2023届上海市部分区高三下学期4月二模英语试卷汇编：概要写作专题（含答案）
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上海市部分区2023届高三下学期4月二模英语解析版试卷分类汇编
概要写作专题
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
71.
A Montessori Education
There are now at least 60,000 schools across the world using the Montessori method. There are different kinds of Montessori schools, but certain fundamental principles have remained the same.
One is the idea of teachers encouraging the children to complete the activities with as little adult involvement as possible. Take the Ecoscuola Montessori on the Italian island of Sicily. At the school, there is a subject called “Practical Life”. It involves real-life practical tasks, such as serving drinks to their classmates. For safety, teachers would take charge of boiling the water, but the children would play active roles in cleaning the work surface and then presenting the drinks to others. “During breakfast and lunch, they are also self-directed, taking it in turns to lay the table and serve their classmates,” says Miriam Ferro, the headteacher of Ecoscuola.
The method encourages not only independence, but also cooperation. Children of different ages are taught in the same classroom, so that the six-year-olds, for example, can help the three-year-olds. In addition, each session is three hours long so as to allow the children to bury themselves in what they are doing. The learning materials are also designed for being handled and explored with all the senses. For example, letters and numbers are made of sandpaper, which the child can trace with their finger.
This concept may sound sensible. But does it bring about any tangible (实际的) benefits, beyond those seen in a typical classroom
Angeline Lillard, a professor of psychology, found some benefits for children’s development while looking at a Montessori school in Milwaukee, in the United States. Analyzing their progress at age five, she found that the children tended to have better literacy, numeracy, executive function and social skills, compared to those who had attended the other schools. And at age 12, they showed better story-telling abilities.
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
IV. Summary writing (10分)
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
71. Museum Craze Involves More Teenagers
More museums are here waiting for you! China’s capital, Beijing, is going to open another batch (一批) of museums this year. The building of a new branch of the Palace Museum, one of the world’s most visited tourist attractions, kicked off as well.
As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years, teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums, where they can immerse (沉浸) themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine, visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from 220 million to 290 million in the past 5 years. Among the increasing numbers of museum visitors, many of them were teenagers accompanied by their families, reported Guangming Daily earlier this month.
To draw younger visitors, many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture. They include artifact making, night visits, secret adventures, treasure evaluation, and some interesting courses. At the China Hangzhou Arts & Crafts Museum, for example, teenagers gathered around to make paper umbrellas during the Spring Festival holiday. With white gloves on and little spades in their hands, visitors in Henan province got to experience the daily work of archaeologists (考古学家). Apart from the activities, some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers. A hall called Popular Agricultural Science for Young Visitors is a special branch launched by China Agricultural Museum. It is an exhibition hall that combines both visual and audio technology to involve teenagers in agriculture. Besides these offline approaches, a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers, the Palace Museum in particular. Online visitors may go on an exciting adventure on the website in the style of a comic book.
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing
71．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Home sweet home - this phrase arouses all sorts of images and feelings. The place you call home might be a house, an apartment, a tent or any of a countless variety of places. But did you know that the condition of your living space can have an impact on your emotions and even on your mental health By controlling some of these variables, you can help to achieve a more peaceful life.
It goes without saying that the lighting in your room or in your house can affect your mood. If the lighting is too weak, it can have a negative effect on your emotions, and your mood may end up matching the dark atmosphere. Artificial light may not do the trick, however. It is better to open your curtains because natural sunlight makes your whole day brighter.
You have to do more than just remove poisonous substances from your home. To ensure good mental health, surround yourself with nature. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the presence of green plants in your home can improve your mood.
Let’s all admit it: We have trouble keeping our space clean. Somehow stuff just tends to pile up. But this problem involves more than just aesthetics (美感). It doesn’t just look terrible: it makes you feel terrible. A cluttered room both reveals stress and causes stress. Disorder can indicate that you’re too busy to keep things tidy, but then looking at a mess can lead to more stress. Straightening up doesn’t have to take all day - just take 10 or 15 minutes and put a few things away. You’ll be surprised how much better you’ll feel.
The color palette (用色风格) of your environment does more than passively reflect your color preferences. It also has an active influence on your mood and even your mental health. Choosing colors that create a calm atmosphere can be a type of therapy.
