.表并列补充关系：In addition
3.表因果关系：so
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】[高分句型1] First, some old buildings enhance the natural beauty of cities, thus making them distinct and attractive. 用了现在分词做状语。
[高分句型2]At last, ancient buildings, which depict culture and traditions of a country, are representative of history. 用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
8．During sunny summer months, males eat more, according to a government’s survey. Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating. Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation. Possibly, it is to adjust to greater physical activity in summer.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了政府的调查显示和女性不同，男性在夏天会吃的更多。原因可能是因为阳光会导致皮肤释放一种叫做生长激素释放肽的荷尔蒙，能刺激胃口。并且，研究表明暴露于紫外线B 段波辐射的雄性小鼠和男性皮肤中的生长激素释放肽释放的激增。科研人员说这可能也是身体对夏天男性的身体活动需要摄取更多的食物所做出的适应性变化。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.
②The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel.
③To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey.
④Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating.
⑤Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线 B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.
⑥Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.
2.缜密构思
将第1、3两个要点进行整合，将第2、4两个要点进行整合，将第5、6两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
During sunny summer months, males eat more, according to a government’s survey.
Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating.
Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation.
Possibly, it is to adjust to greater physical activity in summer.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating.（运用which引导定语从句）
[高分句型2] Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation.（运用了that引导宾语从句）
9．One possible version:
Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees. Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究人员通过研究不同树龄的银杏和其他树木的样本，揭示了银杏长寿的一些奥秘。与银杏不同，银杏的DNA会在衰老时降低细胞的防御效率，银杏的防御系统会一直保持健康，从而确保这些源自中国、生长缓慢的叶类巨物在没有致命事故发生的情况下长寿。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①New research into an incredibly long-lived tree has revealed some of the tricks that help it survive for thousands of years.
②In order to discover how these and other trees can live for so long, scientists from the US and China took samples from 34 healthy ginkgoes of various ages.
③At the beginning of a tree’s life, DNA instructs the cells in a seedling (幼苗) to divide frequently so the tree grows rapidly. The cells also make special chemicals to help the young plant survive stressful situations, such as disease and lack of water. As most trees grow older and tougher, their DNA tells the cells to divide more slowly and to make fewer chemical defences.
④he team found that although their growth eventually slows, both young and old trees make protective chemicals. The secret is maintaining a really healthy defence system. As ginkgoes age, they show no evidence of weakening their ability to defend themselves from stresses. Other trees that live for a long time may have the same ability.
⑤For all their defences, though, ginkgoes cannot live forever—they eventually meet with fatal accidents such as fire, disease and storms. While they last, however, these leafy giants are some of the most beautiful trees in the world.
2.缜密构思
将第4、5、6三个要点进行重组，将第1、2两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees.
Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees.(运用介词by后接动名词作宾语)
[高分句型2]Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur. .(运用whose引导的定语从句和现在分词作结果状语)
10．Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage. Scientists have known that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains. Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.(52 words)
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究发现，在没有情感支持的情况下成长的儿童会遭受长期的大脑损伤。科学家们已经知道，在不利环境中长大的动物的大脑相对较小和简单。现在，由于扫描仪的存在，专家们已经证实这一原理适合人类儿童的成长，因为没有适当的刺激突触就会消失
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Babies who receive love and encouragement from their parents develop the neural connections they need to get on in life. But what happens to those who fail to get this support
②It would be comforting to believe that such children escape long term damage by being too young to speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests otherwise.
③For years it has long been known to scientists that animals brought up in enriched environment have larger and more complex brains than animals that grow up in disadvantaged situations, so experts like Perry assumed that the same would hold true for humans.
④However, it is only now, thanks to powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the test, that the damage is clearly visible.
⑤With the right stimulation, the brain makes the connections it needs.
⑥Without it, synapses (突触), junctions between the neurons used to transport the brain’s messages, actually dissolve.
2.缜密构思
将第3要点进行重组，将第1、2和4、5、6几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.
Scientists have known that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains.
Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.运用宾语从句和现在分词作定语对第一段和最后一段前半部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
[高分句型2] Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.运用宾语从句和because引导的原因状语从句对最后一段的部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
11．One possible version:
American students are divided into classes or tracks according to different goals. The gifted and talented class focuses on improving higher-order thinking skills and enjoy the best teaching resources, while the low-track class just learns low-level skills. This wide-spread phenomenon has aroused people’s concern about the equality of education.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。美国学生根据不同的目标被分成不同的班级。高阶班专注于提高更高层次的思维能力，享受最好的教学资源，而低阶班只学习低层次的技能。这一普遍现象引起了人们对教育公平的关注。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Students in the United States are assigned to classes for different goals.
②Teachers of high-track classes describe their class goals in terms of higher-order thinking and independent learning.
③in low-track classes, teachers described few academic goals for their students and none related to thinking logically, critically or independently.
④This phenomenon is widespread.
