高考英语语法突破-定语从句学案（含答案）
文档属性
| 名称 | 高考英语语法突破-定语从句学案（含答案） |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 62.0KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2023-04-15 10:57:04 | ||
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文档简介
专攻解题方法与技巧
英语语法突破-定语从句
定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或修饰整个句子的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
一 that/which/who/whom
语篇导入
Xiao Meng is a girl who/that① loves reading and she is also a girl who/whom/that② teachers often praise. Books that/which③ talk about love or adventures are her favorite. Journey to the West is the first book that④ Xiao Meng has read，and it is the best novel that④ she has read. Everything that④ appears in the novel is interesting and both people and monsters that④ are described in it make her fascinated.
①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，who引导。
②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that，who，whom 引导。
③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that，which引导。
④关系词指物由形容词最高级、序数词修饰，或者关系词是某些不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能用that。
难点精析
1．that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中，that 出现频率最高。既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，也可以指物。
2．此外指物时只用that 不用which的情况的口诀：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行词指物被the very、the only、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是某些不定代词或被某些不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
This is the very book that I have been looking for for several days.
这正是我找了好几天的那本书。
Is there anything that you want to say about this matter
关于这件事你想说什么呢？
3．定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。
I still remember the people in the remote village who were friendly to me.
我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。
The students who are interested in the activity should sign up for it in advance.
对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①The dictionary __that/which__ the gentleman bought half an hour ago was very expensive.
②The lady who/that __is__(be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
③The man __who/whom/that__ I served was wearing a hat.
④This is the third apple __that__ she has eaten in the afternoon.
⑤This is the only/very thing __that__ I can do to solve the tricky problem.
⑥That’s all __that__ I know about the young man living next door.
⑦When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons __that__ they could remember in the school.
⑧This is the best film __that__ I have ever seen.
二 as/which/whose
语篇导入
As① we all know/As① is known to all，Li Hua is a student whose② name is often seen in English examinations.But this year he didn’t make us write compositions for him，which③ made many students sad. How we miss the boy for whom④ we have written many compositions and we have prepared many situations in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，用as引导定语从句。
②在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whose。
③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。
④当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whom；若在从句中作定语，则用whose。
难点精析
1．whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。
This is the girl whose name is Li Mei.
这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a house whose windows face the north.
他住在窗户朝北的房子里。
2．只用which/whom而不用that的情况。
用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。
注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。
This is the company in which my father once worked.
这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。
There was no person to whom she could turn for help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。
3．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
4．常用as 的结构：as anybody can see，as we all know，as we expected，as is reported，as has been announced，as is often the case，as 常常位于句首也可位于句中和句后。
As was expected，he came late again.
正如我们所预料的那样，他又迟到了。
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①He is the student __whose__ English is always at the top.
②In our factory there are 2，000 workers，two thirds of __whom__ are women.
③He is working hard，__which__ will make him pass the final exam.
④__As__ is known to all，there are 7 continents on the earth.
⑤(2022·云南师大附中月考)Whales nap for brief periods，during __which__ an alert(警觉的)friend guides them.
⑥(2021·和平区三模) __As__ is widely accepted，in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
三 when/where/why
语篇导入
Xiao Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriously punished by his father.The reason why② he was punished was that he played cellphone games for a whole weekend.His father brought him to a room where③ there was no others.After putting the cellphone into a basin which/that④ was full of water，he told Xiao Ming about the days that/which④ he spent earning school fees by doing part－time jobs in a restaurant.This was the reason that/which④ his father told him not to play cellphones.
①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。
②先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。
③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。
④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词that/which。
难点精析
1．关系副词与关系代词的选择
从句不缺主语、宾语或表语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。
(1)The factory ________ he once worked is closed now.
work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语，也可使用in which (which代替先行词the factory)。
(2)The factory ______ he set up last year is operating well.
该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
2．当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。
3．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。
4．当the way 作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语、表语还是作状语，用that一定正确。
I don’ t like the way that/in which he speaks to me.(关系词作方式状语)
They are looking for a way that/which is the most suitable for the problem.(关系词作主语)
即时训练
单句语法填空
①I still remember the day __when__ I first came to Beijing.
②The reason __why__ he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
③Gift shops in museums __where__ people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends used to be the last stop of each visit.
④(2021·3月天津)William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes __from__ which we can learn without repeating them.
⑤(2021·河东区二模)I think you’ve got to the point __where__ a change is needed，otherwise you’ll fail.
