【重难点精讲】2014届中考英语外研考点解密:第一部分 教材知识梳理 八年级下册(3份)

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名称 【重难点精讲】2014届中考英语外研考点解密:第一部分 教材知识梳理 八年级下册(3份)
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八年级(下)Units five-six
重难点精讲
考点一Many train stations were built to make it easier for passengers to get on and off the trains. 修建许多火车站是为了使乘客更容易地上下火车。(page forty-three)
【用法归纳】get 短语小结
get up 起床 get on 上车 get to 到达
get off 下车 get through 穿过get over 克服
get ready for 为什么作准备
get on/along with somebody.(与某人) 和睦相处,关系良好
get down记录;记下;吞下;使悲伤/沮丧
get dressed穿衣服
考点二 It takes eleven hours to fly from Canada to China today.目前从中国到加拿大乘飞机需要十一个小时。(page forty-seven)
【用法归纳】辨析take, spend, cost与pay
?take主语通常为物或it,常用于it takes somebody.some time to do something.或something.takes somebody.some time中, it在此为形式主语。
It takes somebody some time to do something.如:
The trip took me two days.这趟旅行了我两天时间。
It will take three hours to finish the work.完成那项工作需要三个小时。
?spend的主语通常为人,常用于somebody.spends some time/money on something.
(in) doing something.中。如:somebody spend some money 或some time 加 on something./(in)doing something.如:
He spent all his time reading.他把全部时间都花在了阅读上。
You have spent too much time on sports.你在运动方面花费了太多的时间。
?cost的主语通常为物,常用于sth.costs sb.some money中。如:
something加cost 加somebody 加some money 如:
They do not cost you any money.它们不花你一分钱。
How much does the camera cost 这台照相机值多少钱?
?pay的主语常为人,常用搭配为pay for...,意为“为什么付款”。
somebody加pay加some money加for something.如:
They will pay one hunderd dollars in advance.他们将预付100美元。
How will you pay for this 你用什么方式付款?
考点三 It?is always nice to hear from Wu Hong.收到吴红的信总是很高兴。(page fifty-three)
【用法归纳】辨析hear from 与 hear of
?hear from意为“收到什么的信”,其对象是somebody.而非a letter,相当于get/receive a letter from somebody.。如:
Have you heard from him recently 等于Have you got/received a letter from him recently 你最近收到过他的来信吗?
?hear of意为“听说”,相当于hear about。如:
Have you heard about/of the accident 你听说这起事故了吗?
I?have never heard about/of him before.以前我从来没听说过他。
考点四 I have not sent any e-mail yet.我还没有发过任何邮件。(page fifty-six)
【用法归纳】辨析yet, still与already
三个词都常与完成时态连用。
?yet通常用于否定句的句末,表示“仍然,还”,还可用于疑问句的句末,表示“已经”。如:
Have you had your lunch yet 你已经吃过午饭了吗?
They have not finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成家庭作业。
?still“仍然,还”,多用于肯定句中。如:
They?are still working hard.他们仍在努力地工作。
?already“已经”,多用于肯定句中,在疑问句中常用yet替换。already有时可放在疑问句的句末,表示惊讶、怀疑等语气。如:
Has he returned already 他已经回来了吗?
考点五 She wanted children to say “thank you” to their mothers while they are still alive. 她想让孩子们在自己的母亲还健在的时候,对她们说声“谢谢”。(page fifty-seven)
【用法归纳】辨析alive, living, live与lively
?alive在句中作表语和定语,作定语要置于所修饰的名词之后。如:
No man alive is greater than him.活着的人没有比他更伟大的。
?living作形容词,意为“活的”,既可作表语,也可直接置于名词前作定语,可兼指“人”和“物”;还可用作名词,意为“生计,生活”。如:
Can you believe that my first teacher is still living 你能相信我的启蒙老师还活着吗?
?live读作/laIv/时,为形容词,意为“活着的”,可用作定语,放在表示物的名词前,一般不指人;live读作/lIv/时,为动词,意为“生活,生存”。如:
Have you seen a live whale 你看见过活的鲸鱼吗?