⑤But what about the others Aren’t there ten black children in the school who could enjoy this also
2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行总说，2、3两个要点进行重组，第4、5两个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句American students are divided into classes or tracks according to different goals. The gifted and talented class focuses on improving higher-order thinking skills and enjoy the best teaching resources, while the low-track class just learns low-level skills.
【点睛】[高分句型1] The gifted and talented class focuses on improving higher-order thinking skills and enjoy the best teaching resources, while the low-track class just learns low-level skills.运用while 引导比较状语从句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。
[高分句型2]This wide-spread phenomenon has aroused people’s concern about the equality of education.本句是对最后一段的总结并进行了升华，运用高级短语arise one’s concern about sth.显得很有文采。
12．Doctors were pessimistic about my mother s stroke while my little daughter, Amelia, full of hope. I passed on Amelia’s hope when our family gathered to bid farewell to her n hospital Incredibly, she recovered and came back home after a period of restoration Everyone was astonished except Amelia. Hope does bring people in trouble amazement. (55 words)
【分析】本篇书面表达是概述写作。读完所给文章后用不多于60个词总结文章要点，要用自己的语言，不能用文章的原句。文章讲述了作者的母亲突然中风昏迷，当作者小心翼翼把这一消息告诉自己的女儿时，女儿却充满希望地说：奶奶会好的。女儿的希望成真，作者的母亲真的苏醒了，最终回了家。作者由此生发感慨：希望给了我们惊喜，叫世界充满奇迹。
【详解】写作步骤：
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2）弄清要求。这篇概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
本篇概要写作的原文是记叙文。是作者对自己家庭所发生故事的讲述，最后是议。所以，写作时一是要写出事情的主要经过：母亲突然生病、女儿的反应和我听了女儿的话后的作为，最后经过锻炼和复健，母亲回家了。二是要写出作者的“议”。事件的基本过程为主，议是总结和升华。
【点睛】范文对原文要点的理解正确和呈现完整；应用语法结构和词汇准确；上下文连贯；要点表达独立。涵盖了全部要求，完全使用了自己的语言，准确使用了相应的语法结构和词汇，所写内容与所提供内容密切相关，没有出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
13．It’s normal to follow others on social media. Positive behaviors on it help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others while inappropriate behaviors may make you feel anxious and depressed. Reading too much of others’ material success may cause negative feelings and over-sharing your life with others may also create relationship conflicts.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在社交媒体上关注别人很正常。积极的行为有助于提高你的信心和与他人的联系，而不恰当的行为会让你感到焦虑和抑郁。过多地阅读别人的物质成就可能会导致消极的感觉，过多地与他人分享你的生活也可能会造成关系冲突。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①If you’re like most of the world, you make time for following friends on social media. That is not a bad thing at all.
②Positive posting and communication can help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others. It can be surprisingly easy, though, to unconsciously slip into less healthful behavior on social media, and that can lead to anxiety and depression.
③Measuring material or lifestyle achievements of someone you know can lead to negative feelings, and can easily lead you to create tension in a relationship where there was none. This is most likely because over-sharing your life with others by direct messaging and posting images can create relationship conflict.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
It’s normal to follow others on social media.
Positive behaviors on it help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others while inappropriate behaviors ma make you feel anxious and depressed.
Reading too much of others’ material success may cause negative feelings and over-sharing your life with others may also create relationship conflicts.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Positive behaviors on it help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others while inappropriate behaviors ma make you feel anxious and depressed.运用while连接并列句，表示前后的对比，对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Reading too much of others’ material success may cause negative feelings and over-sharing your life with others may also create relationship conflicts.运用了动名词短语作主语，对第二段和第四段进行了概括。
14．A study shows that Scotland is expected to have hotter and drier summers due to global climate change resulting from harmful human activities like greenhouse gases emission. Moreover, it reveals that the dryness and hotness of 2018 summer directly caused disastrous consequences to creatures, vegetation and transportation in Scotland. Actions should be taken before things get worse.
【分析】文章的主要结构为总-分。主要讲了研究表明，由于温室气体排放等有害人类活动导致的全球气候变化，给苏格兰的夏季天气带来更干燥炎热的影响。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
【详解】第一段讲述一项新的研究表明苏格兰由于气候变化，未来30°C的夏季气温可能会变得普遍。可以用到的词汇或句型有：A study shows that；Scotland；global climate change；temperature等。第二段讲述有害的人类活动产生的温室气体排放导致的全球气候变化。可以用到的词汇或句型有：harmful；human activities；greenhouse gases emission；contribute to等。第三段讲述2018年异常天气对苏格兰人、动物和景观的直接影响。可以用到的词汇或句型有：dryness and hotness；caused；creatures；vegetation；transportation等。第四段讲述苏格兰现在必须开始为高温极端天气的影响做准备。可以用到的词汇或句型有：take action；get worse等。
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答案第9页，共18页