2023届高考英语 名校好题新题速递 阅读理解说明文15篇（解析版）

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2023届高考英语阅读理解之说明文
名校好题 新题速递15篇（解析版）
一、阅读理解
（2023·山西吕梁·统考二模）Next time you’re having trouble solving a tricky puzzle, consider asking a nearby bumblebee.
A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates (无脊椎动物) like these social insects have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”
“These creatures are really quite incredible. They’re really good at learning despite having these tiny brains,” says Alice Bridges, a behavioral ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University in England.
“In the past couple of decades, a growing body of evidence has shown that animals like chimps and birds show evidence of culture, by which we really mean just that animals learn from each other.” says Andy Whiten, a cognitive ethologist (认知动物行为学家) who studies wild animal minds at the University of St Andrews in Scotland.
“Nobody’s really thought to look at it in invertebrates before,” says Bridges. She set out to prove them wrong. “Basically, I built it out of Petri dishes,” she says. The base of the Petri dish held the reward: a drop of super sweet sugar water. Bridges cut a small hole in the lid “to form a rotating (旋转) top that can be spun by pushing either on this red tab clockwise (顺时针) or the blue tab anti-clockwise.”
She trained some bees to head-butt the red tab to get the sugar water and trained others to push the blue tab. Then, Bridges placed these tutor bees inside different colonies, along with the puzzle boxes.
The experiment showed that in colonies where the tutor bee had originally learned to push the red tab, the other bees in the colony usually pushed the red tab. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue tab, their fellow bees tended to do the same.
“We found that the behaviors spread among the colonies,” she says, “They copied the behavior of demonstrators even when occasionally they discovered that they could do the alternative.”
1．What is the purpose of Paragraph 1
A．To make a prediction. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To give an example. D．To provide background information.
2．What can we learn from Bridges’s words
A．Different colonies like different colors.
B．Culture is made up of multiple traditions.
C．Bumblebees are too humble to learn something new.
D．No previous studies focus on the culture in invertebrates.
3．What does the underlined word “demonstrators” in the last paragraph refer to
A．Tutor bees. B．Puzzle boxes. C．Different colonies. D．Chimps and birds.
4．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Invertebrates Are the Smartest in the World
B．A Behavioral Ecologist Has Made a Successful Experiment
C．Animals like Bumblebees Can Transmit Certain Behaviors Culturally
D．Insect Culture Looks Rather Different from That Seen among Humans
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了像大黄蜂这样的无脊椎动物存在传递某种行为的现象。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Next time you’re having trouble solving a tricky puzzle, consider asking a nearby bumblebee.(下次当你在解决一个棘手的难题时，可以考虑问一下附近的大黄蜂)”以及第二段“A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates (无脊椎动物) like these social insects have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”(发表在《公共科学图书馆·生物学》杂志上的一项新研究发现，这些不起眼的昆虫实际上可以相互学习解决难题，这表明即使是一些无脊椎动物，比如这些群居昆虫，也有我们人类所谓的“文化”能力)”可推知，第1段的目的是引入文章话题。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Nobody’s really thought to look at it in invertebrates before(以前没有人想过在无脊椎动物身上观察它)”可知，以前没有关于无脊椎动物培养的研究。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“The experiment showed that in colonies where the tutor bee had originally learned to push the red tab, the other bees in the colony usually pushed the red tab. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue tab, their fellow bees tended to do the same.(实验表明，在导师蜜蜂最初学会推红色标签的群体中，群体中的其他蜜蜂通常会推红色标签。在导师蜜蜂被训练去推蓝色标签的群体中，它们的同伴也倾向于这样做)”以及最后一段“We found that the behaviors spread among the colonies(我们发现这种行为在峰群中传播开来)”可知，蜜蜂会模仿导师蜜蜂的行为，故画线词指的是“导师蜜蜂”。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates (无脊椎动物) like these social insects have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”(发表在《公共科学图书馆·生物学》杂志上的一项新研究发现，这些不起眼的昆虫实际上可以相互学习解决难题，这表明即使是一些无脊椎动物，比如这些群居昆虫，也有我们人类所谓的“文化”能力)”结合文章介绍了像大黄蜂这样的无脊椎动物存在传递某种行为的现象。可知，C选项“像大黄蜂这样的动物可以在文化上传播某些行为”最符合文章标题。故选C。
（2023·江西鹰潭·统考二模）Technology usually distracts us from nature. But now technology is “offering us an opportunity to listen to nonhumans in powerful ways, reviving our connection to the natural world,” wrote professor Karen Bakker in her new book, The Sounds of Life: How Digital Technology Is Bringing Us Closer to the Worlds of Animals and Plants.
All around the animal kingdom, there are sounds that we struggle to pick up and decipher. Elephants, for example, communicate with each other using infrasound (次声波), a sound frequency far below our human hearing range. Coral in the ocean also communicates with each other through sound waves, with one purpose being to attract baby coral to areas where it can successfully grow. This is a shocking fact as coral doesn’t have any ears! Scientists have placed listening devices in these environments to pick up sounds humans are normally unable to detect.
After the sounds are recorded, AI is then able to determine their meaning, according to the news website Vox. There are now whole databases of whale songs and honeybee dances. Bakker wrote that one day this information could be turned into “a zoological version of Google Translate”. One animal language Bakker wrote about is that of the elephant. She explained how elephants “have a different signal for honeybee, which is a threat, and a different signal for human,” in an interview with Vox. “Moreover, they distinguish between threatening humans and non-threatening humans,” she said.
This technology can not only understand the animals, but also communicate back to them. For example, bees use dances to communicate to their peers where to go in search of nectar (花蜜). A research team in Germany, therefore, plugged the bee language AI database system in to a robot bee, allowing the robot to create a dance routine that can tell the bees which direction to move. Vox reported. Whereas in the past language creation had been limited to mainly apes, with there being many examples of chimpanzees having been aught sign language to communicate with humans, this new technology now allows humans to socialize with different animals throughout the animal kingdom.
