高考英语复习语法专题突破千变万化的动词学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 高考英语复习语法专题突破千变万化的动词学案（含答案） |  | |
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| 文件大小 | 139.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2023-04-15 07:57:30 | ||
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文档简介
专攻解题方法与技巧
语法专题突破 千变万化的动词
第一讲 谓语动词
一) 动词的时态
语篇导入
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的时态、语态。
I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students’ union. I am writing①to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making② our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel③ ashamed whenever I see③ this. It is③ clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students’ union held④ a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having⑤ a heated discussion when our headmaster came④ and joined④ us. After the meeting, the headmaster said④ that the school had made⑥ efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed⑦ around. Recently, the Students’ Union has set up⑧ specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become⑨ a more enjoyable place in the near future.
①是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are＋现在分词。表示现在正在发生的动作。
②是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been＋现在分词。表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作。
③是一般现在时，结构为：be动词：am/is/are；行为动词：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式。表示现在的状态，还可表现现在经常性或习惯性动作。
④是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用动词的一般过去式形式。表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
⑤是过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋现在分词。表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
⑥是过去完成时，结构为：had＋过去分词。表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
⑦是过去将来时，结构为：would＋动词原形。表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外此处主语 dustbins为动作的承受者，所以用被动语态。
⑧是现在完成时，结构为：has/have＋过去分词。表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
⑨是一般将来时，结构为：will＋动词原形。表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。
难点精析
一、词形变化
在时态的变化中，动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。
形式 变化规则 构成方法 例词
原形 see，finish，teach，touch
三单 一般情况 直接加－s look—looks
write—writes
以－ch，－sh，－s，－x结尾 加－es teach—teaches
finish—finishes
guess—guesses
mix—mixes
以“辅音＋o”结尾 加－es do—does
go—goes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i
加－es try—tries
bury—buries
过去式/过去分词 一般情况 直接加－ed stay—stayed
look—looked
以不发音－e结尾 直接加－d decide—decided
hope—hoped
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写辅音字母加－ed stop—stopped
admit—admitted
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i加－ed carry—carried
try—tried
现在
分词 一般情况 直接加－ing go—going
read—reading
以不发音－e结尾 去e加－ing have—having
write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写辅音字
母加－ing cut—cutting
run—running
二、核心考点
高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查(常在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中考查)。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是9种。
1．一般现在时(am/is/are；动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式)
(1)常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
2．一般过去时(过去式)
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，the other day等时间状语连用。
He arrived at school at 9：00 a．m. yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到学校。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
3．一般将来时
表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall＋动词原形或者强调主观看法，表示主语打算、计划等决定要做的事要用is/am/are going to＋动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next week等连用。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下月卸任。
4．现在进行时(am/is/are＋现在分词)
(1)表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作；也可以表示当时一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有now，at present, this week等。
Mother is waiting for me.
母亲在等我。
What lesson are you studying this week
你们本周学哪一课了？
(2)代替一般将来时，表示即将发生的动作。动词一般多为表示位置转移的动词。如：go, come, leave, arrive等。
5．过去进行时(was/were＋现在分词)
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语then，at that time等。
I was doing my lessons then.
那时我在做功课。
(2)代替过去将来时，表示过云即将发生的动作。
He said he was coming to see me.
他说他要来看我。
即时训练1
单句语法填空
①(2021·新高考Ⅰ)You can’t help wondering how hard it __was__(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
②(2018·全国Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it __is__(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.
③(2021·全国甲)We __hired__(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
④(2021·诸暨市5月模拟)So focused __is__(be) the society on making people’s life more convenient in the short term, but in the long run, those everyday conveniences are at the expense of our health.
⑤(2021·河南顶尖名校联考)It is a basic human ability to remember things which he __watches__(watch) and does by himself.
⑥(2021·成都三诊)My friend Tony, who __was studying__(study) acupuncture at a college near London at the time, suggested that I visit an acupuncturist.
6．现在完成时(have/has＋过去分词)
(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I’m sorry，but I don’t quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20
—Sorry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want to return on October 20．
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。
(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，for＋一段时间，up to now，until now，ever since，so far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。
I have learned about two hundred English words in the past three hours.
在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。
(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
It has been＋一段时间＋since从句
This/That/It is the first/second...time that＋现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次做演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
7．过去完成时 (had＋过去分词)
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。
No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.
他们刚从房子里跑出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
即时训练2
单句语法填空
①(2017·全国Ⅰ)Before getting into the car，I thought I __had learned__(learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he __had said__(say) to me altogether.
②(2019·全国Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __have made__(make) over the years.
③No sooner __had__we __been__(be) seated than the bus started.
④(2021·广东六校联考)The master carpenter __has drawn__(draw)over 1．18 million subscribers so far on the Internet.
⑤(2021·天津十二区县联考)As is reported, the number of smokers __has dropped__(drop) by 17 percent in just one year thanks to the push of health knowledge.
8．过去将来时(should/would＋动词原形)
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.
我不知道儿子紧接着要说什么。
9．现在完成进行时(have/has＋been＋现在分词)
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我们常常见面。
即时训练3
单句语法填空
①—Where is Peter I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and __have been writing__(write) his essay there ever since.
②Albert Einstein was born in 1879．As a child，few people guessed that he __would be__(be) a famous scientist whose theories __would change__(change) the world.
③(2021·南开中学5月模拟)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities __has been rising__(rise) steadily since 1997．
④Since then—for all these years—we __have been allowing__(allow) tomatoes to self－seed where they please.
⑤(2020·天津卷改编)—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I __have been practising__(practise)a lot these days.
二 动词的语态
语篇导入
阅读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的语态。
Xiao Ming’s Cellphone
Xiao Ming’s cellphone was broken① by his father yesterday evening.I couldn’t get through to him because the cellphone was being repaired② then.Before this，his cellphone had been broken③ four times because he was careless.Xiao Ming liked cellphone games so much that he didn’t study hard.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.However，many of them are being used⑤ to play games by teenagers.So far，many questions have been raised⑥by their parents.Should they be used⑦ by students
Xiao Ming’s cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ to play games again.
①是被动语态的一般过去时，结构为：was/were＋过去分词。
②是被动语态的过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋being＋过去分词。
③是被动语态的过去完成时，结构为：had been＋过去分词。
④是被动语态的一般现在时，结构为：is/am/are＋过去分词。
⑤是被动语态的现在进行时，结构为：is/am are＋being＋过去分词。
⑥是被动语态的现在完成时，结构为：have/has been＋过去分词。
⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
⑧是被动语态的一般将来时，结构为：will＋be＋过去分词。
⑨是被动语态的将来完成时，结构为：will＋have been＋过去分词。
⑩是被动语态的将来进行时，结构为：will＋be being＋过去分词。
难点精析
1．不及物动词及短语没有被动语态。
An accident happened on the way home last night and five people were killed.
昨晚在回家的路上发生了一起意外事故，死了五个人。
A big fire broke out in our school last week.
上周我们学校发生了一场大火。
2．被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/副词。
Trees should not be planted in summer.
夏天不应该种树。
The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
这个男孩被他的同学取笑了。
3．汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中可用被动结构表示，构成It is＋done...形式。如：
It is said/reported that...据说/据报道……
It is well known that...众所周知
It must be pointed out that...必须指出……
It must be admitted that...人们必须承认……
It is generally considered/supposed/hoped/believed that...人们普遍认为/希望/相信……
It is generally considered that the key to learning a foreign language well is nothing but practice.
人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。
It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.
据报告，近两日气温将明显下降。
4．下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。
(1)feel/taste/smell/look/sound＋adj.
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.
你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(2)want/need/require doing
The window wants/needs/requires repairing.
这扇窗户需要修理。
Your composition still requires polishing to be published.
你的文章出版前还需润色。
(3)wash/sell/write/read＋adv.
The clothes washes well.
这些衣服很好洗。
Her new book was interesting and sold well.
她的新书很有趣并且卖得不错。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who __had been trapped__(trap) in the mountains for two days.
②(2021·3月天津)Currently, about 35,000 works __are being displayed__(dispaly) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
③(2021·1月浙江)It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 __is considered__(consider) healthy.
