2023届上海市部分区高三下学期4月二模英语试卷汇编：完形填空专题（含答案）
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上海市部分区2023届高三下学期4月二模英语解析版试卷分类汇编
完形填空专题
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
It is Nobel Prize week, the one week every year when people from all corners of the globe celebrate science, read about ribosomes (核糖体), and give their best shot at trying to understand particle physics. It is also the one week when science is guaranteed some prime headline space on mainstream news outlets. And yet the science Nobels (in medicine, physics, and chemistry) present a(n) (41) ______ view of science.
The problem starts with the (42) ______ of prize-winners selected every year. The rules governing the Nobel Prize (43) ______ it to just three winners in each category. This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being (44) ______.
As a matter of fact, science has never been a(n) (45) ______ effort. Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists. Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others to (46) ______ advance the boundaries of human knowledge. Yes, Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries without (47) ______ work by Max Planck, James Maxwell, and several others.
To make matters worse, typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the (48) ______ was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher. It is precisely these (49) ______ researchers who are in greater need of the Nobel Prize money than their generally tenured (终身的) supervisors.
More basically, awarding the prizes to only three scientists spreads a vision of science as an individual enterprise. By ensuring that graduate students are not given (50) ______ recognition, the prizes reinforce (加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat. This can only (51) ______ gender and racial inequalities in science, especially further along in an academic career.
Any one of these reasons is sufficient to (52) ______ the Nobel Prizes. Here is one idea: Award the Nobel Prizes not to (53) ______ but for discoveries; donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research.
A science-oriented Nobel, rather than a scientist-oriented one, would educate the public in the most important scientific developments and, (54) ______, stimulate new scientific progress by using the prize money to fund the next generation of researchers. Science works best when the (55) ______ of one generation of scientists are paid forward to drive the next to even greater heights. That is to say, scientists of different generations work with joint efforts to support future scientific advancements for the betterment of society as a whole.
A. strange B. outdated C. all-round D. advanced
A. quality B. diversity C. discipline D. figure
A. restrict B. extend C. relate D. apply
A. employed B. ignored C. respected D. nominated
A. terrific B. constant C. intellectual D. individual
A. naturally B. rapidly C. gradually D. personally
A. previous B. subsequent C. physical D. commercial
A. employees B. addressees C. awardees D. refugees
A. chief-position B. early-career
C. senior-management D. academic-world
50. A. due B. immediate C. literary D. governmental
51. A. turn down B. level off C. take away D. step up
52. A. claim B. reform C. present D. announce
53. A. organizers B. researchers C. sponsors D. supervisors
54. A. in fact B. in comparison C. in theory D. in turn
55. A. legends B. spirits C. achievements D. mysteries
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
Section A (15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Has someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment If so, you may be a ___41___ of gaslighting. “Gaslighting” is a kind of psychological abuse to gain ___42___ over others by purposely making other people think they’re wrong even when they’re right. The term comes from Patrick Hamilton’s play in 1938. Lead character Jack Manningham seeks to convince his wife Bella that she is ___43___, by saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗) of the gas light in their home, when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light.
Gaslighting is initially used to talk about what happens in romantic relationships. However, many individuals also experience gaslighting at work. ___44___, a recent survey has found that 58% of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work. It’s ___45___ since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others. In the workplace, the ___46___ between a boss and his employee can be the perfect breeding (滋生的) ground for this type of behavior. Your boss might tell you to handle an assignment in a certain way, but when you do, he gets ___47___ and says it wasn’t what he wanted. It makes you feel like your memory is ___48___. In other situations, your boss may exclude you from a meeting ___49___ and when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly.
In order to find out whether your boss’s behavior really ___50___ gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator, you could write down your experiences and ask yourself what really happened, what his motives might have been, and how your emotion was ___51___. But always be careful because gaslighters know how to fly under the radar (雷达). They are skilled at weakening an employee’s confidence and sense of reality in a clever and ___52___ way.
To protect yourself, at the end of the conversation with your boss, repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points, ___53___ the interactions between you two. But don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem, Robin Stern, author of The Gaslight Effect, warns, because it’s hard to get a gaslighter to ___54___ his behavior pattern. If things don’t improve, you may want to consider getting out of the gaslighting situation by looking for a new position. It may be one of the best things you can do for your ___55___ well-being.
41. A. creator B. victim C. host D. scholar
42. A. power B. wealth C. support D. experience
43. A. having fun B. feeling angry C. going crazy D. becoming younger
44. A. By comparison B. Worse still C. After all D. In fact
45. A. unsurprising B. irrelevant C. unnecessary D. improper
46. A. harmonies B. dynamics C. phases D. replacements
47. A. annoyed B. interested C. frightened D. excited
48. A. visual B. painful C. faulty D. lasting
49. A. at random B. for sure C. in time D. on purpose
50. A. recommends B. constitutes C. escapes D. discovers
51. A. facilitated B. affected C. represented D. monitored
52. A. hard-to-prove B. easy-to-spot C. safe-to-learn D. tough-to-survive
53. A. interrupting B. overcoming C. abandoning D. documenting
54. A. submit B. attain C. change D. forgive
55. A. emotional B. physical C. virtual D. economic
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
You have to make a speech. You have done your research and now have plenty of ideas bouncing around in your head that you want to get across. The big ___41___ you face at this point is how to organize those thoughts. Or perhaps you are planning to write a paper, and all you have is the main topic. You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then ___42___ how those ideas fit together.
These are just two cases that many people deal with ___43___. Some use outlining to flesh out and ___44___ their ideas, but is that the best strategy If everyone thought in a linear (线性的) manner, then the answer would be yes, but most people don’t.
Enter mind mapping, a ___45___ that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another. This two-dimensional (二维的) ___46___ is designed to help you remember information because its format is easy for your mind to ___47___. Mind maps have proven to increase not only productivity and ___48___ but also memory. More than 250 million people worldwide use them, so why don’t you have a try and see what they are all about
What is a mind map Simply put, it is one’s ideas put into the form of a ___49___ diagram that starts with a central idea. Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. It should look like a many-legged spider. Use words, short phrases or ____50____ to express your ideas. These associations often lead to other ideas that can be added at the same level or in smaller branches where ____51____. Use color-coded bubbles for a visual representation of each branch’s ____52____. You are now mapping your thoughts and ideas in the way your brain thinks.
Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. But it doesn’t stop there. Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, ____53____ people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind. ____54____, it increases one’s productivity because mind mapping makes it easier to learn faster while communicating more effectively.
So whether you’re ____55____ a project or writing a research paper, make this technique a core part of your planning process!
41．A．purpose B．change C．question D．project
42．A．turn out B．take out C．give out D．figure out
43．A．consequently B．frequently C．entirely D．barely
44．A．organize B．express C．share D．spread
45．A．process B．foundation C．technique D．result
46．A．route B．structure C．objective D．direction
47．A．remember B．confirm C．draw D．design
48．A．confidence B．capacity C．efficiency D．creativity
49．A．vivid B．special C．visual D．normal
50．A．images B．sentences C．passages D．languages
51．A．obvious B．appropriate C．meaningful D．empty
52．A．function B．extension C．connection D．determination
53．A．encouraging B．enabling C．reminding D．informing
54．A．Additionally B．Sincerely C．Briefly D．Generally
55．A．in love with B．in terms of C．in favour of D．in charge of
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
An interesting study found capuchin monkeys (僧帽猴), like humans, are guided by social emotions. Try paying one monkey with grapes and another with cucumbers for the ___41___ amount of work and you may be surprised at the results! The monkey who got the cucumbers will probably ___42___ working for you. He may even throw out the cucumbers, even though monkeys are usually ___43___ to receive them, says Sarah Brosnan, a psychology professor at Georgia State University.
That experiment by Brosnan and Frans de Wall published in 2003 in Nature was one of the first to show that animals may have an assessment for ___44___ — a moral sense that many researchers previously thought only humans possessed. Since then, many results have suggested that animals — particularly those that depend on ___45___ for their survival may have an inborn sense of justice.
Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will ___46___ share rewards with others who worked toward the same goal. “The built-in sense didn’t develop first in humans. It’s possibly something that began in social species, and ___47___ to us.” Brosnan said in an interview.
One study ___48___ that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards. Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves ___49___. In research by Brosnan and her colleagues published in American Journal of Primatology, two capuchin monkeys had to work together to pull a plate of food to their cages. But before they began pulling, the monkeys had to decide which one would get a grape and which one would get an apple slice. ____50____ fighting over the grape or always letting the leading monkey eat it, the animals generally vary roles on the way, so they both earned some grapes and some apple slices, Brosnan found. In cases where the ____51____ monkey always got the good food, the other monkey were likely to give up participating. More often than not, it preferred to ____52____ a reward than be paid unfairly.
According to Brosnan, that tendency to share rewards fairly probably developed as a result of the way capuchins work together to hunt. “If we are hunting and I am not giving you much of the kill, you would be better off finding another ____53____,” she says.
However, interpreting animal behavior through human eyes can be ____54____, observes Marc Hauser, a Harvard psychology professor and evolutionary biologist. In the cucumber-grape study, for example, the monkeys could have ____55____ the cucumbers simply because they were annoyed that they didn’t get a grape once they saw it.
41．A．various B．enormous C．equal D．superb
42．A．risk B．restart C．quit D．fancy
43．A．mature B．content C．passive D．shocked
44．A．stability B．reputation C．endurance D．fairness
45．A．necessities B．rewards C．emotion D．cooperation
46．A．naturally B．barely C．surprisingly D．occasionally
47．A．evolved B．communicated C．delivered D．referred
48．A．denies B．predicts C．indicates D．suspects
49．A．discover B．receive C．expect D．present
50．A．Instead of B．Thanks to C．Regardless of D．Prior to
51．A．diligent B．dominant C．generous D．outgoing
52．A．save B．admire C．share D．refuse
53．A．partner B．role C．hunt D．task
54．A．critical B．pessimistic C．problematic D．marvellous
55．A．set aside B．thrown away C．held onto D．aimed at
2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
16．
Inconvenient Truths
If doctors lie，it is surely inexcusable.One of the basic （1） the public have of doctors is honesty.But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 per cent of doctors（2） to lying to their patients？If I am honest，I have told lies to my patients.