⑥(2021·宝坻区三模)You may think of giving up study，in __which__ case just think it over before making the decision.
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．Finally he reached a lonely island __which/that__ was completely cut off from the outside world.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为island，在限制性定语从句中作主语。故填which/that。
2．(2019·全国Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters __who/that__ had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为masters，且限制性定语从句中缺少主语。故填who/that。
3．(2019·江苏)We have entered into an age __when__ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
解析：考查定语从句。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语。故填when。
4．(2019·全国Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p．m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，__which__ she opened with her late husband Les.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语。故填which。
5．(2018·全国Ⅰ)They also had a small pond __in__ which they raised fish.
解析：考查定语从句。pond是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成分齐全，故用where或“介词＋which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。故填in。
6．(新课标全国Ⅱ)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，__which__ might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为dinner。故填which。
技法点津
语法填空
定语从句解题三步走
第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。
第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语、宾语、表语或定语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语、宾语、表语或宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语、宾语、表语或定语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)。
第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The old man turned his business over to his younger son，__which__ made his elder son discouraged.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语。故填which。
2．I will never forget such a beautiful village __where__ I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，相当于in which。故填where。
3．There they met people from other parts of the country，__who__ had also volunteered to help.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是people，从句缺少主语。故填who。
4．There are many good websites __where__ you can check out the latest in the science world.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为websites，将先行词代入定语从句后为：you can check out the latest in the science world on the websites，由此可知，先行词在定语从句中与介词on一起作地点状语。故填where。
5．The system，__which__ can be the most advanced in many ways，will be the largest earthquake observation network in the world.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the system，关系词在定语从句中作主语。故填which。
6．He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people __who/that__ wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
解析：考查定语从句。people为先行词，从句中缺主语。故填who/that。
7．His interest started a few years ago，__when__ he was in college and studying wildlife science.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为a few years ago，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语。故填when。
8．Then Needham began his lifelong research，__which__ ended up creating the greatest work—Science and Civilisation in China.
解析：考查定语从句。根据设空处前的逗号可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句；先行词为his lifelong research，将先行词代入定语从句后为：his lifelong research ended up creating the greatest work—Science and Civilisation in China，由此可知，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词指物。故填which。
9．This woman has set a good example to her son，__who__ is a really lucky guy.
解析：考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且先行词为her son，并在从句中作主语。故填who。
10．Over the years，I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice，__whose__ way of talking about people inspired me.
解析：考查定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作定语，先行词为Joan and Bernice。故填whose。
11．(2021·天津十二区县联考)Senior family members，especially parents，should create an atmosphere __where__ children can be encouraged to pour out their heart happily.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：家庭长辈，尤其是父母，应该营造一种氛围，鼓励孩子们快乐地倾诉心声。分析可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere，且关系词在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
12．(2021·肇庆市三模)Less snow cover in the mountains is important in the West and Alaska，__which__ will greatly reduce the chances of disasters caused by too much snow.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在西部和阿拉斯加，山区积雪较少是很重要的，这将大大减少因积雪过多而造成灾害的机会。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰上文整个句子，从句中缺少主语，用关系代词which引导，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。
13．(2021·漳州一中新高考模拟)Louis Cha (Chinese：Cha Leung Yung; 10 March 1924—30 October 2018)，better known by his pen name Jin Yong，was a Chinese wuxia novelist and essayist，__who__ co－founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Bao in 1959 and served as the first editor－in－chief.
解析：考查定语从句。根据句子结构关系可知，此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Louis Cha ，在定语从句中作主语。故填who。
14．(2021·玉林市一模)It reflects the culture __where__ fooling and complaining is part of everyday life.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：它反映了在英国文化中，欺骗和抱怨是日常生活的一部分。此处是一个定语从句，先行词为the culture，定语从句中主谓宾成分完整，缺少地点状语，因此要用关系副词where。故填where。
15．(2021·永春县第三次联考)She discovered Artemisinin(青蒿素)，a drug __which/that__ has significantly reduced the death rates for patients suffering from malaria. “Artemisinin is a gift for the world people from the traditional Chinese medicine.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：她发现了青蒿素，这是一种能显著降低疟疾患者死亡率的药物。分析句子可知，“________ has significantly reduced the death rates for patients suffering from malaria”为定语从句，修饰先行词 “a drug”，同时先行词在定语从句中作主语。故填which/that。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．(2021·浙江1月高考)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool __that/which__ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格后是定语从句，tool是先行词，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
2．(2020·3月天津)At the Chinese art festival，there are different stands __where__ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是stands，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
3．(2020·全国Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist __whose__ paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
4．(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum __which/that__ opened in 1759.
