Unit 1A land of diversity单元知识点与考点精练精讲

Unit 1　A land of diversity　
21世纪教育网
1．means(n.)　　　　　　　　手法；方法
2．boom(n.)　　(人口、贸易的)繁荣
(vi.)　　处于经济迅速发展时期
3．customs(n.)　　海关；关税；进口税
4．occur(vi.)　　发生；出现
5．slip(vi.)　　滑动；滑行；滑跤
(n.)　　滑动；滑倒
6．hire(vt.& n．)　　租用；雇用
7．nowhere (adv.)　　无处；到处都无21世纪教育网
8．reform(vt.& vi.)　　改革；革新
　　　(n.)　　改革；改造；改良
9．grasp(vt.& n．)　　抓住；抓紧；掌握；领会
10．distinct(adj.)清晰的；明显的；明确的→distinction(n.)差别；区分；卓著
11．majority(n.)大多数；大半→minority(n.)少数
12．elect(vt.)选择；决定做某事；选举某人→election(n.)选举
13．applicant(n.)申请人→apply(v.)申请→application(n.)申请
14．indicate(vt.)指出；标示；表明；暗示→indication(n.)迹象→indicator(n.)指示器；指示物
15．apparent(adj.)显而易见的；显然的；表面上的→apparently(adv.)显然地；显而易见地
16．punishment (n.)惩罚；处罚→punish (v.)惩罚；处罚
1． live_on　　　　　　　　　继续存在；继续生存
2．by_means_of...　　用……办法；借助……
3．make_a_life　　习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
4．keep_up　　坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
5．team_up_with　　与……合作或一起工作
6．mark_out　　画线；标出……界线
7．take_in　　包括；吸收[来源:21世纪教育网]
8．a_great/good_many　　许多；很多
9．apply_for　　申请；请示得到
10．in_addition　　另外
1．However，it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.然而，可能美洲土著人至少一万五千年前就生活在加利福尼亚。
名师指津：it is likely that...有可能……
例句仿写：据我可知，投票数很有可能必须重新计算。
As far as I know，it_is_likely_that the votes will have to be counted again.
2．It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups，but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种明显主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。
名师指津：it is believed that...意为“人们认为/相信……”，其构成为：it＋be＋过去分词＋that从句。[来源:21世纪教育网]
例句仿写：人们认为温室气体是全球气温升高的主因。
It_is_believed_that greenhouse gases are the main causes of global warming.
3．Built in 1873，the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie，who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams.
缆车系统建立于1873年，是由安德鲁·哈利迪发明的，他想找到一种比马拉轨道车更好的交通方式。
名师指津：built in 1873为过去分词短语作时间状语。
例句仿写：给予更多的关心和教导，这个孩子可能成为一名音乐家。
_Given_more_attention_and_instruction，the child is likely to grow into a musician.
4．That’s why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
这就是今天有超过40%的加利福尼亚人把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。
名师指津：That’s why...那就是为什么。
例句仿写：他迷恋电脑游戏，那就是他为什么必须辍学的原因。
He is addicted to computer games，that’s_why he has to drop out of school.
majority n．大多数；大半
(牛津P1220)The majority was/were in favour of banning smoking.
大多数人支持禁烟。
(1)
(2)
(3)major in主修……
①With the prices going up，the majority of people find_it_hard_to_live_on the amount of money they get.
随着物价的上涨，大多数人觉得靠他们挣的钱很难生活。
②Among the members of the committee those who are in favour of the plan are in the majority.委员中赞成这项计划的占大多数。
(1)单独用作主语，谓语动词用单数、复数均可。
(2)The majority of
③The majority were/was against the plan，which made me upset.
大多数人反对这个计划，这使我伤心。
④The murder shocked the Americans，the_majority_of_whom are peace-loving and non-violent.这一谋杀案震惊了整个美国，因为毕竟大多数的美国人还是热爱和平和反对暴力的。
means n．手段；方法
(陕西卷书面表达)Furthermore，punishment is by no means a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.