Mrs Walton was in her eighties and（3） to see her husband.She would try to get up to find him，despite being at risk of falling. "He's on his way，don't worry，the nurses would say this to calm her down.I said the same thing to her.But it was a lie.He died two years ago.The truth，if I can use that word，is that it is a （4） to lie sometimes.
Mrs Walton is one of the dementia（痴呆）sufferers，who lose their short﹣term memory and the memory of （5） events，but hold memories from the distant past.Sufferers are trapped forever in a confusing past that many realize bears little （6） to the present，but are at a loss to explain.Those with dementia often feel upset，scared and confused that they are in a strange place，（7） by strange people，even when they are in their own homes with their family，because they have gone back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children （8） and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids.I have had countless families break down in tears，not knowing how to react as their loved one moves further away from them back into their distant past and they are （9） in the present.And how，as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients，does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with having no （10） of your life for the past ten or 20 years？The lies that doctors，nurses and families tell these patients are not big，elaborate lies﹣they are（11） comforts intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
（12） with them about this false reality is not heartless or unprofessional ﹣it is actually kind.That's not to say that lying to patients with dementia （13） is right or defensible.But what kind﹣hearted person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning，（14） again and again that they have lost their beloved ones.It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes honesty is（15） not the best policy.
（1）A.expressions B.expectations C.reputations D.regulations
（2）A.objected B.contributed C.admitted D.appealed
（3）A.ashamed B.delighted C.nervous D.desperate
（4）A.cruelty B.kindness C.pain D.pleasure
（5）A.recent B.popular C.distant D.major
（6）A.opposition B.connection C.attention D.similarity
（7）A.attacked B.isolated C.surrounded D.attracted
（8）A.puzzled B.satisfied C.amused D.motivated
（9）A.cut off B.thrown away C.put down D.left behind
（10）A.knowledge B.control C.imagination D.record
（11）A.brief B.constant C.permanent D.secret
（12）A.Competing B.Plotting C.Matching D.Mixing
（13）A.unnecessarily B.inaccurately C.impatiently D.impolitely
（14）A.ahead of time B.in no time C.for the last time D.for the first time
（15）A.mostly B.informally C.simply D.finally
参考答案
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
41．B
42．D
43．A
44．B
45．D
46．C
47．A
48．C
49．B
50．A
51．D
52．B
53．B
54．D
55．C
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章分析了诺贝科学奖存在的问题，并给出了解决办法。作者认为当一代科学家的成就被发扬光大，推动下一代科学家更上一层楼时，科学才能发挥最好的作用。
41．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，诺贝尔科学奖(医学奖、物理学奖和化学奖)却呈现出一种过时的科学观。A. strange奇怪的；B. outdated陈旧的；过时的；C. all-round多才多艺的；D. advanced高级的。根据下文“The problem starts with the 2 of prize-winners selected every year.”可知，此处说明是一个问题，因此推断诺贝尔和平奖呈现出一种过时的科学观点。故选B。
42．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个问题始于每年选出的获奖者的数量。 A. quality质量；B. diversity多样性；多样化；C. discipline纪律；训练；D. figure数字。根据下文“just three winners in each category”可知，此处说的是获奖者的数量。故选D。
43．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：管理诺贝尔奖的法规限制在每个类别中只有三名获奖者。A. restrict限制；B. extend延长；C. relate联系；D. apply申请。根据下文“This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being 4 .”可知，管理规定限制每个类别只有三名获奖者。故选A。
44．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这意味着，对于每一个被授予诺贝尔奖的发现，大多数有贡献的科学家最终都被忽视。A. employed雇佣；B. ignored忽视；C. respected尊重；D. nominated提名；任命。根据前文“just three winners in each category”可知，每个类别仅有三名获奖者，因此大部分有贡献的科学家被忽视。故选B。
45．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，科学从来不是个人的努力。A. terrific极好的；B. constant不断的；C. intellectual智力的；D. individual个人的。根据下文“Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists.( 艾萨克·牛顿站在“巨人的肩膀上”;尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的“一小步”是成千上万工程师和科学家实现的梦想。)”可知，科学不是个人的努力。故选D。
46．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：科学一直以来都是一个重复的过程，在这个过程中，个人利用他人的发现，逐步推进人类知识的边界。A. naturally自然地；B. rapidly快速地；C. gradually逐渐地；D. personally亲自地。根据上文“Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others”可知，科学是个人利用他人的发现逐渐提高的。故选C。
47．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦凭借他独自撰写的一篇论文获得了诺贝尔奖，但如果没有马克斯·普朗克、詹姆斯·麦克斯韦和其他几个人以前的工作，他就不可能有这些发现。A. previous以前的；B. subsequent随后的；C. physical身体的；D. commercial商业的。根据前文“Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries”可知，爱因斯坦利用了其他科学家以前的所做的工作。故选A。
48．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，诺贝尔奖的典型特点是，没有一个获奖者是获奖公告中引用的任何出版物的第一作者。A. employees雇员；B. addressees地址；C. awardees受奖者；D. refugees难民。根据下文“The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher.( 一篇科学论文的第一作者通常是亲自做实验室工作的人，通常是研究生或年轻的博士后研究员。)”可知，没有一个获奖者是获奖公告中引用的出版物的第一作者。故选C。
49．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：正是这些初入职场的研究人员比他们的终身导师更需要诺贝尔奖奖金。A. chief-position首席位置；B. early-career早期职业生涯；C. senior-management高级管理人员；D. academic-world学术界。根据上文“usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher”可知，这些都是初入职场的研究人员。故选B。
50．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过确保研究生没有得到应有的认可，这些奖项强化了科学家作为一个穿着实验室大褂的白人老头的错误形象。A. due预期的、应有的；B. immediate立刻的；C. literary文学的；D. governmental政府的。根据上文“typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the 8 was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher.”可知，研究生不能获得应有的认可，获得奖项。故选A。
51．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这只会加剧科学领域的性别和种族不平等，尤其是在以后的学术生涯中。A. turn down拒绝；B. level off趋平；C. take away剥夺；拿走；D. step up使加快速度、加剧。根据前文“the prizes reinforce (加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat”可推断，这也加剧了科学领域的性别和种族不平等。故选D。
52．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些理由中的任何一个都足以改革诺贝尔奖。A. claim声称、索取；B. reform改革；C. present赠送；D. announce宣布。上文讲述了诺贝奖项存在问题，结合下文内容“Here is one idea:…”可推断，诺贝尔奖需要改革。故选B。
53．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖不是颁给研究人员，而是颁给发现；将奖金捐赠给一个国际科学基金，以促进每年获奖研究领域的进一步探索。A. organizers组织者；B. researchers研究人员；C. sponsors赞助商；D. supervisors监督者。根据下文“donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research”可知，诺贝尔奖不要颁发给研究者个人。故选B。
54．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：一个以科学为导向的诺贝尔奖，而不是以科学家为导向的诺贝尔奖，将在最重要的科学发展中教育公众，转而，通过使用奖金资助下一代研究人员，刺激新的科学进步。A. in fact实际上；B. in comparison比较；C. in theory理论上；D. in turn转而。根据前后文语境可知，以科学为导向的诺贝尔奖可以教育公众，转而奖金可以资助下一代研究人员，刺激科学进步。故选D。
55．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当一代科学家的成就被发扬光大，推动下一代科学家更上一层楼时，科学才能发挥最好的作用。A. legends传说；B. spirits精神；C. achievements成就；D. mysteries神秘。根据下文“to drive the next to even greater heights”可知，要发扬广大一代科学家的成就，推动下一代科学家，科学才能发挥最好的作用。故选C。
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
21．B
22．A
23．C
24．D
25．A
26．B
27．A
28．C
29．D
30．B
31．B
32．A
33．D
34．C
35．A
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是煤气灯效应和员工该如何保护自己免受这种效应的影响。
21．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果是这样，你可能是煤气灯的受害者。A. creator创造者；B. victim受害者；C. host主人；D. scholar学者。根据上文“someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment”可知，句子表示“你可能是煤气灯的受害者”。故选B。
22．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Gaslighting 是一种心理虐待，目的是故意让别人认为自己是错的，即使他们是对的。A. power力量；B. wealth财富；C. support支持；D. experience经历。根据下文“purposely making other people think they’re wrong even when they’re right”可知，句子表示“Gaslighting 是一种心理虐待，目的是故意让别人认为自己是错的，即使他们是对的”，gain power over sb.意为“征服某人”。故选A。
23．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：主角Jack Manningham试图说服他的妻子贝拉相信她疯了，他说她是在想象他们家的煤气灯变暗，而实际上是他调低了灯的亮度。A. having fun玩得开心；B. feeling angry感到生气；C. going crazy发疯；D. becoming younger变得更年轻。根据下文“saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗) of the gas light in their home, when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light”可知，主角Jack Manningham试图说服他的妻子贝拉相信她疯了。故选C。
24．
考查固定短语辨析。句意：事实上，最近的一项调查发现，58%的受访者表示他们在工作中经历过煤气灯效应。A. By comparison相比之下；B. Worse still更糟糕的是；C. After all毕竟；D. In fact事实上。根据下文“a recent survey has found that 58% of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work”可知，句子表示“事实上，最近的一项调查发现，58%的受访者表示他们在工作中经历过煤气灯照明”。故选D。
