高考英语写作指导-5步写作流程学案（含答案）

专攻解题方法与技巧
英语写作指导-5步写作流程
第一步：读文章——知晓体裁、明确主旨
概要写作的常见文体与结构如下：
进行概要写作时，首先要阅读所提供的文章。阅读文章的目的就是要确定文章的体裁和主题。根据近几年浙江高考真题来看，所考查的概要写作原文多是议论文或说明文。如：2019年6月浙江高考的概要写作原文是议论文，主题是父母应表扬孩子做事过程中的努力而非结果。2018年11月浙江高考的概要写作原文是说明文，主题是报考大学之前要进行实地考察。
第二步：析结构——划分段落、确定要点
阅读完概要写作所提供的文章后，应迅速分析一下文章的结构。概要写作类文章的结构多为“总—分、分—总、总—分—总或并列结构”。然后把文章的自然段按意义进行划分，确定要写的要点数量(一般为4个要点)。如：2019年6月和2018年11月的浙江高考的概要写作原文的结构分别是并列式和“总—分—总”式，且都是4个段落，都可以确定写4个要点。
第三步：提信息——找主旨句、圈关键词
在分析好文章的结构后，要按照文章的段落找出每一段的主旨句，并圈出一些能体现段落大意的关键词。说明文和议论文的主旨句多在段首或段尾，但也有位于段中或无主旨句的情况。另外，文章的每一段中也可以按主旨信息、主要信息、次要信息和冗余信息来划分。提取信息时，要忽略冗余信息，也就是与主旨无关的一些细节信息。
第四步：拟草稿——逐句分析、高度概括
在找出文章的主旨句和重要信息后，考生须迅速拟定草稿。方法是先逐句分析找出的段落主旨句，然后对这些句子在不改变原意的基础上进行高度概括、同义替换或重构句式。最后，还要注意各个要点之间的衔接和过渡。 如：Opinions about whether high school students should open microblogs vary from person to person.可替换为People hold different views about whether high school students should open microblogs.
第五步：细审读——修正失误、衔接成文
在拟好概要写作的草稿后，首先要通读一遍，根据语法知识修正所写的概要中可能出现的一些诸如拼写、时态、标点、连接词等方面的错误。其次，根据文章的主旨大意，核实一下所写的要点是否齐全。最后，把草稿清晰、工整地誊写在答题纸上。
[典题示例]　(2019·浙江6月高考)
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report.But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
第一步：读文章——知晓体裁、明确主旨
快速阅读文章各段的首句或尾句可知，本文主要说的是多数父母赞扬孩子，但父母应该如何赞扬孩子才是合适的问题。再结合文中作者引用的和自己的一些观点可知，本文是议论文。文章的主旨大意是：父母对孩子的表扬过多或过少都会带来不好的后果，恰当的表扬应着重表扬孩子做事过程中的努力而非结果。
第二步：析结构——划分段落、确定要点
快速浏览文章后可知，文章共有四个段落，前两个段落说的是对孩子过多或过少的表扬都会产生坏结果，后两个段落说的是家长应该如何表扬孩子才是合适的。因此，从结构上来看，文章是并列式结构。根据这一结构，再结合段意，可以确定文章应该有四个要点。
第三步：提信息——找主旨句、圈关键词
利用说明文和议论文的段落主旨句多在段首或段尾的特征，找出各段的主旨句并圈出一些关键词。
文章各段的主旨句和关键词如下：
段落 主旨句 关键词
第一段 段尾最后一句 too much praise
第二段 段首第二句 not enough praise
第三段 段首第二句 sincere and focused on
第四段 段尾最后一句 praising the effort and not the outcome
第四步：拟草稿——逐句分析、高度概括
先逐句分析找出的段落主旨句，然后对这些句子在不改变原意的基础上进行高度概括、同义替换或重构句式，使其符合原文的本意。
1．第一段主旨句：Too much praise or praise given in_a_wrong_way may have the_opposite_effects on children.
2．第二段主旨句：Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally_damaging.
3．第三段主旨句：When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the_process instead of the_result.
4．第四段主旨句：Similarly, they ought to give praise for how_much_effort their kids have put into the work.
第五步：细审读——修正失误、衔接成文
把上面第四步中的高度概括句连成短文，修正一些可能的错误并用适当的连接词衔接过渡成文。
How to praise kids is really a sensitive problem.(要点1) Experts believe that too much praise or praise given in a wrong way may have the opposite effects on kids.On the other hand, too much and too little praise can do harm to kids' development.(要点2) To gain the best result, parents' praise should concentrate on the process rather than the result.(要点3) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have put into the work.(要点4)
三、备技能——3个关键能力
概要写作中考查的主要语言技能表现为：同义改写、 简化与合并信息、句式升级。在不改变句意的前提下，利用这些语言技能可以最大程度地高度概括句子，使句子简化，从而显得更加简捷、凝练。
一 同义改写
1．同义替换法：即用相同或相近含义的表达来替换原句中的表达。
Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer.
→Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.
2．运用正反法：即把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定改成肯定。
Jack didn't pass the driving test, but he still hoped to.
→Jack failed to pass the driving test, but he still hoped to.
3．词性转换法：即改变原句中一些重要词汇的词性来表达相同的含义。
Patience is very important.
→Patience is of great importance.
4．句式变换法：即运用不同的句式来表达相同的句意。
(1)主动句转换成被动句
Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should be given more praise.
(2)简单句转换成复合句
Children should be encouraged more.This will help them learn faster.
→Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.
5．连词衔接法：即运用连词把简单句衔接起来。
We should encourage students.We should not scold them.
→We should encourage students instead of scolding them.
[即时体验]
用同义句改写下列句子
①What is beneficial to nature may not be good for people.
→Everything that benefits nature is not necessarily good for people.
②In general men are not aware of this problem.
→In general men should raise_the_awareness_of this problem.
③An increasing number of visitors have been attracted to this place.
→More_and_more_visitors have been attracted to this place.
④After we had practiced playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.(用分词作状语改写句子)
→Having_practiced_playing_basketball_for_almost_two_months,_we strongly desired to be the winner.
⑤As the society develops rapidly, it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.(用with复合结构改写句子)
→With_the_society_developing_rapidly,_it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.
⑥They are experienced, knowledgeable, patient and understanding.(用not only ...but also ...并列句型改写句子)
→They are not only experienced and knowledgeable, but also patient and understanding.
二 简化与合并信息
1．删除细节：剔除细节信息，只保留主干内容。
In addition, if the school buys automatic hand dryers, we can save money.There is a terrible waste of paper towels in the restrooms.
→Additionally, buying automatic hand dryers can help the school save money.
2．简化描述：把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了好几个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
There were 30 cows on the farm and his grandmother had to milk every day.It was hard work for his grandmother.
→His grandmother worked hard milking 30 cows daily.
3．避免重复：在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复，应该删除或者合并这些重复信息。
They were waiting for the meeting to begin.They talked with each other.They talked about the women's football team.The team had won victories in Guangzhou.
→While waiting for the meeting to begin, they talked about the victories won by the women's football team in Guangzhou.
4．压缩长句：有些句子比较冗长，可以进行压缩和简化，使之简洁。
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
→He was very brave in battle.
5．使用概括性的词代替具体的词：
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time, Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.
→She brought home a lot of books to read during the winter vacation.
6．运用主从复合句合并信息：主从复合句即我们常用的名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句。我们可根据信息的不同作用选择不同的从句进行合并信息。
We'll also spend some fun time together, singing, dancing and playing games.We hope it will make them happy.
→We'll also spend some fun time together, which we hope will make them happy.
[即时体验]
改写句子
①We didn't dare to say a word unless we were asked to say a word.
→ We_dared_not_say_a_word_unless_asked_to.
②I'm looking forward to the days. During the days we will have a good time.
→I'm_expecting_the_days_when_we_will_enjoy_ourselves.
③One winter Sunday, my little sister Colleen and I built the greatest snowman ever and for personality, we gave him a traditional carrot nose, beautiful hat, cozy scarf and gloves.
→One_winter_Sunday,_my_younger_sister_and_I_produced_an_attractive_snowman.
④Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons; prices are often lower online; you don't have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.
→Online_shopping_gains_the_popularity_due_to_its_advantages,_including_lower_prices_and_convenience.
⑤There is no doubt that the celebrity spokespeople could promote the sale of a product.
→Undoubtedly,_the_celebrity_spokespeople_could_boost_the_sale_of_a_product.
三 句式升级
1．变成被动句
在陈述一个客观事实时，相对于主动句，使用被动句更能增强文章的说服力。
I suggest that you should learn and sing Chinese songs.
→ It_is_suggested_that you should learn and sing Chinese songs.
2．运用倒装句
倒装句是写作中常用的亮点句式，在写作中常见的倒装句有以下几种：
(1)以否定词开头的部分倒装。
I could hardly hold back my excitement when I heard the news that you were admitted to your ideal university.
→Hardly_could_I_hold_back_my_excitement when I heard the news that you were admitted to your ideal university.
(2)以“Only＋状语/状语从句”开头的部分倒装。
You can learn Chinese well only when you take the above suggestions.
→ Only when you take the above suggestions can_you_learn_Chinese_well.
(3)so/such ...that ...句型中的“so/such＋所修饰部分”位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
I am so interested in this job that I can't wait to apply for it.
→ So_interested_am_I_in_this_job that I can't wait to apply for it.
3．运用强调句
(1)用do/does/did强调一般现在时或一般过去时的谓语动词。
I hope you can accept my apology and understand my situation.
