(共18张PPT)
UNIT 2 MORALS AND VIRTUES
Section Ⅳ 写作指导
写作指导
本单元的写作任务是一篇寓言评论。寓言是一种讽喻或寄托的故事，是一种形象与寓意相结合的文学体裁，有着丰富的思想内容或深刻的人生哲理。
寓言评论
【常用表达】
1．The story is entitled“… ”，which is very popular among young kids.
2．The story took place more than… years ago.
3．The story is like this：…
4．Through the story，the author wants to convey the following message.
5．I won’t learn from the main character of the story because…
6．I like the story，because it will guide my life.
7．I would like you to read the story carefully and share it with your friends.
8．I have learned a lot from the story. I recommend it to you.
写作实践 分步演练
你最近又读了中国古代寓言故事《守株待兔》并从中学到了很多生活哲理，你打算把这则寓言故事分享给你的外国朋友，希望他们能对中国文化有更多的了解，同时能从中学到一些人生的道理。要点包括：
1．对故事的简要介绍；
2．你从中悟出的人生哲理；
3．你的希望……
注意：开头已给出。
参考词汇：树桩stump；锄头hoe；讽刺satirize
【审题谋篇】
[审题]
文体：寓言评论。
时态：一般过去时和一般现在时。
人称：第二和第三人称。
[谋篇]
第一部分：对寓言故事的简介。
第二部分：自己悟出的哲理。
第三部分：你的希望……
【遣词造句】
[核心词汇]
1．耕；犁 _________
2．撞上 ___________
3．从那天开始 ________________
4．努力去做某事 ______________________
plough
bump into
from that day on
make efforts to do sth.
5．获得 _________
6．珍稀的；宝贵的 ___________
7．宁愿做……而不愿做…… __________________________
8．抱怨 ___________
9．偶然地 ___________________________
obtain
precious
would rather do… than do…
complain
by accident/accidentally
【连词成句】
1．一天，在田里耕作时，他看到一只兔子偶然撞到一个树桩上死了。
One day，while he _______________ in his field，he saw a hare ___________ a stump by accident and die.
2．从那天开始，他放下锄头，在树桩边等着再有兔子出现，但是没等到好运。
________________，he put down his hoe and waited by the stump for a second hare to turn up，but no luck.
was ploughing
bump into
From that day on
3．这则故事讽刺了那些宁愿抱怨或只等运气，而不努力去获取所需要的东西的人。
The story satirizes those who would rather complain or just wait for luck __________________________ what they need.
4．辛勤劳动最珍贵。
Working hard is the most ___________.
than make efforts to obtain
precious
【句式升级】
1．用“连词＋现在分词”作状语改写句1。
______________________________________________________________________________
2．用分词短语作状语改写句2。
______________________________________________________________________________________
3．用强调句改写句4。
________________________________________
One day, while ploughing in his field, he saw a hare bump into a stump by accident and die.
From that day on, he put down his hoe, waiting by the stump for a second hare to turn up, but no luck.
It is working hard that is the most precious.
【组句成篇】
用适当的过渡词语，把以上词汇和句式，再加上联想内容，组成一篇英语短文。
I read the fable titled“Waiting for gains without pains”again recently. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考范文：
I read the fable titled“Waiting for gains without pains”again recently.
A young farmer wanted to eat good food every day，but he didn’t like working. One day，while ploughing in his field，he saw a hare bump into a stump by accident and die. He had the chance to eat delicious meat of the hare. From that day on，he put down his hoe，waiting by the stump for a second hare to turn up，but no luck.
The story satirizes those who would rather complain or just wait for luck than make efforts to obtain what they need. I hope we shouldn’t be that kind of people. It is working hard that is the most precious.