此外，惩罚绝不是一个帮助他们在精神上和身体上健康成长的明智选择。
by this means通过这种方法
by means of用……办法；借助……
by all means一定；务必；好的，当然可以
by no means决不，一点也不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
by every means用尽一切可能的办法
①(朗文P1277)Millions of Chinese rely on bicycles as their important means of transportation.
自行车是数百万中国人赖以出行的重要交通工具。
②She could not speak，but made her wishes known by_means_of signs.她不会说话，但她用手势表达了她的愿望。
③I’ve tried very hard to improve my English.But by no means are_my_parents_satisfied_with my progress.为了提高英语水平，我已尽力了。但父母对我的进步一点也不满意。
occur vi.发生；出现
(2012·广东阅读理解)There were all sorts of disasters that used to occur on the way to and from work.
过去，在我上下班途中发生过各种各样的悲剧。
(1)sth.occurs to/strikes sb.某人突然想起某事
(2)It occurs to/strikes/hits sb.that...某人突然想起……
①I was going along the street looking for a place to park when the accident occurred.我正沿街寻找停车点时，突然发生了事故。
②(辽宁高考)When Babbage was working at Cambridge，a new idea occurred_to_him.
在剑桥工作时，巴比奇想到了一个新主意。
③It_never_occurred_to/hit/struck_me_that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
我从来没有想到你能成功说服他改变主意。
indicate vt.指出；标示；表明；暗示
教材原句P7：Try to use the expressions above to indicate that you are listening carefully to your partner.
试着用上面的表达表明你在认真听同伴的讲述。
(1)indicate sth.to sb.向某人指出、暗示某物
(2)indicate that...示意；表明；暗示；说明
(3)indication n．暗示；表示；预兆
①(北京卷开放作文)As_indicated_in_the_picture，if the man is willing to look for other possibilities，he can find a better and more rewarding way to achieve his goal.
图片中显示，如果这个人愿意寻找其他的可能性，他能找到一个更好的、更有益的方式来实现他的目标。
②(牛津P1038)A red sky at night often indicates fine weather the next day.夜空呈红色往往预兆第二天天气晴朗。
③His attitude indicates that he is not very happy with what you are doing.他的态度暗示他对你的所作所为很不高兴。
Ⅰ.完成句子
1．There is a great deal of evidence________________(表明) that listening to soft music can reduce stress.
答案：　indicating
2．Don’t worry about the present situation in the world；________________________________________(大多数人喜欢和平而不是战争)．
答案：　the majority of people prefer peace to war
3．I wish to congratulate you on your ____________________(当选为主席) of the Students’ Union.
答案：　being elected chairman
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．(2013·合肥第三次教学质量检测)My best friend，Amy，is always supportive，so her friendship undoubtedly________a great deal to me.
A．devotes B．contributes
C．means D．submits
解析：　考查动词辨析。句意为：我最好的朋友Amy总是很支持我，因此毫无疑问她的友谊对我来说很重要。mean可表示某人/某物有多重要，sth./sb.mean sth.to sb.意为“某物/某人对某人来说很重要”，符合语境。devote致力于；contribute贡献，出力；submit提交，均不符合语境，故排除。
答案：　C
2．(2014·济南一中月考)In many places，________bicycle is still________popular means of transportation.
A． a；the　　　　　　　　　　　 B．/；a
C．the；a D．the；the
解析：　第一空the bicycle表示类别。第二空是泛指，表示一种运输方式。
答案：　C
3．(2014·山西诊断考试)It________me how we could improve the situation on the way to the station.
A．struck B．approached
C．accessed D．occurred
解析：　考查动词辨析。句意为：我突然意识到我们如何才能改善这个局面。“It strikes (struck) sb.＋从句．..”表示“某人突然意识到……”，为固定句型。
答案：　A
4．(2014·甘肃兰州、靖远名校高三模拟考试)The way you spend your money may________your attitude towards life.