5．What does the underlined word “decipher” most probably mean in paragraph 2
A．Imitate. B．Record. C．Produce. D．Understand.
6．What do we know about coral
A．They communicate through infrasound.
B．Their sounds are within our range of hearing.
C．They have no ears and cannot pick up sound.
D．Sound waves help baby coral choose their home.
7．Which of the following animals have different signals for different purposes
A．Coral. B．Whales. C．Elephants. D．Honeybees.
8．Why did researchers create the robot bee
A．To collect more bee dances. B．To convey direction to bees.
C．To learn the language of bees. D．To help bees search for their friends.
【答案】5．D 6．D 7．C 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要分析的是科技提供了一种强大的方式倾听非人类的声音的机会，从而恢复我们与自然界的联系。
5．词义猜测题。根据划线单词下文列举的例子“Elephants, for example, communicate with each other using infrasound(次声波), a sound frequency far below our human hearing range.(例如，大象使用次声波相互交流，这种声音频率远低于我们人类的听觉范围)”可知，大象交流的声波的频率远远低于我们人类的听觉之外，也就是说，我们根本无法听到大象们在交流什么，结合选项可推测，该单词的意思是“理解”为understand。故选D项
6．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Coral in the ocean also communicates with each other through sound waves, with one purpose being to attract baby coral to areas where it can successfully grow.(海洋中的珊瑚也通过声波相互交流，目的之一是将小珊瑚吸引到可以成功生长的地区)”可知，珊瑚可以通过交流，将小珊瑚引到适合他们生长的地方，由此可知，声波帮助珊瑚选择他们的家。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“One animal language Bakker wrote about is that of the elephant. She explained how elephants “have a different signal for honeybee, which is a threat, and a different signal for human,” in an interview with Vox. “Moreover, they distinguish between threatening humans and non-threatening humans,” she said.(巴克所写的一种动物语言是大象的语言。在接受Vox采访时，她解释了大象如何“对蜜蜂有不同的信号，蜜蜂是一种威胁，对人类也有不同的信号”。“此外，它们还能区分有威胁的人和没有威胁的人，”她说)”可知，大象对蜜蜂有种不同的信号，蜜蜂是一种威胁，而且对人类也有不同的信号，区分有威胁的人类和没威胁的人类，由此可知，大象处于不同的目的具有不同的信号。故选D项。
8．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“A research team in Germany, therefore, plugged the bee language AI database system in to a robot bee, allowing the robot to create a dance routine that can tell the bees which direction to move.( 因此，德国的一个研究小组将蜜蜂语言人工智能数据库系统插入到机器人蜜蜂中，使机器人能够创建一个舞蹈程序，告诉蜜蜂该朝哪个方向移动)”可知，研究人员将蜜蜂语言智能数据输入到蜜蜂机器人中，利用舞蹈程序引导蜜蜂移动的方向，由此可推断，研究人员创造蜜蜂机器人是为了向蜜蜂传达方向。故选B项。
（2023·四川绵阳·统考三模）Yellow fever began to spread in Brazil in 2016. More than 2,000 people got sick, and 750 died. The disease is also severely threatening the golden lion tamarin, a little monkey, living in the rainforest of southeastern Brazil. The disease killed about one-third of its population, which was small even before the outbreak. So, scientists created a vaccine to protect the monkeys.
The vaccination campaign began last year. But vaccinating animals to protect their species from extinction is a new idea, which represents a change in thinking among supporters of wildlife conservation and has raised questions about how far humans should go to save wild animas. Historically, conservationists have believed that humans should not interfere directly with wildlife. A traditional saying in the world of conservation work is “Leave it as is.”
However, Tony Goldberg, a scientist and animal doctor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, believes in vaccinating wild animals when possible. “There are people who say we shouldn’t touch nature and that we shouldn’t alter anything. But really, there are no unspoiled natural habitats left.” he said. “People are realizing they have to do something.” he added. “This epidemic moved very quickly from north to south, across the country-no wildlife does that. It’s people. They cross vast distances in buses, trains, planes. They bring the disease with them. We realized that in five years, we could lose the entire population if we did nothing.”
The vaccine led to antibodies in the tested monkeys and caused no harm, the scientists found. So far, about 300 have been vaccinated and are reported to be doing well. Tests show that more than 90 percent of the monkeys have immunity or resistance to the virus since vaccination.
The outbreak of yellow fever is no longer a big problem for the monkeys, and their population is starting to come back. But even with the success of the vaccine program, scientists are still not sure about creating vaccines for other animals. Jacob Negrey, a biologist who studies monkeys, wondered about unpredictable effects of such wildlife treatment. He explained that you might create a treatment that helps one kind of animal but hurts another.
9．What caused moneys to get infected with yellow fever
A．Human activities. B．Loss of their habitat.
C．Convenient transportation. D．The development of Science and technology.
10．What happened to vaccinated monkeys
A．They are resistant to all viruses. B．They are no longer endangered animals.
C．There is an increase in their population. D．Some of them are harmed by the vaccine.
11．What’s Jacob’s attitude to creating vaccine for other animals
A．Indifferent. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Neutral.
12．What’s the best title of this passage
A．Vaccinating animals: a heated debate. B．Yellow fever: a threat to monkeys.
C．Protecting moneys: a top priority. D．Vaccine: a blessing for monkeys.
