UNIT 2 Section Ⅲ
一、语言基础训练
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．He whispered __to__ her so that no one else would hear.
2．We were all badly __bitten__(bite) by mosquitoes.
3．You will be required to assist Mrs. Smith __in__ preparing a report.
4．It’s said that fog is __harmful__(harm) to our health, so we should wear masks on foggy days.
5．After her father passed __away__,__she had to take up any job available to support her family.
6．When I passed __by__ the shop, I caught sight of the skirt in its window.
7．A monument was set up in memory __of__ the dead soldiers.
8．Turning around, she saw Tom __in__ tears.
9．A great deal of oil __was__(be) poured into the sea and did great harm to creatures in the water.
10．I wish to thank Professor Johnson，without __whose__ help I would never have made such great progress.
Ⅱ．完成句子
1．The thieves __disguised themselves as safety guards__(伪装成保安) and entered the hall. (disguise sb. as sb. )
2．The woman listened carefully to the lecture，__her eyes fixed on the screen__(眼睛紧盯着屏幕)．(独立主格结构)
3．The poor child can __neither read nor write__(既不会读也不会写)．(neither… nor)
4．The snowstorm __kept us from climbing onto the top of the mountain__(阻止我们爬到山顶)．(keep… from doing sth. )
5．His eyes were red. It was obvious that __he had been working hard for a long time__(他一直努力工作很长时间了)．(过去完成进行时)
二、培优提升训练
Ⅰ．阅读理解
Could the device，smartphone or PC，which you are using，affect the moral decisions you make when using it To test it，researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1，010 people. The participants were assigned a device at random.
One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley problem”： A runaway trolley is heading towards five people tied up on a set of train tracks. You can do nothing，resulting in the deaths of five people，or push a man off a bridge，which will stop the trolley. The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives，which 33. 5 percent of smartphone users chose，compared to 22. 3 percent of PC users.
“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems，they were more likely to make more unemotional，reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma，” Dr. Albert Barque-Duran，the lead author of the study，told City University of London. “This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs. ”
As for why the researchers started this study，Dr. Barque-Duran noted，“Due to the fact that our social lives，work and even shopping take place online，it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed，and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily. ”It’s clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decision-making because we’re using screens at an ever increasing rate.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了你所使用的手机或电脑设备能否影响你的道德决策。为此，研究者对1 010 位参与者做了调查。
1．Why did the author mention the trolley problem？__C__
A．To introduce a difficult problem to readers.
B．To introduce the aim of carrying out the study.
C．To show an example of the questions in the study.
D．To show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic ’trolley problem’”可知，作者提及到电车问题，只是展示了研究中问题中的一个例子。故选C。
2．How do the smartphone users of the study behave in dealing with emotional dilemmas？__A__
A．Calmly. B．Cruelly.
C．Carelessly. D．Enthusiastically.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems，they were more likely to make more unemotional，reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma”可知，面对情感困境，手机使用者更能够镇定和理智地处理。故选A。
3．Dr. Albert believes that compared with PCs，smartphones__C__．
A．help people bear more pressure
B．help people make decisions quickly
C．make people feel more mentally distant
D．make people stay happier to solve problems
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs. ”可知，与电脑相比较，手机更使人感到精神上的疏远。故选C。
4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about？__B__
A．The importance of smartphones. B．The significance of the study.
C．How to make moral decisions. D．What affects people’s daily life.
解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句话“As for why the researchers started this study”和下文Dr. Barque-Duran博士指出的原因可知，人们生活中使用各种电子设备的频率越来越高，这些电子设备如何影响人们的道德决策，这正是文章所介绍的研究意义所在。故选B。
Ⅱ．语法填空
阅读短文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I experienced the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for the first time this year. It falls on__1. the__ fourth day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar，usually lasting for three days and it __2. is represented__ (represent) by three events.