④If you leave the club，you __won’t be allowed__(not，allow) back in.
⑤(2021·浙江)The little home __was painted__(paint)white. It was sweet and fresh.
⑥(2021·广州六区检测)Homeless people __are told__(tell)what to do every place they go，but we want to encourage them to be leaders.
⑦(2021·安徽蚌埠一模)Late last century，residents __were bothered__(bother)by dust on windy days and mud flows when it rained.
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．(2021·浙江)It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, __has proved/proven__(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据时间状语“since it opened to the public”可知，此处用现在完成时态。故填has proved/proven。
2．(2018·全国Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government __started__(start) a soil－testing programme that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7．7 million tons.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据上下文可知作者在说2005年发生的事情，应用动词的一般过去式。故填started。
3．(2021·全国甲)The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It __was built__(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)．
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知，空格处为谓语，动词build和主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态(be done)，根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式，主语it为第三人称单数，主谓一致。故填was built。
4．(2015·湖南)I __was walking__(walk) across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked what he was doing he shouted at me.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，句子是was/were doing...when...固定句型。故填was walking。
5．(2021·台州市4月调考)In reality, however,60% of clothing nowadays __is abandoned__(abandon)within a year of purchase，...
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：事实上，如今60%的衣物在购买一年之后就被遗弃了……。分析句子可知，本句缺少谓语，abandon与主语clothing为动宾关系，所以用被动语态，clothing为不可数名词，陈述的是客观事实。故填is abandoned。
6．(2021·天津十二区县联考2)Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight CZ3694 __takes__(take) off at 17?15．
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：看看时间表。快点！CZ3694航班17?15起飞。一般现在时表示飞机按照时间表即将进行的动作。故填takes。
7．(2021·南开中学5月模拟)— You speak very good French!
—Thanks. I __studied__(study) French in Nankai University for four years.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：——你的法语讲的很好。——谢谢，我在南开大学学了4年的法语。根据句意，说话人在南开大学学了4年的法语，应用一般过去时。故填studied。
技法点津
1．掌握独特的时间状语标志
(1)时间基点为现在，题干中如用always，often，seldom，sometimes，usually等，用一般现在时。
(2)题干中如用yesterday，last night，a few days ago，the other day等，用一般过去时。
(3)题干中如用tomorrow，next year，in a week等，用一般将来时。
(4)题干中如用now，at present等，用现在进行时。
(5)题干中如用at that time，then，at six o’clock yesterday等，用过去进行时。
(6)题干中如用at this time tomorrow，from 1 o’clock to 3 o’clock tomorrow等，用将来进行时。
(7)题干中如用since，so far，up to now，in/over/during the last year/past few years等，用现在完成时。
2．熟记固定句型中的时态
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
3．分清主动被动，辨析语态
看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词，要想到用一般被动语态。
三 主谓一致
语篇导入
1．语法一致原则
I live① in Beijing while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle support④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则动词用复数形式：
①根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。
②主语是不定式或动名词，动词用单数。
③主语是从句，动词一般用单数。
④主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词跟这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。
⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
2．意义一致原则
I have been travelling on a budget for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t② understand me，the majority of people I met on my way are③ friendly.The old don’t④ support my crazy behaviour，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they have been used to this.
①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
②“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
③the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。
④“the＋adj.”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示一类物时，谓语动词用单数。
⑤family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．就近一致原则
There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.
①here/there引导一个句子而且主语不止一个时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
②由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
难点精析
1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两样物)
注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．若主语中有more than one 或many a/an ，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more＋复数名词＋than one作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数。
Many a boy likes playing basketball.
许多男生都喜欢打篮球。
More than one student was late.
不止一个学生迟到。
More persons than one come to help us.
不止一个人来帮助我们。
3．形复意单名词如：news；以－ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights《天方夜谭》；以及the United Nations联合国等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①The teacher and poet often __gives__(give) lectures around the city.
②Two－thirds of the books __are__(be) about science.
③Nobody but Jim and Mike __is__(be) on the playground now.
④As far as I know，his family __is__not very large but the family __are__all music lovers.(be)
⑤The poor __were__(be) looked down upon in the old days.
⑥Neither his parents nor I __am__(be) able to persuade him to change his mind.
⑦Listening to loud music and rock concerts __has caused__(cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far.
⑧Barbara is easy to recognize as she is the only one of the women who __wears__(wear) evening dress.
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国Ⅰ)“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it __means__(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据直接引语中的excites可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
2．(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection __is__(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。主语是a small part，谓语动词用单数；此处说明事实，故用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。故填is。
3．(2021·广东东华高级中学第二次联考)So far，the tiger’s habitat __has been destroyed__(destroy)seriously as humans have developed land for uses such as farming and logging.
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。当句中有时间状语so far出现的时候，句子一般用现在完成时。另外，根据句意可知habitat和destroy是被动关系，且主语为单数。故填has been destroyed。
4．(2021·天津十二区县一模)Many a famous pop star __is performing__(perform) in the concert tonight, so I’m looking forward to it very much.
解析：考查主谓一致及动词的时态。句意：许多著名的流行歌手将在今晚的音乐会中表演，所以我非常期待。分析题意，many a 译为“许多的”修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。同时，现在进行时可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的事，给人一种期待感。故填is performing。
技法点津
1．找准句子中的主语，看主语是单数还是复数。
2．牢记特殊用法的结构，用对谓语动词的数。
3．注意结合时态和语态。
, 四) 情态动词
语篇导入
1．can/could
Mary—M Nancy—N
M：Can① you read this word
N：Sorry，I can’t①.
M：Can/Could② I use your dictionary
N：Of course you can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictionary
M：Can④ it be in your dormitory
N：No，it can’t④ be.I never study in my dormitory.
M：Could you have lent⑤ it to your deskmate
N：No，my deskmate couldn’t have borrowed⑤ a dictionary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ touch her books without permission.
M：An organized person can⑦ forget things.
can/could的意义及用法
①can表能力，意为“能够”。
②can表请求，could 表示委婉语气。
③can表许可。
④can表推测，意为“可能”，常用于疑问句/否定句。
⑤couldn’t have done 意为“不可能做过某事”，Could sb./sth.have done... 意为“某人做过某事吗？”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。
⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。
⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2．may/might
Mike—M Teacher—T
M：May/Might① I come in
T：Yes，you may②.You’re almost late，and where is your deskmate
M：Hmm，I don’t know.He may/might③ be on the way to school.
T：He might③ be；that is，he might not③ be on his way to school.Mike，you may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he come yet
M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might not have set⑤ the alarm clock.
may/might的意义及用法
①表示请求。
②表示许可，不用might。
③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。
④may as well“还是……好”。
⑤might have done表示对过去的猜测，意为“可能做了某事”。might not have done意为“可能没做某事”。
3．must
Jane—J Mother—M
J：Mom，must① I take this medicine
M：Yes，you must①.
J：Must① I take it right now
M：No，you needn’t②.You can take it later.
J：But it must be③ bitter.
M：I’ve told you to wear your coat，but you must④ wear your T－shirt.Besides，you must have played⑤ outdoors.You mustn’t⑥ do it again.
must的意义及用法
①must表必须，肯定回答用must。
②否定回答用needn’t。
③must be表示对现在的猜测，只用于肯定句。
④must表示非要，偏偏。
⑤must have done 表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。
⑥mustn’t 表示禁止，不表示推测。
4．should
Boss—B Jane—J Steven—S
B：It’s nine now and everyone should① be here.Where is Steven He should have arrived② ten minutes ago.
J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr. Punctual should③ be late for work.
B：Here he comes.Why are you late，Steven
S：I’m terribly sorry，sir. I shouldn’t have drunk② too much coffee yesterday evening.I kept my eyes open until four o’clock in the morning.
B：A person like you shouldn’t drink④ too much coffee，tea either.
S：Yes，I ought to be punctual as usual.
should的意义及用法
①表示推测，意思为“按理说应当”。
②should have done 意为“过去本应做而没做”，shouldn’t have done表示“过去本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。
③表“竟然”。
④should (not) do sth.＝ought (not) to do sth.“(不)应该做某事”。
5．shall
Man—M Woman—W
M：Hi，where are you going
W：I shall① go to New York.