【答案】9．A 10．C 11．C 12．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了黄热病在巴西爆发，严重威胁着生活在巴西东南部雨林中的小猴子金狮绢毛猴。科学家们研制出预防疫苗对抗这种疾病，使猴子的数量开始上升。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“ ‘This epidemic moved very quickly from north to south, across the country-no wildlife does that. It’s people. They cross vast distances in buses, trains, planes. They bring the disease with them. We realized that in five years, we could lose the entire population if we did nothing.’”(“这种流行病在全国范围内从北向南传播得非常快，没有野生动物会这样做。这是人。他们乘坐公共汽车、火车、飞机穿越遥远的距离。他们带来了疾病。我们意识到，如果我们什么都不做，五年内我们可能会失去所有的人口。”)中 Tony Goldberg所说的话可知，是人类的活动将疾病传染给猴子的。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The outbreak of yellow fever is no longer a big problem for the monkeys, and their population is starting to come back.”(黄热病的爆发对猴子来说不再是一个大问题，它们的数量也开始回升。)可知，接种疫苗之后，猴子的数量开始上升。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Jacob Negrey, a biologist who studies monkeys, wondered about unpredictable effects of such wildlife treatment. He explained that you might create a treatment that helps one kind of animal but hurts another.”(研究猴子的生物学家雅各布 内格雷对这种对待野生动物的不可预测的影响感到好奇。他解释说，你可能会创造一种治疗方法，帮助一种动物，但伤害另一种动物。)可知，雅各布 内格雷认为虽然能够帮助猴子，但是有可能影响到其他生物，所以他持怀疑的态度。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段“The vaccine led to antibodies in the tested monkeys and caused no harm, the scientists found. So far, about 300 have been vaccinated and are reported to be doing well. Tests show that more than 90 percent of the monkeys have immunity or resistance to the virus since vaccination.”(科学家们发现，这种疫苗在被测试的猴子体内产生了抗体，没有造成任何伤害。到目前为止，大约有300人接种了疫苗，据报道情况良好。试验表明，自接种疫苗以来，90%以上的猴子对这种病毒具有免疫力或抵抗力。)可知，疫苗对于猴子来说对于预防黄热病有效果，以及最后一段“The outbreak of yellow fever is no longer a big problem for the monkeys, and their population is starting to come back.”(黄热病的爆发对猴子来说不再是一个大问题，它们的数量也开始回升。)可知，猴子的数量在上升。所以疫苗对于猴子来说是福音。故选D。
（2023·四川攀枝花·统考三模）According to US national park researchers, microplastic particles (微粒) equal to as many as 300 million plastic water bottles are raining down on the Grand Canyon.
In a survey of 11 remote western places, also including the Great Basin and Craters of the Moon national parks, researchers discovered more than 1000 tons of microplastic particles that had traveled through the atmosphere via rain or water particles.
Most microplastics are from larger pieces of plastic. Since plastics don’t degrade (降解), plastics that end up in waste piles or landfills break down into microparticles and make their way through the Earth’s atmosphere, soil and water systemics.
Janice Brahney, lead researcher at Utah State University, said, “Plastics could be deposited (沉降), readmitted to the atmosphere again, transported for some time…who knows how many times, and who knows how far they’ve traveled ”
Brahney’s team found that so-called wet microplastics, named for the way they are transported, are most likely disturbed by a storm and swept up into the atmosphere, having originated in larger urban areas. By comparison, the spreading patterns of dry microplastics is the same as dust and can travel long distances, often across continents.
Brahney warned that new findings show an urgent need to reduce plastic pollution. Although their full effects on the human body are still unknown, scientists are starting to raise public health concerns over microplastic particles: They’re small enough to stay in lung tissue, causing damage and, in some cases of routine exposure, can lead to asthma and cancer.
Scientists have also found that microplastic particles affect the temperature adjustment function of the soil, leading to losses in plant life.
Brahney believes that her research is just the beginning of understanding how microplastics move through ecosystems.
“Learning about plastics and how they don’t degrade seems like, ‘Oh my God, we should have been expecting this: they’ re just made into these tiny sizes, they could certainly be carried by the wind,” Brahney said.
“We’ve just been missing it,” she added.
13．The direct cause of the microplastic rain is that_________.
A．small pieces from plastics become degradable
B．microplastic particles travel into the atmosphere
C．plastic particles end up in waste piles or landfills
D．plastic water bottles are transported to the water systems
14．What did Janice Brahney and her team find out
A．The structure of microplastic particles.
B．The distance that microplastics can travel.
C．The way that microplastics are transported.
D．The different types of microplastic particles.
15．What does the author mainly want to tell us with the text
A．Microplastics have affected the ecosystem.
B．Plastic particles have serious effects on human health.
C．Methods to degrade plastics could be developed soon.
D．Researchers have missed the best time to study plastics.
16．What’s the attitude of Brahney towards the microplastic move according to the last two paragraphs
A．Favorable. B．Uncaring.
C．Doubtful. D．Worried.