The sky is the limit to ways you can make your environment beneficial to good mental health. You could put up photos of your family and friends or post encouraging notes from people that show how much they love you. Just remember: Your surroundings can make your “home sweet home” even sweeter.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing
71．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Any Problem with New Job Titles
CEO, marketing director, lead writer, sales associate… Employees’ roles have generally been defined with these straightforward terms. They communicate essential employee details such as job function and seniority and make sense to employees and employers alike. But now new titles are found in the changing world of work. Fancy but unclear labels like “chief visionary officer” or “business development guru” come into our view, making the traditional system seem rigid. Will there be problems
In general, traditional job titles are clear and indicative of the employee’s seniority and responsibilities. For example, it’s largely accepted that assistants are below associates, who are below directors, who are below vice (副的) presidents, who are below CEOs. But these new job titles are meaningless outside an organization, at least in some people’s view. A recruiter (招聘人员) may not be able to identify the right candidates based on their previous working experience. Besides, having an extremely uncommon word in a title may give a job hunter difficulty in explaining his past job to future recruiters, according to Adrjan, director of an economic research. That means both employees and employers could suffer.
Yet, from another perspective, altered job titles can help make an employee feel more valued and better empowered in a company. “They massively boost your confidence,” says Hughes, who works as “head of hype and culture” at an advertising agency. “They put faith in your competence, creating an environment in which you can grow and develop.” And from the companies’ standpoint, they want to convey the message that they are trying to treat their staff in a more respectful way. For example, if they use “people” instead of “human resources” in a title, they signal that they value individuals as customers and partners rather than resources to exploit.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing Directions： Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
21．
Humans Evolved to Be Lonely
Loneliness hurts and，over time，it can put the body into a state that increases our risk of everything from heart attack to diabetes and cancer.So，evolutionarily speaking，why do we experience it？Stephanie Cacioppo，a neuroscientist，says that countless studies have helped researchers formulate a holistic（全面的）purpose for loneliness.
Being social had its downsides even back then﹣competition for food，for example，or contribution to the spread of pathogens（病原体）.But scientists think we evolved to feel loneliness because it was more important to work with one another to accomplish tasks and protect everyone. "The pain of loneliness drove us to renew the social structure so we could survive and promote key features like trust，cooperation and collective action，" explains Cacioppo.
She says that，for years，researchers thought of loneliness as a "disease with no compensatory features." But now，they're realizing that it's more of a biological hunger signal that reminds us when it's time to reconnect with those around us to promote our short﹣term survival.If the outcomes of loneliness were entirely negative，it would no longer be a part of our DNA. "Hunger and thirst protect our physical body while loneliness protects our social body，" says Cacioppo.
Interestingly，while loneliness sends a signal to the brain that it's time for connection，at the same time it's also looking for danger.This "contradictory signal，" according to Cacioppo，reminds us to be careful of whether the people we are connecting with are enemies or friends.She calls this need to be watchful even as we're socializing a "self﹣protection mechanism." That means in situations where you feel lonely even when surrounded by others，you're subconsciously thinking that this crowd might not be a good evolutionary fit for your survival.
参考答案
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
71．According to the basic principles of Montessori schools, children are encouraged to finish tasks with little or no help of adults. It cultivates not only their independence but also cooperation ability. Besides, children can learn to stay focused on their task with all their senses. Children can also develop their abilities in reading, writing, calculating and interactive skills.
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蒙台梭利教学法对儿童的好处。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①One is the idea of teachers encouraging the children to complete the activities with as little adult involvement as possible.
②The method encourages not only independence, but also cooperation.
③The learning materials are also designed for being handled and explored with all the senses.
④Analyzing their progress at age five, she found that the children tended to have better literacy, numeracy, executive function and social skills, compared to those who had attended the other schools.
2. 缜密构思
将每个要点进行分说，注意上下文连贯。
3. 遣词造句
According to the basic principles of Montessori schools, children are encouraged to finish tasks with little or no help of adults.
It cultivates not only their independence but also cooperation ability.
Besides, children can learn to stay focused on their task with all their senses.