25．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不奇怪，因为煤气灯照明通常涉及权力关系和控制他人的需要。A. unsurprising不足为奇的；B. irrelevant不相关的；C. unnecessary不必要的；D. improper不适当的。根据下文“since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others”可知，在工作中经历过煤气灯效应是不足为奇的。故选A。
26．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在工作场所，老板和员工之间的动态关系可能是这种行为的完美滋生地。A. harmonies和谐；B. dynamics动态；C. phases短语；D. replacements替代。根据下文“between a boss and his employee”可知，此处指“老板和员工之间的动态关系”。故选B。
27．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你的老板可能会告诉你用某种方式处理一项任务，但当你这样做时，他会很生气，说这不是他想要的。A. annoyed生气的；B. interested感兴趣的；C. frightened害怕的；D. excited激动的。根据下文“says it wasn’t what he wanted”可知，句子表示“你的老板可能会告诉你用某种方式处理一项任务，但当你这样做时，他会很生气，说这不是他想要的”。故选A。
28．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这让你觉得你的记忆是错误的。A. visual视觉的；B. painful痛苦的；C. faulty错误的；D. lasting持久的。根据上文“it wasn’t what he wanted”可知，句子表示“这让你觉得你的记忆是错误的”，故选C。
29．
考查固定短语辨析。句意：在其他情况下，你的老板可能会故意把你排除在会议之外，当你问他这件事时，他可能会指责你太敏感，而不是直接回答你的问题。A. at random任意地；B. for sure毫无疑问地；C. in time及时；D. on purpose故意地。根据下文“when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly”可知，句子表示“你的老板可能会故意把你排除在会议之外，当你问他这件事时，他可能会指责你太敏感，而不是直接回答你的问题”。故选D。
30．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者，你可以写下你的经历，问问自己真实发生了什么，他的动机可能是什么，以及你的情绪是如何受到影响的。A. recommends推荐；B. constitutes构成；C. escapes逃跑；D. discovers发现。根据下文“gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator”可知，此处表示“为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者”。故选B。
31．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者，你可以写下你的经历，问问自己真实发生了什么，他的动机可能是什么，以及你的情绪是如何受到影响的。A. facilitated促进，推动；B. affected影响；C. represented代表；D. monitored监控。根据上文“when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly”可知，老板这么对待员工，员工的情绪肯定会受影响，此处表示“你的情绪是如何受到影响的”。故选B。
32．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们擅长用一种巧妙而难以证明的方式削弱员工的信心和现实感。A. hard-to-prove难以证明的；B. easy-to-spot容易被发现的；C. safe-to-learn有把握学习的；D. tough-to-survive难以存活的。根据下文“To protect yourself, at the end of the conversation with your boss, repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points”可知，老板擅长用一种巧妙而难以证明的方式削弱员工的信心和现实感。故选A。
33．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了保护自己，在与老板的谈话结束时，重复你听到的内容，然后发电子邮件重申要点，记录你们之间的互动。A. interrupting打断；B. overcoming克服；C. abandoning放弃；D. documenting记录。根据上文“repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points”可知，此处表示“在与老板的谈话结束时，重复你听到的内容，然后发电子邮件重申要点，记录你们之间的互动”。故选D。
34．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不过，《煤气灯效应》一书的作者Robin Stern警告说，不要对这样就能自动解决问题抱太大希望，因为要让一个煤气灯点燃者改变他的行为模式是很难的。A. submit提交；B. attain得到；C. change改变；D. forgive原谅。根据上文“don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem”可知，句子表示“不要对这样就能自动解决问题抱太大希望，因为要让一个煤气灯点燃者改变他的行为模式是很难的”。故选C。
35．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能是你为自己的情感健康所能做的最好的事情之一。A. emotional情绪的；B. physical物理的；C. virtual虚拟的；D. economic经济的。根据上文“how your emotion was ___11__”可知，句子表示“这可能是你为自己的情感健康所能做的最好的事情之一”。故选A。
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
41．C
42．D
43．B
44．A
45．C
46．B
47．A
48．D
49．C
50．A
51．B
52．C
53．B
54．A
55．D
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了思维导图以及思维导图在发表演讲、写研究论文或负责项目中的使用。
41．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这时，你面临的最大问题是如何组织这些想法。A. purpose目的；B. change改变；C. question问题；D. project项目。根据下文“how to organize those thoughts”可知，如何组织这些想法是你面临的最大问题。故选C。
42．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：你需要集思广益，想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。A. turn out结果是；B. take out取出；C. give out释放；发出；D. figure out弄清楚。根据上文“You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then”可知，你需要想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。故选D。
43．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。A. consequently结果；B. frequently频繁地；经常；C. entirely完全地；D. barely仅仅；勉强；几乎不。根据上文“just two cases”以及常识可知，这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。故选B。
44．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些人用大纲来充实和组织他们的想法，但这是最好的策略吗？A. organize组织；B. express表达；C. share分享；D. spread传播。根据上文“how those ideas fit together”可知，此处指用大纲来组织想法。故选A。
45．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：进入思维导图，这是一种显示不同想法和事实如何相互关联的技术。A. process过程；B. foundation基础；C. technique技术；技巧；D. result结果。根据下文“that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another”可知，此处指在给思维导图下定义，思维导图是一个技巧。故选C。
46．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种二维结构旨在帮助你记住信息，因为它的格式很容易让你的大脑记住。A. route路线；B. structure结构；C. objective目的；D. direction方向。根据空前的“two-dimensional ”可知，思维导图是一个二维结构。故选B。
47．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. remember记住；B. confirm证实；C. draw画画；D. design设计。根据下文“help you remember information”可知，思维导图的格式很容易让你的大脑记住，remember是原词复现。故选A。
48．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：思维导图不仅能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。A. confidence自信心；B. capacity能力；C. efficiency效率；D. creativity创造力。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及常识可知，思维导图能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。故选D。
49．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：简单地说，就是将一个人的想法以一个中心思想开始的视觉图表的形式表达出来。A. vivid生动的；B. special特殊的；C. visual视觉的；D. normal正常的。根据下文“Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. (将这个想法放在页面中间的气泡中，线条向包含相关主题或概念的其他气泡辐射。)”可知，思维导图是以视觉图表的形式表达出来的。故选C。
50．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。A. images图像；形象；B. sentences句子；C. passages通道；章节；D. languages语言。根据下文“Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. (研究表明，这种使用图片、颜色和视觉排列的技术使人们对信息的回忆和记忆提高了10%至15%。)”以及常识可知，思维导图是用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。故选A。
51．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些关联通常会导致其他想法，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。A. obvious明显的；B. appropriate合适的；C. meaningful有意义的； D. empty空的。根据空前“in smaller branches”可知，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。故选B。
52．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。A. function功能；B. extension拓展；延申；C. connection联系；D. determination决心。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 13 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind.”可知，使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。connection与是links and associations同义词复现。故选C。
53．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：空间的安排激发了创造力，使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想。A. encouraging鼓励；B. enabling使能够；C. reminding提醒；D. informing告知。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”可知，空间的安排激发了创造力，从而使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想，此处是现在分词作结果状语。故选B。
54．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还提高了一个人的生产力，因为思维导图可以更容易地更快地学习，同时更有效地交流。A. Additionally此外；B. Sincerely真诚地；C. Briefly简要地；D. Generally通常。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及下文“it increases one’s productivity”可知，此处应用additionally表示递进关系。故选A。
55．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：所以，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！A. in love with爱上；B. in terms of就……而言；C. in favour of赞成；D. in charge of负责。根据上文“You have to make a speech. You have done your research.”可知，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！故选D。
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
41．C
42．C
43．B
44．D
45．D
46．A
47．A
48．C
49．B
50．A
51．B
52．D
53．A
54．C
55．B
【导语】
这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是研究结果表明，动物，尤其是那些依靠合作生存的动物，可能天生就有正义感，所以依靠合作生存的动物自然而然就会与为同一目标而努力的其他动物分享奖励，同时也会因为分配不公平拒绝合作。
41．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：试着给一只猴子吃葡萄，给另一只猴子吃黄瓜，做同样的工作，你可能会对结果感到惊讶! A. various各种各样的；B. enormous巨大的；C. equal相等的；胜任的；平等的；D. superb极佳的。根据空后“amount of work and you may be surprised at the results!”以及后文“Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will ___6___ share rewards with others who worked toward the same goal.”可知两只猴子吃的东西不同但却要作同样的工作。故选C项。
42．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：得到黄瓜的猴子可能会不再为你工作。A. risk冒险；B. restart重启；C. quit停止；戒掉；D. fancy喜欢。根据后文“He may even throw out the cucumbers, even though monkeys are usually ___3___ to receive them,”可知分到黄瓜的猴子会通过扔掉黄瓜的方式来拒绝同等量的工作。故选C项。
43．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乔治亚州立大学心理学教授Sarah Brosnan说，它甚至可能会把黄瓜扔掉，尽管猴子通常很乐意接受它们。A. mature成熟的；B. content满意的；C. passive被动的；消极的；D. shocked震惊的；吃惊的。根据前文“The monkey who got the cucumbers will probably ___2___ working for you. He may even throw out the cucumbers, even though monkeys are usually”可知为了表示对不公平对待的不满，得到黄瓜的猴子会扔掉黄瓜，由句中的even though“尽管”可知前后语意是转折关系，所以可以推断猴子平时是喜欢黄瓜的，通常很乐意接受它们。故选B项。