【答案】13．B 14．C 15．A 16．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍微塑料颗粒进入大气层开始“移动”，这种“移动”会对生态系统造成破坏。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“In a survey of 11 remote western places, also including the Great Basin and Craters of the Moon national parks, researchers discovered more than 1000 tons of microplastic particles that had traveled through the atmosphere via rain or water particles.(在对11个偏远的西部地区进行的调查中，包括大盆地和月球陨石坑国家公园，研究人员发现了1000多吨通过雨水或水颗粒在大气中传播的微塑料颗粒)”和第三段的“Since plastics don’t degrade (降解), plastics that end up in waste piles or landfills break down into microparticles and make their way through the Earth’s atmosphere, soil and water systemics.(因为塑料不会降解, 最终进入垃圾堆或垃圾填埋场的塑料会分解成微粒，并穿过地球的大气层、土壤和水系统)”并结合常识可知，微塑料雨形成的直接原因是微塑料颗粒进入到了大气层，然后和雨水一起降落到地表。故选B。
14．细节理解题。根据第五段“Brahney’s team found that so-called wet microplastics, named for the way they are transported, are most likely disturbed by a storm and swept up into the atmosphere, having originated in larger urban areas. By comparison, the spreading patterns of dry microplastics is the same as dust and can travel long distances, often across continents.(Brahney的研究小组发现，所谓的湿微塑料(以它们的运输方式命名)最有可能受到风暴的干扰，并被卷到大气中，它们起源于较大的城市地区。相比之下，干燥微塑料的传播模式与灰尘相同，可以长距离传播，通常跨越大陆)”可知，Brahney和其小组成员发现了干湿两种塑料微粒的传播模式，以及这两种传播模式的差异。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Scientists have also found that microplastic particles affect the temperature adjustment function of the soil, leading to losses in plant life.(科学家还发现，微塑料颗粒会影响土壤的温度调节功能，导致植物生命的损失)”和第三段“Brahney believes that her research is just the beginning of understanding how microplastics move through ecosystems.(Brahney认为，她的研究只是了解微塑料如何在生态系统中移动的开始)”可知，通过这篇文章作者主要想告诉我们微塑料对生态系统有影响。故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据最后两段““Learning about plastics and how they don’t degrade seems like, ‘Oh my God, we should have been expecting this: they’ re just made into these tiny sizes, they could certainly be carried by the wind,” Brahney said.“We’ve just been missing it,” she added.(Brahney说：“了解塑料以及它们如何不降解，就像是，‘天哪，我们应该预料到这一点：它们只是被做成这么小的尺寸，当然可以被风吹走。’”。“我们只是错过了它，”她补充道)”推知，Brahney对微塑料在大气中的移动感到焦虑，因为很多人都认为微塑料被风吹走是理所当然的，没有引起重视。故选D。
（2023·江苏镇江·江苏省镇江第一中学统考二模）Ask bacteria where they’d like to live, and they’ll answer: a kitchen sponge (海绵), please.
Sponges are the best place for bacteria, capable of housing 54 billion bacteria per cubic centimeter. In addition to being damp, airy and loaded with food remains, sponges provide a perfect physical environment for bacteria.
Just like humans, bacteria prefer different levels of interactions with their peers. Some bacteria are more social, while others prefer staying alone. Researchers found that middling levels of separation—similar to that found in a sponge—maximize the diversity of the community.
Scientists separated different bacterial strains(菌株), which had been engineered to give light, into compartments(隔间). The work showed that an environment with a middling number of compartments promotes the most diversity.
Kitchen sponge, with all kinds of large and small holes, not only offer an ideal number of compartments for bacteria, but also provide a range of varying-sized parties that can suit more of the bacteria’s needs. In experiments with a kitchen sponge, the researchers found that the resulting bacterial community was more diverse than those produced in liquid cultures, a common method of growing bacteria in a laboratory.
Fortunately, the bacteria partying in your sponge are mostly nonpathogenic. But if dangerous bacteria do show up, the sponge’s special structure will probably help them thrive.
“Sponges are not really well-suited for kitchen,” says Markus Egert, a microbiologist, who did not take part in the study.“There is hardly any surface without bacteria at home, but the kitchen sponge is probably the most populated item at home.”
The good news is that it’s easy to solve the problem. Brushes are a much safer alternative. And if you love your sponge, don’t use it for meat juices. No need to invite bad bacteria to the party.
17．What is the function of the first paragraph
A．Introducing the topic of the text.
B．Drawing a scientific conclusion.
C．Comparing bacteria with human beings.
D．Providing a better environment for bacteria.
18．What can be inferred from the experiment
A．Bacteria can be removed from home.
B．Bacteria prefer to reproduce in large spaces.
C．Kitchen sponges will soon be replaced by brushes.
D．Kitchen sponges are ideal items to produce bacteria.
19．What does the underlined word “nonpathogenic” mean in Paragraph 6
A．Different B．Safe C．Healthy D．Destructive
20．Where is the passage most likely taken from
A．A cookbook B．A magazine C．A textbook D．An advertisement
【答案】17．A 18．D 19．B 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。从科学角度介绍了厨房的海绵是产生细菌的理想物。
17．推理判断题。根据首段“Ask bacteria where they’d like to live, and they’ll answer: a kitchen sponge (海绵), please. (如果你问细菌它们想生活在哪里，它们会回答：请给我一块厨房海绵。)”以及第二段首句“Sponges are the best place for bacteria, capable of housing 54 billion bacteria per cubic centimeter. (海绵是细菌的最佳栖息地，每立方厘米能容纳540亿个细菌。)”可知，厨房的海绵是细菌的最佳栖息地。且纵观全文，都是在介绍这一话题，由此可推知，第一段的作用是引起文章主题。故选A。
18．推理判断题。根据第四段末句“The work showed that an environment with a middling number of compartments promotes the most diversity. (研究表明，具有中等数量隔间的环境促进了最大的多样性。)”以及第五段首句“Kitchen sponge, with all kinds of large and small holes, not only offer an ideal number of compartments for bacteria, but also provide a range of varying-sized parties that can suit more of the bacteria’s needs. (厨房海绵，有各种大小的孔，不仅为细菌提供了理想数量的隔间，而且还提供了一系列不同大小的聚会，可以满足更多细菌的需求。)”可知，厨房海绵是产生细菌的理想物品。故选D。
19．词义猜测题。根据倒数第三段“Fortunately, the bacteria partying in your sponge are mostly nonpathogenic. But if dangerous bacteria do show up, the sponge’s special structure will probably help them thrive. (幸运的是，在海绵里聚会的细菌大多是 。但如果危险的细菌真的出现了，海绵的特殊结构可能会帮助它们茁壮成长。)”可知，“But”前后为对照关系，其后为“dangerous”，故划线词应为反义词，故为“安全的”。故选B。
20．推理判断题。根据首段“Ask bacteria where they’d like to live, and they’ll answer: a kitchen sponge (海绵), please. (如果你问细菌它们想生活在哪里，它们会回答：请给我一块厨房海绵。)”以及纵观全文可知，全篇介绍厨房的海绵是细菌的最佳栖息地。此话题最有可能出现在杂志上。故选B。
（2023·山东聊城·统考二模）Today, battery power per kilowatt hour costs around only ten per cent of what it did a decade ago. And the expectation is that the costs will continue to fall, because battery chemistry improves and manufacturing (批量生产) lots of batteries on a massive scale makes the production of individual batteries cheaper.