Children can also develop their abilities in reading, writing, calculating and interactive skills.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]According to the basic principles of Montessori schools, children are encouraged to finish tasks with little or no help of adults.用一个被动语态对第一个要点进行表述
[高分句型2]Children can also develop their abilities in reading, writing, calculating and interactive skills.用动名词作宾语，对第四个要点进行表述
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
51．Beijing will open more museums this year. With the popularity of museums, there has been increasing participation among teenagers. The number of teenagers who visit increases each year. To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers. Besides, some museums also create online websites for teenagers. (57 words)
【导语】
本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍说，中国首都北京今年将再开一批博物馆。作为世界上最受欢迎的旅游景点之一，故宫博物院新分院的建设也拉开了序幕，在过去的几年里，随着博物馆热的日益高涨，中国的青少年越来越热衷于探索博物馆，在那里他们可以沉浸在现代科技和过去的文化中，为了吸引年轻游客，许多博物馆正在开展更多的线下活动，推出青少年专馆或创建青少年网站。
【详解】
1 要点摘录：
①China’s capital, Beijing, is going to open another batch (一批) of museums this year.
②As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years, teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums, where they can immerse (沉浸) themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine, visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from 220 million to 290 million in the past 5 years.
③To draw younger visitors, many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture.
④Apart from the activities, some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers.
⑤Besides these offline approaches, a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers, the Palace Museum in particular.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、5三个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Beijing will open more museums this year. With the popularity of museums, there has been increasing participation among teenagers. The number of teenagers who visit increases each year. To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers. Besides, some museums also create online websites for teenagers.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] The number of teenagers who visit increases each year.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段进行了概括。其中who引导的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2] To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers.用that引导限制性定语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
71．One’s living environment can contribute to his health. For example, curtains should be drawn to let in more sunlight and adding more green plants will bring better mood. Also, tidy and clean space can help reduce pressure and appropriate color is highly recommended. In addition, putting up photos or positive posts can be beneficial to mental health. 57w
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是人们居住的空间状况会影响人们的情绪，甚至是心灵健康，通过改变一下家的一些可变音素能够让居住者拥有一个更加平静的生活。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①By controlling some of these variables, you can help to achieve a more peaceful life.
②It goes without saying that the lighting in your room or in your house can affect your mood.
③Numerous studies have demonstrated that the presence of green plants in your home can improve your mood.
④Let’s all admit it: We have trouble keeping our space clean.
⑤Choosing colors that create a calm atmosphere can be a type of therapy.
⑥Just remember: Your surroundings can make your “home sweet home” even sweeter.
2.缜密构思将第②③两个要点进行整合，将第④⑤两个要点进行整合，①⑥两个要点重组。
3.遣词造句One’s living environment can contribute to his health.
Curtains should be drawn to let in more sunlight and adding more green plants will bring better mood.
Also, tidy and clean space can help reduce pressure and appropriate color is highly recommended.
In addition, putting up photos or positive posts can be beneficial to mental health.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] A For example, curtains should be drawn to let in more sunlight and adding more green plants will bring better mood.（运用一个并列句将两个段落的要点连接起来，同时使用动名词短语作主语使得句式结构更丰富）。
[高分句型2]：Also, tidy and clean space can help reduce pressure and appropriate color is highly recommended. （运用被动语态使句子表达不单一，使用并列连词and连接两个要点使内容更简洁，表达非常高级）
[高分句型3]：In addition, putting up photos or positive posts can be beneficial to mental health. （运用in addition将最后一个要点连接，使得更连贯，句子使用动名词短语作主语的形式）
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
71．New job titles are challenging traditional ones in workplaces. Some of them are unclear, which some think makes it hard for employers to pick out candidates and for workers to interpret their previous job to prospective employers. However, others believe that these titles help employees gain more motivation and employers can show the staff greater respect. (56 words)
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章比较了新职称和传统职称的区别，以及改变职称带来的价值。
【详解】
1.要点摘录①Fancy but unclear labels like “chief visionary officer” or “business development guru” come into our view, making the traditional system seem rigid. Will there be problems
②But these new job titles are meaningless outside an organization, at least in some people’s view. A recruiter (招聘人员) may not be able to identify the right candidates based on their previous working experience.