假如你是李华，请你给学校英语校报写一篇关于《孔融让梨》的英文评论。包括以下内容：
1．故事梗概；2. 内容分析；3. 个人观点。
注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考范文：
“Kong Rong Gives up the Biggest Pear”is a story of virtue. When Kong Rong was four years old，he could divide the pears according to the order of age. Everyone gets his share，but the one given to himself is the least. He said respecting the elders is the principle of life.
The author wants to tell us to learn to respect the elders，know how to share，not to be selfish. The story is short and the thread is clear，and it serves its purpose of educating the world well.
I like this story so much that I would like to recommend this story to the readers.
感谢大家！UNIT 2 Section Ⅳ
Ⅰ．阅读理解
The World Happiness Report，a United Nations agency report，measures (估量) how happy people are，and why. Norway is the happiest place on Earth—beating neighbour Denmark from the number one position.
Denmark，Iceland，Switzerland and Finland round out the top five，while the Central African Republic came last. Western Europe and North America took up most of the places at the top of table，with the US and UK at 14th and 19th.
The World Happiness Report mainly depends on asking a simple question of more than 1，000 people every year in more than 150 countries. “Imagine a ladder (梯子)，with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top，” the question asks，“The top of the ladder is the best possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder is the worst possible life for you. On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you stand at this time？”
The average result is the country’s score—from Norway’s 7. 54 to the Central African Republic’s 2. 69. But the report also tries to explain why one country is happier than another. It looks at reasons including economic strength (经济实力), social support，freedom of choice，and generosity.
This year’s report also has a text titled “restoring (恢复) American happiness”，which examines why happiness levels in the United States are falling，despite continually-increasing economic improvement. “The United States can and should raise happiness by solving America’s social problems-rising inequality and distrust—rather than focusing mainly on economic growth，” the authors said.
Jeffrey Sachs，the director of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network，which published the report，said President Donald Trump’s policies were likely to make things worse.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是世界幸福报告及各国排名，并指出影响幸福排名的因素，包括经济实力，社会支持，选择自由和慷慨。
1．Which of the following is the correct order of the countries in terms of happiness levels？__B__
A．Denmark，the UK，the US，the Central African Republic.
B．Denmark，the US，the UK，the Central African Republic.
C．the US，Denmark，the UK，the Central African Republic.
D．Denmark，the US，the Central African Republic，the UK.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Denmark，Iceland，Switzerland and Finland round out the top five，while the Central African Republic came last. Western Europe and North America took up most of the places at the top of table，with the US and UK at 14th and 19th. ”可知，Denmark，the US，the UK和Central African Republic的幸福排名从高到低。故选B。
2．How does the World Happiness Report measure happiness？__A__
A．By asking a question. B．By having a conversation.
C．By doing scientific research. D．By carrying out an online survey.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The World Happiness Report mainly depends on asking a simple question of more than 1，000 people every year in more than 150 countries. ”(《世界幸福报告》的主要依据是每年向150多个国家的1 000多人询问一个简单的问题。)可知，世界幸福报告就是通过问问题来衡量幸福的。故选A。
3．What can we know about America from the passage？__D__
A．Its people live an unhappy life.
B．Its economy is going downhill.
C．Its social problems are hard to solve.
D．It has a lower happiness level than before.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“This year’s report also has a text titled “restoring (恢复) American happiness”，which examines why happiness levels in the United States are falling，despite continually-increasing economic improvement. ”(今年的报告还有一个文本标题为“恢复美国幸福”，检查为什么在美国幸福水平正在下降，尽管经济与日增长。)可以推断出，美国幸福水平没有以前好，所以要求恢复美国幸福水平。故选D。
4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage？__B__
A．To explain the reason for being happy.
B．To introduce the World Happiness Report.
C．To talk about America’s social problem.
D．To discuss the policies by Donald Trump.