M：Me too！Oh，your suitcase is heavy. Shall② I carry it for you，Miss？(carrying the suitcase to the woman’s seat and sitting beside the woman)
W：Thank you for helping me，but it’s required that everyone shall③ sit on his own seat.
M：It doesn’t matter.
W：Stay away from me，or I will call the police.You shall④ be sorry for what you do.Sir，I need your help.(waving to a policeman)
shall的意义及用法
①用于第一人称，表将要做某事。
②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表请求。
③用于第三人称陈述句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。
④用于第二、三人称陈述句，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6．need/dare
Mike—M Jack—J
M：Do you dare to take① your cellphone to the examination
J：No，I dare not do② it；I needn’t do③ it either.
M：You study well，so you don’t need to cheat④.I am different.
J：Stop thinking about cheating，and you can’t get away with it.You need to⑤ study hard.No pains，no gains.
need/dare的意义及用法
dare和need在作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not，如用法第②和③。
dare和need作实意动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果构成疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词do/does，且其后要加to do。如用法第①④⑤。
其用法简单总结为：有助有to，无助无to。
7．will/would
Tom—T Mary—M
M：How about the new watch
T：I will① never use it any more.It just won’t② give the correct time.
M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.
T：At nine’ clock in the morning？She would/used to④ have a nap in the afternoon.
M：The phone is ringing，but I am busy with my work.
T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
will/would的意义及用法
①表示意愿。
②表示物的属性。
③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。
④would/used to表示过去的习惯。
⑤表示临时起意。
难点精析
1．用于固定习语中：can’t... too/enough (无论……也不过分；越……越好)
You can’t be too careful when crossing a busy street.
＝You can’t be careful enough when crossing a busy street.
你横穿马路的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2．情态动词＋have done
对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测 (1)must have done sth.“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may(might) have done sth.“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句和否定句中
(3)can(could) not have done sth.“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定
表示“与过去事实相反” (1)could have done sth.(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做
(2)needn’t have done sth.(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了
(3)ought to/should have done sth.(过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做
(4)oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done sth.(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了
(5)might have done sth.(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做
即时训练
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)
①—I don’t really like James.Why did you invite him
—Don’t worry.He __might not__come.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
②I __can’t__thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
③He __can’t__be our manager.Our manager has gone to Beijing.
④You __could__have done better，but you didn’t try your best.
⑤I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning.She __couldn’t__have spoken at the meeting.
⑥Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman __should__do that.
⑦You __mustn’t__play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.
⑧You __shall__be punished for what you have done.
⑨It __must__have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.
⑩I __needn’t__have taken the umbrella，for the weather is fine.
单句改错
It is true that no one should live without money in modern society.
__should→can__
I love the weekend，because I don’t need get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
__need后加to__
—I am worn out now.I stayed up last night to finish the report.
—Oh？You wouldn’t have.The professor asked us to hand it in next week.
__wouldn’t→needn’t__
五 虚拟语气
语篇导入
1．wish/would rather/as if/if only
Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)
Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.
W：I would rather I hadn’t invited② you to go out.
Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.
W：If only you hadn’t fallen② into the river! If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn’t blame③ this on me.
as if/though好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，宁愿，if only要是……就好了，这四组词后的从句往往用虚拟语气。
①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。
②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。
③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might＋动词原形。
2．条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W
(in the hospital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①
W：If you hadn’t gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn’t have caught a cold.②
Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn’t have forgotten to wear warm coats.④
W：Is it all Lao Wang’s fault But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn’t have fallen into the water.⑥ I’d catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦
①②⑦为if条件句引导的虚拟语气，从句和主句的结构为：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done...，主语＋would/could/should/might have done...
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
⑥为条件虚拟语气的省略与倒装，结构为：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would have done...
Were＋主语＋to do/Should＋主语＋do，主语＋would do...
③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，结构如下：
主语＋would have done...，but 过去的事实
主语＋would do...，but 现在的事实
without/but for＋n.，主语＋would do(与现在相反)
without/but for＋n.，主语＋would have done (与过去相反)
现在的事实，otherwise/or＋主语＋would do
过去的事实，otherwise/or＋主语＋would have done
3．名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he should not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he should take out the cellphone and commanded that he should phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher should not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher should give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students should not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike should study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有should的虚拟语气，即“(shouldn’t)动词原形”。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。
上述动词用于It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句时，从句使用带should的虚拟语气，如②。
上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句用含有should的虚拟语气，如③。
It is high/about time that sb.did/should do sth.也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4．It is＋adj.＋that sb.should do...
English teacher：It is important/essential/necessary that you should learn English well.
Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I should learn English well.
某些It is/was＋形容词＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)动词原形”，这类形容词包括 important，essential，necessary，strange 等等。
难点精析
1．当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
(1)The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
(2)The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he should not be sent to hospital.
这个老人坚持认为他没有病，坚持要求他不应该被送到医院。
2．错综时间条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people.If only I __had been__(be) there before!
②Our only request is that this __(should) be settled__(settle) as soon as possible.
③I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he __would have arrived__(arrive) on time.
④If it __should rain/were to rain/rained__(rain) tomorrow，they would not go out for a picnic.
⑤If you __had taken__(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.
单句改错
⑥If you worked hard then，you would have been admitted to a key university.
__worked前加had__
⑦How I wish every student have a scientific and systematic study method!
__have→had__
⑧We agreed to the order that the task was completed at 5 o’clock.
__was→be__
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．(2021·3月天津)It used to be that you __could__drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：以前你可能在这里开了几英里，都没见过别人，但现在到处都是房子和人。could可能，表示对客观可能性的推测。根据前半句意思可知，表示的是对客观可能性的推测。故填could。
2．(2020·天津)Jim says we __can__stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即：我们“能，可以”待在他的房子里。故填can。
3．(2020·天津)You __shouldn’t__(not) have scolded him for his poor performance.After all，he had done his best.
解析：考查情态动词＋have done。句意：你本不应该因为他表现不好而责骂他。毕竟，他已经尽力了。根据前后句关系可知，此处表示“本不该”，是指做了本不该做的事。故填shouldn’t。
4．(2020·江苏)If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I __wouldn’t be__(not，be) where I am.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句中条件句和主句时间并不一致，条件是对过去的虚拟，结果是对现在的虚拟，所以要用would＋do。故填wouldn’t be。
技法点津
情态动词和虚拟语气解题“两注意”
注意一：若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
注意二：一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的句型。
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．It is the first time that my son __has met__(meet) Zhong Nanshan，the renowned Chinese hero face to face.
解析：考查动词的时态。It is the first time that＋sb.have/has done sth.，这是某人第几次做某事。所以答案为现在完成时，且主语为my son。故填has met。
2．The girl __shook__(shake) her head happily，and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据下文“and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground”时态是过去时，前后时态应该一致，所以用过去时。故填shook。
3．The father as well as his kids __is discussing__(discuss) where to spend the weekend now.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语now可知，此处用现在进行时态。主语是The father，所以用单数。故填is discussing。
4．When fat and salt __are removed__(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。根据句意，此处为客观事实，所以用一般现在时，且主语为fat and salt，谓语动词为复数。主语fat and salt与remove为被动关系。故填are removed。
5．The day after tomorrow，I，as well as my friends Zhang Ming and Li Hua，__am__(be) going to buy books.
