2023新教材高考英语二轮专题复习专题一阅读理解第二讲推理判断题课件(共44张PPT)

(共44张PPT)
第二讲　推理判断题——于文有据不枉断
推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而领会文章的深层意义及隐含意义。要想正确地解答此类题型，必须深入词句间，根据上下文作出合理的判断。现将一些常见的推理判断题归纳如下，旨在让考生掌握一些解题的技巧，从而减少应考中的失误。
清迷点扫盲点·提升审题能力
练重点练难点·创新应用体验
清迷点扫盲点
提升审题能力
技法1　推断隐含意义——逻辑分析得结论
知答题方略
一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推断隐含题
1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。
2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3.以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。
明命题方式
推断隐含意义类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
1.It can be inferred from the text that ________．
2.It can be concluded from the last paragraph that...
3.The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________．
4.What can we infer about...？
5.What does the...paragraph imply？
〖解题流程〗
【典例】　[2022·全国乙卷阅读D]Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
35．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A．It is a short sighted decision.
B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers.
D．It upsets customers.
解析：隐含推断题。依据题干定位细节，第一句“Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.”，揣摩此细节可知，糖税政策的实施，产生了积极的影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑，由此推断出该政策是成功的。
技法2　写作意图类——文体特点看意图
知答题方略
写作意图通常有以下三种：
1.to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或文章故事类的文章。
2.to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。
3.to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe——多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。
明命题方式
写作意图类命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆What is the main purpose of the text？
◆What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage？
◆For what purpose did the author write the passage？
◆The writer writes this passage in order to...
◆Why does the author mention...？
〖解题流程〗
【典例】　[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读D]“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken，” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
32．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A．The right way of exercising.
B．The causes of a heart attack.
C．The difficulty of keeping fit.
D．The aging process of the heart.
解析：写作意图题。根据“Think of a rubber...That's what happens to the heart.”可知，莱文想通过橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程。
技法3　观点态度类——忠于措辞定态度
知答题方略
观点和态度分为三大类：①支持、赞同、乐观；②客观、中立；③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。
注意作者或文中人物的措辞：
①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；
②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；
③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。
明命题方式
观点态度类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆What does the author think of...？
◆What is the author's opinion on/about...？
◆What is the author's attitude towards/to...？
◆The author's attitude towards...can be described as ________．
◆How does the author feel about...？
〖解题流程〗
【典例】　[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读C]Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
28．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A．Ineffective. B．Unnecessary.
C．Inconsistent. D．Unfair.
解析：观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞法”。根据第一段内容以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure，appears to be getting worse.”可推知，美国对司机发短信的禁令是无效的。
技法4　文章出处类——根据文章体裁和内容推出处
知答题方略
文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。考生要对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章特点对号入座，选出最佳选项。
明命题方式
文章出处类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆From which is the text probably taken？
◆In which of the following would this passage most likely be found？
◆The passage is probably taken out of ________？
◆Where would the passage most probably appear？
〖解题流程〗
【典例】　[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读A]
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90－100, A; 80－89, B; 70－79, C; 60－69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1＝ 10%; Essay 2＝15%; Essay 3＝15%; Essay 4＝20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
21．Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook. B．An exam paper.
C．A course plan. D．An academic article.
解析：文章出处题。根据文章标题Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature “文学入门课程评分规则”以及Essays (60%)下的the grade for this course “本课程的成绩”和Group Assignments (30%)下的Blackboard, our online learning and course management system “Blackboard(在线学习和课程管理系统)”可推知， 本文是对一个文学入门课程评分规则的详细介绍， 故应该是选自课程方案。
技法5　推断作者身份或读者对象——语言特色推断目标读者
知答题方略
通过文中出现的人称、作品以及外在评价判断作者身份；确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。
明命题方式
文章出处类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆What can we infer about the author from the text？
◆What does “I” refer to in the text？
◆Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at？
〖解题流程〗
【典例】　[2021·全国乙卷阅读D]During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction (干扰) in his open office, he said, “That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus.” His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局)．But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
35．What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He's a news reporter.
B．He's an office manager.
C．He's a professional designer.
D．He's a published writer.
解析：推断作者身份。通过关键信息：“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.”可以推测出，作者的身份是一位出版作家。
练重点练难点
创新应用体验
A
[2022·太原市高三模拟]After decades of work trying to save the giant panda, Chinese officials have announced that the species is no longer endangered. The pandas have been reclassified in the country from “endangered” to “vulnerable (脆弱的)” after efforts to increase the population. Now the number has risen to more than 1，800 in the wild.
“China has established a relatively complete nature reserve system，” Cui Shuhong, director of the Department of Natural Ecological Protection of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, said on Wednesday. “Large areas of natural ecosystems have been systematically and completely protected, and wildlife habitats have been effectively improved.” The latest classification upgrade reflects the pandas' improved living conditions and China's efforts in keeping their habitats integrated, Cui added.
Bamboo makes up 90% of pandas' diets, and the animals would likely starve without the shoots (嫩芽). Experts believe China's efforts to replant bamboo forests have been the key to the increase in the population of pandas.
Generally speaking, a panda has to eat at least 26 pounds of bamboo every day to maintain its energy, so large areas of bamboo forests are important to their survival.
Planting bamboo also has advantages for the planet, as the bamboo is grass, not a tree, and is incredibly efficient at absorbing carbon dioxide, as well as emitting (发出) 35% more oxygen than trees do.