You can be forgiven for thinking that this might only be of interest to accountants, but the possible effects of this are enormous, and will benefit all of us. First and most obviously, it has made the batteries in electric cars cheaper and longer-lasting. And brilliantly, because electric batteries are improving so dramatically, we can already see the results. Last September, 15 per cent of all-new vehicle registrations were pure electric vehicles. So the change is starting to happen.
Better batteries does not just mean better te however. They can also help us decarbonise the entire national grid (输电网). Storing energy has always been a problem for the grid. Today, only a tiny amount of generated electricity is stored for later use, which leads to lots of power going to waste. But better batteries make it technologically and economically viable to store large amounts of energy from the grid.
It’s possible that in the not-too-distant future, we might have an enormous battery in the garage. It would take power from the grid (or maybe even solar panels on the roof), and power appliances and lights in our homes at the times when demand for electricity is high. Home batteries are not yet as established as electric cars but-they are also growing in popularity.
So, given how much technology has improved batteries over the last decade, I can’t help but be strangely optimistic about the future. Batteries may not be as flashy (华丽的) as phones, rockets or other new technologies. But when it comes to technology to fight climate change, they’re definitely leading the charge.
21．What contributes to the popularity of electric cars
A．The production of individual batteries.
B．The longer duration and less cost of batteries.
C．Accountants’ interest in cheaper batteries.
D．The increasing vehicle registrations.
22．What does the underlined word “viable” mean in paragraph 3
A．Cheaper. B．Dramatic. C．Workable. D．. Exceptional.
23．What does the author expect of batteries
A．They will become smaller.
B．They will help make the world greener.
C．They will sell better than phones.
D．They will replace chargers on a lois trip.
24．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Home Batteries Will Catch On -
B．Batteries Are Getting Better and Better
C．Battery Technology Needs Improving Urgently
D．Petrol-powered Cars Will Be Upgraded
【答案】21．B 22．C 23．B 24．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明电池技术的发展让电池价格越来越低并且存储量越来越大，这能让更多人受益。电池技术还有助于整个国家电网的脱碳，使大量储存电能具有可行性，从而促进家用电池的流行。最后作者乐观展望电池的未来。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“First and most obviously, it had made the batteries in electric cars cheaper and longer-lasting. And brilliantly, because electric batteries are improving so dramatically, we can already see the results. Last September, 15 per cent of all new vehicle registrations were pure electric vehicles. (首先也是最明显的是，它使电动汽车中的电池更便宜、更耐用。而且非常出色的是，由于电池正在大幅改善，我们已经可以看到结果。去年9月，所有新车登记中有15%是纯电动汽车)”可知，电动汽车的电池变得更便宜且更耐用，所以现在电动汽车跑得更远，其实用性更强，因此电动汽车注册用户开始增加。故选B。
22．词义猜测题。根据上文“Storing energy has always been a problem for the grid.(储存能量一直是电网的难题)”及“But better batteries make it technologically and economically viable to store large amounts of energy from the grid. (但更好的电池使得从电网存储大量能量在技术和经济上都是……。)”中的“But”可知，更好的电池可以解决当前只有少量的发电被储存的问题。由此可知，画线词意为“可行的，行得通的”。故选C。
23．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They can also help us decarbonise the entire national grid. (它们还可以帮助我们实现整个国家电网的脱碳)”和最后一段中的“Batteries may not be as flashy(华丽的) as phones, rockets or other new technologies, but when it comes to technology to fight climate change, they’re definitely leading the charge. (电池可能不像手机、火箭或其他新技术那样华丽，但在应对气候变化的技术方面，它们绝对是领先的)”可知，作者认为电池技术能帮助减少碳排放，能有力地帮助解决全球气候问题，即可以让世界更环保。故选B。
24．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“First and most obviously, it had made the batteries in electric cars cheaper and longer-lasting. (首先也是最明显的是，它使电动汽车中的电池更便宜、更持久)”，第三段中的“They can also help us decarbonise the entire national grid. (它们还可以帮助我们实现整个国家电网的脱碳)”和第四段中的“This would take power from the grid (or maybe even solar panels on the roof), and power appliances and lights in our homes at the times when demand for electricity is high. Home batteries are not yet as established as electric cars, but they are also growing in popularity. (这将从电网（甚至屋顶上的太阳能电池板）获取电力，并在电力需求高的时候为我们家中的电器和灯供电。家用电池还没有像电动汽车那样成熟，但它们也越来越受欢迎)”可知，作者一直在强调电池变得更好、更受欢迎，从而也让更多人受益;再根据最后一段中的“So, given how much technology has improved batteries over the last decade, I can’t help but be strangely optimistic about the future. (因此，考虑到过去十年中技术对电池的改进程度，我不禁对未来感到异常乐观)”可知，作者对电池的前景充满乐观与希望。故B项“电池越来越好”适合作本文标题。故选B。
（2023·北京通州·统考模拟预测）Remember your first day of school How did your mum pick out your clothes the day before and how nervous did you feel when entering the classroom Or what about the first time you rode a bike, with all of the excitement coursing through your veins(静脉) Some memories stick with us and we can recall them like scenes in a movie. These are known as episodic memories.
A new study published in the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has shown that certain cells, called time cells, make this type of memory possible. These cells help us form clear memories in chronological (时间顺序的) order. As memories are being formed, these time cells put a stamp on the memories. Later, this stamp helps us recount the exact sequence of events and experiences.