44．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Brosnan and Frans de Wall于2003年在《自然》杂志上发表的实验是最早证明动物可能具有公平评估能力的实验之一——许多研究人员以前认为只有人类拥有这种道德感。A. stability稳定性；稳固性；B. reputation名声；名著；C. endurance持久力；忍耐力；D. fairness公平；公正。根据后文“Since then, many results have suggested that animals — particularly those that depend on ___5___ for their survival may have an inborn sense of justice.”以及后文“According to Brosnan, that tendency to share rewards fairly probably developed as a result of the way capuchins work together to hunt.”可知要求公平分享奖励证明动物可能具有公平评估的能力。故选D项。
45．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：从那时起，许多研究结果表明，动物，尤其是那些依靠合作生存的动物，可能天生就有正义感。A. necessities必需品；B. rewards奖赏；C. emotion情绪；情感；D. cooperation合作。根据后文“Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will ___6___ share rewards with others who worked toward the same goal.”以及后文“One study ___8___ that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards.”可推测能够分享奖励的动物往往都是一些依靠合作才能生存的动物。故选D项。
46．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：群居动物以相互依赖为生，它们自然会与为同一目标而努力的其他动物分享奖励。A. naturally自然地；天然地；B. barely几乎不；勉强才能；C. surprisingly惊人地；出人意料地；D. occasionally偶尔；偶然。根据前文“Since then, many results have suggested that animals — particularly those that depend on ___5___ for their survival may have an inborn sense of justice.”可知许多研究结果表明，动物，尤其是那些依靠合作生存的动物，可能天生就有正义感，所以可以推测依靠合作生存的动物自然而然就会与为同一目标而努力的其他动物分享奖励。故选A项。
47．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这可能起源于群居物种，并进化到我们人类。” Brosnan在接受采访时说。A. evolved进化；演变；B. communicated交流；传达；C. delivered递送；D. referred参考；谈及。根据上文“The built-in sense didn’t develop first in humans. It’s possibly something that began in social species,”可知这种天生的正义感最初并没有出现在人类身上，而是后来逐渐进化到人类的。故选A项。
48．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一项研究表明，一些动物，尤其是那些一起狩猎的动物，会把奖励分给别人。A. denies否认；B. predicts预言；C. indicates表明；显示；D. suspects怀疑。根据后文“that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards. Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves ___9___ .”可知研究表明那些一起狩猎的动物会把奖励分给与之合作的动物。故选C项。
49．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一项研究甚至发现，动物偶尔会给伙伴比它们自己得到的更好的奖励。A. discover发现；B. receive收到；接待；C. expect期盼；盼望；D. present颁发；赠送。根据前文“One study ___8___ that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards. Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves”可知彼此合作的动物会分给合作伙伴比自己得到的要好的奖励。故选B项。
50．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：Brosnan发现，猴子们不会为了争夺葡萄而打架，也不会总是让领头的猴子吃掉葡萄，而是在路上扮演不同的角色，所以它们都能得到一些葡萄和苹果片。A. Instead of代替；而不是；B. Thanks to幸亏；多亏；C. Regardless of不管不顾；D. Prior to优先；在……之前。根据后文“fighting over the grape or always letting the leading monkey eat it, the animals generally vary roles on the way, so they both earned some grapes and some apple slices, Brosnan found.”可知猴子们为了都能得到一些好的食物会在路上扮演不同的角色，而不是为了得到好的食物而打架。故选A项。
51．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在占优势的猴子总是得到好食物的情况下，另一只猴子可能会放弃参与。A. diligent勤奋的；B. dominant占优势地位的；C. generous慷慨的；大方的；D. outgoing外向的。根据前文“___10___ fighting over the grape or always letting the leading monkey eat it,”可知合在占优势的猴子总是得到好食物的情况下，另一只猴子可能会放弃参与。故选B项。
52．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：通常情况下，它拒绝分享奖励，而不是接受不公平的奖励。A. save救助；节省；B. admire钦佩；仰慕；C. share分享；D. refuse拒绝；不接受。根据前文“In cases where the ___11___ monkey always got the good food, the other monkey were likely to give up participating.”可知如果分配不公正的话合作关系中的另一只猴子宁肯放弃合作，即拒绝通过合作得到不公平报酬。故选D项。
53．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：她说：“如果我们在打猎，而我没有给你很多猎物，你最好另找一个伙伴。”A. partner伙伴；B. role角色；C. hunt寻找；狩猎；D. task任务。根据前文“Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves ___9___ .”可知共同合作打猎的双方是彼此的合作伙伴。故选A项。
54．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，哈佛大学心理学教授、进化生物学家Marc Hauser认为，通过人类的眼睛来解释动物行为可能存在问题。A. critical批判的；极其重要的；B. pessimistic悲观的；C. problematic有困难的；成问题的；D. marvellous极好的；令人惊奇的。根据后文“In the cucumber-grape study, for example, the monkeys could have ___15___ the cucumbers simply because they were annoyed that they didn’t get a grape once they saw it.”可知哈佛大学心理学教授、进化生物学家Marc Hauserda认为猴子扔黄瓜的原因并不是因为合作中的分配不公平，所以可以推测通过人类的眼睛来解释动物行为可能是有问题的。故选C项。
55．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，在黄瓜—葡萄的研究中，猴子可能只是因为看到了葡萄却没有得到而生气，就把黄瓜扔掉了。A. set aside留出；B. thrown away扔掉；C. held onto紧紧抓住；D. aimed at针对；目的在于。根据上文“He may even throw out the cucumbers,”可知在黄瓜—葡萄的研究中，猴子扔掉了黄瓜。故选B项。
2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
16．【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了公众对医生的基本期望之一是诚实。但是有时候诚实并不是最好的策略。
【解答】（1）考查名词及语境理解。A.expressions表达；B.expectations期盼；C.reputations名声；D.regulations规定。根据上句 If doctors lie，it is surely inexcusable.可知如果医生撒谎，那肯定是不可原谅的。说明公众对医生的基本期望之一是诚实。故答案为B。
（2）考查动词及语境理解。A.objected反对；B.contributed贡献；C.admitted承认；D.appealed吸引。根据下句If I am honest，I have told lies to my patients.
可知如果我诚实的话，我对我的病人撒过谎。说明70%的医生承认对病人撒谎。故答案为C。
（3）考查形容词及语境理解。A.ashamed羞愧的；B.delighted高兴的；C.nervous紧张的；D.desperate渴望的。根据下句She would try to get up to find him，despite being at risk of falling可知她会试着站起来找到他，尽管有摔倒的危险。说明沃尔顿夫人已经80多岁了，非常想见她的丈夫。故答案为D。
（4）考查名词及语境理解。A.cruelty残忍；B.kindness善良；C.pain疼痛；D.pleasure高兴。根据上句"He's on his way，don't worry，the nurses would say this to calm her down.I said the same thing to her.But it was a lie.He died two years ago.可知"他在路上了，别担心，护士们会这么说让她冷静下来。我对她说了同样的话。但这是个谎言。他两年前去世了。说明有时候撒谎是一种仁慈。故答案为B。
（5）考查形容词及语境理解。A.recent最近的；B.popular受欢迎的；C.distant遥远的；D.major主要的。根据常识和上句Mrs Walton is one of the dementia（痴呆）sufferers，who lose their short﹣term memory可知沃尔顿夫人是痴呆症患者之一，她失去了短期记忆和遥远事件的记忆，但却保留着遥远过去的记忆。故答案为C。
（6）考查名词及语境理解。A.opposition反对；B.connection连接；C.attention注意力；D.similarity相似。根据上句Sufferers are trapped forever in a confusing past可知患者永远被困在令人困惑的过去，许多人意识到过去与现在几乎没有相似之处，但却不知如何解释。故答案为D。
（7）考查动词及语境理解。A.attacked攻击；B.isolated隔离；C.surrounded包围；D.attracted吸引。根据上句Those with dementia often feel upset，scared and confused that they are in a strange place可知那些患有痴呆症的人经常感到不安，害怕和困惑，因为他们在一个陌生的地方，周围都是陌生的人，即使他们在自己的家里和家人在一起，因为他们回到了几十年前。故答案为C。
（8）考查形容词及语境理解。A.puzzled困惑的；B.satisfied满意的；C.amused娱乐的；D.motivated有动机的。根据下句and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids.可知想知道他们可能是谁，因为他们认为他们的孩子还是小孩子。说明他们迷惑地看着他们成年的孩子，故答案为A。
（9）考查动词短语及语境理解。A.cut off切断；B.thrown away扔掉；C.put down放下；D.left behind落在后面。根据上句I have had countless families break down in tears，not knowing how to react as their loved one moves further away from them back into their distant past可知我有无数的家庭在泪水中崩溃，当他们所爱的人离他们越来越远，回到他们遥远的过去，而他们却被留在现在时，我不知道该如何反应。故答案为D。
（10）考查名词及语境理解。A.knowledge知识；B.control控制；C.imagination想象；D.record记录。根据前文and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids.可知想知道他们可能是谁，因为他们认为他们的孩子还是小孩子。说明作为照顾这些病人的医生或护士，一个人如何管理因过去十年或二十年不了解你的生活而带来的愤怒和痛苦的爆发？故答案为A。
（11）考查形容词及语境理解。A.brief简短的；B.constant持续的；C.permanent永恒的；D.secret秘密的。根据上句The lies that doctors，nurses and families tell these patients are not big，elaborate lies可知医生、护士和家属告诉这些病人的谎言并不是大而复杂的谎言，说明这些谎言是不断的安慰，旨在安抚和允许话题迅速改变。故答案为B。
（12）考查动词及语境理解。A.Competing比赛；B.Plotting谋划；C.Matching匹配；D.Mixing混合。与他们竞争这个虚假的现实不是无情的或不专业的﹣﹣﹣它实际上是善良的。故答案为A。
（13）考查副词及语境理解。A.unnecessarily没有必要的；B.inaccurately不准确地；C.impatiently没有耐心地；D.impolitely不礼貌地。这并不是说，对痴呆症患者不必要地撒谎是正确的或可以辩护的。故答案为A。
（14）考查固定短语及语境理解。A.ahead of time提前；B.in no time立刻；C.for the last time最后一次；D.for the first time第一次。但是，有哪个善良的人会让另一个人经历难以想象的学习之苦，一次又一次地失去他们所爱的人。故答案为C。
（15）考查副词及语境理解。A.mostly大多数地；B.informally非正式地；C.simply绝对地；D.finally最后。有时候诚实并不是最好的策略。故答案为C。
【点评】完形填空题的解题步骤：
1.通读全文，理解大意。重视首句信息，跳过空格，浏览全文，从整体上感知全文，理解文章大意，这是解题的基础。
2.瞻前顾后，避难就易。在理解文章大意的情况下，结合各选项的意义和用法，遵循先易后难的原则，先解决那些自己有把握的问题。对少数难题，暂时跳过，或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示，或许一个在前面不能解答的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。
3.复读全文，解决残敌。借助已经补全的空格，对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题。
4.再次复读，弥补疏漏，全部做好后，务必要结合自己选择的答案重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。
完形填空专题
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
It is Nobel Prize week, the one week every year when people from all corners of the globe celebrate science, read about ribosomes (核糖体), and give their best shot at trying to understand particle physics. It is also the one week when science is guaranteed some prime headline space on mainstream news outlets. And yet the science Nobels (in medicine, physics, and chemistry) present a(n) (41) ______ view of science.
