【绝密绝招 考前添分指导】2014四川高考——阅读表达指导（精讲精析）

阅读表达考纲解读及解题指导
高考阅读表达把阅读和写作巧妙结合，是一种主客观题相结合的题型，旨在全方位、多角度考查学生的阅读、思维和语言表达能力。本题型具有以下特点：
一、问题设置形式灵活多样，综合考查学生的多种基本能力。命题涉及标题归纳、意图判断、代词指代、补全内容、问题简答以及结论等，形成对文章全方位、多角度的考查，能全面、客观地反映学生“读、写、思、译”等方面的能力。
二、答题客观性和开放性相结合，突出思维的开放性，给学生提供广阔的思维空间。要求考生根据短文内容和自己的理解作答，只要符合题目要求，表述准确，就是正确答案。考生可以充分展示自己的语言表达能力，发挥思维的多样性与开放性。
三、选材要求文章结构严谨，层次分明，信息量大，包含结构复杂的难句，适合命题的多样性。所选文章一般是一篇具有中等难度的说明文、议论文或应用文。
解题指导
下面对阅读表达的命题规律做一探讨，希望对大家备战2014年高考有所帮助。
一、主旨归纳。这种问题要求在把握好全文或某一段内容的基础上，对文章(或段落)的主旨大意进行归纳。常用的命题方式有：
What is the text mainly about? (no more than x words)
What is mainly discussed in the text? (no more than x words)
What advice is given in the …paragraph? (no more than x words)
大家在进行主旨归纳时，应该首先看一看文章首尾段是否对全文进行了归纳，如果这样，我们通过归纳文章首尾段就能得到文章的主旨；如果上述两种情况都不存在，我们就需要对全文进行归纳总结。在归纳文章主旨时，一定要注意扣准能够体现文章主旨的关键词。
二、标题归纳。这种题型非常类似于阅读理解中的标题选择题，即要求考生在整体把握全文的基础上，用最简洁凝练的语言归纳文章的标题。常用的命题方式有：
What would be the best title for the text? (no more than x words)
标题归纳和主旨归纳在本质上是一样的，因此一篇阅读表达不可能同时出现两种题型，其方法也跟主旨归纳相似，大家可以首先找一找句子的主题句，如果有主题句，可以对主题句稍作加工；如果没有主题句，就需归纳全文。注意，在归纳文章标题时，一要注意扣准能够体现文章主旨的关键词， 二要语言简洁凝练，富有吸引力和特色。
三、意图判断。根据特定信息推断作者的写作意图。常用的命题方式有：
For what purpose does the author mention ... in Paragraph x?( no more than x words)
这种题型非常接近阅读理解的命题。大家应该分清文章的体裁，如果是议论文，一定要找准作者的论点；如果是说明文，一定要找出作者说明的中心；如果是应用文，要看介绍哪一方面的情况，这样就能基本把握作者的意图。
四、句子填空。结合上下文, 将短文中的空白处用合适的词句补充完整, 使短文通顺，所填内容一般是短语或短句，词数要求较少。常用的命题方式有：
Fill in the blank in Paragraph x with proper words. (no more than x words)
在做这样的题目时，我们特别需要“瞻前顾后”，通过前后文的提示来确定需要补全的内容。
五、英文释义。用英语解释划线句子，这种首次出现的题型对考生来说有一定难度，也更能考查考生的语言表达能力。常用的命题方式有：
Explain the underlined sentence in Paragraph x.