解析：推理判断题。本文主题就是介绍世界幸福报告及各国排名，并指出影响幸福排名的因素，所以作者的目的就是介绍世界幸福报告。故选B。
Ⅱ．七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Forgiveness
To forgive is a virtue，but no one has ever said it is easy. When someone has deeply hurt you，it can be extremely difficult to let go of your hate. However，forgiveness is possible，and it can be surprisingly beneficial to your physical and mental health. People who forgive show less sadness，anger and stress and more hopefulness，according to a recent research.
__1. B__ Try the following steps：
Calm yourself. __2. F__ You can take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature，or someone you love.
Don’t wait for an apology. Many times the person who hurt you does not intend to apologize. They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don’t see things the same way. __3. G__ Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean becoming friends again with the person who upset you.
Take the control away from your offender (冒犯者)．Rethinking about your hurt gives power to the person who caused you pain. Instead of focusing on your wounded feelings，learn to look for the love，beauty and kindness around you.
__4. D__ If you understand your offender，you may realize that he or she was acting out of unawareness，fear，and even love. You may want to write a letter to yourself from your offender’s point of view.
Don’t forget to forgive yourself. __5. E__But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you don’t do it.
A．Why should you forgive
B．How should you start to forgive
C．Recognize the benefits of forgiveness.
D．Try to see things from your offender’s angle.
E．For some people，forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge.
F．To make your anger die away，try a simple stress-management technique.
G．If you wait for people to apologize，you could be waiting an awfully long time.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们宽恕他人的方法和途径。
解析：
1．根据第一段的内容和“Try the following steps”可知，接下来是提的建议，故空白处是问“应该怎样原谅他人呢？”之类的话，起承上启下的作用。故选B。
2．根据Calm yourself(要冷静)和take a couple of breaths(深呼吸)可知，这里讲的是，要学会舒缓愤怒，让自己平静下来。F选项“To make your anger die away，try a simple stress－management technique. ”(让愤怒逐渐消散，尝试一个简单的压力管理技巧。)符合。故选F。
3．根据第一句“Don’t wait for an apology. ”可知，不能等待他人的原谅，G选项“If you wait for people to apologize，you could be waiting an awfully long time. ”(如果等他人来道歉，你可能会等相当长的时间。)G项与wait for有关。故选G。
4．根据“If you understand your offender，you may realize that he or she was acting out of unawareness，fear，and even love. ”可知，如果你理解惹怒你的人，你可能会意识到他是无意伤害你的，应该站在对方的角度考虑一下。D选项“Try to see things from your offender’s angle. ”(试着站在对方的角度思考问题。)符合。故选D。
5．根据“Don’t forget to forgive yourself. ”和“… rob you of your self-confidence if you don’t do it. ”可知，最后一段说的是，要学会自我原谅，E项“对一些人来说，原谅自己是最大的挑战，下一句，如果不宽恕自己，你就会失去自信。”符合语境。故选E。
Ⅲ．完形填空
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
I was walking home from school one day and it happened to be a particularly__1. B__and windy day. It was cold and I was crazy enough to forget my hat and scarf. You can imagine my cheeks were rosy red and my hands were as numb(麻木的) as they could be.
All of a sudden，an old lady__2. A__ up beside me and asked if I would like a ride home. At first，I said it was OK and her __3. C__ smile melted (融化)away the thought that I should never talk to __4. A__! We had an amazing chat and she was just such a good woman. She told me her
__5. B__ and she dropped me off.
I didn’t see her or talk to her for about a month and one night as I__6. D__ her kind gesture (姿势) I decided to return the favor. So，I made a lot of __7. A__ and walked down to her house with my friend. At first I was a bit __8. B__ that she wouldn’t remember me or think that I was a bad man who poisoned cookies but luckily，I was __9. C__ wrong. She was so happy，and she hugged me and kissed me and seemed so __10. A__ that someone would do something like that!
When I got home my mom told me that she__11. B__ and told my mom on the phone that she __12. D__ because she was so touched. She said she would never __13. C__ the kindness that was given to her! That filled me with such
__14. A__! There really is nothing else joyful like __15. B__ others and making someone’s day brighter!
Let us never forget the joy we get by giving others a hand!