The problem starts with the (42) ______ of prize-winners selected every year. The rules governing the Nobel Prize (43) ______ it to just three winners in each category. This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being (44) ______.
As a matter of fact, science has never been a(n) (45) ______ effort. Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists. Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others to (46) ______ advance the boundaries of human knowledge. Yes, Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries without (47) ______ work by Max Planck, James Maxwell, and several others.
To make matters worse, typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the (48) ______ was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher. It is precisely these (49) ______ researchers who are in greater need of the Nobel Prize money than their generally tenured (终身的) supervisors.
More basically, awarding the prizes to only three scientists spreads a vision of science as an individual enterprise. By ensuring that graduate students are not given (50) ______ recognition, the prizes reinforce (加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat. This can only (51) ______ gender and racial inequalities in science, especially further along in an academic career.
Any one of these reasons is sufficient to (52) ______ the Nobel Prizes. Here is one idea: Award the Nobel Prizes not to (53) ______ but for discoveries; donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research.
A science-oriented Nobel, rather than a scientist-oriented one, would educate the public in the most important scientific developments and, (54) ______, stimulate new scientific progress by using the prize money to fund the next generation of researchers. Science works best when the (55) ______ of one generation of scientists are paid forward to drive the next to even greater heights. That is to say, scientists of different generations work with joint efforts to support future scientific advancements for the betterment of society as a whole.
A. strange B. outdated C. all-round D. advanced
A. quality B. diversity C. discipline D. figure
A. restrict B. extend C. relate D. apply
A. employed B. ignored C. respected D. nominated
A. terrific B. constant C. intellectual D. individual
A. naturally B. rapidly C. gradually D. personally
A. previous B. subsequent C. physical D. commercial
A. employees B. addressees C. awardees D. refugees
A. chief-position B. early-career
C. senior-management D. academic-world
50. A. due B. immediate C. literary D. governmental
51. A. turn down B. level off C. take away D. step up
52. A. claim B. reform C. present D. announce
53. A. organizers B. researchers C. sponsors D. supervisors
54. A. in fact B. in comparison C. in theory D. in turn
55. A. legends B. spirits C. achievements D. mysteries
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
Section A (15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Has someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment If so, you may be a ___41___ of gaslighting. “Gaslighting” is a kind of psychological abuse to gain ___42___ over others by purposely making other people think they’re wrong even when they’re right. The term comes from Patrick Hamilton’s play in 1938. Lead character Jack Manningham seeks to convince his wife Bella that she is ___43___, by saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗) of the gas light in their home, when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light.
Gaslighting is initially used to talk about what happens in romantic relationships. However, many individuals also experience gaslighting at work. ___44___, a recent survey has found that 58% of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work. It’s ___45___ since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others. In the workplace, the ___46___ between a boss and his employee can be the perfect breeding (滋生的) ground for this type of behavior. Your boss might tell you to handle an assignment in a certain way, but when you do, he gets ___47___ and says it wasn’t what he wanted. It makes you feel like your memory is ___48___. In other situations, your boss may exclude you from a meeting ___49___ and when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly.
In order to find out whether your boss’s behavior really ___50___ gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator, you could write down your experiences and ask yourself what really happened, what his motives might have been, and how your emotion was ___51___. But always be careful because gaslighters know how to fly under the radar (雷达). They are skilled at weakening an employee’s confidence and sense of reality in a clever and ___52___ way.
To protect yourself, at the end of the conversation with your boss, repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points, ___53___ the interactions between you two. But don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem, Robin Stern, author of The Gaslight Effect, warns, because it’s hard to get a gaslighter to ___54___ his behavior pattern. If things don’t improve, you may want to consider getting out of the gaslighting situation by looking for a new position. It may be one of the best things you can do for your ___55___ well-being.
41. A. creator B. victim C. host D. scholar
42. A. power B. wealth C. support D. experience
43. A. having fun B. feeling angry C. going crazy D. becoming younger
44. A. By comparison B. Worse still C. After all D. In fact
45. A. unsurprising B. irrelevant C. unnecessary D. improper
46. A. harmonies B. dynamics C. phases D. replacements
47. A. annoyed B. interested C. frightened D. excited
48. A. visual B. painful C. faulty D. lasting
49. A. at random B. for sure C. in time D. on purpose
50. A. recommends B. constitutes C. escapes D. discovers
51. A. facilitated B. affected C. represented D. monitored
52. A. hard-to-prove B. easy-to-spot C. safe-to-learn D. tough-to-survive
53. A. interrupting B. overcoming C. abandoning D. documenting
54. A. submit B. attain C. change D. forgive
55. A. emotional B. physical C. virtual D. economic
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
You have to make a speech. You have done your research and now have plenty of ideas bouncing around in your head that you want to get across. The big ___41___ you face at this point is how to organize those thoughts. Or perhaps you are planning to write a paper, and all you have is the main topic. You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then ___42___ how those ideas fit together.
These are just two cases that many people deal with ___43___. Some use outlining to flesh out and ___44___ their ideas, but is that the best strategy If everyone thought in a linear (线性的) manner, then the answer would be yes, but most people don’t.
Enter mind mapping, a ___45___ that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another. This two-dimensional (二维的) ___46___ is designed to help you remember information because its format is easy for your mind to ___47___. Mind maps have proven to increase not only productivity and ___48___ but also memory. More than 250 million people worldwide use them, so why don’t you have a try and see what they are all about
What is a mind map Simply put, it is one’s ideas put into the form of a ___49___ diagram that starts with a central idea. Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. It should look like a many-legged spider. Use words, short phrases or ____50____ to express your ideas. These associations often lead to other ideas that can be added at the same level or in smaller branches where ____51____. Use color-coded bubbles for a visual representation of each branch’s ____52____. You are now mapping your thoughts and ideas in the way your brain thinks.
Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. But it doesn’t stop there. Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, ____53____ people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind. ____54____, it increases one’s productivity because mind mapping makes it easier to learn faster while communicating more effectively.
So whether you’re ____55____ a project or writing a research paper, make this technique a core part of your planning process!
41．A．purpose B．change C．question D．project
42．A．turn out B．take out C．give out D．figure out
43．A．consequently B．frequently C．entirely D．barely
44．A．organize B．express C．share D．spread
45．A．process B．foundation C．technique D．result
46．A．route B．structure C．objective D．direction
47．A．remember B．confirm C．draw D．design
48．A．confidence B．capacity C．efficiency D．creativity
49．A．vivid B．special C．visual D．normal
50．A．images B．sentences C．passages D．languages
51．A．obvious B．appropriate C．meaningful D．empty
52．A．function B．extension C．connection D．determination
53．A．encouraging B．enabling C．reminding D．informing
54．A．Additionally B．Sincerely C．Briefly D．Generally
55．A．in love with B．in terms of C．in favour of D．in charge of
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
An interesting study found capuchin monkeys (僧帽猴), like humans, are guided by social emotions. Try paying one monkey with grapes and another with cucumbers for the ___41___ amount of work and you may be surprised at the results! The monkey who got the cucumbers will probably ___42___ working for you. He may even throw out the cucumbers, even though monkeys are usually ___43___ to receive them, says Sarah Brosnan, a psychology professor at Georgia State University.
That experiment by Brosnan and Frans de Wall published in 2003 in Nature was one of the first to show that animals may have an assessment for ___44___ — a moral sense that many researchers previously thought only humans possessed. Since then, many results have suggested that animals — particularly those that depend on ___45___ for their survival may have an inborn sense of justice.
Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will ___46___ share rewards with others who worked toward the same goal. “The built-in sense didn’t develop first in humans. It’s possibly something that began in social species, and ___47___ to us.” Brosnan said in an interview.
One study ___48___ that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards. Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves ___49___. In research by Brosnan and her colleagues published in American Journal of Primatology, two capuchin monkeys had to work together to pull a plate of food to their cages. But before they began pulling, the monkeys had to decide which one would get a grape and which one would get an apple slice. ____50____ fighting over the grape or always letting the leading monkey eat it, the animals generally vary roles on the way, so they both earned some grapes and some apple slices, Brosnan found. In cases where the ____51____ monkey always got the good food, the other monkey were likely to give up participating. More often than not, it preferred to ____52____ a reward than be paid unfairly.
According to Brosnan, that tendency to share rewards fairly probably developed as a result of the way capuchins work together to hunt. “If we are hunting and I am not giving you much of the kill, you would be better off finding another ____53____,” she says.
However, interpreting animal behavior through human eyes can be ____54____, observes Marc Hauser, a Harvard psychology professor and evolutionary biologist. In the cucumber-grape study, for example, the monkeys could have ____55____ the cucumbers simply because they were annoyed that they didn’t get a grape once they saw it.
41．A．various B．enormous C．equal D．superb
42．A．risk B．restart C．quit D．fancy
43．A．mature B．content C．passive D．shocked
44．A．stability B．reputation C．endurance D．fairness
45．A．necessities B．rewards C．emotion D．cooperation
46．A．naturally B．barely C．surprisingly D．occasionally
47．A．evolved B．communicated C．delivered D．referred
48．A．denies B．predicts C．indicates D．suspects
49．A．discover B．receive C．expect D．present
50．A．Instead of B．Thanks to C．Regardless of D．Prior to
51．A．diligent B．dominant C．generous D．outgoing
52．A．save B．admire C．share D．refuse
53．A．partner B．role C．hunt D．task
54．A．critical B．pessimistic C．problematic D．marvellous
55．A．set aside B．thrown away C．held onto D．aimed at
2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
16．
Inconvenient Truths
If doctors lie，it is surely inexcusable.One of the basic （1） the public have of doctors is honesty.But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 per cent of doctors（2） to lying to their patients？If I am honest，I have told lies to my patients.
Mrs Walton was in her eighties and（3） to see her husband.She would try to get up to find him，despite being at risk of falling. "He's on his way，don't worry，the nurses would say this to calm her down.I said the same thing to her.But it was a lie.He died two years ago.The truth，if I can use that word，is that it is a （4） to lie sometimes.