③Besides, having an extremely uncommon word in a title may give a job hunter difficulty in explaining his past job to future recruiters, according to Adrjan, director of an economic research.④Yet, from another perspective, altered job titles can help make an employee feel more valued and better empowered in a company.
⑤And from the companies’ standpoint, they want to convey the message that they are trying to treat their staff in a more respectful way.
2.缜密构思将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句 New job titles are challenging traditional ones in workplaces.
Some of them are unclear, which some think makes it hard for employers to pick out candidates and for workers to interpret their previous job to prospective employers.
【点睛】
【高分句型1】Some of them are unclear, which some think makes it hard for employers to pick out candidates and for workers to interpret their previous job to prospective employers.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】However, others believe that these titles help employees gain more motivation and employers can show the staff greater respect.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
21．【分析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了我们为什么会感到孤独。
高分句型一：Some scientists are aware that loneliness is more of a biological hunger signal reminding us to reconnect with people around us for survival.
译文：一些科学家意识到，孤独更多的是一种生物饥饿信号，提醒我们为了生存而与周围的人重新联系。
分析：这句话使用了that引导的宾语从句。
高分句型二：What is interesting is that although loneliness reminds us that it's time for connection，meanwhile it's also looking for risk.
译文：有趣的是，尽管孤独提醒我们是时候建立联系了，但同时它也在寻找风险。
分析：这句话使用了what引导的主语从句，第一个that引导的表语从句，第二个that引导宾语从句。
【解答】Loneliness is bad for human beings and results in diseases. （孤独对人类有害，会导致疾病）Scientists think it was more important to cooperate，so we evolved to feel loneliness. （合作更重要，所以我们进化到感到孤独）Some scientists are aware that loneliness is more of a biological hunger signal reminding us to reconnect with people around us for survival. 【高分句型一】（一些科学家意识到，孤独更多的是一种生物饥饿信号，提醒我们为了生存而与周围的人重新联系）What is interesting is that although loneliness reminds us that it's time for connection，meanwhile it's also looking for risk.【高分句型二】（尽管孤独提醒我们是时候建立联系了，但同时它也在寻找风险。）
【点评】概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
概要写作专题
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
71.
A Montessori Education
There are now at least 60,000 schools across the world using the Montessori method. There are different kinds of Montessori schools, but certain fundamental principles have remained the same.
One is the idea of teachers encouraging the children to complete the activities with as little adult involvement as possible. Take the Ecoscuola Montessori on the Italian island of Sicily. At the school, there is a subject called “Practical Life”. It involves real-life practical tasks, such as serving drinks to their classmates. For safety, teachers would take charge of boiling the water, but the children would play active roles in cleaning the work surface and then presenting the drinks to others. “During breakfast and lunch, they are also self-directed, taking it in turns to lay the table and serve their classmates,” says Miriam Ferro, the headteacher of Ecoscuola.
The method encourages not only independence, but also cooperation. Children of different ages are taught in the same classroom, so that the six-year-olds, for example, can help the three-year-olds. In addition, each session is three hours long so as to allow the children to bury themselves in what they are doing. The learning materials are also designed for being handled and explored with all the senses. For example, letters and numbers are made of sandpaper, which the child can trace with their finger.
This concept may sound sensible. But does it bring about any tangible (实际的) benefits, beyond those seen in a typical classroom
Angeline Lillard, a professor of psychology, found some benefits for children’s development while looking at a Montessori school in Milwaukee, in the United States. Analyzing their progress at age five, she found that the children tended to have better literacy, numeracy, executive function and social skills, compared to those who had attended the other schools. And at age 12, they showed better story-telling abilities.
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
IV. Summary writing (10分)
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
71. Museum Craze Involves More Teenagers
More museums are here waiting for you! China’s capital, Beijing, is going to open another batch (一批) of museums this year. The building of a new branch of the Palace Museum, one of the world’s most visited tourist attractions, kicked off as well.
As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years, teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums, where they can immerse (沉浸) themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine, visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from 220 million to 290 million in the past 5 years. Among the increasing numbers of museum visitors, many of them were teenagers accompanied by their families, reported Guangming Daily earlier this month.