On the first day，I set__3. off__ to the games early with my friend Burin. I saw a lot of people __4. wearing__ (wear) fancy Mongolian robes. Some were feeding their horses，some were practising archery，and others were chatting or taking pictures. Those __5. who__ attend the festival travel every year from near and far like their ancestors for centuries. After the opening ceremony and some __6. amazing__ (amaze) performances，the wrestling competition began. It’s different from the wrestling in the Olympic Games. The wrestlers are not separated by __7. weight__ (weigh) . After the game was over，they sang some songs and danced onto the green field，__8. waving__ (wave) their arms in the air as if they were eagles. Then，the archery went on，but the horse races were my favourite part. However，I was surprised __9. to see__ (see) some boys and girls riding the horses.
Though I felt tired after back home，I thought it was worth__10. spending__ (spend) such a festival.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。记叙了作者和朋友一起参加那达慕节，观看了那达慕的三大赛事。
解析：
1．考查冠词。句意：那达慕节在农历六月的第四天，通常持续三天，主要表现为三大赛事。序数词前加定冠词，表示“第几”。故填the。
2．考查动词的时态和语态。句意：同上。主语it与动词represent之间为被动关系，且陈述事实情况。故用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is represented。
3．考查动词短语。句意：在第一天，我和朋友Burin早早出发到会场。 set off意为“启程；出发”，为固定搭配。故填off。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：我看到很多人穿着华丽的蒙古长袍。 see sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事。故填wearing。
5．考查定语从句。句意：和他们数百年前的祖先一样，蒙古人每年都会从四面八方赶来参加这一节目。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为those，指人，关系词在从句中作主语。故填who。
6．考查形容词。句意：开幕式和几项精彩的表演之后，摔跤比赛开始了。设空处作定语修饰物performances，意为“令人吃惊的”，用形容词。故填amazing。
7．考查名词。句意：摔跤手不分体重级别。 by weight意为“按重量计算”，为固定短语。故填weight。
8．考查非谓语动词。句意：比赛结束后，他们唱歌，在草地上翩翩起舞，他们挥动着双臂，好像雄鹰。wave与其逻辑主语they之间为主动关系，故用现在分词短语作伴随状语。故填waving。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，看到男孩女孩骑马，我很惊讶。 be surprised to do sth. 意为“对做某事感到惊讶”，故用不定式形式。故填to see。
10．考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管回到家后，我很疲惫，但我认为度过这样一个节日是值得的。 be worth doing意为“值得做”，故用动名词形式。故填spending。
Ⅲ．读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
A vacation with my mother I had an interesting childhood: It was filled with surprise and amusements, all because of my mother—loving, sweet, and yet absent-minded and forgetful. One strange family trip we took when I was eleven tells a lot about her.
My two sets of grandparents lived in Colorado and North Dakota, and my parents decided to spend a few weeks driving to those states and seeing all the sights along the way. As the first day of our trip approached, David, my eight-year-old brother, and I unwillingly said good-bye to all of our friends. Who knew if we’d ever see them again Finally, the moment of our departure arrived, and we loaded suitcases, books, games, camping equipment, and a tent into the car and bravely drove off. We bravely drove off again two hours later after we’d returned home to get the purse and traveler’s checks Mom had forgotten.
David and I were always a little nervous when using gas station bathrooms if Mom was driving while Dad slept：“You stand outside the door and play lookout(放哨) while I go, and I’ll stand outside the door and play lookout while you go. ”I had terrible pictures in my mind: “Honey, where are the kids？” “What？！ Oh, Gosh…I thought they were being awfully quiet. ” We were never actually left behind in a strange city, but we weren’t about to take any chances.
On the fourth or fifth night, we had trouble finding a hotel with a vacancy. After driving in vain for some time, Mom suddenly got a great idea: Why didn’t we find a house with a likely-looking backyard and ask if we could set up tent there David and I became nervous. To our great relief，Dad turned down the idea. Mom never could understand our objections(反对). If a strange family showed up on her front doorstep, Mom would have been delighted. She thinks everyone in the world as nice as she is. We finally found a vacancy in the next town.
Paragraph 1：
The next day we remembered the brand-new tent we had brought with us. ___________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：
We drove through several states and saw lots of great sights along the way. ___________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考范文：
Paragraph 1：
The next day we remembered the brand-new tent we had brought with us. To our delight，Mom gave up the idea of camping in some stranger’s backyard. Instead, we found a wonderful camping site in the wild. It was a clearing in the woods by a small lake，where Dad could catch some fish for dinner. We had no trouble setting up our tent, but we were disappointed to find that Mom forgot to pack up pillows. Needless to say, we all woke up with a sore neck the next morning.