A．support B．transform
C．indicate D．direct
解析：　考查动词。句意为：你花钱的方式也许会表明你对生活的态度。根据句意可知应选indicate，表示“表明，显示”。support支持；transform使改变外观；direct指导，管理。
答案：　C
5．The number of students in our class________more than 70 and the majority of them________from the countryside.
A．is；is B．is；are
C．are；is D．are；are
解析：　the number of...……的数量，作主语时谓语动词用单数；the majority of...……的大部分，后跟可数名词复数形式时，谓语动词用复数，故B项正确。
答案：　B
a great many很多，许多(修饰可数名词)
①(朗文P1256)The country has a great many problems that need urgent attention.该国有许许多多急需关注的问题。
②Nowadays a great many teenagers are_addicted_to playing computer games，which makes their parents very worried.
当今许多青少年迷恋玩电脑游戏，这使他们的父母非常担心。
a good/great many后接复数名词，但a good/great many后接of时，必须加限定词，如these /those/the/one’s等，然后再加名词复数。
③It seems that a great/good_many_of_them are out of work now.
似乎他们中的许多人现在都失业了。
④A good many of the/those students in our class have passed the exam.我们班中有很多学生通过了考试。
take in包括；吸收；理解；欺骗
教材原句P8：It’s a 79 km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots.这是一次往返79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。
[来源:21世纪教育网]
take away拿走，使离开；消除(病痛等)
take off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；大获成功
take on呈现；雇用
take over接收，接管，取代
take up占去，占据；开始；从事
①He was homeless，so we took_him_in.
他无家可归，我们便收留了他。
②Don’t be taken in by products promising to make you lose weight quickly.不要被许诺能使你快速减肥的商品所欺骗。
③I couldn’t take in the professor’s lecture at all.It was too difficult for me.我一点也不理解教授的演讲，对我来说太难了。
④My writing career took_off when I discovered my own style.
找到自己的写作风格后，我的写作事业开始起色了。
team up with (＝cooperate with)与……结合/合作，协作
(朗文P2113)The university is teaming up with a school in England for the research project.
该大学正与英格兰的一所学校合作研究这项课题。
be fed up with对……感到厌烦，腻了
catch/keep up with赶上
put up with忍受；容忍
end up with以……结束
①We teamed up so that we could divide the work and write a book more quickly.我们相互协作，以使我们能够分配任务并且更快地写完这本书。
②I’ll have to put up with the noise till I move next week.
我下周就要搬了，在此之前，我还是得忍受这种噪音。
③The old couple is_never_fed_up_with going to the same park every day.这对老夫妻每天都去同一个公园，从不厌烦。
Ⅰ.完成句子
1．______________________________(为保持良好关系) with your teachers and classmates，you should learn to be on good terms with them.
答案：　To keep up good relationships
2．The route______________________(已被画出) so that it is easy to find his house.
答案：　has been marked out
3．John preferred to go into business alone rather than____________________(合作) anyone else.
答案：　team up with
4．Mr Brown sent an e-mail to the manager，____________________________(申请一份工作) in the company.
答案：　applying for a job
5．It is honorable to__________________(谋生) with your hands while depending on others is a shame.
答案：　make a life
6．These teenagers don’t know much of the world yet；that’s why they__________________________(那么容易受骗)．
答案：　are so easily taken in
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．(2014·江西高安中学模拟)—You know I dropped medicine and________physics.
—You made a right decision.
A．took up B．took in
C．took apart D．took off
解析：　考查动词短语辨析。句意为：你知道我放弃了医学，开始学物理了。你做了一个正确的决定。take up意为“(开始)从事，接受”；take in意为“吸收，领会”；take apart意为“拆开”；take off意为“起飞”。
答案：　A
2．(2014·芜湖一中模拟)I couldn’t________what Obama was saying in his Inauguration Speech (就职演说) though I listened to it carefully.