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者去看望在一个寒冷的天气让自己搭车回家的老太太，并认识到没有什么比帮助他人更能让人感到快乐了。
1．A．precious B．freezing
C．energetic D．flexible
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一天放学回家的路上，天气特别冷，风也特别大。A．precious宝贵的；B．freezing极冷的；C．energetic精力充沛的；D．flexible灵活的。根据后文的“windy day. It was cold”可知，那天风很大，所以天气特别冷，因此空格处为“极冷的”。故选B。
2．A．drove B．turned
C．picked D．took
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：突然，一位老太太开车来到我身边，问我是否愿意搭车回家。A．drove开车；B．turned转向；C．picked挑选；D．took拿走。 根据后文的“asked if I would like a ride home”及“she dropped me off”可知，那位老太太是开车来到我身边。故选A。
3．A．simple B．passive
C．warm D．strange
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一开始，我说可以，她温暖的微笑打消了我永远不应该和陌生人说话的念头！ A．simple简单的；B．passive被动的；C．warm温暖的；D．strange奇怪的。根据后文的“melted (融化)away the thought that I should never talk to __4__”可知，因为那位老太太是陌生人，所以我觉得不应该和陌生人说话，但是那位老太太温暖的微笑打消了我的这个想法，因此空格处为“温暖的”。故选C。
4．A．strangers B．drivers
C．women D．neighbors
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：一开始，我说没关系，她温暖的微笑打消了我永远不应该和陌生人说话的念头！ A．strangers陌生人；B．drivers司机；C．women 女人；D．neighbors邻居。根据常识可知，那位老太太是陌生人，因此当她跟我说话的时候我觉得我不应该和陌生人说话。故选A。
5．A．number B．address
C．family D．car
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：她告诉了我她的地址，然后我下了车。A．number电话；B．address地址；C．family家庭；D．car车。根据下一段的“walked down to her house with my friend”可知，我知道了她的地址，肯定是那位老太太在让我下车前告诉我她的地址。故选B。
6．A．regretted B．forgot
C．repeated D．remembered
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：大约有一个月的时间，我没有见过她，也没有和她说话。有一天晚上，我想起了她的好意，我决定回报她。 A．regretted后悔；B．forgot忘记；C．repeated重复；D．remembered记起。根据后文的“I decided to return the favor”可知，我是想起了她的好意，所以决定回报她，因此空格处为“记起”。故选D。
7．A．cookies B．salad
C．bread D．sweets
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以，我做了很多饼干，和我的朋友一起去了她家。A．cookies饼干；B．salad沙拉；C．bread面包；D．sweets糖果。根据后文的“I was a bad man who poisoned cookies”可知，我是做了很多饼干。故选A。
8．A．nervous B．worried
C．confused D．disappointed
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一开始，我有点担心她不会记得我，或者认为我是一个在饼干里下毒的坏人，但幸运的是，我完全错了。A．nervous紧张的；B．worried担心的；C．confused困惑的；D．disappointed 失望的。“that she wouldn’t remember me or think that I was a bad man who poisoned cookies”是作者所担心的事情，因此空格处为“担心的”。故选B。
9．A．generally B．hardly
C．completely D．usually
解析：考查副词词义辨析。句意：一开始，我有点担心她不会记得我，或者认为我是一个在饼干里下毒的坏人，但幸运的是，我完全错了。A．generally普遍地，一般地；B．hardly几乎不；C．completely完全地；D．usually通常。根据后文的“She was so happy，and she hugged me and kissed me”可知，作者前面的担心是完全错了，因此空格处为“完全地”。故选C。
10．A．surprised B．puzzled
C．satisfied D．fearful
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她非常高兴，拥抱我，亲吻我，似乎很惊讶有人会做出这样的事！ A．surprised惊讶的；B．puzzled困惑的；C．satisfied满意的；D．fearful害怕的。根据“she hugged me and kissed me and seemed so __10__ that someone would do something like that”可知，这位老太太没有想到有人会给她带去饼干，因此她觉得很惊讶。故选A。
11．A．visited B．called
C．drove D．came