解析：考查主谓一致。句意：后天，我和我的朋友张明和李华将会去买书。根据句意和题干可知此处为be going to句型，as well as连接两个主语，谓语动词应和I保持一致。故填am。
6．Either the beautiful views of this modern city or its local custom __has attracted__(attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：无论是这座现代化城市的美丽景色还是当地的风俗习惯在过去的这些年都已经吸引了成千上万的游客。由“during the past years”可知，这句话使用现在完成时。“either...or...”作主语时，谓语动词形式与or后主语保持一致，its local custom是第三人称单数，所以谓语动词也应使用第三人称单数形式。故填has attracted。
7．The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which __were__(be) saved for other purposes.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。which指代先行词materials。当the rest在句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词，如果名词是不可数名词，用单数。如果是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。本句中的materials是可数名词复数形式。故填were。
8．On the stage __are__(be) a number of famous singers，whose songs are welcomed by the majority of young people.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：有许多著名的歌手在舞台上，他们的歌曲受大多数年轻人的喜欢。a number of修饰可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数，从“whose songs are welcomed by...”可知用一般现在时。故填are。
9．If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌词) __are spoken__(speak) in the background of the songs.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。notice后是一个由how引导的宾语从句，该从句中缺谓语，而且the lyrics与动词speak之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态。根据语境可知这里讲的是一般情况，所以用一般现在时。故填are spoken。
10．Jenny __should__have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
解析：考查情态动词＋have done。句意：詹妮本应该信守诺言的。我想知道她为什么改变了主意。根据后一句“I wonder why she changed her mind.”可知，詹妮没有信守诺言，should have done sth.“本应该做某事却没做”符合句意。故填should。
11．According to a newly released regulation on online video services，no one __shall__generate，release or spread fake news or information by using such technologies.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：根据最新发行的关于网络视频服务的规章，任何人都不可以使用此类技术生成、发行或者传播虚假消息。根据前面的regulation(规定)可知，本题填入shall更加合理。故填shall。
12．Every coin has two sides.Beautiful songs，sometimes，__may__just be noise to others.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：任何事物都有两面性。优美的歌曲有时候对别人来说也许是噪音。分析句子可知，此处应该表示可能的推测。故填may。
13．My computer didn’t start this morning.There __must__have been something wrong with it.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：我的电脑今早怎么也启动不了了。一定是出了什么问题。must have done表示对过去的肯定推测。故填must。
14．What a pity! The parents could have survived the earthquake, __had__they __not come__(not，come) back to save their child.
解析：考查省略if的条件句。句意：真遗憾！如果不是回来救孩子，这对父母本可以在地震中幸存下来。分析句子可知，此处为if引导的虚拟条件句，与过去事实相反，从句应为：if they hadn’t come...，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把had置于句首，从句可写成“had they not come...”。故填had；not come。
15．He would __have liked__(like) to represent his country in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number of competitors，and Edwards didn’t qualify.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：他本想代表他的国家参加1984年的冬季奥运会，但参赛者众多，爱德华兹没有获得参赛资格。根据本句后面的“Edwards didn’t qualify”可知，爱德华兹没有成功获得参赛资格，故用“would have done”虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的假设，意思是“本来会做”。故填have liked。
16．(2021·诸暨市5月模拟)The popularity of plastic, which __began__(begin) rising in the 1950s, is growing out of control—18．2 trillion pounds of plastic has been produced. And there is no sign of slowing down.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：从20世纪50年代开始，塑料越来越受欢迎，但现在已经超出了控制——人们生产了18．2万亿磅塑料。根据后文“in the 1950s”可知应用一般过去时。故填began。
17．(2021·台州市4月调考)But I’ve come to think that whether you buy something new or used __matters/will matter__(matter) less if you commit to keeping clothes in use for decades.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：我意识到，如果你尽可能发挥物品的价值，那么是否买新的还是二手的都没那么重要。分析句子可知， “whether you buy something new or used ”为主语，本句缺少谓语，与主语为主谓关系，故用主动语态，客观陈述自己的观点，用一般现在时，主语为句子，谓语动词用单数，故可用matters ；由于后面条件状语从句用一般现在时表将来，主句需用一般将来时，所以也可用will matter。故填matters/will matter。
18．(2021·天津芦台一中六模)Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others __is__(be) essential to their development.
解析：考查主谓一致和动词的时态。句意：一般来说，学生的内在动机和对他人的高期望对他们的发展至关重要。作主语的名词或代词用介词with连接时，谓语动词和with前的一个名词或代词的人称和数一致 。主语为motivation，因此谓语为单数；根据语境及generally可知，描述的为一般情况，所以使用一般现在时态。故填is。
19．(2021·天津杨村一中一模)The number of people, who have access to their own cars, __has risen__(rise) sharply in the past decade.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的十年里，拥有私家车的人数急剧增加。根据后文in the past decade可知表示过去发生的动作持续到现在应用现在完成时，主语为the number of people，助动词应用has。故填has risen。
20．(2021·天津耀华滨海学校适应性考试)The photos, which __were taken__(take) while I was studying in Beijing, remind me of many happy memories.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：这些照片是我在北京学习时拍的，让我想起了许多美好的回忆。分析句子成分和句子结构可知，which引导非限制定语从句，修饰先行词photos；分析定语从句句子成分可知，which在从句中充当主语，代指photos，与谓语动词take之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；根据后文的was studying可知，照片是过去拍的，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were taken。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．(2021·3月天津)We __have done__(do) quite enough work for the morning; now let’s take a break.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据后半句“now let’s take a break.”可知，做很多工作这件事情是从过去某个时间开始一直到现在，应用现在完成时。故填have done。
2．(2020·浙江)By about 6,000 BC，people __had discovered__(discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
解析：考查动词的时态。由时间状语By about 6,000 BC可知，本句时态为过去完成时。故填had discovered。
3．(2020·全国Ⅰ)Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it __means__(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon __is constructed__(construct)．”
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。整句话的时态为一般现在时，主语为it，因此第一空填means；the moon与construct之间是被动关系，所以第二空用一般现在时的被动语态。故填means；is constructed。
4．(2021·浙江)After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and __sold__(sell)most of their furniture.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据and连接的第一个并列的谓语动词 rented可知此处应用sell的一般过去式。 故填sold。
5．(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)The parts of a museum open to the public __are called__(call) galleries or rooms.Often，only a small part of museum’s collection __is__(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。第一空：分析句子结构可知，句中缺少谓语，主语The parts与动词call之间为被动关系，且此处说明事实，因此用一般现在时的被动语态；第二空：主语是a small part，时态为现在时，谓语动词用is。故填are called；is。
6．(2020·浙江)And，as more children were born，more food __was needed__(need)．
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。food和need之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态；由上文的“were born”可知此处用一般过去时；且food在此处为不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填was needed。
7．(2020·浙江)Then，with the rise of science，changes began.New methods __meant__(mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
解析：考查动词的时态。结合前一句“...changes began.”用了一般过去时可知，空格处mean也需用一般过去时。故填meant。mean是不规则动词，过去式的正确拼写是关键。
8．(2019·江苏)What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we __would have had__(have) a good time together.
解析：考查虚拟语气。根据关键词or可知应用虚拟语气，这里表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词应用would/could/should/might＋have done。故填would have had。
9．(2018·天津)I can’t find my purse.I __could/might have left__(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m not sure.
解析：考查情态动词。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去发生事情的推测，因此用“情态动词＋have done”，再根据后句but I’m not sure可知，此推测为不太肯定的推测，所以用could/might have done。故填could/might have left。
10．(2018·北京)In today’s information age，the loss of data __can__cause serious problems for a company.
解析：考查情态动词。can在此表示客观可能性，意为“可能会，有时候会”。故填can。
11．(2018·北京)They might have found a better hotel if they __had driven__(drive) a few more kilometers.
解析：考查虚拟语气。根据主句的谓语形式以及语境(事情已经发生)可知，if条件句应该用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，因此从句谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。故填had driven。
12．(2018·江苏)It’s strange that he __should__have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
解析：考查情态动词。此处should作情态动词，表示“竟然”，符合语境。 故填should。
13．(2021·1月浙江)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2．1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain __was__(be) 1．3 in women and 1．6 in men.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据前面的语境用了一般过去时可知，此处也在描述过去的情况，因此用一般过去时。故填was。
14．(2020·全国Ⅱ)Actually，I __started__(start) to learn kung fu when I was seven years old，but I have long been out of practice.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据时间状语从句when I was seven years old可知，叙述的是作者7岁时发生的事情，所以主句谓语用一般过去时。故填started。
15．(2021·全国甲)Last week our teacher asked us to fill in a questionnaire. One of the questions __is__(be)：Who will you go to in times of trouble
解析：考查动词的时态与主谓一致。one of the ＋名词复数，意为“……之一”，为单数含义，所以其后的系动词应用单数。结合句意，此处指问卷调查中的一个问题，所以为客观事实，时态用一般现在时。故填is。
语法专题突破 千变万化的动词
第一讲 谓语动词
一) 动词的时态
语篇导入
朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的时态、语态。
I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students’ union. I am writing①to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making② our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel③ ashamed whenever I see③ this. It is③ clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students’ union held④ a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having⑤ a heated discussion when our headmaster came④ and joined④ us. After the meeting, the headmaster said④ that the school had made⑥ efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed⑦ around. Recently, the Students’ Union has set up⑧ specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become⑨ a more enjoyable place in the near future.
