高考英语写作指导-4步精准“概要”学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 高考英语写作指导-4步精准“概要”学案（含答案） |  | |
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| 文件大小 | 41.0KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2023-04-16 09:04:01 | ||
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专攻解题方法与技巧
英语写作指导-4步精准“概要”
读懂原文，明确篇章结构
写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，确定文章的体裁和主题，明确文章结构，根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍。内容的取舍应注意以下几个方面的内容：
议论文的概要写作
(A summary of an argumentation) Argument 1/Supporting detail 1
Argument 2/Supporting detail 2
Conclusion
说明文的概要写作
(A summary of a phenomenon/an exposition) The topic — what
The reason — why
The effects — how
The solution/conclusion
记叙文的概要写作
(A summary of a story) Who What When
Where Why How
The result
The writer's point
去次留精，提炼关键信息
1．明确全文的篇章结构后，就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
2．先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
3．原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息，如列举数字和列举的事例等，无须在概要中一一列出。例如：
Don't forget the clock — or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down, turn relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.(加蓝部分为与主题相关的部分)
本段落主要内容为通过吃饭慢来减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：
Record the time and set dinner time for half an hour as eating slowly helps take in less calories.
归纳要点，合理转换表达
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复，可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种方式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。转换表达注意遵循下面两个原则：
(1)不增不减不改：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
(2)不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。例如：
Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the_way_you_design_your_home_could_play_a_role_in_whether_you_pack_on_the_pounds_or_keep_them_off．You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here_are_some_ways_to_turn_your_home_into_part_of_your_diet_plan.(画线句为主题句)
主题句关键词如蓝色部分所示：The way you design your home may have an effect on your figure.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips; The way you design your home改为How to have your home designed。主题句转换为：
How to have your home designed affects your figure.Below are tips to design your home to help diet.
句式多样，注意过渡衔接
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词连接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
【典例】 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Bees are very strange creatures.They have their own way of telling each other that they have found a new flower.They bring some of its nectar (花蜜) back home and then do a little dance that shows where the flower is and how far away it is.
In autumn the worker bees go out and collect as much nectar and pollen (花粉) as they can carry.Then they return to make honey and store it for the long cold winter.
Bees build their own houses but they do not always have round tops like people draw them in storybooks.They are usually five storeys high.The queen bee always has the bottom storey.In between the bottom storey and all the rest there are bars only just wide enough for the workers to pass through.The queen bee can never go up to the other floors because she is bigger than all the other bees.The storeys the queen can't enter are where the store rooms are.There are rooms for pollen, nectar and royal jellies (蜂王浆)．If there is a fire the workers have to cover the walls and entrance of the rooms.They have to move the honey and the nectar and pollen away from the hot walls of the room.
The queen is the only that can lay eggs.She mates with a male bee called a drone (雄蜂)．Once the queen has laid the eggs she throws the drone out because a drone just sits around eating honey and nectar.He cannot go out and collect pollen because drones do not have pollen-carrying things on their legs like the workers have.
Young bees are called nurses because they have to nurse the new-born bees whether they like it or not.What a bee ends up being when it grows up depends on what it eats.If it is to be a queen it must feed on royal jellies and it must never, ever set eyes on another queen.If it does they must fight till only one of them is still alive.
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文的篇章结构为“总—分”式。第1段内容为主题段，引入主题，对蜜蜂进行总括介绍；第2段介绍工蜂的职能；第3段介绍蜂王的住所；第4段介绍雄蜂；第5段介绍幼蜂的职责及命运。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
段落 主旨 关键词
1 Topic: bees ①strange,_nectar,_flower
2 worker bees:
collect nectar and pollen ②nectar,_pollen,_honey,_store
3 queen bee：
queen bee's living space ③bottom_storey,_store_rooms
4 drones：
duty and destiny ④mate,_sit_around
5 young bees：
responsibilities and future ⑤nurses,_grow_up,_queen
第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达
段落 要点内容合并
1 利用词语替换法将strange改为unusual, creatures改为animals，第二、三句说的是一种特殊交流方式。第一段可概括为：Bees are unusual animals and have a unique way to communicate with one another.
2 第二段主要说明工蜂努力工作以采集储存花粉与花蜜，这两项可以归类成“食物”。这段可概括为：Worker bees work tirelessly to store food.