Paragraph 2：
We drove through several states and saw lots of great sights along the way. It was a fantastic trip. We crossed big rivers and vast plains, climbed high mountains, and overlooked deep valleys. During the trip, Mom’s being absent-minded not only got us into much trouble, but also gave us many funny moments. But luckily, she was not so forgetful as to leave me and David behind in the gas station bathrooms. We all arrived at grandparents’ home safe and sound.(共72张PPT)
UNIT 2 MORALS AND VIRTUES
Section Ⅲ Listening and Talking，
Reading for Writing
Ⅰ．重点单词
1．___________ n. 事故；车祸；失事
→_____________ adj. 意外的； 偶然的
2．____________ n. 手术；企业；经营
→__________ v．操作；动手术
→___________ n. 操作人员； 接线员
3．__________ vi. & vt. 悄声说；耳语；低语 n. 耳语(声)；低语(声)；传言；谣传
4．___________ n. 子夜；午夜
accident
accidental
operation
operate
operator
whisper
midnight
5．_________ n. 进口；进口商品 vt. 进口；输入；引进
6．_________ n. 出口；出口商品 vt. 出口；输出；传播
7．_______ n. (行星的)极；地极
8．______ n. (坐着时的)大腿部；(跑道等的)一圈
9．_______ vt. & vi. 咬；叮；蛰 n. 咬；(咬下的)一口；咬伤
→______ (过去式)
→_________ (过去分词)
10．______ n. 嘴唇
import
export
pole
lap
bite
bit
bitten
lip
11．_________ vt. 帮助；援助
→_____________ n. 帮助，援助
→____________ n. 助手；助理
12．___________ 主席；主持人；董事长
13．_________ n. 记忆力；回忆
→___________ v．记忆； 记住
14．________ n. 一连串(人或事)；链子；链条
15．_______ n. 咖啡馆；小餐馆
assist
assistance
assistant
chairman
memory
memorize
chain
café
16．___________ n. (餐馆的)女服务员；女侍者
→_________ n. (餐馆等的) 服务员，侍者
17．___________ adj. 怀孕的；妊娠的
18．___________ vt. 装扮；假扮；掩盖 n. 伪装；化妆用具
19．________ n. 枫树；槭树
20．_______ n. 手推车；运货马车
21．________ vt. & vi. (使)洒出；(使)溢出
22．_______ vi. 跛行；一瘸一拐地走
waitress
waiter
pregnant
disguise
maple
cart
spill
limp
23．_______ n. 眼泪；泪水
24．_______ n. & vt. 伤害；损害
→__________ adj. 有害的
→___________ adj. 无害的
25．__________ n. 绝望 vi. 绝望；感到无望
26．________ n. 力量；威力
tear
harm
harmful
harmless
despair
might
27．________ n. 寓言；寓言故事
28．________ n. (网球等的)球场；法院；法庭
29．___________ adj. 灵活的；可变通的
30．_________ n. 收入；收益
31．______ prep. 每；每一
32．____________ adv. 因此；所以
33．__________ n. 紧张关系；紧张；焦虑
fable
court
flexible
income
per
therefore
tension
Ⅱ．重点短语
1．________ aid急救
2．pass _______ 去世
3．in memory _____ 作为对……的纪念
4．trip _______ 被……绊倒
5．_____ tears流着泪；含着泪
6．_____ despair处于绝望中
first
away
of
over
in
in
7．____ great deal (of)大量
8．_____ midnight在午夜
9．neither… ______ …既不……也不……
10．make _____ attempt to do试图/企图做……
11．succeed _____ doing成功做了……
12．belong _____ 属于
a
at
nor
an
in
to
Ⅲ．重点句型
1．After Dr Bethune’s death，Chairman Mao Zedong wrote an article in memory of him，________ he praised Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.
