高考语法填空指导-“四法”准判非谓语动词学案(含答案)

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名称 高考语法填空指导-“四法”准判非谓语动词学案(含答案)
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更新时间 2023-04-25 10:46:52

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专攻解题方法与技巧
语法填空指导-“四法”准判非谓语动词
非谓语动词指的是在句子中不能单独作谓语的动词,它没有人称和数的变化,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(含现在分词与过去分词)。非谓语动词具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。分析句子结构,所给提示词是动词时,若句中已有谓语动词,又无连词时,则考虑填非谓语动词。
技法(一) 成分推定法
1.非谓语动词的“句法功能”(带★号为重要考点)
项目 句法功能
动名词 主语(★)、宾语(★)、表语、定语
现在分词 定语(★)、表语、状语(★)、补语
过去分词 定语(★)、表语(★)、状语(★)、补语
动词不定式 主语、宾语(★)、表语、定语(★)、状语(★)、补语、同位语
2.非谓语动词的“意义区别”
功能 项目 意义和用法
主/宾/表语 动名词 抽象性、经常性动作;已知的事或经验
不定式 具体性、一次性动作;未完的事或目的
表语 现在分词 多表示主语的特征
过去分词 主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作
定语 动名词 被修饰词的作用或用途
现在分词 正在发生、主动的动作
过去分词 被动、完成的动作
动词不定式 一般式表示未发生或经常性的动作,完成式表示已发生的动作
状语 现在分词 与主语是主谓关系,一般式表示与谓语动作同时发生;完成式表示先于谓语动作发生
过去分词 与主语是动宾关系,先于谓语动作发生
动词不定式 主动式表示与主语是主谓关系;被动式表示与主语是动宾关系。一般式表示在谓语动作后发生,完成式表示在谓语动作前发生
补语 现在分词 主动、进行的动作
过去分词 被动、完成的动作
动词不定式 未来的或全过程的动作
[典例1] (2022·全国乙卷)
“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a responsibility to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. It can help to build a community with a ______ (share) future for mankind,” he said.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。根据非谓语动词的句法功能可知,该处应为定语。share和名词future之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故可判断出“未来是被分享的”,所以用过去分词作定语。故填shared。
[典例2] (2022·全国甲卷)
He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, ______ (plan) to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。根据非谓语动词的句法功能可知,该处应为状语。plan与主语He之间为逻辑主谓关系,应用现在分词作状语。故填planning。
[典例3] (2022·枣庄二模)
In ancient China, the currency consisted mainly of precious metals, such as gold, silver and copper, so ______ (carry) a large quantity of cash was not only a heavy burden but could also put the owner in danger as robberies quite often happened along the way.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。分析动词的句法功能可知,需填的动词形式在句中作主语。携带大量的现金是经常性行为,故用动名词作主语。故填carrying。
[典例4] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
My ambassadorial duties will include ______ (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。结合非谓语动词的句法功能可知,需用动名词作宾语,表示“抽象性、经常性和已知的行为”。向英国游客介绍成都的120多个大熊猫和云雾缭绕的碧峰峡研究基地中的其他大熊猫是经常性的已知行为。故用动名词introducing。
技法(二) 固定搭配法
(带★号为重要考点)
项目 常见动词或结构
接动名词作宾语 enjoy, avoid, admit, mind, practise, keep, imagine, suggest, consider等
★接不定式作宾语 want, agree, afford, desire, happen, hope, ask, manage, determine,aim等
接动名词或不定式作宾语(意义不同) stop, remember, regret, need, try, mean等
接现在分词作宾补 imagine, see, hear, watch, keep等
★接不定式作宾补 ask, inspire, expect, force, dream, allow, urge等
其他常用搭配 spend time doing sth.; sth. takes ... to do sth.等
[典例1] (2021·全国乙卷)
Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim ______ (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。根据非谓语动词的句法功能可知,该处应为宾语。本题考查固定搭配“aim to do sth.”,故用不定式作宾语。故填to have。
[典例2] (2022·郑州二模)
This is a very serious matter and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is trying ______ (raise) public awareness of it.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。根据非谓语动词的句法功能可知,动词try后既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语。try doing sth.意为“试着做某事”;try to do sth.表示“努力做某事”。再结合语境可知,此处指中国科学院正努力唤醒公众的意识。故用动词不定式作宾语。故填to raise。
[典例3] (2022·洛阳一模)
My legs started shaking. Somehow I forced my finger ______ (press) the button.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。根据非谓语动词的句法功能可知,该处应为宾语补足语。本题考查固定搭配force sb. to do sth., 故用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to press。
技法(三) 线索暗示法
线索词 具体用法
介词 介词后常接动名词作宾语,即“介词+doing”
并列连词 并列连词and, but, or等前后的非谓语动词应保持一致
[典例1] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
Scientists have responded by ______ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。结合句中的线索词介词“by”可知,动词形式用动名词。故填noting。
[典例2] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)
These days, it is not unusual for 10-to 12-year-olds to publish their own websites or for second and third graders ______ (begin) computer classes.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。结合句中的线索词“or”可知,动词形式与or前面的to publish是并列关系,应用动词不定式。故填to begin。
技法(四) 句式结构法
项目 具体用法
不定式作定语 动词修饰的名词或代词前面有序数词、形容词的最高级时,应用不定式作后置定语; 抽象名词+to do sth.
不定式被it替代 it+be+adj.+(for/of sb.)+to do sth.;动词+it+adj./adv.+to do ...
不定式作状语 be+adj.+to do (系动词+形容词+to do)
非谓语动词作宾补 with复合结构(with+宾语+非谓语动词):根据动词与with后宾语的逻辑关系和发生时间确定非谓语动词的形式:doing(主谓关系),done(动宾关系), to do/to be done(将来发生)
非谓语动词作状语 独立主格结构:根据动词与主语的逻辑关系确定非谓语动词形式:doing(主谓关系), done(动宾关系), to do/to be done(将来发生)
非谓语动词作状语 状语从句的省略结构(如while doing,unless done等)
 