解析：考查定语从句。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
5．(2020·全国Ⅱ)Thank you for your letter，__which__ really made me happy.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物。故填which。
6．(2020·全国Ⅲ)Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food __that__ is provided by Mom with appreciation.
解析：考查定语从句。food后是定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，先行词又被all所修饰。故填that。
7．(2019·北京)The students benefiting most from college are those __who__ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．
解析：考查定语从句。________ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life是定语从句，修饰先行词those，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人。故填who。
8．(2019·天津)Their child is at the stage __where__ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where，相当于in which。故填where。
9．(2019·全国Ⅲ)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment __that/which__ is created for them.
解析：考查定语从句。分子句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词为environment，指物。故填that/which。
10．(2019·全国Ⅰ)One afternoon __when__ I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为One afternoon，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语。故填when。
11．(2018·全国Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil－testing program __that/which__ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰a soil－testing program，先行词表示物。故填that/which。
12．(2018·浙江)Many westerners __who/that__ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析：考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指人，并在从句中作主语，故用who/that 引导定语从句。故填who/that。
13．(2018·江苏)Self－driving is an area __where__ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in the area，由此可知，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。故填关系副词where。
14．(2017·全国Ⅲ)But Sarah，__who__ has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，指人，并在从句中作主语。故填who。
15．(2017·全国Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things __that/which__ were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，things是其后定语从句的先行词，指物，关系词在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
定语从句篇
There was a time 1．__when__ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2．__why__ my father forced me to join in a 30－day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，3．__where__ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide，4．__whose__ teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face.He，from 5．__whom__ I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6．__that/which__ we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide，7．__who__ encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8．__which__ I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9．__which__ I can memorize a large number of new words.10．__As__ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
解析：
1．考查定语从句。先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。故填when。
2．考查定语从句。先行词是原因reason，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。故填why。
3．考查定语从句。先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语。故填where。
4．考查定语从句。先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系。故填whose。
5．考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知用whom。故填whom。
6．考查定语从句。定语从句中用关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语。故填that/which。
7．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语。故填who。
8．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语。故填which。
9．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子I recall the passages。故填which。
10．考查定语从句。根据句子结构和语境可知，此为非限制性定语从句且关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”因此要用as引导定语从句，意为“正如”。故填As。
英语语法突破-定语从句
定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或修饰整个句子的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
一 that/which/who/whom
语篇导入
Xiao Meng is a girl who/that① loves reading and she is also a girl who/whom/that② teachers often praise. Books that/which③ talk about love or adventures are her favorite. Journey to the West is the first book that④ Xiao Meng has read，and it is the best novel that④ she has read. Everything that④ appears in the novel is interesting and both people and monsters that④ are described in it make her fascinated.
①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，who引导。
②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that，who，whom 引导。
③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that，which引导。
④关系词指物由形容词最高级、序数词修饰，或者关系词是某些不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能用that。
难点精析
1．that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中，that 出现频率最高。既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，也可以指物。
2．此外指物时只用that 不用which的情况的口诀：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行词指物被the very、the only、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是某些不定代词或被某些不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
This is the very book that I have been looking for for several days.
这正是我找了好几天的那本书。
Is there anything that you want to say about this matter
关于这件事你想说什么呢？
3．定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。
I still remember the people in the remote village who were friendly to me.
我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。
The students who are interested in the activity should sign up for it in advance.
对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①The dictionary __that/which__ the gentleman bought half an hour ago was very expensive.
②The lady who/that __is__(be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
③The man __who/whom/that__ I served was wearing a hat.
④This is the third apple __that__ she has eaten in the afternoon.
⑤This is the only/very thing __that__ I can do to solve the tricky problem.
⑥That’s all __that__ I know about the young man living next door.
⑦When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons __that__ they could remember in the school.
⑧This is the best film __that__ I have ever seen.
二 as/which/whose
语篇导入
As① we all know/As① is known to all，Li Hua is a student whose② name is often seen in English examinations.But this year he didn’t make us write compositions for him，which③ made many students sad. How we miss the boy for whom④ we have written many compositions and we have prepared many situations in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，用as引导定语从句。
②在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whose。
③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。
④当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whom；若在从句中作定语，则用whose。
难点精析
1．whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。
This is the girl whose name is Li Mei.
这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a house whose windows face the north.
他住在窗户朝北的房子里。
2．只用which/whom而不用that的情况。
用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。
注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。
This is the company in which my father once worked.