3 利用词语替换法将第三句中的has改为短语takes up，这一段可概括为：The relaxing queen bee takes up the bottom storey of the five-storey house.
4 蜂王与雄蜂交配后会将其逐出蜂房，可以抽象表达为蜂王利用完雄蜂后将其抛弃。这一段可概括为：The queen bee even deserts the drone after she finishes using him.
5 利用词语替换法将nurse改为短语care for，这一段可概括为：Young bees need to work to care for new-born bees, but they can only leave their futures to what they eat.
第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接
本文作者介绍了蜂群中不同类型蜜蜂的特点，工蜂工作勤奋努力，蜂王靠着其权威过着轻松的生活，两者形成对比，所以用Unlike worker bees连接两个句子。第四段依然由蜂王引出雄蜂，所以用代词She代替queen bee。最后一段中幼蜂需要与工蜂一样努力工作，所以加Same as worker bees将二者联系起来。
Bees_are_unusual_animals_and_have_a_unique_way_to_communicate_with_one_another.(要点1)_Worker_bees_work_tirelessly_to_store_food.(要点2)_Unlike_worker_bees,_the_relaxing_queen_bee_takes_up_the_bottom_storey_of_the_five-storey_house.(要点3)_She_even_deserts_the_drone_after_she_finishes_using_him.(要点4)_Same_as_worker_bees,_young_bees_need_to_work_to_care_for_new-born_bees,_but_they_can_only_leave_their_futures_to_what_they_eat.(要点5)
Writing 1
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman，author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says，“We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise？Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear：Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner，or finish a book report.But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
参考范文：
It is no easy job to educate children. Parents are wrong from strict discipline in the past to excessive praise today.(要点1) Considerable praise helps to encourage children to make progress, but don't go from one extreme to the other.(要点2) High-quality praise should focus on children's efforts, rather than on results.(要点3) The principle for dealing with praise is to consider the link between praise and effort.(要点4)
Writing 2
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
参考范文：
To decide wisely which colleges to attend, you are advised to pay a visit to colleges before you apply, especially the ones you live close to.(要点1) At least you should visit the schools you want to go to.(要点2) If you can't go and check it out for lack of time and money, visit the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive, where you can get necessary information.(要点3)
英语写作指导-4步精准“概要”
读懂原文，明确篇章结构
写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，确定文章的体裁和主题，明确文章结构，根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍。内容的取舍应注意以下几个方面的内容：
议论文的概要写作
(A summary of an argumentation) Argument 1/Supporting detail 1
Argument 2/Supporting detail 2
Conclusion
说明文的概要写作
(A summary of a phenomenon/an exposition) The topic — what
The reason — why
The effects — how
The solution/conclusion
记叙文的概要写作
(A summary of a story) Who What When
Where Why How
The result
The writer's point
去次留精，提炼关键信息
1．明确全文的篇章结构后，就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
2．先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
3．原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息，如列举数字和列举的事例等，无须在概要中一一列出。例如：
Don't forget the clock — or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down, turn relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.(加蓝部分为与主题相关的部分)
本段落主要内容为通过吃饭慢来减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：
Record the time and set dinner time for half an hour as eating slowly helps take in less calories.
归纳要点，合理转换表达
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复，可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种方式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。转换表达注意遵循下面两个原则：
(1)不增不减不改：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
(2)不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。例如：
Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the_way_you_design_your_home_could_play_a_role_in_whether_you_pack_on_the_pounds_or_keep_them_off．You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here_are_some_ways_to_turn_your_home_into_part_of_your_diet_plan.(画线句为主题句)
主题句关键词如蓝色部分所示：The way you design your home may have an effect on your figure.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips; The way you design your home改为How to have your home designed。主题句转换为：
How to have your home designed affects your figure.Below are tips to design your home to help diet.
句式多样，注意过渡衔接
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词连接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
【典例】 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Bees are very strange creatures.They have their own way of telling each other that they have found a new flower.They bring some of its nectar (花蜜) back home and then do a little dance that shows where the flower is and how far away it is.
In autumn the worker bees go out and collect as much nectar and pollen (花粉) as they can carry.Then they return to make honey and store it for the long cold winter.