A．take back B．take up
C．take over D．take in
解析：　考查动词短语辨析。take back收回；take up开始从事；take over接替，接管；take in理解，吸收。句意为：尽管我仔细地听了奥巴马的就职演说，但我还是听不懂他在说些什么。由语境可知，D项正确。
答案：　D
3．(2014·安徽皖南联考)Both Class 3 and our class won’t be able to finish the work unless we________each other.
A．team up with B．come up with[来源:21世纪教育网]
C．put up with D．catch up with
解析：　句意为：如果不合作的话，3班和我们班都不能完成这项工作。team up with与……合作；come up with提出；put up with忍受；catch up with追上；赶上。
答案：　A
4．The maths examination was rather difficult；to our joy，________the students passed it.
A．a great many B．a great many of
C．a great deal of D．plenty of
解析：　句意为：数学考试相当困难，使我们高兴的是，大多数学生通过了考试。名词前有限定词the时用a great many of。
答案：　B
That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
这就是今天有超过40%的加利福尼亚人把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。
(1)This/That is why...为表语从句的常用句型结构，意为“这/那就是为什么……”，用来表示原因。
(2)That’s because...这是因为……，because从句表示原因
(3)The reason why...is/was that...……的原因是……，表语从句常用that引导，而不用because。
①Tom came late for the meeting.That_was_because he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到了，那是他病了。
②Tom was ill.That_was_why he came late for the meeting.
汤姆病了，那就是他开会迟到的原因。
③The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。
However，it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
然而，可能美洲土著人至少一万五千年前就生活在加利福尼亚。
本句式中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。
It is likely that...……是可能的，此句型可转化为：sb./sth.be likely to do...某人/物可能干某事。
①It is very likely that，in many schools，the students are going to spend less time in doing homework than they used to.
在很多学校学生做作业的时间有可能比从前少。
②As far as I know，he is likely to drop out of school to attend to his sick mother.
＝As far as I know，it’s_likely_that he will drop out of school to attend to his sick mother.
据我所知，他有可能辍学照顾生病的母亲。
It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups，but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种明显主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。
It is believed that...人们认为……。在该句型中，it是形式主语，that引导主语从句。
①It_is_generally_believed_that IT has both advantages and disadvantages.人们普遍认为信息技术既有优点又有缺点。
It’s said that...据说……
It’s reported that...据报道……
It’s hoped that...大家希望……
It’s well-known that...众所周知……
It’s thought that...大家认为……
It’s suggested that...据建议……
②It is hoped that the cost of medical care can be cut down.
人们希望医疗费能够降低。
Ⅰ.句型转换
1．Human beings are said to be naturally equipped to speak.
→________ ________ ________ ________human beings are naturally equipped to speak.
答案：　It is said that
2．A visit to the rainforest for us students is likely to be an unforgettable experience.
→________ ________ ________ ________a visit to the rainforest for us students will be an unforgettable experience.
答案：　It is likely that
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．(2013·南昌二模)Nuclear radiation is said________the biggest health challenge in Japanese Earthquake over the past few months.
A．being B．to be
C．to have been D．that it is
解析：　考查非谓语动词。“sb./sth.＋be＋reported/said/believed/thought etc.＋to do sth.(＝It is/was＋reported/said/believed/thought etc.＋that...)”为常用句式，由此可排除A和D选项。且根据题干中的时间状语“over the past few months”可知，空格处应该使用不定式的完成式。
答案：　C
2．(2014·江西赣州高三下学期4月模拟考试)The meeting which is reported ________this month has been put off till the end of next month.
A．being held B．to hold
C．to be held D．holding
解析：　考查非谓语动词。句意为：本来宣布要这个月举行的会议已经被推迟到下月底了。hold与The meeting之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用被动语态，不定式则表示将来的动作。
答案：　C
3．(2014·湖南省十二校联考)—You see，I’m poor in math，but good at English，while you are good at math，but weak in English.
—That’s________we should help each other.