How long do tigers live 老虎能活多久?
?lively意为“活泼的,活跃的,充满生机的”,可用作定语或表语,既可指人,也可指物。如:
It is said that the boy has a lively mind. 据说那个孩子头脑灵活。
考点六 Since his wife had died young, he alone had taken care of his five children. 自从他妻子早年去世以后,他就一个人照顾五个孩子。(page fifty-seven)
【用法归纳】辨析since与for
?since强调从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到说话时,因此它后面要跟时间点;引导时间状语从句时,主句通常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时,而从句通常用一般过去时。如:
We have been living here since we moved here. 自从我们搬到这里就一直住在这儿。
?for后面跟表示一段时间的短语,表示动作持续发生了一段时间,可用于表示过去、现在、将来和完成以及完成进行时态的句子中。如:
Your son has been playing basketball for a long time. 你儿子打篮球已经很长时间了。
考点七 You?had better not invent that, Danny. 丹尼,你最好不要发明那种东西。(page forty-four)
【用法归纳】had better do something.的用法
you had better可以写成you'd better。had better意思是 “最好……”,后面用动词原形,其否定形式为had better not + 动词原形。如:
We?had better wait until the rain stops. 我们最好等到雨停。
The river is deep. You?had better not swim in it. 河水很深, 你最好不要在河里游泳。
考点八 I feel like I?am connected to everybody in the world. 我感觉好像我和世界上每个人都联系在一起了。(page fifty-eight)
【用法归纳】feel like的用法
?feel like意思是“觉得好像什么”,相当于feel as if/though,其后可以跟句子,也可以跟名词。如:
He felt like someone was walking behind him. 他感觉好像有人在跟着他。
?feel like还可表示“想要”。后面接名词、代词或动名词形式。feel like something./doing something.表示“想要某物”或“想要做某事”,相当于 would like something./to do something.。 如:
I do not feel like this kind of chocolate. 我不想要这种巧克力。
She feels like having a talk with him about his study. 她想和他谈一下他的学习情况。八年级(下)Units three-four
重难点精讲
考点一It has all kinds of animals.动物园有各种各样的动物。(page twenty-four)
【用法归纳】kind的用法
?kind作名词,意为“种,类,属”。如:
What kind of noodles would you like 你想要哪种面条?
?kind作形容词,意为“和蔼的,仁慈的,友好的,亲切的。”如:
It?is very kind of you to come.你能来真是太好了。
【知识拓展】
kind的短语:
kind of有点儿,稍微
different kinds of不同种类的
a kind of一种
all kinds of 各种各样的
be kind to对什么友好
考点二 Stand so still while they waddle my way. 它们摇摇摆摆朝我走来时,我站着不动。(page twenty-five)
【用法归纳】
①still的用法
?作形容词时,意为“静止的”。如:
Keep still while I brush your hair.不要动,我给你擦头发。
We had to keep still for about four minutes.四分钟内,我们不得不一动不动。
?作副词时,初中常见的有以下几种意思。
①(截止目前/当时)仍;还,尚
Is he still here 他还在这儿吗?