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我回到家，我妈妈告诉我她打过来电话，在电话里告诉我妈妈她哭了，因为她太感动了。 A．visited拜访；B．called打电话；C．drove开车；D．came来。根据后文的“told my mom on the phone”可知，那位老太太打电话给我妈妈。故选B。
12．A．laughed B．slept
C．despaired D．cried
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我回到家，我妈妈告诉我她打过来电话，在电话里告诉我妈妈她哭了，因为她太感动了。 A．laughed笑；B．slept睡觉；C．despaired绝望；D．cried哭。根据后文的“because she was so touched”可知，她太感动了，因此哭了。故选D。
13．A．permit B．replace
C．forget D．imagine
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说她永远不会忘记别人给她的恩情！ A．permit允许；B．replace代替；C．forget忘记；D．imagine想象。根据“the kindness that was given to her”可知，有人对她好，她应该是永远不会忘记别人给她的恩情。故选C。
14．A．happiness B．interest
C．puzzle D．tension
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：这使我充满了幸福！ A．happiness幸福；B．interest兴趣；C．puzzle谜题；D．tension紧张。根据后文“There really is nothing else joyful”可知，此处是说那位老太太永远不会忘记别人对她的恩情，这使我感到很幸福，因此空格处为“幸福”。故选A。
15．A．rejecting B．assisting
C．defeating D．blaming
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：没有什么比帮助别人，让别人的一天更快乐更让人感到高兴的了！ A．rejecting拒绝；B．assisting帮助；C．defeating打败；D．blaming责备。根据后文“making someone’s day brighter”可知，此处是说“没有什么比帮助别人，让别人的一天更快乐更让人感到高兴的了”，因此空格处为“帮助”。故选B。
Ⅳ．语法填空
阅读短文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for __1. being__(be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，__2. which__ she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have __3. finally__(final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.
Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene __4. declared__(declare) she had no plans
__5. to retire__(retire) from her 36-year-old business. Irene said，“I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I
__6. have made__(make) over the years. I work not because I have to，__7. but__ because I want to. ”
Granddaughter Gayle Parks，31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award. She said，“We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call __8. saying__(say) she was short-listed，we thought it was __9. a__ joke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s __10. wonderful__(wonder)．”
文章大意：本文为一篇记叙文。文章讲述了九十高龄的Irene作为英国最年长的全职员工，依然在宠物店做着朝九晚五的工作，没有退休的打算，她由此被评为“年度女士”。
解析：
1．考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知，此处用动名词形式作宾语。故填being。
2．考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语。故填which。
3．考查副词。根据空格所处位置可知，此处应用副词形式作状语，修饰谓语动词have been acknowledged，意为“最终得到认可”。故填finally。
4．考查动词的时态。根据上下文可知，该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文had以及said可知，用一般过去时态。故填declared。
5．考查非谓语动词。此处用to do sth. 作后置定语，用来修饰前面的名词plan，表示“……的计划”。故填to retire。
6．考查动词的时态。根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时态，句意：我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。故填have made。
7．考查连词。根据句意逻辑可知，此处为转折关系，句意：我工作不是因为我不得不做，而是因为我想做。此处用but与前文not呼应，构成“不是……而是……”之意。故填but。
8．考查非谓语动词。前面已经有谓语动词call，故此处用非谓语动词形式，根据say与其逻辑主语call是主动关系。故填saying。
9．考查冠词。句意：我们还以为这是一个玩笑。此处joke为泛指。故填a。
10．考查形容词。根据句子结构可知，在系动词is之后用形容词形式作表语。故填wonderful。