①是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are＋现在分词。表示现在正在发生的动作。
②是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been＋现在分词。表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作。
③是一般现在时，结构为：be动词：am/is/are；行为动词：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式。表示现在的状态，还可表现现在经常性或习惯性动作。
④是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用动词的一般过去式形式。表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
⑤是过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋现在分词。表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
⑥是过去完成时，结构为：had＋过去分词。表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
⑦是过去将来时，结构为：would＋动词原形。表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外此处主语 dustbins为动作的承受者，所以用被动语态。
⑧是现在完成时，结构为：has/have＋过去分词。表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
⑨是一般将来时，结构为：will＋动词原形。表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。
难点精析
一、词形变化
在时态的变化中，动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。
形式 变化规则 构成方法 例词
原形 see，finish，teach，touch
三单 一般情况 直接加－s look—looks
write—writes
以－ch，－sh，－s，－x结尾 加－es teach—teaches
finish—finishes
guess—guesses
mix—mixes
以“辅音＋o”结尾 加－es do—does
go—goes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i
加－es try—tries
bury—buries
过去式/过去分词 一般情况 直接加－ed stay—stayed
look—looked
以不发音－e结尾 直接加－d decide—decided
hope—hoped
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写辅音字母加－ed stop—stopped
admit—admitted
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i加－ed carry—carried
try—tried
现在
分词 一般情况 直接加－ing go—going
read—reading
以不发音－e结尾 去e加－ing have—having
write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写辅音字
母加－ing cut—cutting
run—running
二、核心考点
高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查(常在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中考查)。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是9种。
1．一般现在时(am/is/are；动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式)
(1)常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
2．一般过去时(过去式)
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，the other day等时间状语连用。
He arrived at school at 9：00 a．m. yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到学校。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
3．一般将来时
表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall＋动词原形或者强调主观看法，表示主语打算、计划等决定要做的事要用is/am/are going to＋动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next week等连用。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下月卸任。
4．现在进行时(am/is/are＋现在分词)
(1)表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作；也可以表示当时一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有now，at present, this week等。
Mother is waiting for me.
母亲在等我。
What lesson are you studying this week
你们本周学哪一课了？
(2)代替一般将来时，表示即将发生的动作。动词一般多为表示位置转移的动词。如：go, come, leave, arrive等。
5．过去进行时(was/were＋现在分词)
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语then，at that time等。
I was doing my lessons then.
那时我在做功课。
(2)代替过去将来时，表示过云即将发生的动作。
He said he was coming to see me.
他说他要来看我。
即时训练1
单句语法填空
①(2021·新高考Ⅰ)You can’t help wondering how hard it __was__(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
②(2018·全国Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it __is__(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.
③(2021·全国甲)We __hired__(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
④(2021·诸暨市5月模拟)So focused __is__(be) the society on making people’s life more convenient in the short term, but in the long run, those everyday conveniences are at the expense of our health.
⑤(2021·河南顶尖名校联考)It is a basic human ability to remember things which he __watches__(watch) and does by himself.
⑥(2021·成都三诊)My friend Tony, who __was studying__(study) acupuncture at a college near London at the time, suggested that I visit an acupuncturist.
6．现在完成时(have/has＋过去分词)
(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I’m sorry，but I don’t quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20
—Sorry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want to return on October 20．
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。
(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，for＋一段时间，up to now，until now，ever since，so far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。
I have learned about two hundred English words in the past three hours.
在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。
(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
It has been＋一段时间＋since从句
This/That/It is the first/second...time that＋现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次做演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
7．过去完成时 (had＋过去分词)
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。
No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.
他们刚从房子里跑出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
即时训练2
单句语法填空
①(2017·全国Ⅰ)Before getting into the car，I thought I __had learned__(learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he __had said__(say) to me altogether.
②(2019·全国Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __have made__(make) over the years.
③No sooner __had__we __been__(be) seated than the bus started.
④(2021·广东六校联考)The master carpenter __has drawn__(draw)over 1．18 million subscribers so far on the Internet.
⑤(2021·天津十二区县联考)As is reported, the number of smokers __has dropped__(drop) by 17 percent in just one year thanks to the push of health knowledge.
8．过去将来时(should/would＋动词原形)
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.
我不知道儿子紧接着要说什么。
9．现在完成进行时(have/has＋been＋现在分词)
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我们常常见面。
即时训练3
单句语法填空
①—Where is Peter I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and __have been writing__(write) his essay there ever since.
②Albert Einstein was born in 1879．As a child，few people guessed that he __would be__(be) a famous scientist whose theories __would change__(change) the world.
③(2021·南开中学5月模拟)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities __has been rising__(rise) steadily since 1997．
④Since then—for all these years—we __have been allowing__(allow) tomatoes to self－seed where they please.
⑤(2020·天津卷改编)—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I __have been practising__(practise)a lot these days.
二 动词的语态
语篇导入
阅读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的语态。
Xiao Ming’s Cellphone
Xiao Ming’s cellphone was broken① by his father yesterday evening.I couldn’t get through to him because the cellphone was being repaired② then.Before this，his cellphone had been broken③ four times because he was careless.Xiao Ming liked cellphone games so much that he didn’t study hard.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.However，many of them are being used⑤ to play games by teenagers.So far，many questions have been raised⑥by their parents.Should they be used⑦ by students
Xiao Ming’s cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ to play games again.
①是被动语态的一般过去时，结构为：was/were＋过去分词。
②是被动语态的过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋being＋过去分词。
③是被动语态的过去完成时，结构为：had been＋过去分词。
④是被动语态的一般现在时，结构为：is/am/are＋过去分词。
⑤是被动语态的现在进行时，结构为：is/am are＋being＋过去分词。
⑥是被动语态的现在完成时，结构为：have/has been＋过去分词。
⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
⑧是被动语态的一般将来时，结构为：will＋be＋过去分词。
⑨是被动语态的将来完成时，结构为：will＋have been＋过去分词。
⑩是被动语态的将来进行时，结构为：will＋be being＋过去分词。
难点精析
1．不及物动词及短语没有被动语态。
An accident happened on the way home last night and five people were killed.
昨晚在回家的路上发生了一起意外事故，死了五个人。
A big fire broke out in our school last week.
上周我们学校发生了一场大火。
2．被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/副词。
Trees should not be planted in summer.
夏天不应该种树。
The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
这个男孩被他的同学取笑了。
3．汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中可用被动结构表示，构成It is＋done...形式。如：
It is said/reported that...据说/据报道……
It is well known that...众所周知
It must be pointed out that...必须指出……
It must be admitted that...人们必须承认……
It is generally considered/supposed/hoped/believed that...人们普遍认为/希望/相信……
It is generally considered that the key to learning a foreign language well is nothing but practice.
人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。
It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.
据报告，近两日气温将明显下降。
4．下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。
(1)feel/taste/smell/look/sound＋adj.
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.
你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(2)want/need/require doing
The window wants/needs/requires repairing.
这扇窗户需要修理。
Your composition still requires polishing to be published.
你的文章出版前还需润色。
(3)wash/sell/write/read＋adv.
The clothes washes well.
这些衣服很好洗。
Her new book was interesting and sold well.
她的新书很有趣并且卖得不错。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who __had been trapped__(trap) in the mountains for two days.
②(2021·3月天津)Currently, about 35,000 works __are being displayed__(dispaly) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
③(2021·1月浙江)It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 __is considered__(consider) healthy.
④If you leave the club，you __won’t be allowed__(not，allow) back in.
⑤(2021·浙江)The little home __was painted__(paint)white. It was sweet and fresh.