②仍然;还是;依旧
In spite of his faults, she still loved him. 尽管他有错误,但是她仍然爱他。
③更;愈加(多/少)(修饰比较级)
That would be still better. 那就更好了。
(2)辨析while与when(2010年42题)
二者都有“当什么时候”的意思,都可用来引导时间状语从句。
?while引导的从句中只能用延续动词,且多用于进行时;也可表示两个延续性的动作同时发生而又具有对比意味。如:
My wife kept silent when/while I was writing.当我写作的时候,我的妻子默不作声。
?when引导的从句中既可用延续性动词,又可用非延续性动词。如:
Somebody broke in when we went out.在我们出门不在的时候,有人破门而入。
考点三 I?am sure the floor will not get wet. 我确信地板不会变湿的。(page thirty-two)
【用法归纳】be sure的用法
?be sure of/about something./doing something.,意为“确信……,对什么有把握”。但在接名词时,be sure of 侧重指主语对某抽象事物的确信无疑;而be sure about则侧重指主语对某具体事物的确信无疑。如:
He is sure of success. 他自信会成功的。
I?am sure of his honesty. 我肯定他是诚实的。
If you are not sure about the situation in the world, you can read the newspaper every day. 如果你对世界形势不大了解,你可以每天看看报纸。
?be sure的后面若要接反身代词,则只能用be sure of, 即be sure of oneself,意为“有自信心”。如:
Joan will sit for an important examination next week, but she is not sure of herself. 琼下周要参加一个重要考试,但她对自己没有十分把握。
?be sure to do something.表示说话人对句子主语做出的判断,认为句子主语“必定”,“必然会”,“准会”……。如:
He is sure to have known about that. 他准会知道那件事。
?be sure to do用在祈使句中,不是表示判断,而是表示对对方的要求,意为“务必要,一定要”。如:
Be sure not to forget it! 千万别忘记呀!
Be sure to send my regards to your mother.务必代我问候你母亲。
Be sure not to do that again. 一定不要再干那种事了。
?be sure + 宾语从句,表示主句主语对宾语从句中涉及的事物所作出的判断,意为“确信某事一定会……”。如:
I?am not sure whether I?have met him before. 我不能确定以前是否见过他。
考点四 Brian takes away his hand.布赖恩拿开了他的手。 (page thirty-four)
【用法归纳】take短语小结
take photos/pictures 照相take medicine 服药
take out 掏出;带出去take off 脱掉;起飞
take away 取走 take down 记下
take after 长得像take place 发生
take up占用;占据 take turns 轮流;交替
take part in参加take care of照顾
take it easy别紧张take back收回
take one's time 别急,慢慢来
考点五 We have discovered that cardboard can hold the water in.我们发现纸板可以将水保持在里面。(page thirty-four)
【用法归纳】
  辨析 discover, invent, create, find 与 find out
?discover 意为“发现,发觉”,是及物动词,后面常接名词、代词或宾语从句。discover指发现客观事物的存在,常指发现已经存在而不为人知的事情。如:
Columbus discovered America in 1492.哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
The scientists have discovered a new planet recently.科学家们最近发现了一颗新行星。
?invent 意为“发明,创造”,指通过研究和实验而“创造,发明”出前所未有的产品或装置。如:
Who invented the telephone 谁发明了电话?
?create指从无到有创作出原来不存在的东西,如艺术作品、理论等。如:
Shakespeare created many famous characters.莎士比亚创造了许多有名的人物。
?find强调在经过“寻找”(look for)后“找的结果”,又可以表示“(偶然地)发现……”。如:
Has he found his key 他找到他的钥匙了吗?
I found a watch on the road.我在路上发现了一块手表。
?find out意为“查明,弄清楚”,指通过观察、调查等发现事实真相。如:
Please find out who broke the window.请查明谁打破了窗户。
考点六 That tastes so great. 那尝起来不错。(page thirty-five)
【用法归纳】 taste 的用法(2013 年 87 题)
?taste作实义动词,意为“品尝”;taste也可作感官系动词,意为“尝起来”, 后跟形容词作表语。如:
You can taste the soup to see if it?is hot enough.你可以尝尝这个汤,看看够不够辣。
The chicken cooked in this restaurant tastes delicious.这家饭馆做的鸡肉尝起来很可口。
?tasty 为 taste的形容词形式,意为“美味的,可口的,好吃的”。如:
a tasty dish/meal美味菜肴;可口饭菜
【知识拓展】
感官系动词还有:look“看起来”; sound“听起来”;smell“闻起来”;feel“感觉起来,摸起来”。这些词后都可加形容词作表语。
考点七 Debbie will have fun looking for them. 寻找它们将会让黛比很开心。(page thirty-six)
【用法归纳】
have fun doing something.的用法
have fun doing something.表示“做某事很有乐趣”。如:
I had great fun talking with that girl.和那个女孩聊天真开心。
【知识拓展】
have fun单独使用时,意为“玩得高兴,过得愉快”,相当于have a good time和enjoy oneself。如:
They had fun (等于 had a good time/enjoyed themselves) in the park.他们在公园里玩得很高兴。
—I?am going to the Hong Kong Disney Park this weekend.我周末要去香港迪斯尼乐园。
—Have fun!祝你玩得开心!