The 27 participants in the study had electrodes placed in their brains. This allowed scientists to measure cell activity in the hippocampus (海马体) and another area involved in the perception of time. The participants were shown sequences of 12 to 15 words on a computer screen in a period of about 30 seconds. Then they were asked to recall the words. During this time, the scientists looked at the activity of different brain cells. They found that specific cells fired signals during each sequence of words. “The time cells that we found are marking out discreet (不显眼的) segments (片段) of time within···this approximately 30-second window,”said Brad Lega, a neurosurgeon at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, US. This proves the possible existence of time cells in the human brain.
Gyorgy Buzsaki, a professor at New York University, said the study is important as it can explain memory problems found in people who suffered damage to their hippocampus. In one experiment, scientists compared the memories of people who had just taken a tour of a college campus. Those without damage to their hippocampus had similar stories. However, those who had suffered damage to this area of the brain were unable to recall the proper sequence of events.
The number of people suffering from memory disorders is increasing significantly. As of Sepetmber 2019, around 50 million people worldwide were suffering from dementia (痴呆), and the number will triple by 2050, according to the World Health Organization. Such studies will help scientists develop better medical interventions for people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, the cause of 60 to 70 percent of dementia cases.
25．What does the underlined word “recount” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Decide.
B．Tell.
C．Create.
D．Predict.
26．What can we learn from the study
A．Most of the participants could not recall the word sequence.
B．Participants were required to speak out the words within 30 seconds.
C．People with damaged hippocampus could also recall the sequence of events.
D．While the participants were recalling the words, certain brain cells released signals.
27．What does the study try to find out
A．How humans’ feeling of time changes over time.
B．How often brain cells send signals during an event.
C．How brain cells work to remember sequences of events.
D．How the brain memorizes events that people have experienced.
28．What can the study be applied to
A．Finding the true cause of dementia.
B．Discovering time cells in creatures.
C．Finding ways to cure memory disorders.
D．Deciding the reason for Alzheimer’s disease.
【答案】25．B 26．D 27．C 28．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了情景记忆的形成机制、实验过程及意义。
25．词句猜测题。根据第二段的“These cells help us form clear memories in chronological (时间顺序的) order. As memories are being formed, these time cells put a stamp on the memories. (这些细胞帮助我们按照时间顺序形成清晰的记忆。当记忆形成时，这些时间细胞会在记忆上打上印记)”可知，时间细胞帮助我们按时间顺序形成清晰的记忆，并且打上印记。由此推知，后来这些“印记”就可以帮助我们按经历事件的顺序来讲述。即recount意为“讲述”，与tell同义。故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Then they were asked to recall the words. During this time, the scientists looked at the activity of different brain cells. They found that specific cells fired signals during each sequence of words.(然后他们被要求回忆这些单词。在此期间，科学家们观察了不同脑细胞的活动。他们发现，特定的细胞在每个单词序列中都会发出信号)”可知，当实验参与者们回忆这些单词时，特定的大脑细胞释放处了信号。故选D。
27．推理判断题。根据第二段“A new study published in the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has shown that certain cells, called time cells, make this type of memory possible. These cells help us form clear memories in chronological (时间顺序的) order. As memories are being formed, these time cells put a stamp on the memories. Later, this stamp helps us recount the exact sequence of events and experiences.(发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项新研究表明，某些被称为时间细胞的细胞使这种记忆成为可能。这些细胞帮助我们按时间顺序形成清晰的记忆。随着记忆的形成，这些时间单元在记忆上打上了印记。后来，该印记帮助我们重新叙述事件和经历的确切顺序)”和第三段的“The participants were shown sequences of 12 to 15 words on a computer screen in a period of about 30 seconds. Then they were asked to recall the words. During this time, the scientists looked at the activity of different brain cells. They found that specific cells fired signals during each sequence of words.“The time cells that we found are marking out discreet(不显眼的)segments(片段)of time(在大约30秒的时间里，参与者在电脑屏幕上看到12到15个单词的序列。然后他们被要求回忆这些单词。在此期间，科学家们观察了不同脑细胞的活动。他们发现，特定的细胞在每个单词序列中都会发出信号。“我们发现的时间细胞正在谨慎地标记不显眼的片段……”)”推知，科学家们实验的目的是为了弄清楚脑细胞是如何按时间顺序记住一系列事件的。故选C。
28．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Such studies will help scientists develop better medical interventions for people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, the cause of 60 to 70 percent of dementia cases.(这些研究将帮助科学家为阿尔茨海默病患者制定更好的医疗干预措施，该病是60%至70%痴呆症的病因)”推知，该研究可以应用于确定阿尔茨海默病的病因，以便开发相应药物进行治疗。故选D。
（2023·四川绵阳·统考三模）This is the digital age. If you don’t know what ChatGPT is, think of the digital products you’re constantly exposed to. Technology can close the gap between paper and screen, but not entirely. Typing will never be as distinctive as handwriting. Mastery of digital technologies is vital, but a sense of touch, authenticity and humanity still matter.
A recent research reveals the enduring value of paper, whether in making decisions, winning over customers or enhancing productivity. In a study from Maferima at Northwestern University and Lili Wang of Zhejiang University, the researchers approached strangers and asked them to take a made-up survey. Half the respondents were given a pen and paper to fill out the form; the other half were handed an iPad. At the end of the exercise, respondents were asked if they wanted to give their email address to receive information on how to donate to a charity. Those who used paper were much likelier to provide their email addresses.
The researchers also saw differences in behavior when they showed Chinese university students an ad for a bookseller at the end of the survey, and then asked them to select some of the books that were being promoted. Those using paper to fill out the questionnaire chose more highbrow books on average than those using the tablet. When asked, paper-and-pen respondents were indeed more likely than iPad users to think their choices were more indicative of their characters.