A．when B．why
C．how D．what
解析：　句意为：——你瞧，我的数学差，但英语好，而你数学好，但英语差。——这正是我们应该互相帮助的原因。why表示“为什么”，指的是要互相帮助的原因，在表语从句中作原因状语，符合句意。[来源:21世纪教育网]
答案：　B
4．(2014·青岛模拟)—Have you heard the news that he was admitted into Beijing University?
—Yes，that’s________he worked so hard all the time，so his efforts paid off.
A．why B．because
C．how D．what
解析：　根据语境，前者说的是结果“他被北京大学录取”，后者解释原因，所以用because。
答案：　B
5．(2014·唐山摸底考试)Since he was 67，it didn’t seem________that he would continue long in that position.21世纪教育网
A．impossible B．necessary[来源:21世纪教育网]
C．particular D．likely
解析：　考查形容词。句意为：他已经67岁了，看起来不可能在那个职位上待很长时间了。A、B选项用于It’s impossible/important/necessary/unusual that...句型，that从句常用should＋动词原形，而非would＋动词原形。C项不符合题意，故选D。
答案：　D
elect v．选择；决定做某事；选举某人
elect to do...选择或决定……
elect sb.(to be/as)．..选举某人为……
He was elected (as/to be) the new Prime Minister.
他被选为新一届首相。
live on继续生存；继续存在
The government has taken measures to make this custom live on.
政府已经采取措施使这个风俗得以延续下去。
mark out画线；标出……界线
When doing my reading，I often mark out what I regard as important in a book.读书的时候，我常在书上把我所认为重要的地方标出。
【写作素材】
1．自从1978年改革以来，中国经历了移民大潮。
2．据报道成千上万的农民从农村来到城市。
3．尽管辛苦，他们中的多数人都能适应城市生活。
4．有些甚至申请到了城市居民权。
5．他们通过努力工作为城市的繁荣作出了贡献。
提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达。
【连句成篇】
Since the reform in 1978，China has experienced immigration movements.It is reported that thousands and thousands of farmers came from the countryside to the cities.The majority of them can make a life in the cities despite great hardship，and some even have applied for right to live in the city.They have made great contributions to the boom of the cities by means of working hard.
名词性从句
1．(2014·安徽江南十校联考)The best moment was________the Chinese player scored the winning goal.
A．if B．how
C．when D．that
解析：　考查表语从句。句意为：最精彩的时刻是中国队选手赢得决胜球时。when表示“在……时候，在……情况下”，用于谈论某个时间或某种情况。
答案：　C
2．(2013·皖南八校第二次联考)________Mo Yan had been awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature made us very proud.21世纪教育网
A．As B．That
C．Which D．What
解析：　考查名词性从句。句意为：莫言获得2012年诺贝尔文学奖让我们感到非常自豪。分析句子成分可知，made是谓语动词，us是宾语，very proud是宾语补足语，因此________Mo Yan had been awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature是主语从句，并在句中作主语，主语从句成分齐全，因此用that作引导词，不作句子成分，只起连接作用。
答案：　B
3．(2013·皖南八校第三次联考)It hasn’t been made clear________the new underground line is to be open to traffic.
A．when 　　 B．that
C．what 　　 D．where
解析：　考查名词性从句。句意为：新的地铁线路何时开放还不清楚。句中it是形式主语，空处引导的是主语从句。根据句意可知选when。
答案：　A
4．(2014·石家庄质检)At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see________it got any better.
A．when B．how
C．why D．if
解析：　考查宾语从句。句意为：一开始他不喜欢这份新工作，但决定给自己几个月的时间看看情况会不会有所好转。根据句意可知，选D项。
答案：　D
5．(2013·河北保定二模)Can I have a word with________is in charge of the guest room department?
A．anyone B．who
C．whom D．whoever
解析：　考查宾语从句。此处with之后为介词的宾语从句，whoever作宾语从句的主语。句意为：我能和负责客房部的人谈谈吗？
答案：　D