⑥(2021·广州六区检测)Homeless people __are told__(tell)what to do every place they go，but we want to encourage them to be leaders.
⑦(2021·安徽蚌埠一模)Late last century，residents __were bothered__(bother)by dust on windy days and mud flows when it rained.
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．(2021·浙江)It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, __has proved/proven__(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据时间状语“since it opened to the public”可知，此处用现在完成时态。故填has proved/proven。
2．(2018·全国Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government __started__(start) a soil－testing programme that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7．7 million tons.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据上下文可知作者在说2005年发生的事情，应用动词的一般过去式。故填started。
3．(2021·全国甲)The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It __was built__(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)．
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知，空格处为谓语，动词build和主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态(be done)，根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式，主语it为第三人称单数，主谓一致。故填was built。
4．(2015·湖南)I __was walking__(walk) across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked what he was doing he shouted at me.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，句子是was/were doing...when...固定句型。故填was walking。
5．(2021·台州市4月调考)In reality, however,60% of clothing nowadays __is abandoned__(abandon)within a year of purchase，...
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：事实上，如今60%的衣物在购买一年之后就被遗弃了……。分析句子可知，本句缺少谓语，abandon与主语clothing为动宾关系，所以用被动语态，clothing为不可数名词，陈述的是客观事实。故填is abandoned。
6．(2021·天津十二区县联考2)Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight CZ3694 __takes__(take) off at 17?15．
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：看看时间表。快点！CZ3694航班17?15起飞。一般现在时表示飞机按照时间表即将进行的动作。故填takes。
7．(2021·南开中学5月模拟)— You speak very good French!
—Thanks. I __studied__(study) French in Nankai University for four years.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：——你的法语讲的很好。——谢谢，我在南开大学学了4年的法语。根据句意，说话人在南开大学学了4年的法语，应用一般过去时。故填studied。
技法点津
1．掌握独特的时间状语标志
(1)时间基点为现在，题干中如用always，often，seldom，sometimes，usually等，用一般现在时。
(2)题干中如用yesterday，last night，a few days ago，the other day等，用一般过去时。
(3)题干中如用tomorrow，next year，in a week等，用一般将来时。
(4)题干中如用now，at present等，用现在进行时。
(5)题干中如用at that time，then，at six o’clock yesterday等，用过去进行时。
(6)题干中如用at this time tomorrow，from 1 o’clock to 3 o’clock tomorrow等，用将来进行时。
(7)题干中如用since，so far，up to now，in/over/during the last year/past few years等，用现在完成时。
2．熟记固定句型中的时态
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
3．分清主动被动，辨析语态
看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词，要想到用一般被动语态。
三 主谓一致
语篇导入
1．语法一致原则
I live① in Beijing while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle support④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则动词用复数形式：
①根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。
②主语是不定式或动名词，动词用单数。
③主语是从句，动词一般用单数。
④主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词跟这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。
⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
2．意义一致原则
I have been travelling on a budget for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t② understand me，the majority of people I met on my way are③ friendly.The old don’t④ support my crazy behaviour，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they have been used to this.
①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
②“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
③the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。
④“the＋adj.”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示一类物时，谓语动词用单数。
⑤family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．就近一致原则
There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.
①here/there引导一个句子而且主语不止一个时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
②由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
难点精析
1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两样物)
注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．若主语中有more than one 或many a/an ，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more＋复数名词＋than one作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数。
Many a boy likes playing basketball.
许多男生都喜欢打篮球。
More than one student was late.
不止一个学生迟到。
More persons than one come to help us.
不止一个人来帮助我们。
3．形复意单名词如：news；以－ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights《天方夜谭》；以及the United Nations联合国等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①The teacher and poet often __gives__(give) lectures around the city.
②Two－thirds of the books __are__(be) about science.
③Nobody but Jim and Mike __is__(be) on the playground now.
④As far as I know，his family __is__not very large but the family __are__all music lovers.(be)
⑤The poor __were__(be) looked down upon in the old days.
⑥Neither his parents nor I __am__(be) able to persuade him to change his mind.
⑦Listening to loud music and rock concerts __has caused__(cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far.
⑧Barbara is easy to recognize as she is the only one of the women who __wears__(wear) evening dress.
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国Ⅰ)“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it __means__(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据直接引语中的excites可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
2．(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection __is__(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。主语是a small part，谓语动词用单数；此处说明事实，故用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。故填is。
3．(2021·广东东华高级中学第二次联考)So far，the tiger’s habitat __has been destroyed__(destroy)seriously as humans have developed land for uses such as farming and logging.
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。当句中有时间状语so far出现的时候，句子一般用现在完成时。另外，根据句意可知habitat和destroy是被动关系，且主语为单数。故填has been destroyed。
4．(2021·天津十二区县一模)Many a famous pop star __is performing__(perform) in the concert tonight, so I’m looking forward to it very much.
解析：考查主谓一致及动词的时态。句意：许多著名的流行歌手将在今晚的音乐会中表演，所以我非常期待。分析题意，many a 译为“许多的”修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。同时，现在进行时可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的事，给人一种期待感。故填is performing。
技法点津
1．找准句子中的主语，看主语是单数还是复数。
2．牢记特殊用法的结构，用对谓语动词的数。
3．注意结合时态和语态。
, 四) 情态动词
语篇导入
1．can/could
Mary—M Nancy—N
M：Can① you read this word
N：Sorry，I can’t①.
M：Can/Could② I use your dictionary
N：Of course you can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictionary
M：Can④ it be in your dormitory
N：No，it can’t④ be.I never study in my dormitory.
M：Could you have lent⑤ it to your deskmate
N：No，my deskmate couldn’t have borrowed⑤ a dictionary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ touch her books without permission.
M：An organized person can⑦ forget things.
can/could的意义及用法
①can表能力，意为“能够”。
②can表请求，could 表示委婉语气。
③can表许可。
④can表推测，意为“可能”，常用于疑问句/否定句。
⑤couldn’t have done 意为“不可能做过某事”，Could sb./sth.have done... 意为“某人做过某事吗？”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。
⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。
⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2．may/might
Mike—M Teacher—T
M：May/Might① I come in
T：Yes，you may②.You’re almost late，and where is your deskmate
M：Hmm，I don’t know.He may/might③ be on the way to school.
T：He might③ be；that is，he might not③ be on his way to school.Mike，you may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he come yet
M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might not have set⑤ the alarm clock.
may/might的意义及用法
①表示请求。
②表示许可，不用might。
③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。
④may as well“还是……好”。
⑤might have done表示对过去的猜测，意为“可能做了某事”。might not have done意为“可能没做某事”。
3．must
Jane—J Mother—M
J：Mom，must① I take this medicine
M：Yes，you must①.
J：Must① I take it right now
M：No，you needn’t②.You can take it later.
J：But it must be③ bitter.
M：I’ve told you to wear your coat，but you must④ wear your T－shirt.Besides，you must have played⑤ outdoors.You mustn’t⑥ do it again.
must的意义及用法
①must表必须，肯定回答用must。
②否定回答用needn’t。
③must be表示对现在的猜测，只用于肯定句。
④must表示非要，偏偏。
⑤must have done 表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。
⑥mustn’t 表示禁止，不表示推测。
4．should
Boss—B Jane—J Steven—S
B：It’s nine now and everyone should① be here.Where is Steven He should have arrived② ten minutes ago.
J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr. Punctual should③ be late for work.
B：Here he comes.Why are you late，Steven
S：I’m terribly sorry，sir. I shouldn’t have drunk② too much coffee yesterday evening.I kept my eyes open until four o’clock in the morning.
B：A person like you shouldn’t drink④ too much coffee，tea either.
S：Yes，I ought to be punctual as usual.
should的意义及用法
①表示推测，意思为“按理说应当”。
②should have done 意为“过去本应做而没做”，shouldn’t have done表示“过去本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。
③表“竟然”。
④should (not) do sth.＝ought (not) to do sth.“(不)应该做某事”。
5．shall
Man—M Woman—W
M：Hi，where are you going
W：I shall① go to New York.