And in a study from 2017, researchers found that people assigned a greater value to the physical version of a product than its digital version. Shoppers were willing to pay more for books and films they could hold than ones they could only download. Even the sight of someone handling something can help online sales. They found that Instagram posts showing hands touching products like cups of coffee or smartphones got more likes than those that were not being pawed. Similarly, people browsing in a shop on line were more willing to buy a T-shirt if they saw their own simulated hand touch it. All of these explain why retailers target consumers who do more of their shopping offline when selling pricier, less functional products.
29．What does the author want to say in Paragraph 1
A．Together with ChatGPT comes the digital age. B．Paper still has a role to play in the digital age.
C．People won’t write with pen in the future. D．Digital products do harm to our health.
30．How does the author mainly develop paragraphs 2&3
A．By asking questions. B．By giving examples. C．By listing reasons. D．By making comparisons.
31．Which word can replace the underlined word “simulated” in the last paragraph
A．shaky B．tiny C．virtual D．soft
32．What can we infer from the passage
A．On-line shops will fail to attract customers in the future.
B．A hand-written birthday card is better than a text message.
C．A person with an app will be more likely to stick to his plan.
D．All exams and interviews will be conducted with pen and paper.
【答案】29．B 30．D 31．C 32．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在数字时代，纸张仍有一席之地。文章主要介绍了最近的一项研究表明，无论是在决策、赢得客户还是提高生产力方面，纸张都是有持久价值的。
29．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Typing will never be as distinctive as handwriting. Mastery of digital technologies is vital, but a sense of touch, authenticity and humanity still matter.(打字永远不会像手写那样与众不同。掌握数字技术至关重要，但触觉、真实性和人性仍然很重要)”可知，作者在第一段想表达的是在数字时代，纸张仍有一席之地。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Half the respondents were given a pen and paper to fill out the form; the other half were handed an iPad. At the end of the exercise, respondents were asked if they wanted to give their email address to receive information on how to donate to a charity. Those who used paper were much likelier to provide their email addresses.(一半的受访者得到了纸和笔来填写表格，另一半则得到了iPad。在实验结束时，受访者被问及是否愿意提供自己的电子邮件地址，以获得如何向慈善机构捐款的信息。那些使用纸张的人更有可能提供他们的电子邮件地址)”和第三段中“Those using paper to fill out the questionnaire chose more highbrow books on average than those using the tablet. When asked, paper-and-pen respondents were indeed more likely than iPad users to think their choices were more indicative of their characters.(那些使用纸张填写问卷的人比使用平板电脑的人平均选择了更多高雅的书籍。当被问及这个问题时，纸笔受访者确实比iPad用户更倾向于认为他们的选择更能体现他们的性格。)”可推知，作者通过作比较来描述第二段和第三段的。故选D。
31．词句猜测题。由上文“They found that Instagram posts showing hands touching products like cups of coffee or smartphones got more likes than those that were not being pawed.(他们发现，Instagram上显示手触摸咖啡杯或智能手机等产品的帖子比那些没有被触摸的帖子得到更多的赞)”和划线单词所在句子中“Similarly, people browsing in a shop on line were more willing to buy a T-shirt if they saw their own simulated hand touch it. (同样，人们在网上商店浏览时，如果看到自己的simulated手触摸到一件T恤，他们更愿意购买)”中的Similarly可知，上文和划线句子都是在强调用手触摸产品的重要性，但是在网上购物，只能是虚拟的手在触摸产品，由此可推知划线单词“simulated”意思是“虚拟的”，与C项“virtual(虚拟的)”意思一样，故选C。
32．推理判断题。根据第三段中“When asked, paper-and-pen respondents were indeed more likely than iPad users to think their choices were more indicative of their characters.(当被问及这个问题时，纸笔受访者确实比iPad用户更倾向于认为他们的选择更能体现他们的性格)”和第一段介绍的纸张仍有一席之地可推知，手写的生日贺卡比短信好。故选B。
（2023·四川成都·统考一模）The number of fish caught just outside a recently expanded marine (海洋) protected area in Hawaii has risen. It is a sign that quadrupling (四倍) the size of the reserve in 2016 may have shored fish populations in the region.
When the Marine National Monument around Hawaii was enlarged to 1,510,000 square kilometers, marine conservationists around the world rejoiced.
Fishers may have felt differently, however, as fishing inside the area is not allowed. Yet by creating a space for dwindling tuna populations to recover, supporters argued, the reserve would benefit fisheries as well.
As populations inside the reserve boundaries steadily increased, they predicted, the fish would spill (溢出) over into the surrounding areas, increasing the amount of tuna available to catch.
Proving that is tricky, however, as tuna can’t be counted directly. Their numbers may rise or fall for a variety of reasons other than the expansion of a reserve. But the new study, published in Science this week, strongly suggests the number of fish caught just outside the MPA is higher now than it used to be.
Alan Friedlander, chief scientist for the National Geographic Society’s Pristine Seas project, calls the study a “very careful and strict test of spillover from marine protected areas.”
Importantly, says John Lynham, an environmental economist at the University of Hawaii and one of the study’s authors, the increase in tuna catches near the reserve held up even when looking at the average numbers caught by particular fishers. This shows the effect is not due to more effective crews now fishing local waters, he explains. To account for effort, catch numbers were divided by the ever-increasing number of fishing hooks in the area.
Lynham and colleagues found the catch per hook increased over the 10 years of the study. Fishers were catching on average six more yellowfin and five more bigeye tuna per year after the expansion than before.
“That last one, especially, was a surprise,” says Lynham, “because it is economically much more important, and there were fewer indications of an increase.”
33．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．The rising number of fish caught is a sign of a well-reserved area.
B．Enlarge the size of reserve may contribute to the increasing of fish population.
C．The number of fish caught has risen to quadrupling (四倍) the size of that in 2016.
D．Fish catching outside the reserve does good to the expanded marine protected area.
34．How did fishers feel when the reserve announced expanded
A．They felt joyful. B．They felt different. C．They felt unpleasant. D．They felt excited.