[典例1] (2021·全国甲卷)
It is possible ________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。句中的It 是形式主语,此处应用不定式作真正的主语。故填to walk。
[典例2] (2022·新乡二模)
The first creature ______ (orbit) our planet was just 2 years old. Her name was Laika. She was a good dog.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。结合句中被修饰的名词中含有序数词可知,该动词应用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to orbit。
[典例3] (2022·马鞍山一模)
If reducing food insecurity and saving the planet aren't enough ______ (inspire) action to reduce food waste, perhaps one more good reason will, money.
解题思路:根据句子结构可知,该题考查非谓语动词。结合句中“aren't enough ______”可知,该结构是“系动词+形容词+to do”结构,此处不定式作状语。故填to inspire。
[随堂应用体验]
(2022·济南二模)New Year pictures, ancient Chinese folk art, are well known. Chinese people have the custom of sticking up New Year pictures __1__ (celebrate) the Spring Festival. This dates from the Song Dynasty. The custom is __2__ (particular) popular in the vast countryside, __3__ every household will be busy cleaning the whole house and sticking __4__ (color) pictures or paper cuttings on their doors, windows, walls, and stoves.
Traditional New Year pictures, usually __5__ (create) by the block printing method, are famous for simple lines, brilliant colors and scenes of prosperity. The method __6__ (consist) of several steps: drawing, block engraving, printing, and coloring. The finished pictures, therefore, have the features of both woodcut prints and Chinese paintings, __7__ (make) a special branch in traditional folk art.
The themes expressed in New Year pictures cover a wide range, from a plump baby holding a fish to Shouxing, from landscapes to birds and flowers, from the ploughing cattle in spring to rich harvests in autumn. Human figures often show artistic exaggeration (夸张), but __8__ message in all pictures is always good luck, __9__ (happy) or other nice things regarding the wish of the people. __10__ the improvement of printing technologies, there is more and more new material for New Year pictures.
语篇解读:本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了年画的来历、特点、制作方法和寓意。
1.to celebrate 考查非谓语动词。本句的谓语动词是have,空处在句中为非谓语,结合句意“中国人有贴年画庆祝春节的习俗”可知,此处为目的状语,应用不定式。
2.particularly 考查副词。空处修饰后面的形容词popular,需要用副词。
3.where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为表示地点的名词countryside,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故填where。
4. colorful 考查形容词。空处修饰后面的名词pictures,需要用形容词。
5.created 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处在句中为非谓语,create与主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,应用过去分词形式。
6.consists 考查时态和主谓一致。空处在句中作谓语,结合语境可知,此处描述的是客观情况,时态应使用一般现在时;主语The method为第三人称单数。故填consists。
7.making 考查非谓语动词。本句的谓语动词是have,空处在句中为非谓语,且表示自然而然的结果,故用现在分词形式。
8.the 考查冠词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知,空处需用冠词修饰空后的message,且此处message特指所有的年画中传达的信息,故填定冠词the。
9.happiness 考查名词。空处与前面的good luck和后面的other nice things形成并列关系,需用名词,且happiness为不可数名词,故填happiness。
10.With 考查介词。结合语境“随着印刷技术的改进”可知,空处需要填介词With。