考点八 When the candle stops burning, it has used up all the oxygen in the air.当蜡烛停止燃烧时,它耗尽了空气中所有的氧气。(page thirty seven)
【用法归纳】辨析use up与run out of
?use up...意为“用完,耗尽”。但是主语可以是人可以是物,所以也有被动用法。
somebody. use up something.等于 something be used up(by somebody.)
?run out不及物动词短语,意为“用完,耗尽”(该词主语是物不是人,且不能用于被动)。如:
Our food soon ran out.我们的食物不久就吃光了。
?somebody. run out of something.意为“用光,耗尽”(主语只能是人)如:
He has run out of red ink. 他把红墨水用完了。
If we run out of money, we can sell some of the products in Guangzhou.如果我们的钱用完了,我们可以在广州卖掉一些产品。
We ran out of money.等于 Our money ran out.等于 We used up our money.等于 Our money was used up. 我们把钱用光了。八年级(下)Units seven-eight
重难点精讲
考点一Geography is the study of the world?s places and population. 地理学是对世界地区和人口的研究。(page sixty-two)
【用法归纳】population的用法
?population 是集体名词,单独作主语时,谓语用第三人称单数形式;若和分数或百分数一起构成短语作主语,则谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
The population of this country is over one billion.这个国家的人口超过十亿。
One half of the population of the city are farmers.这个城市人口的一半是农民。
?表示人口的“多”或“少”时,不能用many 或 few,只能用large /big 或 small。如:
China is a country with a large/big population.中国是一个人口大国。
?表示“某地有多少人口”时,常用句式:①The population of加某地加is加数词;②某地加has a population of加数词。如:
The population of China is about one point three billion.等于China has a population of about one point three billion.中国大约有1.3亿人口。
?询问“某地有多少人口”时,要用“What is the population 加某地?”或“How large is the population of加某地?”句型,而不用how many或how much。如:
What?is the population of Germany 等于How large is the population of Germany 德国的人口是多少?
考点二 Have you ever been to other countries in Asia 你去过亚洲其他的国家吗?(page sixty-two )
【用法归纳】辨析have been to, have gone to 与 have been in(2009年44题)
◆have been to表示去过某地已经返回,它强调一种经历,常与ever, just, never等词连用,也可与once, twice等表示次数的词连用。如:
He has been to Paris three times.他去过巴黎三次。(他已经返回,不在巴黎)
◆have gone to表示到某地去了,强调说话的当时去某地的人不在场,且 have gone to 的主语大都是第三人称。如:
The children have gone to play in the park. 孩子们到公园玩耍去了。(孩子们还在公园没回来)
◆have been in意为“在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
His parents have been in China for three months. 他的父母已经在中国呆了三个月了。(与表示一段时间的状语for three months连用)
注意:这几个短语后面如果接地点副词 here, there, home, abroad等时,则去掉介词。
考点三 My mother hopes to visit her some day我妈妈希望有一天能拜访她。(page sixty-two)
【用法归纳】辨析Some day, Someday与one day
?some day意为“将来某一日”,等于someday,与one day是近义词。如:
He will be a scientist some day.总有一天他会成为科学家。
?some day/someday只表示将来,不表示过去。如:
I hope to see you some day/someday.我希望有一天会看到你。
?one day用在过去时的句子里是“有一天”的意思,用在将来时的句子里,是“将来有一天”,与some day/someday可互换。如:
He came one day to see me. 有一天他来看我。
试译:你哪天一定要来看我。
You must come one day to see me.
You must come some day to see me.
You must come to see me someday.