白求恩大夫死后，毛泽东主席写了一篇文章纪念他，赞扬白求恩大夫是中国人民永远铭记的英雄。
in which
2．After a while，a group of women came along，______________ a pot of water on her head.
过了一会儿，一群妇女走了过来，每个人头上都顶着一罐水。
3．She _________________ all day and was very tired.
她工作了一整天，非常累。
each balancing
had been working
Ⅳ．课文理解
1．What did the king do in a local village？______
A．He invited someone to disguise him.
B．He found gold coins under a stone.
C．He moved a stone to the street.
D．He hid gold coins under a maple tree.
C
2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？______
A．The milkman picked up his milk bottles and angrily left.
B．The woman carrying a water pot cried because she could not move the stone.
C．Nobody but the young girl felt it her responsibility to prevent her neighbours from being injured.
D．The king was in despair because nobody could help him move the stone.
C
3．Why did the king feel in despair？______
A．He thought there was no one to protect their neighbours from danger.
B．Nobody could find the gold coins under the stone.
C．The milkman spilt all the milk.
D．He could find nobody to help him remove the stone.
A
4．When the king told the girl the gold coins belonged to her，he meant that ______.
A．he was thankful to her for her help
B．she was the only person to learn the lesson the king had intended to teach his people
C．she should take back the gold coins she had lost
D．he would like to return the gold coins to her
B
重 点 单 词
harm n．& vt. 伤害；损害
Cheating others is also to cheat yourself，which will be of great harm in the long run.
欺骗他人也是在欺骗自己，从长远来看会产生很大的害处。
It wouldn’t do him any harm to work a bit harder.
工作努力点对他没任何害处。
It is just a joke. He means no harm.
这只是个玩笑。他没有恶意。
There is no harm in writing down your name in the form.
在表格里写下你的名字不会有什么坏处。
Don’t harm your eyes by reading in dim light.
不要在昏暗的光线下看书，以免损害眼睛。
be of great harm危害极大的
do harm to sb. /sth. (＝do sb. /sth. harm)对某人/某物有害
mean no harm没有恶意
There is no harm in (one’s) doing sth.
＝There is no harm (for sb. ) to do sth. (某人)做某事无妨/无害。
C
harm，injure，hurt与wound
(1)harm指伤害人的健康、权利、事业等。
(2) injure指在事故或打斗中受伤。
(3)hurt指肉体伤害或感情伤害。
(4)wound指用刀、枪等武器伤害。
harmful adj. 有害的
be harmful to… 对……有害
harmless adj. 无害的
be harmless to… 对……无害
C
单句语法填空
①Try to choose products that do the least harm _____ the environment.
②Staying up too often will be _____ great harm to people’s health.
③There is no harm _____ eating more fish，which is beneficial to our health.
④As a matter of fact，in and of itself，the Internet is ___________ (harm)．
to
of
in
harmless
⑤(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读)Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support，the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than __________ (harm)．
⑥Most children are fond of sweets but they may be __________ (harm) to their teeth.
harmful
harmful
完成句子
⑦(浙江卷单选)Many lifestyle patterns _________________________ that they actually speed up the weakening of the human body.
许多生活方式对健康产生了相当大的危害，实际上它们加快了人体的衰弱(退)。
do such great harm to health
⑧(2019·浙江卷概要写作)However，inadequate praise can be _________________.
然而，不充分的表扬也可能同样有害。
⑨(2018·全国Ⅲ卷语法填空)True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature，the huge animal _______________________.
大猩猩的本性是没有攻击性的，这种巨大的动物对我并没有真正的伤害。
equally harmful
meant me no real harm
选词填空(harm/injure/hurt/wound)
⑩Reading in the sun will _______ your eyes.
Five people were killed and a majority were seriously __________ in the attack.
Luckily she was not badly __________ in the accident and we took her to the nearest hospital.
He ignored her on purpose，which _______ her feelings.
harm
wounded
injured
hurt
重 点 短 语
1．pass away去世
It’s been over a year since my grandfather passed away.
我祖父去世已经一年多了。
Sadly，Dr Bethune passed away in November the following year and was buried in Shijiazhuang.