M：Me too！Oh，your suitcase is heavy. Shall② I carry it for you，Miss？(carrying the suitcase to the woman’s seat and sitting beside the woman)
W：Thank you for helping me，but it’s required that everyone shall③ sit on his own seat.
M：It doesn’t matter.
W：Stay away from me，or I will call the police.You shall④ be sorry for what you do.Sir，I need your help.(waving to a policeman)
shall的意义及用法
①用于第一人称，表将要做某事。
②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表请求。
③用于第三人称陈述句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。
④用于第二、三人称陈述句，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6．need/dare
Mike—M Jack—J
M：Do you dare to take① your cellphone to the examination
J：No，I dare not do② it；I needn’t do③ it either.
M：You study well，so you don’t need to cheat④.I am different.
J：Stop thinking about cheating，and you can’t get away with it.You need to⑤ study hard.No pains，no gains.
need/dare的意义及用法
dare和need在作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not，如用法第②和③。
dare和need作实意动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果构成疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词do/does，且其后要加to do。如用法第①④⑤。
其用法简单总结为：有助有to，无助无to。
7．will/would
Tom—T Mary—M
M：How about the new watch
T：I will① never use it any more.It just won’t② give the correct time.
M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.
T：At nine’ clock in the morning？She would/used to④ have a nap in the afternoon.
M：The phone is ringing，but I am busy with my work.
T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
will/would的意义及用法
①表示意愿。
②表示物的属性。
③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。
④would/used to表示过去的习惯。
⑤表示临时起意。
难点精析
1．用于固定习语中：can’t... too/enough (无论……也不过分；越……越好)
You can’t be too careful when crossing a busy street.
＝You can’t be careful enough when crossing a busy street.
你横穿马路的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2．情态动词＋have done
对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测 (1)must have done sth.“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may(might) have done sth.“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句和否定句中
(3)can(could) not have done sth.“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定
表示“与过去事实相反” (1)could have done sth.(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做
(2)needn’t have done sth.(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了
(3)ought to/should have done sth.(过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做
(4)oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done sth.(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了
(5)might have done sth.(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做
即时训练
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)
①—I don’t really like James.Why did you invite him
—Don’t worry.He __might not__come.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
②I __can’t__thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
③He __can’t__be our manager.Our manager has gone to Beijing.
④You __could__have done better，but you didn’t try your best.
⑤I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning.She __couldn’t__have spoken at the meeting.
⑥Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman __should__do that.
⑦You __mustn’t__play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.
⑧You __shall__be punished for what you have done.
⑨It __must__have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.
⑩I __needn’t__have taken the umbrella，for the weather is fine.
单句改错
It is true that no one should live without money in modern society.
__should→can__
I love the weekend，because I don’t need get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
__need后加to__
—I am worn out now.I stayed up last night to finish the report.
—Oh？You wouldn’t have.The professor asked us to hand it in next week.
__wouldn’t→needn’t__
五 虚拟语气
语篇导入
1．wish/would rather/as if/if only
Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)
Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.
W：I would rather I hadn’t invited② you to go out.
Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.
W：If only you hadn’t fallen② into the river! If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn’t blame③ this on me.
as if/though好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，宁愿，if only要是……就好了，这四组词后的从句往往用虚拟语气。
①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。
②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。
③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might＋动词原形。
2．条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W
(in the hospital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①
W：If you hadn’t gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn’t have caught a cold.②
Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn’t have forgotten to wear warm coats.④
W：Is it all Lao Wang’s fault But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn’t have fallen into the water.⑥ I’d catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦
①②⑦为if条件句引导的虚拟语气，从句和主句的结构为：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done...，主语＋would/could/should/might have done...
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
⑥为条件虚拟语气的省略与倒装，结构为：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would have done...
Were＋主语＋to do/Should＋主语＋do，主语＋would do...
③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，结构如下：
主语＋would have done...，but 过去的事实
主语＋would do...，but 现在的事实
without/but for＋n.，主语＋would do(与现在相反)
without/but for＋n.，主语＋would have done (与过去相反)
现在的事实，otherwise/or＋主语＋would do
过去的事实，otherwise/or＋主语＋would have done
3．名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he should not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he should take out the cellphone and commanded that he should phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher should not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher should give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students should not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike should study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有should的虚拟语气，即“(shouldn’t)动词原形”。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。
上述动词用于It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句时，从句使用带should的虚拟语气，如②。
上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句用含有should的虚拟语气，如③。
It is high/about time that sb.did/should do sth.也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4．It is＋adj.＋that sb.should do...
English teacher：It is important/essential/necessary that you should learn English well.
Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I should learn English well.
某些It is/was＋形容词＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)动词原形”，这类形容词包括 important，essential，necessary，strange 等等。
难点精析
1．当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
(1)The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
(2)The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he should not be sent to hospital.
这个老人坚持认为他没有病，坚持要求他不应该被送到医院。
2．错综时间条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people.If only I __had been__(be) there before!
②Our only request is that this __(should) be settled__(settle) as soon as possible.
③I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he __would have arrived__(arrive) on time.
④If it __should rain/were to rain/rained__(rain) tomorrow，they would not go out for a picnic.
⑤If you __had taken__(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.
单句改错
⑥If you worked hard then，you would have been admitted to a key university.
__worked前加had__
⑦How I wish every student have a scientific and systematic study method!
__have→had__
⑧We agreed to the order that the task was completed at 5 o’clock.
__was→be__
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．(2021·3月天津)It used to be that you __could__drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：以前你可能在这里开了几英里，都没见过别人，但现在到处都是房子和人。could可能，表示对客观可能性的推测。根据前半句意思可知，表示的是对客观可能性的推测。故填could。
2．(2020·天津)Jim says we __can__stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即：我们“能，可以”待在他的房子里。故填can。
3．(2020·天津)You __shouldn’t__(not) have scolded him for his poor performance.After all，he had done his best.
解析：考查情态动词＋have done。句意：你本不应该因为他表现不好而责骂他。毕竟，他已经尽力了。根据前后句关系可知，此处表示“本不该”，是指做了本不该做的事。故填shouldn’t。
4．(2020·江苏)If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I __wouldn’t be__(not，be) where I am.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句中条件句和主句时间并不一致，条件是对过去的虚拟，结果是对现在的虚拟，所以要用would＋do。故填wouldn’t be。
技法点津
情态动词和虚拟语气解题“两注意”
注意一：若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
注意二：一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的句型。
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．It is the first time that my son __has met__(meet) Zhong Nanshan，the renowned Chinese hero face to face.
解析：考查动词的时态。It is the first time that＋sb.have/has done sth.，这是某人第几次做某事。所以答案为现在完成时，且主语为my son。故填has met。
2．The girl __shook__(shake) her head happily，and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据下文“and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground”时态是过去时，前后时态应该一致，所以用过去时。故填shook。
3．The father as well as his kids __is discussing__(discuss) where to spend the weekend now.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语now可知，此处用现在进行时态。主语是The father，所以用单数。故填is discussing。
4．When fat and salt __are removed__(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。根据句意，此处为客观事实，所以用一般现在时，且主语为fat and salt，谓语动词为复数。主语fat and salt与remove为被动关系。故填are removed。
5．The day after tomorrow，I，as well as my friends Zhang Ming and Li Hua，__am__(be) going to buy books.