To draw younger visitors, many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture. They include artifact making, night visits, secret adventures, treasure evaluation, and some interesting courses. At the China Hangzhou Arts & Crafts Museum, for example, teenagers gathered around to make paper umbrellas during the Spring Festival holiday. With white gloves on and little spades in their hands, visitors in Henan province got to experience the daily work of archaeologists (考古学家). Apart from the activities, some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers. A hall called Popular Agricultural Science for Young Visitors is a special branch launched by China Agricultural Museum. It is an exhibition hall that combines both visual and audio technology to involve teenagers in agriculture. Besides these offline approaches, a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers, the Palace Museum in particular. Online visitors may go on an exciting adventure on the website in the style of a comic book.
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing
71．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Home sweet home - this phrase arouses all sorts of images and feelings. The place you call home might be a house, an apartment, a tent or any of a countless variety of places. But did you know that the condition of your living space can have an impact on your emotions and even on your mental health By controlling some of these variables, you can help to achieve a more peaceful life.
It goes without saying that the lighting in your room or in your house can affect your mood. If the lighting is too weak, it can have a negative effect on your emotions, and your mood may end up matching the dark atmosphere. Artificial light may not do the trick, however. It is better to open your curtains because natural sunlight makes your whole day brighter.
You have to do more than just remove poisonous substances from your home. To ensure good mental health, surround yourself with nature. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the presence of green plants in your home can improve your mood.
Let’s all admit it: We have trouble keeping our space clean. Somehow stuff just tends to pile up. But this problem involves more than just aesthetics (美感). It doesn’t just look terrible: it makes you feel terrible. A cluttered room both reveals stress and causes stress. Disorder can indicate that you’re too busy to keep things tidy, but then looking at a mess can lead to more stress. Straightening up doesn’t have to take all day - just take 10 or 15 minutes and put a few things away. You’ll be surprised how much better you’ll feel.
The color palette (用色风格) of your environment does more than passively reflect your color preferences. It also has an active influence on your mood and even your mental health. Choosing colors that create a calm atmosphere can be a type of therapy.
The sky is the limit to ways you can make your environment beneficial to good mental health. You could put up photos of your family and friends or post encouraging notes from people that show how much they love you. Just remember: Your surroundings can make your “home sweet home” even sweeter.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing
71．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Any Problem with New Job Titles
CEO, marketing director, lead writer, sales associate… Employees’ roles have generally been defined with these straightforward terms. They communicate essential employee details such as job function and seniority and make sense to employees and employers alike. But now new titles are found in the changing world of work. Fancy but unclear labels like “chief visionary officer” or “business development guru” come into our view, making the traditional system seem rigid. Will there be problems
In general, traditional job titles are clear and indicative of the employee’s seniority and responsibilities. For example, it’s largely accepted that assistants are below associates, who are below directors, who are below vice (副的) presidents, who are below CEOs. But these new job titles are meaningless outside an organization, at least in some people’s view. A recruiter (招聘人员) may not be able to identify the right candidates based on their previous working experience. Besides, having an extremely uncommon word in a title may give a job hunter difficulty in explaining his past job to future recruiters, according to Adrjan, director of an economic research. That means both employees and employers could suffer.
Yet, from another perspective, altered job titles can help make an employee feel more valued and better empowered in a company. “They massively boost your confidence,” says Hughes, who works as “head of hype and culture” at an advertising agency. “They put faith in your competence, creating an environment in which you can grow and develop.” And from the companies’ standpoint, they want to convey the message that they are trying to treat their staff in a more respectful way. For example, if they use “people” instead of “human resources” in a title, they signal that they value individuals as customers and partners rather than resources to exploit.
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2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
IV. Summary Writing Directions： Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
21．
Humans Evolved to Be Lonely
Loneliness hurts and，over time，it can put the body into a state that increases our risk of everything from heart attack to diabetes and cancer.So，evolutionarily speaking，why do we experience it？Stephanie Cacioppo，a neuroscientist，says that countless studies have helped researchers formulate a holistic（全面的）purpose for loneliness.
Being social had its downsides even back then﹣competition for food，for example，or contribution to the spread of pathogens（病原体）.But scientists think we evolved to feel loneliness because it was more important to work with one another to accomplish tasks and protect everyone. "The pain of loneliness drove us to renew the social structure so we could survive and promote key features like trust，cooperation and collective action，" explains Cacioppo.