不幸的是，白求恩大夫第二年11月去世，葬在石家庄。
(1)pass by经过
pass… on to把……传递给
pass down流传，世代相传
pass through通过，穿过
pass… off as装作，假装
pass the driving test通过驾照考试
pass the time消磨时间
pass sth. to sb. 把某物传给某人
(2)“死”的委婉表达法：pass away，sleep the final sleep，breathe one’s last。
单句语法填空
①We were passing _____，so we thought we’d come and say hello.
②Alice was very sorry to hear her grandmother had passed _______ two days before.
③Valuable things that were passed _______ have something in common.
④On such an occasion，the torch will be passed from one person _____ to another.
by
away
down
on
完成句子
⑤He _________________a policeman to escape the fine.
为逃避罚款，他冒充警察。
⑥Would you please ________ some salt ________ me？It’s beyond my reach.
您可以递给我一些盐吗？我够不着。
pass himself off as
pass
on to
⑦Did you see a man of medium height and in black ________ just now
你刚才看到有个中等身材，穿黑衣服的男人经过吗？
⑧She _______________ a difficult period after her marriage failed.
婚姻失败后，她度过了一段艰难的时期。
pass by
passed through
2．in memory of作为对……的纪念
He wrote a long moving poem in memory of his wife.
他写了一首感人的长诗来纪念他的妻子。
He founded the charity in memory of his late wife.
他创办了这一慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子。
in＋n. ＋of 短语：
in praise of 歌颂
in honor of纪念；为向……表示敬意
in favor of 赞同 in support of 支持
in charge of 负责 in search of 寻找
in possession of拥有 in need/want of需要
in place of 代替 in hope of 希望
用 in＋n. ＋of 短语填空
①This is a book _____________ the construction workers.
②We are all ____________ your plan.
③They started off at once _____________ the missing girl.
④A great banquet was held ____________ our distinguished guests.
in praise of
in favor of
in search of
in honor of
⑤We use chopsticks ____________ knives and forks.
⑥A medical team rushed to the scene of the disaster where hospitals were _________________ doctors and nurses.
⑦Two minutes of silence were observed _____________ those who died in the war.
⑧Shang Zhi is the chief commander who was _____________ the launch of Shenzhou VI.
in place of
in need/want of
in memory of
in charge of
3．pick up捡起；收拾；整理；(偶然)学会；用车接某人；收听到；(身体)好转
He picked up his suitcase and climbed the stairs.
他拎起手提箱，爬上了楼梯。
I picked up some highly useful old books.
我偶然得到了几本极为有用的旧书。
Remember that time she picked up my daughter when I was ill
还记得那次我生病，她替我接女儿吗？
pick oneself up(摔倒后)站起来
pick out挑出；挑选；辨别出
pick sb. to do sth. 选中某人做某事
pick one’s pocket扒窃；掏包
pick up的多种含义：
T
写出下列句中pick up的含义
①(2018·北京阅读理解改编)Instead of walking a few blocks(街区) to pick up a child or the dry cleaning，they send the self-driving minibus. ___________________
解析：句意：他们不是步行几个街区去接孩子或取回干洗的衣物，而是派自动驾驶的小型公共汽车去做这些。
(开车)接人；取回
②Thanks to the immediate measures taken by the government，the economy picked up soon after the global financial crisis. _______
解析：句意：由于政府及时采取措施，经济(状况)在全球金融危机后很快好转了。
③It’s surprising that your brother picked up Russian so quickly—he hasn’t lived there very long. _______
④He picked up a wallet on the way to picking up his daughter yesterday. _______；_____________
好转
学会
捡起
(开车)接人
⑤(2019·北京阅读理解改编)The problem of robocalls had gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. _________
⑥After work she always picks up some vegetables and fruit at the shop round the corner. _______________
完成句子
⑦(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷七选五)On our first morning in Paris，I went around the corner to the food market to _________ (买)some groceries.