解析：考查主谓一致。句意：后天，我和我的朋友张明和李华将会去买书。根据句意和题干可知此处为be going to句型，as well as连接两个主语，谓语动词应和I保持一致。故填am。
6．Either the beautiful views of this modern city or its local custom __has attracted__(attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：无论是这座现代化城市的美丽景色还是当地的风俗习惯在过去的这些年都已经吸引了成千上万的游客。由“during the past years”可知，这句话使用现在完成时。“either...or...”作主语时，谓语动词形式与or后主语保持一致，its local custom是第三人称单数，所以谓语动词也应使用第三人称单数形式。故填has attracted。
7．The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which __were__(be) saved for other purposes.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。which指代先行词materials。当the rest在句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词，如果名词是不可数名词，用单数。如果是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。本句中的materials是可数名词复数形式。故填were。
8．On the stage __are__(be) a number of famous singers，whose songs are welcomed by the majority of young people.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：有许多著名的歌手在舞台上，他们的歌曲受大多数年轻人的喜欢。a number of修饰可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数，从“whose songs are welcomed by...”可知用一般现在时。故填are。
9．If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌词) __are spoken__(speak) in the background of the songs.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。notice后是一个由how引导的宾语从句，该从句中缺谓语，而且the lyrics与动词speak之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态。根据语境可知这里讲的是一般情况，所以用一般现在时。故填are spoken。
10．Jenny __should__have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
解析：考查情态动词＋have done。句意：詹妮本应该信守诺言的。我想知道她为什么改变了主意。根据后一句“I wonder why she changed her mind.”可知，詹妮没有信守诺言，should have done sth.“本应该做某事却没做”符合句意。故填should。
11．According to a newly released regulation on online video services，no one __shall__generate，release or spread fake news or information by using such technologies.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：根据最新发行的关于网络视频服务的规章，任何人都不可以使用此类技术生成、发行或者传播虚假消息。根据前面的regulation(规定)可知，本题填入shall更加合理。故填shall。
12．Every coin has two sides.Beautiful songs，sometimes，__may__just be noise to others.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：任何事物都有两面性。优美的歌曲有时候对别人来说也许是噪音。分析句子可知，此处应该表示可能的推测。故填may。
13．My computer didn’t start this morning.There __must__have been something wrong with it.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：我的电脑今早怎么也启动不了了。一定是出了什么问题。must have done表示对过去的肯定推测。故填must。
14．What a pity! The parents could have survived the earthquake, __had__they __not come__(not，come) back to save their child.
解析：考查省略if的条件句。句意：真遗憾！如果不是回来救孩子，这对父母本可以在地震中幸存下来。分析句子可知，此处为if引导的虚拟条件句，与过去事实相反，从句应为：if they hadn’t come...，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把had置于句首，从句可写成“had they not come...”。故填had；not come。
15．He would __have liked__(like) to represent his country in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number of competitors，and Edwards didn’t qualify.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：他本想代表他的国家参加1984年的冬季奥运会，但参赛者众多，爱德华兹没有获得参赛资格。根据本句后面的“Edwards didn’t qualify”可知，爱德华兹没有成功获得参赛资格，故用“would have done”虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的假设，意思是“本来会做”。故填have liked。
16．(2021·诸暨市5月模拟)The popularity of plastic, which __began__(begin) rising in the 1950s, is growing out of control—18．2 trillion pounds of plastic has been produced. And there is no sign of slowing down.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：从20世纪50年代开始，塑料越来越受欢迎，但现在已经超出了控制——人们生产了18．2万亿磅塑料。根据后文“in the 1950s”可知应用一般过去时。故填began。
17．(2021·台州市4月调考)But I’ve come to think that whether you buy something new or used __matters/will matter__(matter) less if you commit to keeping clothes in use for decades.
解析：考查动词的时态。句意：我意识到，如果你尽可能发挥物品的价值，那么是否买新的还是二手的都没那么重要。分析句子可知， “whether you buy something new or used ”为主语，本句缺少谓语，与主语为主谓关系，故用主动语态，客观陈述自己的观点，用一般现在时，主语为句子，谓语动词用单数，故可用matters ；由于后面条件状语从句用一般现在时表将来，主句需用一般将来时，所以也可用will matter。故填matters/will matter。
18．(2021·天津芦台一中六模)Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others __is__(be) essential to their development.
解析：考查主谓一致和动词的时态。句意：一般来说，学生的内在动机和对他人的高期望对他们的发展至关重要。作主语的名词或代词用介词with连接时，谓语动词和with前的一个名词或代词的人称和数一致 。主语为motivation，因此谓语为单数；根据语境及generally可知，描述的为一般情况，所以使用一般现在时态。故填is。
19．(2021·天津杨村一中一模)The number of people, who have access to their own cars, __has risen__(rise) sharply in the past decade.
解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的十年里，拥有私家车的人数急剧增加。根据后文in the past decade可知表示过去发生的动作持续到现在应用现在完成时，主语为the number of people，助动词应用has。故填has risen。
20．(2021·天津耀华滨海学校适应性考试)The photos, which __were taken__(take) while I was studying in Beijing, remind me of many happy memories.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：这些照片是我在北京学习时拍的，让我想起了许多美好的回忆。分析句子成分和句子结构可知，which引导非限制定语从句，修饰先行词photos；分析定语从句句子成分可知，which在从句中充当主语，代指photos，与谓语动词take之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；根据后文的was studying可知，照片是过去拍的，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were taken。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．(2021·3月天津)We __have done__(do) quite enough work for the morning; now let’s take a break.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据后半句“now let’s take a break.”可知，做很多工作这件事情是从过去某个时间开始一直到现在，应用现在完成时。故填have done。
2．(2020·浙江)By about 6,000 BC，people __had discovered__(discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
解析：考查动词的时态。由时间状语By about 6,000 BC可知，本句时态为过去完成时。故填had discovered。
3．(2020·全国Ⅰ)Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it __means__(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon __is constructed__(construct)．”
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。整句话的时态为一般现在时，主语为it，因此第一空填means；the moon与construct之间是被动关系，所以第二空用一般现在时的被动语态。故填means；is constructed。
4．(2021·浙江)After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and __sold__(sell)most of their furniture.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据and连接的第一个并列的谓语动词 rented可知此处应用sell的一般过去式。 故填sold。
5．(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)The parts of a museum open to the public __are called__(call) galleries or rooms.Often，only a small part of museum’s collection __is__(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。第一空：分析句子结构可知，句中缺少谓语，主语The parts与动词call之间为被动关系，且此处说明事实，因此用一般现在时的被动语态；第二空：主语是a small part，时态为现在时，谓语动词用is。故填are called；is。
6．(2020·浙江)And，as more children were born，more food __was needed__(need)．
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。food和need之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态；由上文的“were born”可知此处用一般过去时；且food在此处为不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填was needed。
7．(2020·浙江)Then，with the rise of science，changes began.New methods __meant__(mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
解析：考查动词的时态。结合前一句“...changes began.”用了一般过去时可知，空格处mean也需用一般过去时。故填meant。mean是不规则动词，过去式的正确拼写是关键。
8．(2019·江苏)What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we __would have had__(have) a good time together.
解析：考查虚拟语气。根据关键词or可知应用虚拟语气，这里表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词应用would/could/should/might＋have done。故填would have had。
9．(2018·天津)I can’t find my purse.I __could/might have left__(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m not sure.
解析：考查情态动词。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去发生事情的推测，因此用“情态动词＋have done”，再根据后句but I’m not sure可知，此推测为不太肯定的推测，所以用could/might have done。故填could/might have left。
10．(2018·北京)In today’s information age，the loss of data __can__cause serious problems for a company.
解析：考查情态动词。can在此表示客观可能性，意为“可能会，有时候会”。故填can。
11．(2018·北京)They might have found a better hotel if they __had driven__(drive) a few more kilometers.
解析：考查虚拟语气。根据主句的谓语形式以及语境(事情已经发生)可知，if条件句应该用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，因此从句谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。故填had driven。
12．(2018·江苏)It’s strange that he __should__have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
解析：考查情态动词。此处should作情态动词，表示“竟然”，符合语境。 故填should。
13．(2021·1月浙江)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2．1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain __was__(be) 1．3 in women and 1．6 in men.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据前面的语境用了一般过去时可知，此处也在描述过去的情况，因此用一般过去时。故填was。
14．(2020·全国Ⅱ)Actually，I __started__(start) to learn kung fu when I was seven years old，but I have long been out of practice.
解析：考查动词的时态。根据时间状语从句when I was seven years old可知，叙述的是作者7岁时发生的事情，所以主句谓语用一般过去时。故填started。
15．(2021·全国甲)Last week our teacher asked us to fill in a questionnaire. One of the questions __is__(be)：Who will you go to in times of trouble
解析：考查动词的时态与主谓一致。one of the ＋名词复数，意为“……之一”，为单数含义，所以其后的系动词应用单数。结合句意，此处指问卷调查中的一个问题，所以为客观事实，时态用一般现在时。故填is。