Bees build their own houses but they do not always have round tops like people draw them in storybooks.They are usually five storeys high.The queen bee always has the bottom storey.In between the bottom storey and all the rest there are bars only just wide enough for the workers to pass through.The queen bee can never go up to the other floors because she is bigger than all the other bees.The storeys the queen can't enter are where the store rooms are.There are rooms for pollen, nectar and royal jellies (蜂王浆)．If there is a fire the workers have to cover the walls and entrance of the rooms.They have to move the honey and the nectar and pollen away from the hot walls of the room.
The queen is the only that can lay eggs.She mates with a male bee called a drone (雄蜂)．Once the queen has laid the eggs she throws the drone out because a drone just sits around eating honey and nectar.He cannot go out and collect pollen because drones do not have pollen-carrying things on their legs like the workers have.
Young bees are called nurses because they have to nurse the new-born bees whether they like it or not.What a bee ends up being when it grows up depends on what it eats.If it is to be a queen it must feed on royal jellies and it must never, ever set eyes on another queen.If it does they must fight till only one of them is still alive.
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文的篇章结构为“总—分”式。第1段内容为主题段，引入主题，对蜜蜂进行总括介绍；第2段介绍工蜂的职能；第3段介绍蜂王的住所；第4段介绍雄蜂；第5段介绍幼蜂的职责及命运。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
段落 主旨 关键词
1 Topic: bees ①strange,_nectar,_flower
2 worker bees:
collect nectar and pollen ②nectar,_pollen,_honey,_store
3 queen bee：
queen bee's living space ③bottom_storey,_store_rooms
4 drones：
duty and destiny ④mate,_sit_around
5 young bees：
responsibilities and future ⑤nurses,_grow_up,_queen
第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达
段落 要点内容合并
1 利用词语替换法将strange改为unusual, creatures改为animals，第二、三句说的是一种特殊交流方式。第一段可概括为：Bees are unusual animals and have a unique way to communicate with one another.
2 第二段主要说明工蜂努力工作以采集储存花粉与花蜜，这两项可以归类成“食物”。这段可概括为：Worker bees work tirelessly to store food.
3 利用词语替换法将第三句中的has改为短语takes up，这一段可概括为：The relaxing queen bee takes up the bottom storey of the five-storey house.
4 蜂王与雄蜂交配后会将其逐出蜂房，可以抽象表达为蜂王利用完雄蜂后将其抛弃。这一段可概括为：The queen bee even deserts the drone after she finishes using him.
5 利用词语替换法将nurse改为短语care for，这一段可概括为：Young bees need to work to care for new-born bees, but they can only leave their futures to what they eat.
第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接
本文作者介绍了蜂群中不同类型蜜蜂的特点，工蜂工作勤奋努力，蜂王靠着其权威过着轻松的生活，两者形成对比，所以用Unlike worker bees连接两个句子。第四段依然由蜂王引出雄蜂，所以用代词She代替queen bee。最后一段中幼蜂需要与工蜂一样努力工作，所以加Same as worker bees将二者联系起来。
Bees_are_unusual_animals_and_have_a_unique_way_to_communicate_with_one_another.(要点1)_Worker_bees_work_tirelessly_to_store_food.(要点2)_Unlike_worker_bees,_the_relaxing_queen_bee_takes_up_the_bottom_storey_of_the_five-storey_house.(要点3)_She_even_deserts_the_drone_after_she_finishes_using_him.(要点4)_Same_as_worker_bees,_young_bees_need_to_work_to_care_for_new-born_bees,_but_they_can_only_leave_their_futures_to_what_they_eat.(要点5)
Writing 1
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman，author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says，“We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise？Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear：Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner，or finish a book report.But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
参考范文：
It is no easy job to educate children. Parents are wrong from strict discipline in the past to excessive praise today.(要点1) Considerable praise helps to encourage children to make progress, but don't go from one extreme to the other.(要点2) High-quality praise should focus on children's efforts, rather than on results.(要点3) The principle for dealing with praise is to consider the link between praise and effort.(要点4)
Writing 2
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
参考范文：
To decide wisely which colleges to attend, you are advised to pay a visit to colleges before you apply, especially the ones you live close to.(要点1) At least you should visit the schools you want to go to.(要点2) If you can't go and check it out for lack of time and money, visit the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive, where you can get necessary information.(要点3)