在做这样的题目时，我们首先应该抓住句子的主干意义，不要被一些附加成分所迷惑。
六、回答问题。这类题目在命题方面可能会比较灵活，侧重试题的开放性。可以就作者观点态度方面提问，也可以根据文章具体内容提问，还可以是自己的读后感。常用的命题方式有：
What kind of attitude does the author have towards the question? (no more than x words)
Why does the author mention …in the text? (no more than x words)
What does sth. imply? (no more than x words)
What can we learn from the text? (no more than x words)
在回答问题时注意不要脱离原文内容，而应该像阅读理解一样，找到原文中的关键信息，在此基础上合理变通，并结合自己的观点给出答案。
七、陈述个人观点。这类题目要求大家在理解原文的基础上，对原文所涉及的问题、现象进行思考，给出自己的观点。题目开放性很强。常用的命题方式有：
What do you think of the question mentioned by the author? (no more than x words)
Do you like what is talked about in the text? Why? (no more than x words)
这类题目要求大家综合原文材料，发挥自己的想象，陈述自己对事物的观点或态度。因此大家在答题时一定要观点鲜明、立场正确，不能含糊不清、不伦不类。
八、词义指代。从阅读理解中的猜测词义题演化而来，其做题的思路跟阅读理解相似，即联系上下文，找到代词所指代的内容。常用的命题方式有：
What does the word (Line x, Paragraph x) probably refer to?
这类题目要求考生返回原文，找出指代词，学会“左顾右盼”，找出与其最接近的名词、名词性词组或句子替换该指代词，看意思是否通顺，最后确定答案。
真题示例(2013山东卷）
第一节 阅读表达 (第76、77、80题每题3分，第78题4分，第79题2分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文并用英语回答问题，将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上(请注意76、77、79和80四个小题后面的词数要求)。
[1] Jean Paul Getty was born in 1892 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He became a millionaire when he was only 24. His father was wealthy, but he did not help his son. Getty made his millions alone. He made his money from oil. He owned Getty Oil and over 100 other companies. The Fortune magazine once called Getty “the richest man in the world.”
[2]But money . He married five times and divorced five times. He had five children but spent little time with them. None of Getty’s children had very happy lives.
[3] Getty loved to make money and loved to save it. In spite of his great wealth, Getty was a miser. Every evening, he wrote down every cent he spent that day. He even put pay telephones in the guests’ bedrooms in his house so he could save money on phone bills.
[4] In 1973, kidnappers took his 16-year-old grandson, and demanded a large amount of money for his safe return. Getty’s son asked his father for money to save his child. But Getty refused. The kidnappers were merciless and Getty’s son made repeated requests for help from his father. Finally, Getty agreed to lend the money, but at 4 percent interest.
[5] Getty started a museum at his home in Malibu, California. He bought many important and beautiful pieces of art for the museum. When Getty died in 1976, the value of the collection in the museum was $1 billion. He left all his money to the museum. After his death, the museum grew in size. Today it is one of the most important museums in the United States. Getty made a large fortune in his life, but he gave his money to the art world because he wanted people to learn about and love art.
76. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? (no more than 8 words)
_____________________________________
77. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 7 words)
_____________________________________
78. Explain the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3.
_____________________________________
79. What did the kidnappers do to Getty’s family? (no more than 10 words)
_____________________________________
80. What does the author want to tell us about Getty in the last paragraph? (no more than 10 words)
_____________________________________
解析：本篇阅读表达属于人物说明文，介绍百万富翁Getty的传奇经历。
76. 段落大意题。Getty was a self-made millionaire / Getty became rich through his own efforts。由本段后面部分可知本段主要大意为Getty通过自己的努力创造了大量财富。
77. 填空题。did not buy happiness for Getty。从下文可知Getty的家庭生活并不幸福。
78. 英语释义题。Although he was very rich, Getty hated to spend money。这是山东卷第一次出现的题型，核心是同词替换以及句式替换，要体现让步关系。
79. 细节题。They took Getty’s grandson and asked for money。根据题干中kidnappers定位第四段第一句took his 16-year-old grandson, and demanded a large amount of money for his safe return可知绑匪绑架了他的孙子并要钱。
80. 推理判断题。Getty made a great contribution to the art world. / Getty had another side。虽然前面说此人很吝啬，但最后一段说他花重金建造艺术博物馆，体现的是他对艺术界的贡献。