“The Chinese have done a great job in investing in panda habitats, expanding reserves and setting up new reserves，” Ginette Hemley, senior vice president for Species Conservation at World Wildlife Fund, told the media. “It is a wonderful example of what can happen when a government is committed to conservation.”
Continuing China's success will be dependent on the country protecting land from agricultural and urban development. As land becomes rarer, measures will need to be extended to protect more land, to ensure bamboo forests can thrive and finally, to protect the future of the world's most lovable, lazy, and monochrome (black and white) creature.
1．What do we know about the giant panda according to Paragraph 1
A.It is an endangered species.
B．The number of it increases by 1，800 each year.
C.Its population has declined.
D．It has got a classification upgrade.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The pandas have...the population”可知，中国已经将大熊猫从濒危物种重新分类为易危物种。
2．What can be inferred from Ginette Hemley's words
A．Social media make a difference.
B．Panda habitats are getting smaller.
C．The government's commitment is crucial.
D．Setting up new reserves is impossible.
解析：C　隐含推断题。根据第六段Ginette Hemley所说的话“The Chinese have...new reserves”和“It is a．..committed to conservation”可知，Ginette Hemley认为，中国人在投资大熊猫栖息地、扩大保护区和建立新的保护区方面做得很好，这个例子很好地说明了当政府致力于对动物的保护时会发生什么。据此可以推知，政府的投入是至关重要的。
3．What can be the challenge China faces in achieving continued success
A．Lazy and monochrome animals.
B．Lack of support from World Wildlife Fund.
C．The emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
D.The influence of agricultural and urban development.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据尾段第一句“Continuing China's success...and urban development”可知，中国要想继续取得成功，就必须保护土地不受农业和城市发展的影响。
4．Where is this text probably from
A．A news website. B．An official report.
C．A travel magazine. D．A biology textbook.
解析：A　文章出处推判题。通读全文可知，文章第一句“After decades of...no longer endangered”为全文主旨句；结合文章第二段第一句中的“said on Wednesday”和下文内容可知，本文属于新闻报道，报道了中国官方宣布大熊猫不再是濒危物种这一新闻。据此可以推知，本文最可能摘自新闻网站。
B
[2022·潍坊市模拟]Researchers say a new electrical device placed in three paralyzed patients has helped them walk again. The lower bodies of the three patients were left paralyzed after they suffered spinal (脊柱的) cord injuries. But a device implanted in the spinal cord was able to send electrical signals to the muscles to permit them to stand, walk and exercise.
Scientists have discovered that neurons—which receive and send signals for muscle movements—often still work in injured patients with serious spinal cord injuries. However, past research into spinal cord injuries has centered on the stimulation of neurons. Now in the latest experiment led by Gregoire Courtine and Jocelyne Bloch of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, three paralyzed men were implanted a new electrical device designed to copy an action of the brain, in which it sends signals to the spinal cord that result in muscle movement. When the spinal cord receives the brain signals, it stimulates a collection of nerve cells that can activate different muscles.
The researchers reported that all three patients who got the spinal cord implants were able to take their first steps within an hour after receiving them. Over the next six months, the patients regained the ability to take part in more advanced walking activities, the study found. They were also able to ride bicycles and swim in community settings.
Unlike other attempts to help paralyzed patients walk by stimulating nerves through the back of the spine, Courtine said that his team redesigned the devices so signals would enter the spine from the sides. “This method permits more direct targeting and activation of spinal cord areas，” he said.
The team then developed artificial intelligence (AI) systems linked to the device. The AI controls electrodes on the device to send signals to stimulate individual nerves that control muscles needed for walking and other activities. However, because the patients muscles were weak from not being used, they needed help with supporting their weight, the researchers said. It also took some time for them to learn to work with the technology. Still，Bloch said, “The more they train, the more they start lifting their muscles, the more fluid it becomes.”
5．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A．Neurons in paralyzed patients can't work.
B．Paralyzed men recovered using a new device.
C．The new device can imitate the brain to send signals.
D．Stimulating the neurons is the focus of the latest research.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第二段“Now in the latest experiment led by Gregoire Courtine...in which it sends signals to the spinal cord that result in muscle movement.”可推断，这个新的设备会模仿大脑向脊髓发送信号。
6．How does the new device stimulate the spinal cord areas more directly
A．By using the AI system.
B．By sending the signals to the brain.
C．By making signals enter the spine from the sides.
D．By stimulating nerves through the back of the spine.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第四段“Unlike other attempts to help paralyzed patients walk by stimulating nerves through the back of the spine, Courtine said that his team redesigned the devices so signals would enter the spine from the sides. ”可知，这种新的设备可以让信号从两侧进入脊椎。
7．Which can best describe Bloch's idea in the last Paragraph
A．Practice makes perfect.
B．It's hard to please all.
C．Every garden has its weeds.
D．Put the cart before the horse.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据最后一段“Still, Bloch said, ‘The more they train, the more they start lifting their muscles, the more fluid it becomes.’”可知，越训练就越熟练。根据句意，应表示熟能生巧。
8．What is the purpose of this text
A．To introduce the findings of a recent research.
B．To report the consequence of spinal cord injuries.
C．To recommend a treatment for paralyzed patients.
D．To compare a recent research with other previous researches.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第一段“Researchers say a new electrical device placed in three paralyzed patients has helped them walk again.”可推断，这篇文章的主要目的是介绍最近一项新的研究所取得的成果。