Mrs Walton is one of the dementia（痴呆）sufferers，who lose their short﹣term memory and the memory of （5） events，but hold memories from the distant past.Sufferers are trapped forever in a confusing past that many realize bears little （6） to the present，but are at a loss to explain.Those with dementia often feel upset，scared and confused that they are in a strange place，（7） by strange people，even when they are in their own homes with their family，because they have gone back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children （8） and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids.I have had countless families break down in tears，not knowing how to react as their loved one moves further away from them back into their distant past and they are （9） in the present.And how，as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients，does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with having no （10） of your life for the past ten or 20 years？The lies that doctors，nurses and families tell these patients are not big，elaborate lies﹣they are（11） comforts intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
（12） with them about this false reality is not heartless or unprofessional ﹣it is actually kind.That's not to say that lying to patients with dementia （13） is right or defensible.But what kind﹣hearted person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning，（14） again and again that they have lost their beloved ones.It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes honesty is（15） not the best policy.
（1）A.expressions B.expectations C.reputations D.regulations
（2）A.objected B.contributed C.admitted D.appealed
（3）A.ashamed B.delighted C.nervous D.desperate
（4）A.cruelty B.kindness C.pain D.pleasure
（5）A.recent B.popular C.distant D.major
（6）A.opposition B.connection C.attention D.similarity
（7）A.attacked B.isolated C.surrounded D.attracted
（8）A.puzzled B.satisfied C.amused D.motivated
（9）A.cut off B.thrown away C.put down D.left behind
（10）A.knowledge B.control C.imagination D.record
（11）A.brief B.constant C.permanent D.secret
（12）A.Competing B.Plotting C.Matching D.Mixing
（13）A.unnecessarily B.inaccurately C.impatiently D.impolitely
（14）A.ahead of time B.in no time C.for the last time D.for the first time
（15）A.mostly B.informally C.simply D.finally
参考答案
2023届上海市金山区高考二模英语试题
41．B
42．D
43．A
44．B
45．D
46．C
47．A
48．C
49．B
50．A
51．D
52．B
53．B
54．D
55．C
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章分析了诺贝科学奖存在的问题，并给出了解决办法。作者认为当一代科学家的成就被发扬光大，推动下一代科学家更上一层楼时，科学才能发挥最好的作用。
41．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，诺贝尔科学奖(医学奖、物理学奖和化学奖)却呈现出一种过时的科学观。A. strange奇怪的；B. outdated陈旧的；过时的；C. all-round多才多艺的；D. advanced高级的。根据下文“The problem starts with the 2 of prize-winners selected every year.”可知，此处说明是一个问题，因此推断诺贝尔和平奖呈现出一种过时的科学观点。故选B。
42．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个问题始于每年选出的获奖者的数量。 A. quality质量；B. diversity多样性；多样化；C. discipline纪律；训练；D. figure数字。根据下文“just three winners in each category”可知，此处说的是获奖者的数量。故选D。
43．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：管理诺贝尔奖的法规限制在每个类别中只有三名获奖者。A. restrict限制；B. extend延长；C. relate联系；D. apply申请。根据下文“This means that for every discovery that is awarded a Nobel, the majority of contributing scientists end up being 4 .”可知，管理规定限制每个类别只有三名获奖者。故选A。
44．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这意味着，对于每一个被授予诺贝尔奖的发现，大多数有贡献的科学家最终都被忽视。A. employed雇佣；B. ignored忽视；C. respected尊重；D. nominated提名；任命。根据前文“just three winners in each category”可知，每个类别仅有三名获奖者，因此大部分有贡献的科学家被忽视。故选B。
45．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，科学从来不是个人的努力。A. terrific极好的；B. constant不断的；C. intellectual智力的；D. individual个人的。根据下文“Isaac Newton stood on the “shoulders of giants”; Neil Armstrong’s “one small step” was a dream realized by hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists.( 艾萨克·牛顿站在“巨人的肩膀上”;尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的“一小步”是成千上万工程师和科学家实现的梦想。)”可知，科学不是个人的努力。故选D。
46．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：科学一直以来都是一个重复的过程，在这个过程中，个人利用他人的发现，逐步推进人类知识的边界。A. naturally自然地；B. rapidly快速地；C. gradually逐渐地；D. personally亲自地。根据上文“Science is, and always has been, and repetitive process where individuals draw on discoveries made by others”可知，科学是个人利用他人的发现逐渐提高的。故选C。
47．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦凭借他独自撰写的一篇论文获得了诺贝尔奖，但如果没有马克斯·普朗克、詹姆斯·麦克斯韦和其他几个人以前的工作，他就不可能有这些发现。A. previous以前的；B. subsequent随后的；C. physical身体的；D. commercial商业的。根据前文“Albert Einstein famously won the Nobel Prize all by himself for a paper he alone authored, but he could not have made his discoveries”可知，爱因斯坦利用了其他科学家以前的所做的工作。故选A。
48．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，诺贝尔奖的典型特点是，没有一个获奖者是获奖公告中引用的任何出版物的第一作者。A. employees雇员；B. addressees地址；C. awardees受奖者；D. refugees难民。根据下文“The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher.( 一篇科学论文的第一作者通常是亲自做实验室工作的人，通常是研究生或年轻的博士后研究员。)”可知，没有一个获奖者是获奖公告中引用的出版物的第一作者。故选C。
49．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：正是这些初入职场的研究人员比他们的终身导师更需要诺贝尔奖奖金。A. chief-position首席位置；B. early-career早期职业生涯；C. senior-management高级管理人员；D. academic-world学术界。根据上文“usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher”可知，这些都是初入职场的研究人员。故选B。
50．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过确保研究生没有得到应有的认可，这些奖项强化了科学家作为一个穿着实验室大褂的白人老头的错误形象。A. due预期的、应有的；B. immediate立刻的；C. literary文学的；D. governmental政府的。根据上文“typical of the Nobel Prizes, none of the 8 was a first author on any of the publications cited by the prize announcements. The first author of a scientific paper is typically the person who did the hands-on laboratory work, usually a graduate student or young post-doctoral researcher.”可知，研究生不能获得应有的认可，获得奖项。故选A。
51．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这只会加剧科学领域的性别和种族不平等，尤其是在以后的学术生涯中。A. turn down拒绝；B. level off趋平；C. take away剥夺；拿走；D. step up使加快速度、加剧。根据前文“the prizes reinforce (加强) the mistaken image of a scientist as an old white man in a lab coat”可推断，这也加剧了科学领域的性别和种族不平等。故选D。
52．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些理由中的任何一个都足以改革诺贝尔奖。A. claim声称、索取；B. reform改革；C. present赠送；D. announce宣布。上文讲述了诺贝奖项存在问题，结合下文内容“Here is one idea:…”可推断，诺贝尔奖需要改革。故选B。
53．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖不是颁给研究人员，而是颁给发现；将奖金捐赠给一个国际科学基金，以促进每年获奖研究领域的进一步探索。A. organizers组织者；B. researchers研究人员；C. sponsors赞助商；D. supervisors监督者。根据下文“donate the prize money to an international science fund to promote further exploration in each year’s prize-winning field of research”可知，诺贝尔奖不要颁发给研究者个人。故选B。
54．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：一个以科学为导向的诺贝尔奖，而不是以科学家为导向的诺贝尔奖，将在最重要的科学发展中教育公众，转而，通过使用奖金资助下一代研究人员，刺激新的科学进步。A. in fact实际上；B. in comparison比较；C. in theory理论上；D. in turn转而。根据前后文语境可知，以科学为导向的诺贝尔奖可以教育公众，转而奖金可以资助下一代研究人员，刺激科学进步。故选D。
55．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当一代科学家的成就被发扬光大，推动下一代科学家更上一层楼时，科学才能发挥最好的作用。A. legends传说；B. spirits精神；C. achievements成就；D. mysteries神秘。根据下文“to drive the next to even greater heights”可知，要发扬广大一代科学家的成就，推动下一代科学家，科学才能发挥最好的作用。故选C。
2023届上海市嘉定区高三下学期二模英语试卷
21．B
22．A
23．C
24．D
25．A
26．B
27．A
28．C
29．D
30．B
31．B
32．A
33．D
34．C
35．A
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是煤气灯效应和员工该如何保护自己免受这种效应的影响。
21．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果是这样，你可能是煤气灯的受害者。A. creator创造者；B. victim受害者；C. host主人；D. scholar学者。根据上文“someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment”可知，句子表示“你可能是煤气灯的受害者”。故选B。
22．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Gaslighting 是一种心理虐待，目的是故意让别人认为自己是错的，即使他们是对的。A. power力量；B. wealth财富；C. support支持；D. experience经历。根据下文“purposely making other people think they’re wrong even when they’re right”可知，句子表示“Gaslighting 是一种心理虐待，目的是故意让别人认为自己是错的，即使他们是对的”，gain power over sb.意为“征服某人”。故选A。
23．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：主角Jack Manningham试图说服他的妻子贝拉相信她疯了，他说她是在想象他们家的煤气灯变暗，而实际上是他调低了灯的亮度。A. having fun玩得开心；B. feeling angry感到生气；C. going crazy发疯；D. becoming younger变得更年轻。根据下文“saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗) of the gas light in their home, when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light”可知，主角Jack Manningham试图说服他的妻子贝拉相信她疯了。故选C。
24．