She says that，for years，researchers thought of loneliness as a "disease with no compensatory features." But now，they're realizing that it's more of a biological hunger signal that reminds us when it's time to reconnect with those around us to promote our short﹣term survival.If the outcomes of loneliness were entirely negative，it would no longer be a part of our DNA. "Hunger and thirst protect our physical body while loneliness protects our social body，" says Cacioppo.
Interestingly，while loneliness sends a signal to the brain that it's time for connection，at the same time it's also looking for danger.This "contradictory signal，" according to Cacioppo，reminds us to be careful of whether the people we are connecting with are enemies or friends.She calls this need to be watchful even as we're socializing a "self﹣protection mechanism." That means in situations where you feel lonely even when surrounded by others，you're subconsciously thinking that this crowd might not be a good evolutionary fit for your survival.
参考答案
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
71．According to the basic principles of Montessori schools, children are encouraged to finish tasks with little or no help of adults. It cultivates not only their independence but also cooperation ability. Besides, children can learn to stay focused on their task with all their senses. Children can also develop their abilities in reading, writing, calculating and interactive skills.
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蒙台梭利教学法对儿童的好处。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①One is the idea of teachers encouraging the children to complete the activities with as little adult involvement as possible.
②The method encourages not only independence, but also cooperation.
③The learning materials are also designed for being handled and explored with all the senses.
④Analyzing their progress at age five, she found that the children tended to have better literacy, numeracy, executive function and social skills, compared to those who had attended the other schools.
2. 缜密构思
将每个要点进行分说，注意上下文连贯。
3. 遣词造句
According to the basic principles of Montessori schools, children are encouraged to finish tasks with little or no help of adults.
It cultivates not only their independence but also cooperation ability.
Besides, children can learn to stay focused on their task with all their senses.
Children can also develop their abilities in reading, writing, calculating and interactive skills.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]According to the basic principles of Montessori schools, children are encouraged to finish tasks with little or no help of adults.用一个被动语态对第一个要点进行表述
[高分句型2]Children can also develop their abilities in reading, writing, calculating and interactive skills.用动名词作宾语，对第四个要点进行表述
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
51．Beijing will open more museums this year. With the popularity of museums, there has been increasing participation among teenagers. The number of teenagers who visit increases each year. To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers. Besides, some museums also create online websites for teenagers. (57 words)
【导语】
本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍说，中国首都北京今年将再开一批博物馆。作为世界上最受欢迎的旅游景点之一，故宫博物院新分院的建设也拉开了序幕，在过去的几年里，随着博物馆热的日益高涨，中国的青少年越来越热衷于探索博物馆，在那里他们可以沉浸在现代科技和过去的文化中，为了吸引年轻游客，许多博物馆正在开展更多的线下活动，推出青少年专馆或创建青少年网站。
【详解】
1 要点摘录：
①China’s capital, Beijing, is going to open another batch (一批) of museums this year.
②As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years, teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums, where they can immerse (沉浸) themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past. According to Educator magazine, visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from 220 million to 290 million in the past 5 years.
③To draw younger visitors, many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture.
④Apart from the activities, some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers.
⑤Besides these offline approaches, a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers, the Palace Museum in particular.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、5三个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Beijing will open more museums this year. With the popularity of museums, there has been increasing participation among teenagers. The number of teenagers who visit increases each year. To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers. Besides, some museums also create online websites for teenagers.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] The number of teenagers who visit increases each year.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段进行了概括。其中who引导的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2] To attract teenagers, some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture, while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers.用that引导限制性定语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
71．One’s living environment can contribute to his health. For example, curtains should be drawn to let in more sunlight and adding more green plants will bring better mood. Also, tidy and clean space can help reduce pressure and appropriate color is highly recommended. In addition, putting up photos or positive posts can be beneficial to mental health. 57w
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是人们居住的空间状况会影响人们的情绪，甚至是心灵健康，通过改变一下家的一些可变音素能够让居住者拥有一个更加平静的生活。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①By controlling some of these variables, you can help to achieve a more peaceful life.