→ I do_hope_you_can_accept my apology and understand my situation.
(2)用强调句型“it is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分”可以强调除谓语外的主语、宾语及状语。
Your instructive assistance and professional advice enable me to have the precious chance to study in my ideal university.
→It_is_your_instructive_assistance_and_professional_advice_that enable me to have the precious chance to study in my ideal university.(强调主语)
4．运用从句
从句主要包括三大从句：名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句。
Much to my disappointment, they did not pay any attention to my requirements.
→①What_disappointed_me_very_much was that they did not pay any attention to my requirements.(what引导的主语从句)
→②The fact that_they_did_not_pay_any_attention_to_my_requirements disappointed me very much.(同位语从句)
5．运用with复合结构
As Double Ninth Day is approaching, we are scheduled to visit the nursing home on that day.
→With_Double_Ninth_Day_approaching,_we are scheduled to visit the nursing home on that day.
四、适应练——3类文体全关照
1．[说明文]　阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We shouldn't judge a person by their appearance but we do.In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds.But what do we look at One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn't the brand of clothes that people wear that is important.The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform.Why A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies.Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too.If all the students wear uniforms, they can't judge each other because of their clothes.It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way.We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear.If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor's white coat.When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses.Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol.In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like Maybe not，but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment.When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing.Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
　
参考范文：
Wearing proper clothes is important for people's first impressions.(要点1) For example, schools ask students to wear a uniform because it benefits them in various ways.(要点2) Besides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies also want their staff to dress in uniforms because of convenience and seriousness.(要点3)In conclusion, our clothes can show our attitude and win confidence from others.(要点4)
2．[议论文]　阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It is no one's job to believe in you, and no one will, unless you believe in yourself.Belief that you can achieve whatever you set your mind to will keep you working when others give up, and it will give you the tools you need to craft your own success from any situation.Any natural talent you have is not enough.Talent is only the beginning.Success is only achieved through hours and hours of hard work, of being knocked down but refusing to quit, and if you are unwilling to put in the effort, you will be overtaken by those who simply want it more.
Part of success is being able to cope with failure.What if you try your best, and you still fail My answer to that is this: I would sooner look myself in the eye and know I did my best, than know I failed because I was held back by fear.There is no honour in being able to say that you could have done better if you had tried harder.The rowing race that I am most proud of was actually one that I lost, as it is the one I know I gave my all to.No one can ask for more than your best, and if you give your best then you have not failed.
So how do you stop the task at hand from feeling too overwhelming How do you pace yourself for a goal you know will take two years to achieve How do you cope with the pressure There is a skill to not thinking too far ahead.You must discipline yourself to focus on what you need to do on a day-by-day basis.Big dreams are made of little plete one task at a time, brilliantly, and then the next, and the next.Do this for long enough, and you will get there.When you do, you can finally step back and appreciate that you have achieved something incredible.
参考范文：
There are three keys to success: believing in yourself, facing failure bravely and starting from small goals.Once you set a goal, do strive hard.(要点1) Even if failure occurs to you, face it bravely and pay attention to what you do and how you do it on the way.(要点2) You shouldn't be easily defeated by failure.There are skills to succeed in accomplishing goals: breaking big dreams into small goals one by one, and accomplishing them gradually.(要点3)
3．[记叙文]　阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The real kindness and generosity
This was an unforgettable and wonderful experience.It happened about three years ago and it has had a strong effect on me.I would like to show respect here for the man I do not know personally but whose actions gave a new meaning to the words — kind and generous.
I was walking down a busy street on a cold, windy day in early winter.A homeless man, probably about 60 and without wearing any shoes, was begging for change on a street corner.
A luxury car pulled up on the other side of the street and an executive (主管) who was perfectly dressed stepped out of the car.He was probably about 60 years old.He was wearing a blue business suit with a deep red silk tie.He walked directly across the street and over to the homeless man.Without saying anything, he first gave him a lot of money and then he sat down and took off his leather gloves, beautiful black leather shoes and his black dress socks.Then he handed them to the homeless man.The homeless man took them and stared at him with an open mouth.
As he drove off, I couldn't help thinking that it was probably the first time that he had pressed the pedal of that luxury car with a bare foot! I stood there and the looks of astonishment appeared on my face and the homeless man's.
Two men of about the same age but very different lives had met and the one who was successful in materials had offered more than his shoes.He had left this luxury car and stepped down from his high position.He lifted up the other man when he offered respect, kindness and real generosity.
　
参考范文：
On a freezing winter day, a successful businessman of 60 happened to come across a poor beggar of the same age.(要点 1) He walked out of his luxury car and gave the beggar a lot of money and even his own shoes and socks.(要点2) As a witness, the author was as astonished as the beggar.(要点3)This unforgettable experience taught the author the new meaning of kindness and generosity.(要点4)