考查固定短语辨析。句意：事实上，最近的一项调查发现，58%的受访者表示他们在工作中经历过煤气灯效应。A. By comparison相比之下；B. Worse still更糟糕的是；C. After all毕竟；D. In fact事实上。根据下文“a recent survey has found that 58% of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work”可知，句子表示“事实上，最近的一项调查发现，58%的受访者表示他们在工作中经历过煤气灯照明”。故选D。
25．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不奇怪，因为煤气灯照明通常涉及权力关系和控制他人的需要。A. unsurprising不足为奇的；B. irrelevant不相关的；C. unnecessary不必要的；D. improper不适当的。根据下文“since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others”可知，在工作中经历过煤气灯效应是不足为奇的。故选A。
26．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在工作场所，老板和员工之间的动态关系可能是这种行为的完美滋生地。A. harmonies和谐；B. dynamics动态；C. phases短语；D. replacements替代。根据下文“between a boss and his employee”可知，此处指“老板和员工之间的动态关系”。故选B。
27．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你的老板可能会告诉你用某种方式处理一项任务，但当你这样做时，他会很生气，说这不是他想要的。A. annoyed生气的；B. interested感兴趣的；C. frightened害怕的；D. excited激动的。根据下文“says it wasn’t what he wanted”可知，句子表示“你的老板可能会告诉你用某种方式处理一项任务，但当你这样做时，他会很生气，说这不是他想要的”。故选A。
28．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这让你觉得你的记忆是错误的。A. visual视觉的；B. painful痛苦的；C. faulty错误的；D. lasting持久的。根据上文“it wasn’t what he wanted”可知，句子表示“这让你觉得你的记忆是错误的”，故选C。
29．
考查固定短语辨析。句意：在其他情况下，你的老板可能会故意把你排除在会议之外，当你问他这件事时，他可能会指责你太敏感，而不是直接回答你的问题。A. at random任意地；B. for sure毫无疑问地；C. in time及时；D. on purpose故意地。根据下文“when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly”可知，句子表示“你的老板可能会故意把你排除在会议之外，当你问他这件事时，他可能会指责你太敏感，而不是直接回答你的问题”。故选D。
30．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者，你可以写下你的经历，问问自己真实发生了什么，他的动机可能是什么，以及你的情绪是如何受到影响的。A. recommends推荐；B. constitutes构成；C. escapes逃跑；D. discovers发现。根据下文“gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator”可知，此处表示“为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者”。故选B。
31．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者，你可以写下你的经历，问问自己真实发生了什么，他的动机可能是什么，以及你的情绪是如何受到影响的。A. facilitated促进，推动；B. affected影响；C. represented代表；D. monitored监控。根据上文“when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly”可知，老板这么对待员工，员工的情绪肯定会受影响，此处表示“你的情绪是如何受到影响的”。故选B。
32．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们擅长用一种巧妙而难以证明的方式削弱员工的信心和现实感。A. hard-to-prove难以证明的；B. easy-to-spot容易被发现的；C. safe-to-learn有把握学习的；D. tough-to-survive难以存活的。根据下文“To protect yourself, at the end of the conversation with your boss, repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points”可知，老板擅长用一种巧妙而难以证明的方式削弱员工的信心和现实感。故选A。
33．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了保护自己，在与老板的谈话结束时，重复你听到的内容，然后发电子邮件重申要点，记录你们之间的互动。A. interrupting打断；B. overcoming克服；C. abandoning放弃；D. documenting记录。根据上文“repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points”可知，此处表示“在与老板的谈话结束时，重复你听到的内容，然后发电子邮件重申要点，记录你们之间的互动”。故选D。
34．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不过，《煤气灯效应》一书的作者Robin Stern警告说，不要对这样就能自动解决问题抱太大希望，因为要让一个煤气灯点燃者改变他的行为模式是很难的。A. submit提交；B. attain得到；C. change改变；D. forgive原谅。根据上文“don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem”可知，句子表示“不要对这样就能自动解决问题抱太大希望，因为要让一个煤气灯点燃者改变他的行为模式是很难的”。故选C。
35．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能是你为自己的情感健康所能做的最好的事情之一。A. emotional情绪的；B. physical物理的；C. virtual虚拟的；D. economic经济的。根据上文“how your emotion was ___11__”可知，句子表示“这可能是你为自己的情感健康所能做的最好的事情之一”。故选A。
2023届上海市宝山区高考二模英语试题
41．C
42．D
43．B
44．A
45．C
46．B
47．A
48．D
49．C
50．A
51．B
52．C
53．B
54．A
55．D
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了思维导图以及思维导图在发表演讲、写研究论文或负责项目中的使用。
41．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这时，你面临的最大问题是如何组织这些想法。A. purpose目的；B. change改变；C. question问题；D. project项目。根据下文“how to organize those thoughts”可知，如何组织这些想法是你面临的最大问题。故选C。
42．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：你需要集思广益，想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。A. turn out结果是；B. take out取出；C. give out释放；发出；D. figure out弄清楚。根据上文“You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then”可知，你需要想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。故选D。
43．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。A. consequently结果；B. frequently频繁地；经常；C. entirely完全地；D. barely仅仅；勉强；几乎不。根据上文“just two cases”以及常识可知，这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。故选B。
44．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些人用大纲来充实和组织他们的想法，但这是最好的策略吗？A. organize组织；B. express表达；C. share分享；D. spread传播。根据上文“how those ideas fit together”可知，此处指用大纲来组织想法。故选A。
45．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：进入思维导图，这是一种显示不同想法和事实如何相互关联的技术。A. process过程；B. foundation基础；C. technique技术；技巧；D. result结果。根据下文“that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another”可知，此处指在给思维导图下定义，思维导图是一个技巧。故选C。
46．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种二维结构旨在帮助你记住信息，因为它的格式很容易让你的大脑记住。A. route路线；B. structure结构；C. objective目的；D. direction方向。根据空前的“two-dimensional ”可知，思维导图是一个二维结构。故选B。
47．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. remember记住；B. confirm证实；C. draw画画；D. design设计。根据下文“help you remember information”可知，思维导图的格式很容易让你的大脑记住，remember是原词复现。故选A。
48．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：思维导图不仅能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。A. confidence自信心；B. capacity能力；C. efficiency效率；D. creativity创造力。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及常识可知，思维导图能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。故选D。
49．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：简单地说，就是将一个人的想法以一个中心思想开始的视觉图表的形式表达出来。A. vivid生动的；B. special特殊的；C. visual视觉的；D. normal正常的。根据下文“Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. (将这个想法放在页面中间的气泡中，线条向包含相关主题或概念的其他气泡辐射。)”可知，思维导图是以视觉图表的形式表达出来的。故选C。
50．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。A. images图像；形象；B. sentences句子；C. passages通道；章节；D. languages语言。根据下文“Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. (研究表明，这种使用图片、颜色和视觉排列的技术使人们对信息的回忆和记忆提高了10%至15%。)”以及常识可知，思维导图是用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。故选A。
51．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些关联通常会导致其他想法，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。A. obvious明显的；B. appropriate合适的；C. meaningful有意义的； D. empty空的。根据空前“in smaller branches”可知，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。故选B。
52．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。A. function功能；B. extension拓展；延申；C. connection联系；D. determination决心。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 13 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind.”可知，使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。connection与是links and associations同义词复现。故选C。
53．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：空间的安排激发了创造力，使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想。A. encouraging鼓励；B. enabling使能够；C. reminding提醒；D. informing告知。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”可知，空间的安排激发了创造力，从而使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想，此处是现在分词作结果状语。故选B。
54．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还提高了一个人的生产力，因为思维导图可以更容易地更快地学习，同时更有效地交流。A. Additionally此外；B. Sincerely真诚地；C. Briefly简要地；D. Generally通常。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及下文“it increases one’s productivity”可知，此处应用additionally表示递进关系。故选A。
55．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：所以，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！A. in love with爱上；B. in terms of就……而言；C. in favour of赞成；D. in charge of负责。根据上文“You have to make a speech. You have done your research.”可知，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！故选D。
2023届上海市松江区高考二模英语试题
41．C
42．C
43．B
44．D
45．D
46．A
47．A
48．C
49．B
50．A
51．B
52．D
53．A
54．C
55．B
【导语】
这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是研究结果表明，动物，尤其是那些依靠合作生存的动物，可能天生就有正义感，所以依靠合作生存的动物自然而然就会与为同一目标而努力的其他动物分享奖励，同时也会因为分配不公平拒绝合作。
41．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：试着给一只猴子吃葡萄，给另一只猴子吃黄瓜，做同样的工作，你可能会对结果感到惊讶! A. various各种各样的；B. enormous巨大的；C. equal相等的；胜任的；平等的；D. superb极佳的。根据空后“amount of work and you may be surprised at the results!”以及后文“Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will ___6___ share rewards with others who worked toward the same goal.”可知两只猴子吃的东西不同但却要作同样的工作。故选C项。
42．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：得到黄瓜的猴子可能会不再为你工作。A. risk冒险；B. restart重启；C. quit停止；戒掉；D. fancy喜欢。根据后文“He may even throw out the cucumbers, even though monkeys are usually ___3___ to receive them,”可知分到黄瓜的猴子会通过扔掉黄瓜的方式来拒绝同等量的工作。故选C项。