这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。
There was no person to whom she could turn for help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。
3．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
4．常用as 的结构：as anybody can see，as we all know，as we expected，as is reported，as has been announced，as is often the case，as 常常位于句首也可位于句中和句后。
As was expected，he came late again.
正如我们所预料的那样，他又迟到了。
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。
即时训练
单句语法填空
①He is the student __whose__ English is always at the top.
②In our factory there are 2，000 workers，two thirds of __whom__ are women.
③He is working hard，__which__ will make him pass the final exam.
④__As__ is known to all，there are 7 continents on the earth.
⑤(2022·云南师大附中月考)Whales nap for brief periods，during __which__ an alert(警觉的)friend guides them.
⑥(2021·和平区三模) __As__ is widely accepted，in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
三 when/where/why
语篇导入
Xiao Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriously punished by his father.The reason why② he was punished was that he played cellphone games for a whole weekend.His father brought him to a room where③ there was no others.After putting the cellphone into a basin which/that④ was full of water，he told Xiao Ming about the days that/which④ he spent earning school fees by doing part－time jobs in a restaurant.This was the reason that/which④ his father told him not to play cellphones.
①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。
②先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。
③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。
④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词that/which。
难点精析
1．关系副词与关系代词的选择
从句不缺主语、宾语或表语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。
(1)The factory ________ he once worked is closed now.
work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语，也可使用in which (which代替先行词the factory)。
(2)The factory ______ he set up last year is operating well.
该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
2．当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。
3．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。
4．当the way 作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语、表语还是作状语，用that一定正确。
I don’ t like the way that/in which he speaks to me.(关系词作方式状语)
They are looking for a way that/which is the most suitable for the problem.(关系词作主语)
即时训练
单句语法填空
①I still remember the day __when__ I first came to Beijing.
②The reason __why__ he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
③Gift shops in museums __where__ people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends used to be the last stop of each visit.
④(2021·3月天津)William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes __from__ which we can learn without repeating them.
⑤(2021·河东区二模)I think you’ve got to the point __where__ a change is needed，otherwise you’ll fail.
⑥(2021·宝坻区三模)You may think of giving up study，in __which__ case just think it over before making the decision.
解题策略
单句语法填空
1．Finally he reached a lonely island __which/that__ was completely cut off from the outside world.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为island，在限制性定语从句中作主语。故填which/that。
2．(2019·全国Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters __who/that__ had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为masters，且限制性定语从句中缺少主语。故填who/that。
3．(2019·江苏)We have entered into an age __when__ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
解析：考查定语从句。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语。故填when。
4．(2019·全国Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p．m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，__which__ she opened with her late husband Les.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语。故填which。
5．(2018·全国Ⅰ)They also had a small pond __in__ which they raised fish.
解析：考查定语从句。pond是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成分齐全，故用where或“介词＋which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。故填in。
6．(新课标全国Ⅱ)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，__which__ might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为dinner。故填which。
技法点津
语法填空
定语从句解题三步走
第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。
第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语、宾语、表语或定语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语、宾语、表语或宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语、宾语、表语或定语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)。
第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The old man turned his business over to his younger son，__which__ made his elder son discouraged.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语。故填which。
2．I will never forget such a beautiful village __where__ I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，相当于in which。故填where。
3．There they met people from other parts of the country，__who__ had also volunteered to help.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是people，从句缺少主语。故填who。
4．There are many good websites __where__ you can check out the latest in the science world.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为websites，将先行词代入定语从句后为：you can check out the latest in the science world on the websites，由此可知，先行词在定语从句中与介词on一起作地点状语。故填where。
5．The system，__which__ can be the most advanced in many ways，will be the largest earthquake observation network in the world.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the system，关系词在定语从句中作主语。故填which。
6．He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people __who/that__ wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
解析：考查定语从句。people为先行词，从句中缺主语。故填who/that。
7．His interest started a few years ago，__when__ he was in college and studying wildlife science.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为a few years ago，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语。故填when。
8．Then Needham began his lifelong research，__which__ ended up creating the greatest work—Science and Civilisation in China.
解析：考查定语从句。根据设空处前的逗号可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句；先行词为his lifelong research，将先行词代入定语从句后为：his lifelong research ended up creating the greatest work—Science and Civilisation in China，由此可知，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词指物。故填which。
9．This woman has set a good example to her son，__who__ is a really lucky guy.
解析：考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且先行词为her son，并在从句中作主语。故填who。
10．Over the years，I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice，__whose__ way of talking about people inspired me.