②It goes without saying that the lighting in your room or in your house can affect your mood.
③Numerous studies have demonstrated that the presence of green plants in your home can improve your mood.
④Let’s all admit it: We have trouble keeping our space clean.
⑤Choosing colors that create a calm atmosphere can be a type of therapy.
⑥Just remember: Your surroundings can make your “home sweet home” even sweeter.
2.缜密构思将第②③两个要点进行整合，将第④⑤两个要点进行整合，①⑥两个要点重组。
3.遣词造句One’s living environment can contribute to his health.
Curtains should be drawn to let in more sunlight and adding more green plants will bring better mood.
Also, tidy and clean space can help reduce pressure and appropriate color is highly recommended.
In addition, putting up photos or positive posts can be beneficial to mental health.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] A For example, curtains should be drawn to let in more sunlight and adding more green plants will bring better mood.（运用一个并列句将两个段落的要点连接起来，同时使用动名词短语作主语使得句式结构更丰富）。
[高分句型2]：Also, tidy and clean space can help reduce pressure and appropriate color is highly recommended. （运用被动语态使句子表达不单一，使用并列连词and连接两个要点使内容更简洁，表达非常高级）
[高分句型3]：In addition, putting up photos or positive posts can be beneficial to mental health. （运用in addition将最后一个要点连接，使得更连贯，句子使用动名词短语作主语的形式）
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
71．New job titles are challenging traditional ones in workplaces. Some of them are unclear, which some think makes it hard for employers to pick out candidates and for workers to interpret their previous job to prospective employers. However, others believe that these titles help employees gain more motivation and employers can show the staff greater respect. (56 words)
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章比较了新职称和传统职称的区别，以及改变职称带来的价值。
【详解】
1.要点摘录①Fancy but unclear labels like “chief visionary officer” or “business development guru” come into our view, making the traditional system seem rigid. Will there be problems
②But these new job titles are meaningless outside an organization, at least in some people’s view. A recruiter (招聘人员) may not be able to identify the right candidates based on their previous working experience.
③Besides, having an extremely uncommon word in a title may give a job hunter difficulty in explaining his past job to future recruiters, according to Adrjan, director of an economic research.④Yet, from another perspective, altered job titles can help make an employee feel more valued and better empowered in a company.
⑤And from the companies’ standpoint, they want to convey the message that they are trying to treat their staff in a more respectful way.
2.缜密构思将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句 New job titles are challenging traditional ones in workplaces.
Some of them are unclear, which some think makes it hard for employers to pick out candidates and for workers to interpret their previous job to prospective employers.
【点睛】
【高分句型1】Some of them are unclear, which some think makes it hard for employers to pick out candidates and for workers to interpret their previous job to prospective employers.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】However, others believe that these titles help employees gain more motivation and employers can show the staff greater respect.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
21．【分析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了我们为什么会感到孤独。
高分句型一：Some scientists are aware that loneliness is more of a biological hunger signal reminding us to reconnect with people around us for survival.
译文：一些科学家意识到，孤独更多的是一种生物饥饿信号，提醒我们为了生存而与周围的人重新联系。
分析：这句话使用了that引导的宾语从句。
高分句型二：What is interesting is that although loneliness reminds us that it's time for connection，meanwhile it's also looking for risk.
译文：有趣的是，尽管孤独提醒我们是时候建立联系了，但同时它也在寻找风险。
分析：这句话使用了what引导的主语从句，第一个that引导的表语从句，第二个that引导宾语从句。
【解答】Loneliness is bad for human beings and results in diseases. （孤独对人类有害，会导致疾病）Scientists think it was more important to cooperate，so we evolved to feel loneliness. （合作更重要，所以我们进化到感到孤独）Some scientists are aware that loneliness is more of a biological hunger signal reminding us to reconnect with people around us for survival. 【高分句型一】（一些科学家意识到，孤独更多的是一种生物饥饿信号，提醒我们为了生存而与周围的人重新联系）What is interesting is that although loneliness reminds us that it's time for connection，meanwhile it's also looking for risk.【高分句型二】（尽管孤独提醒我们是时候建立联系了，但同时它也在寻找风险。）
【点评】概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。