43．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乔治亚州立大学心理学教授Sarah Brosnan说，它甚至可能会把黄瓜扔掉，尽管猴子通常很乐意接受它们。A. mature成熟的；B. content满意的；C. passive被动的；消极的；D. shocked震惊的；吃惊的。根据前文“The monkey who got the cucumbers will probably ___2___ working for you. He may even throw out the cucumbers, even though monkeys are usually”可知为了表示对不公平对待的不满，得到黄瓜的猴子会扔掉黄瓜，由句中的even though“尽管”可知前后语意是转折关系，所以可以推断猴子平时是喜欢黄瓜的，通常很乐意接受它们。故选B项。
44．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Brosnan and Frans de Wall于2003年在《自然》杂志上发表的实验是最早证明动物可能具有公平评估能力的实验之一——许多研究人员以前认为只有人类拥有这种道德感。A. stability稳定性；稳固性；B. reputation名声；名著；C. endurance持久力；忍耐力；D. fairness公平；公正。根据后文“Since then, many results have suggested that animals — particularly those that depend on ___5___ for their survival may have an inborn sense of justice.”以及后文“According to Brosnan, that tendency to share rewards fairly probably developed as a result of the way capuchins work together to hunt.”可知要求公平分享奖励证明动物可能具有公平评估的能力。故选D项。
45．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：从那时起，许多研究结果表明，动物，尤其是那些依靠合作生存的动物，可能天生就有正义感。A. necessities必需品；B. rewards奖赏；C. emotion情绪；情感；D. cooperation合作。根据后文“Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will ___6___ share rewards with others who worked toward the same goal.”以及后文“One study ___8___ that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards.”可推测能够分享奖励的动物往往都是一些依靠合作才能生存的动物。故选D项。
46．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：群居动物以相互依赖为生，它们自然会与为同一目标而努力的其他动物分享奖励。A. naturally自然地；天然地；B. barely几乎不；勉强才能；C. surprisingly惊人地；出人意料地；D. occasionally偶尔；偶然。根据前文“Since then, many results have suggested that animals — particularly those that depend on ___5___ for their survival may have an inborn sense of justice.”可知许多研究结果表明，动物，尤其是那些依靠合作生存的动物，可能天生就有正义感，所以可以推测依靠合作生存的动物自然而然就会与为同一目标而努力的其他动物分享奖励。故选A项。
47．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这可能起源于群居物种，并进化到我们人类。” Brosnan在接受采访时说。A. evolved进化；演变；B. communicated交流；传达；C. delivered递送；D. referred参考；谈及。根据上文“The built-in sense didn’t develop first in humans. It’s possibly something that began in social species,”可知这种天生的正义感最初并没有出现在人类身上，而是后来逐渐进化到人类的。故选A项。
48．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一项研究表明，一些动物，尤其是那些一起狩猎的动物，会把奖励分给别人。A. denies否认；B. predicts预言；C. indicates表明；显示；D. suspects怀疑。根据后文“that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards. Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves ___9___ .”可知研究表明那些一起狩猎的动物会把奖励分给与之合作的动物。故选C项。
49．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一项研究甚至发现，动物偶尔会给伙伴比它们自己得到的更好的奖励。A. discover发现；B. receive收到；接待；C. expect期盼；盼望；D. present颁发；赠送。根据前文“One study ___8___ that some animals particularly the ones that hunt together divide up the rewards. Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves”可知彼此合作的动物会分给合作伙伴比自己得到的要好的奖励。故选B项。
50．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：Brosnan发现，猴子们不会为了争夺葡萄而打架，也不会总是让领头的猴子吃掉葡萄，而是在路上扮演不同的角色，所以它们都能得到一些葡萄和苹果片。A. Instead of代替；而不是；B. Thanks to幸亏；多亏；C. Regardless of不管不顾；D. Prior to优先；在……之前。根据后文“fighting over the grape or always letting the leading monkey eat it, the animals generally vary roles on the way, so they both earned some grapes and some apple slices, Brosnan found.”可知猴子们为了都能得到一些好的食物会在路上扮演不同的角色，而不是为了得到好的食物而打架。故选A项。
51．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在占优势的猴子总是得到好食物的情况下，另一只猴子可能会放弃参与。A. diligent勤奋的；B. dominant占优势地位的；C. generous慷慨的；大方的；D. outgoing外向的。根据前文“___10___ fighting over the grape or always letting the leading monkey eat it,”可知合在占优势的猴子总是得到好食物的情况下，另一只猴子可能会放弃参与。故选B项。
52．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：通常情况下，它拒绝分享奖励，而不是接受不公平的奖励。A. save救助；节省；B. admire钦佩；仰慕；C. share分享；D. refuse拒绝；不接受。根据前文“In cases where the ___11___ monkey always got the good food, the other monkey were likely to give up participating.”可知如果分配不公正的话合作关系中的另一只猴子宁肯放弃合作，即拒绝通过合作得到不公平报酬。故选D项。
53．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：她说：“如果我们在打猎，而我没有给你很多猎物，你最好另找一个伙伴。”A. partner伙伴；B. role角色；C. hunt寻找；狩猎；D. task任务。根据前文“Another study even finds that animals will occasionally deliver a better reward to a partner than they themselves ___9___ .”可知共同合作打猎的双方是彼此的合作伙伴。故选A项。
54．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，哈佛大学心理学教授、进化生物学家Marc Hauser认为，通过人类的眼睛来解释动物行为可能存在问题。A. critical批判的；极其重要的；B. pessimistic悲观的；C. problematic有困难的；成问题的；D. marvellous极好的；令人惊奇的。根据后文“In the cucumber-grape study, for example, the monkeys could have ___15___ the cucumbers simply because they were annoyed that they didn’t get a grape once they saw it.”可知哈佛大学心理学教授、进化生物学家Marc Hauserda认为猴子扔黄瓜的原因并不是因为合作中的分配不公平，所以可以推测通过人类的眼睛来解释动物行为可能是有问题的。故选C项。
55．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，在黄瓜—葡萄的研究中，猴子可能只是因为看到了葡萄却没有得到而生气，就把黄瓜扔掉了。A. set aside留出；B. thrown away扔掉；C. held onto紧紧抓住；D. aimed at针对；目的在于。根据上文“He may even throw out the cucumbers,”可知在黄瓜—葡萄的研究中，猴子扔掉了黄瓜。故选B项。
2023届上海市杨浦区高考二模英语试题
16．【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了公众对医生的基本期望之一是诚实。但是有时候诚实并不是最好的策略。
【解答】（1）考查名词及语境理解。A.expressions表达；B.expectations期盼；C.reputations名声；D.regulations规定。根据上句 If doctors lie，it is surely inexcusable.可知如果医生撒谎，那肯定是不可原谅的。说明公众对医生的基本期望之一是诚实。故答案为B。
（2）考查动词及语境理解。A.objected反对；B.contributed贡献；C.admitted承认；D.appealed吸引。根据下句If I am honest，I have told lies to my patients.
可知如果我诚实的话，我对我的病人撒过谎。说明70%的医生承认对病人撒谎。故答案为C。
（3）考查形容词及语境理解。A.ashamed羞愧的；B.delighted高兴的；C.nervous紧张的；D.desperate渴望的。根据下句She would try to get up to find him，despite being at risk of falling可知她会试着站起来找到他，尽管有摔倒的危险。说明沃尔顿夫人已经80多岁了，非常想见她的丈夫。故答案为D。
（4）考查名词及语境理解。A.cruelty残忍；B.kindness善良；C.pain疼痛；D.pleasure高兴。根据上句"He's on his way，don't worry，the nurses would say this to calm her down.I said the same thing to her.But it was a lie.He died two years ago.可知"他在路上了，别担心，护士们会这么说让她冷静下来。我对她说了同样的话。但这是个谎言。他两年前去世了。说明有时候撒谎是一种仁慈。故答案为B。
（5）考查形容词及语境理解。A.recent最近的；B.popular受欢迎的；C.distant遥远的；D.major主要的。根据常识和上句Mrs Walton is one of the dementia（痴呆）sufferers，who lose their short﹣term memory可知沃尔顿夫人是痴呆症患者之一，她失去了短期记忆和遥远事件的记忆，但却保留着遥远过去的记忆。故答案为C。
（6）考查名词及语境理解。A.opposition反对；B.connection连接；C.attention注意力；D.similarity相似。根据上句Sufferers are trapped forever in a confusing past可知患者永远被困在令人困惑的过去，许多人意识到过去与现在几乎没有相似之处，但却不知如何解释。故答案为D。
（7）考查动词及语境理解。A.attacked攻击；B.isolated隔离；C.surrounded包围；D.attracted吸引。根据上句Those with dementia often feel upset，scared and confused that they are in a strange place可知那些患有痴呆症的人经常感到不安，害怕和困惑，因为他们在一个陌生的地方，周围都是陌生的人，即使他们在自己的家里和家人在一起，因为他们回到了几十年前。故答案为C。
（8）考查形容词及语境理解。A.puzzled困惑的；B.satisfied满意的；C.amused娱乐的；D.motivated有动机的。根据下句and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids.可知想知道他们可能是谁，因为他们认为他们的孩子还是小孩子。说明他们迷惑地看着他们成年的孩子，故答案为A。
（9）考查动词短语及语境理解。A.cut off切断；B.thrown away扔掉；C.put down放下；D.left behind落在后面。根据上句I have had countless families break down in tears，not knowing how to react as their loved one moves further away from them back into their distant past可知我有无数的家庭在泪水中崩溃，当他们所爱的人离他们越来越远，回到他们遥远的过去，而他们却被留在现在时，我不知道该如何反应。故答案为D。
（10）考查名词及语境理解。A.knowledge知识；B.control控制；C.imagination想象；D.record记录。根据前文and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids.可知想知道他们可能是谁，因为他们认为他们的孩子还是小孩子。说明作为照顾这些病人的医生或护士，一个人如何管理因过去十年或二十年不了解你的生活而带来的愤怒和痛苦的爆发？故答案为A。
（11）考查形容词及语境理解。A.brief简短的；B.constant持续的；C.permanent永恒的；D.secret秘密的。根据上句The lies that doctors，nurses and families tell these patients are not big，elaborate lies可知医生、护士和家属告诉这些病人的谎言并不是大而复杂的谎言，说明这些谎言是不断的安慰，旨在安抚和允许话题迅速改变。故答案为B。
（12）考查动词及语境理解。A.Competing比赛；B.Plotting谋划；C.Matching匹配；D.Mixing混合。与他们竞争这个虚假的现实不是无情的或不专业的﹣﹣﹣它实际上是善良的。故答案为A。
（13）考查副词及语境理解。A.unnecessarily没有必要的；B.inaccurately不准确地；C.impatiently没有耐心地；D.impolitely不礼貌地。这并不是说，对痴呆症患者不必要地撒谎是正确的或可以辩护的。故答案为A。
（14）考查固定短语及语境理解。A.ahead of time提前；B.in no time立刻；C.for the last time最后一次；D.for the first time第一次。但是，有哪个善良的人会让另一个人经历难以想象的学习之苦，一次又一次地失去他们所爱的人。故答案为C。
（15）考查副词及语境理解。A.mostly大多数地；B.informally非正式地；C.simply绝对地；D.finally最后。有时候诚实并不是最好的策略。故答案为C。
【点评】完形填空题的解题步骤：
1.通读全文，理解大意。重视首句信息，跳过空格，浏览全文，从整体上感知全文，理解文章大意，这是解题的基础。
2.瞻前顾后，避难就易。在理解文章大意的情况下，结合各选项的意义和用法，遵循先易后难的原则，先解决那些自己有把握的问题。对少数难题，暂时跳过，或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示，或许一个在前面不能解答的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。
3.复读全文，解决残敌。借助已经补全的空格，对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题。
4.再次复读，弥补疏漏，全部做好后，务必要结合自己选择的答案重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。