接电话
(廉价地)买到
pick up
4．belong to属于
Do you belong to the tennis club
你是网球俱乐部的吗？
(1)belong to sb. 属于某人，归某人所有
belong to a club是俱乐部的成员
(2)belongings n．(pl. )所有物；财产，财物
a sense of belonging归属感
personal belongings(pl. )个人财物，私人用品
belong to只用于主动语态，无被动语态。
belong to只用于一般时态，无进行时态。
作定语时，用其现在分词形式。
其中to为介词，其后接名词、人称代词的宾格等作宾语。
单句语法填空
①I really don’t know _____ whom this computer belongs.
②The car belonging to ______ (he) was seriously broken in a traffic accident.
③The house ____________ (belong) to me stands in the centre of the city.
④I just escaped from the flood and all my _____________ (belong) were swept away.
to
him
belonging
belongings
完成句子
⑤(2019·浙江卷语法填空)The students feel that they belong _____ a particular group.
学生们觉得他们属于一个特殊的群体。
⑥A cultural relic is a treasure ____________ (belong) to all peoples rather than any individual.
文化遗产是属于全民的财富，而不是属于某个人。
to
belonging
⑦Living abroad，he doesn’t have ____________________ (归属感)．
⑧Do you think these boxes of medicine ___________ (属于) that clinic
⑨(2022·新高考卷七选五)If you plan on working out in a gym，that person must ___________ the same gym.
a sense of belonging
belong to
belong to
5．keep… from(doing) sth. 阻止……(做)某事
类似同义结构：阻止……做某事
stop… (from) doing sth.
prevent… (from) doing sth.
keep… from doing sth. 中的from不能省略。因为如果省略，意思会发生变化：keep… doing sth. 使……一直做某事。
在被动语态中，keep/stop/prevent… from doing sth. 结构中的from都不能省略。
联想：protect/save… from保护……免于……
完成句子
①(2019·江苏卷阅读)His music could __________________________.
他的音乐可以阻止他的病情恶化。
②Hearing the words，he couldn’t _________________________.
听了这话，他不由得笑了起来。
③What can we do to _____________________________________ (die) out
我们能做什么来阻止这些动物灭绝呢？
stop his disease from worsening
keep himself from laughing
stop/prevent these animals(from) dying
重 点 句 型
1．After Dr Bethune’s death，Chairman Mao Zedong wrote an article in memory of him，in which he praised Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.
白求恩大夫死后，毛泽东主席写了一篇文章纪念他，赞扬白求恩大夫是中国人民永远铭记的英雄。
(1)句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是Chairman Mao Zedong wrote an article in memory of him，后面是in which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词an article。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，现将其用法归纳如下：
(1)介词的位置：介词可以放在关系代词之前，也可以后置，放在定语从句的句末。
(2)关系代词的选择：①当介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词只能用whom(指人)，which(指物)和whose(表示所属关系)；②当介词后置时，则可用that/who代替which/whom，也可省略关系代词。
(3)介词的选取原则：①根据介词与先行词的习惯搭配；②根据介词与定语从句中动词或形容词的搭配；③根据句子的具体含义。
(4)某些在从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when，where，why互换。
(5)有时which在定语从句中可以作定语。
The papers (which) he was searching for have been recovered.
他刚才在寻找的那些文件已经找回来了。
The holiday villa had a large window on every side from which (＝where) one could enjoy the lakeside scenery，as enchanting as fairyland.
度假别墅轩窗四周，满目湖光山色，真如仙境。
The farm on which we worked ten years ago isn’t what it used to be.
十年前我们工作过的那个农场已不是过去的样子了。(on the farm在农场里)
The bridge on which they were standing collapsed.
他们站在上面的那座桥倒塌了。(stand on the bridge站在桥上)
He was educated at the local high school，after which he went to Peking University.
在当地高中接受完教育后，他去了北京大学。(根据句子的具体含义)
Ten years of hard work changed her greatly，for which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight.
十年的辛劳使她变化很大，他一眼很难认出她来。(which作定语)
(1)指抽象或隐含关系时，介词要置于关系代词之前。
The decision was made at the meeting during which I kept falling asleep.
这项决定是在我瞌睡不断的那次会议上做出的。(during不能后置)
(2)某些两个词或三个词构成的固定动词短语，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词置于关系代词前。
This is the girl whom he will take care of.