考点四 The population of the world is increasing very quickly.世界人口增长地非常迅速。(page sixty-three)
【用法归纳】increase的用法
increase 动词. 增加;增大
?increase既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。作及物动词时,后接名词或代词作宾语。如:
The population has increased.人口增多了。
Reading can increase your knowledge.阅读能增长你的知识。
?“increase by加倍数或百分数”表示“增加了多少”。如:
This year, the number of the students in our school has increased by thirty percent.今年,我们学校的学生数增加了百分之三十。
?“increase to加具体的增长后的数字”表示“增加到了多少”。如:
This year, the number of the students in our school has increased to three thousand.今年,我们学校的学生数已增长到三千。
?increase还可用作名词,意为“增加”。如:
The prices are on the increase.物价在上涨。
考点五 Would you please help me to look up “report” 你能帮我(在字典里)查一下“report”吗?(Page sixty-five)
【用法归纳】Will you +动词原形+其他?句型
“Will/Would/Could you (please)+动词原形+其他?”意为“请你(们)……好吗?”,用来表示客气地邀请或命令;当表示有礼貌地禁止做某事时,可用其否定式“Will/Would/Could you please not 加动词原形加其他?”。如:
—Will you please sit down 你们坐下好吗?
—OK.好吧。
Would you please not draw pictures on the wall 请你不要在墙上画画好吗?
【知识拓展】
◆对别人提出礼貌的请求:
①Can/Will/Could you please... 请你……好吗?
②Would/Do you mind if I... 如果我……,你介意吗?
③Give/Pass me..., please. 请给/递给我……。
◆对请求的应答:
①Yes, please./Yes, you can./No problem. 好的,请。
②Sure./Certainly. 当然可以。
③That?is all right. 别客气。
④Not at all. 别客气。
⑤I?am sorry it?s not allowed. 对不起,不允许这样。
⑥Sorry, I?am afraid you can not./No, you can not./No, you must not. 对不起,恐怕不行/不,你不可以。
考点六 Somebody should pick up that garbage! 应该有人把那些垃圾捡起来!(page seventy-two)
【用法归纳】pick up的用法
?pick up意为“拾起,捡起”,属“动词加副词”构成的短语,代词须放在中间。如:
Pick up that piece of paper on the floor.捡起地上那张纸。
?pick somebody up还有“让某人搭车,用车接某人”的意思。如:
Can you pick me up 你能让我搭车吗?
【知识拓展】
up短语小结:
cut up 切碎look up 向上看;查找
put up 搭起;搭建cheer up 使振奋
come up with 提出(计划、想法);赶上
set up 建立;创立give up 放弃
wake up 醒来grow up 生长;长大
stay up 熬夜
考点七 When something breaks, you should repair it. 当有东西坏了时,你应该修理它。(page seventy-five)
【现学现用】辨析repair, mend与fix
这三个词都有“修理”之意。但它们也有区别:
?repair多指修理的物体较庞大,构造较复杂或损坏严重的东西。如:repair a bridge/house/car/TV set/watch修桥/房子/汽车/电视/手表。如:
Mary repaired the radio just for fun.玛丽修理收音机只是为了消遣。
I am going to have my bike repaired tomorrow.我打算明天找人把自行车修理一下。
?mend多用于指修理的物体较小,结构较简单的日常用具,或缝补衣服、袜子等。如:mend a shoe/sock/basket/box/pen补鞋/袜子/修补篮球/修补箱子/修钢笔。 很多时候可与repair互换。如:
Can you mend a broken dish 你能修理破盘子吗?
She is mending her shoes.她正在修补她的鞋子。
?fix则侧重于“安装”,重新“调”物体的结构,把松散的部件固定结实,将分离的物体各部分装配起来。有时也用作“修理”。 可与repair替换。如:fix a machine/chair/typewriter修机器/椅子/打字机。但不指缝补衣服。如:
The workers are fixing the machine. 工人们在安装机器。
Have you had your watch fixed 你已找人修你的表了吗?