解析：考查定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作定语，先行词为Joan and Bernice。故填whose。
11．(2021·天津十二区县联考)Senior family members，especially parents，should create an atmosphere __where__ children can be encouraged to pour out their heart happily.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：家庭长辈，尤其是父母，应该营造一种氛围，鼓励孩子们快乐地倾诉心声。分析可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere，且关系词在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
12．(2021·肇庆市三模)Less snow cover in the mountains is important in the West and Alaska，__which__ will greatly reduce the chances of disasters caused by too much snow.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在西部和阿拉斯加，山区积雪较少是很重要的，这将大大减少因积雪过多而造成灾害的机会。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰上文整个句子，从句中缺少主语，用关系代词which引导，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。
13．(2021·漳州一中新高考模拟)Louis Cha (Chinese：Cha Leung Yung; 10 March 1924—30 October 2018)，better known by his pen name Jin Yong，was a Chinese wuxia novelist and essayist，__who__ co－founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Bao in 1959 and served as the first editor－in－chief.
解析：考查定语从句。根据句子结构关系可知，此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Louis Cha ，在定语从句中作主语。故填who。
14．(2021·玉林市一模)It reflects the culture __where__ fooling and complaining is part of everyday life.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：它反映了在英国文化中，欺骗和抱怨是日常生活的一部分。此处是一个定语从句，先行词为the culture，定语从句中主谓宾成分完整，缺少地点状语，因此要用关系副词where。故填where。
15．(2021·永春县第三次联考)She discovered Artemisinin(青蒿素)，a drug __which/that__ has significantly reduced the death rates for patients suffering from malaria. “Artemisinin is a gift for the world people from the traditional Chinese medicine.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：她发现了青蒿素，这是一种能显著降低疟疾患者死亡率的药物。分析句子可知，“________ has significantly reduced the death rates for patients suffering from malaria”为定语从句，修饰先行词 “a drug”，同时先行词在定语从句中作主语。故填which/that。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．(2021·浙江1月高考)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool __that/which__ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格后是定语从句，tool是先行词，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
2．(2020·3月天津)At the Chinese art festival，there are different stands __where__ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是stands，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
3．(2020·全国Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist __whose__ paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
4．(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum __which/that__ opened in 1759.
解析：考查定语从句。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
5．(2020·全国Ⅱ)Thank you for your letter，__which__ really made me happy.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物。故填which。
6．(2020·全国Ⅲ)Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food __that__ is provided by Mom with appreciation.
解析：考查定语从句。food后是定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，先行词又被all所修饰。故填that。
7．(2019·北京)The students benefiting most from college are those __who__ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．
解析：考查定语从句。________ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life是定语从句，修饰先行词those，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人。故填who。
8．(2019·天津)Their child is at the stage __where__ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where，相当于in which。故填where。
9．(2019·全国Ⅲ)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment __that/which__ is created for them.
解析：考查定语从句。分子句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词为environment，指物。故填that/which。
10．(2019·全国Ⅰ)One afternoon __when__ I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为One afternoon，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语。故填when。
11．(2018·全国Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil－testing program __that/which__ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰a soil－testing program，先行词表示物。故填that/which。
12．(2018·浙江)Many westerners __who/that__ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析：考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指人，并在从句中作主语，故用who/that 引导定语从句。故填who/that。
13．(2018·江苏)Self－driving is an area __where__ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in the area，由此可知，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。故填关系副词where。
14．(2017·全国Ⅲ)But Sarah，__who__ has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，指人，并在从句中作主语。故填who。
15．(2017·全国Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things __that/which__ were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，things是其后定语从句的先行词，指物，关系词在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
定语从句篇
There was a time 1．__when__ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2．__why__ my father forced me to join in a 30－day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，3．__where__ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide，4．__whose__ teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face.He，from 5．__whom__ I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6．__that/which__ we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide，7．__who__ encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8．__which__ I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9．__which__ I can memorize a large number of new words.10．__As__ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
解析：
1．考查定语从句。先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。故填when。
2．考查定语从句。先行词是原因reason，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。故填why。
3．考查定语从句。先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语。故填where。
4．考查定语从句。先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系。故填whose。
5．考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知用whom。故填whom。
6．考查定语从句。定语从句中用关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语。故填that/which。
7．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语。故填who。
8．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语。故填which。
9．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子I recall the passages。故填which。
10．考查定语从句。根据句子结构和语境可知，此为非限制性定语从句且关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”因此要用as引导定语从句，意为“正如”。故填As。