这就是他将照顾的女孩。(of不宜前置)
单句语法填空
①He is kind to Bill，with _______ he plays chess.
②Is this the car ______ which you paid a high price
③Nelson Mandela devoted his life to fighting for a free society in ________ all people live together in harmony.
④(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Some time after 10，000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived _____，through agriculture.
whom
for
which
in
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。本句中each balancing a pot of water on her head是一个由代词each和动词-ing形式短语组成的独立结构，充当句子的状语，这种语法现象被称作“独立主格结构”。
2．After a while，a group of women came along，each balancing a pot of water on her head.
过了一会儿，一群妇女走了过来，每个人头上都顶着一罐水。
(2)独立主格结构的用法：
语法功能 只在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随状况等
语法构成
特性 可置于句首或句尾，常由逗号将其与句子的主体部分分开。独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词
其逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在
Time permitting，we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天外出游玩。(Time和permit是逻辑上的主谓关系)
Many funny stories included in the book，it is very popular with children.
这本书中有许多好笑的故事，深受孩子们的喜爱。(stories和included是逻辑上的动宾关系)
The exam to be held tomorrow，I can’t go to the cinema tonight.
明天将举行考试，今晚我不能去看电影了。(The exam和hold是逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示将要发生的动作)
So many windows to clean，I had to devote the whole morning.
因为有许多窗户要擦，我只好用了整个上午。(windows是clean这一动作的承受者，但句子主语I为clean这一动作的执行者，所以这里用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义)
She looked at him，her eyes full of excitement and curiosity.
她看着他，目光里充满了兴奋和好奇。
She came up，her hair a mess.
她走了过来，头发蓬乱不堪。
在独立主格结构中用动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词的意义是不同的。动词不定式往往表示动作没有发生或即将发生，现在分词表示动作正在进行或现在的状态，过去分词往往表示动作已经完成。独立主格结构有时可以和with复合结构互换。
With autumn coming，the tree leaves turn yellow and some birds fly to the south. ＝Autumn coming，the tree leaves turn yellow and some birds fly to the south.
秋天来了，树叶变黄了，一些鸟儿飞到了南方。
单句语法填空
①The party will be held in the garden，weather _____________ (permit)．
②Much time ________ (spend) sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
permitting
spent
③The lecture __________________ (give)，a lively question-and- answer session followed.
④Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures，some _________ (have) a life span of around 20 years.
⑤(2020·全国Ⅱ卷写作)We worked in pairs，one picking peaches and the other carefully __________ (put) them into a big box.
having been given
having
putting
完成句子
⑥He came into the room，______________________ (他的鼻子冻得通红)
⑦A ceremony was held in memory of the hero，__________________ _______________ (每人戴着一朵白花)．
翻译句子(用上独立主格结构)
⑧他走进教室，手里拿着书。
______________________________________
⑨老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。
_________________________________________
his nose red with cold
each person wearing
a white flower
He came into the classroom, book in hand.
The old man sat in his chair，his eyes closed.
(1)句式分析：这是一个简单句。主语是She，and连接两个并列的谓语。had been working用了过去完成进行时。
(2)过去完成进行时的用法说明：
3．She had been working all day and was very tired.
她工作了一整天，非常累。
They had been building the road by the end of last month.
到上个月月末为止他们一直在修这条路。
They had built the road by the end of last month.
上个月月末他们已修好了这条路。
单句语法填空
①He ________________ (live) in an old house before he bought a new flat in the town.
②The Smiths ________________ (live) in the countryside before they moved to New York.
had been living
had been living
完成句子
③I was very tired. I _________________ all day.
我很累，一整天我都在干活。
④(2018·浙江卷阅读)In 1812，the year Charles Dickens was born，there were 66 novels published in Britain. People _________________ novels for a century…
1812年，也就是查尔斯·狄更斯出生的那一年，英国出版了66部小说。人们写小说已经有一个世纪的历史了……
had been working
had been writing
⑤Benjamin was forced to admit what he _______________.
本杰明被迫承认他所做的事。
⑥They _________________ (work) on the program for almost one week before I joined them.
在我加入他们之前，他们做这个项目已接近一周的时间。
had been doing
had been working