35．How do the researchers prove the tuna population has increased
A．By figuring the average catch per hook in the area.
B．By summing up the catch of mare effective crews.
C．By looking at the numbers caught by particular fishers.
D．By detecting the number of tuna population in the surrounding area.
36．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Tuna population embraces a boost B．Marine Protected Areas Help Fisheries
C．Local fisheries hold a promising future D．Tuna population can be counted scientifically
【答案】33．B 34．C 35．A 36．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了随着夏威夷海洋保护区的扩大，区域外捕获的鱼类数量有所增加，以及扩大保护区所带来的好处。
33．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The number of fish caught just outside a recently expanded marine (海洋) protected area in Hawaii has risen. It is a sign that quadrupling (四倍) the size of the reserve in 2016 may have shored fish populations in the region.(最近在夏威夷扩大的海洋保护区外捕获的鱼类数量有所增加。这表明，2016年保护区的规模翻了两番，可能已经增加了该地区的鱼类数量)”可知，第一段主要是关于扩大保护区的规模可能有助于鱼类种群的增加。故选B。
34．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When the Marine National Monument around Hawaii was enlarged to 1,510,000 square kilometers, marine conservationists around the world rejoiced (当夏威夷附近的海洋国家纪念碑扩大到151万平方公里时，全世界的海洋保护主义者都欢欣鼓舞)”及第三段中的“Fishers may have felt differently, however, as fishing inside the area is not allowed.(然而，渔民们可能会有不同的感受，因为在该地区捕鱼是不允许的)”可知，渔民对于保护区的扩张并不觉得开心，因为保护区内无法捕捞。故选C。
35．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Lynham and colleagues found the catch per hook increased over the 10 years of the study. Fishers were catching on average six more yellowfin and five more bigeye tuna per year after the expansion than before.(林纳姆和同事们发现，在10年的研究中，每个鱼钩的渔获量有所增加。在扩张之后，渔民平均每年多捕获6条黄鳍金枪鱼和5条大眼金枪鱼)”可知，研究人员是通过每个鱼钩上的增加的渔获量来判断金枪鱼的数量是增长的。故选A。
36．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The number of fish caught just outside a recently expanded marine (海洋) protected area in Hawaii has risen. It is a sign that quadrupling (四倍) the size of the reserve in 2016 may have shored fish populations in the region.(最近在夏威夷扩大的海洋保护区外捕获的鱼类数量有所增加。这表明，2016年保护区的规模翻了两番，可能已经增加了该地区的鱼类数量)”及下文内容可知，文章主要介绍了海洋保护区的扩大会使得周边区域的渔获量增长。由此可知，B项“Marine Protected Areas Help Fisheries.(海洋保护区有助于渔业)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选B。
（2023·山东聊城·统考二模）Researchers have recently discovered that gut bacteria (肠道细菌) that grow within our body helps the brain build important social skills.
According to a paper published in PLOS Biology in November, zebra fish were used as research subjects to test how a lack of bacteria could affect social skills. Zebra fish are social animals as even 2-week-old fish start to hang out in groups of four to twelve.
The experiment started with making a group of fish “bacteria-free” through their diet. The other group were injected with a healthy mix of gut bacteria after they were hatched. About 15 days later, the second group began swimming in groups while the “bacteria-free” group “shockingly, didn’t,” Judith Eisen, a co-author of the new research, said to Quanta Magazine.
The team then examined the fish’s brains, discovering obvious differences between the two groups. The ones who lacked the gut bacteria had more interconnections among the neurons (神经元) in their brains in charge of social behavior, and social neurons were seen to have overgrown. This made the fish more cautious in social situations.
Scientists said that the bacteria might release a special chemical that crosses the bloodbrain barrier to reach the brain directly. Although the experiments were only on fish, the findings can theoretically be applied to humans. The team wishes to explore how gut bacteria affects the human brain in the future, which may lead to solutions to mental health problems.
Perhaps many people who claim that they have “social phobia (社交恐惧症)” can blame their guts. However, social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, can be a serious illness if overlooked. According to the National Health Service in the UK it is more than shyness but instead a constant fear of social situations. Patients may experience panic attacks which are an overwhelming fear and anxiety that last for a few minutes.
37．What does the research focus on
A．The growth of gut bacteria.
B．The way zebra fish build social skills.
C．The influencing factors of social behavior.
D．The link between gut bacteria and social behavior.
38．What was found in the experiment
A．The two groups of zebra fish became different in size.
B．The bacteria-free zebra fish swam in groups.
C．The zebra fish injected with gut bacteria were quieter.
D．The zebra fish with gut bacteria swam in groups.
39．How do scientists feel about their findings
A．Positive. B．Disappointed. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned.
40．Which is true about “social phobia” according to the last paragraph
A．It will result in gut problems. B．It is a severe illness.
C．It may cause panic. D．It is all about shyness.
【答案】37．D 38．D 39．A 40．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员最近发现，在我们体内生长的肠道细菌有助于大脑建立重要的社交技能。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段中“According to a paper published in PLOS Biology in November, zebra fish were used as research subjects to test how a lack of bacteria could affect social skills.(根据11月发表在《公共科学图书馆·生物学》（PLOS Biology）上的一篇论文，研究人员以斑马鱼为研究对象，来测试缺乏细菌如何影响社交技能)”可知，这项研究的重点是肠道细菌和社会行为之间的联系。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第三段中“About 15 days later, the second group began swimming in groups while the “bacteria-free” group “shockingly, didn’t,” Judith Eisen, a co-author of the new research, said to Quanta Magazine.(大约15天后，第二组开始成群游泳，而“无菌”组“令人震惊的是，没有”，新研究的合著者朱迪思·艾森对《广达杂志》说)”可知，带有肠道细菌的斑马鱼成群游动。故选D。
39．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Although the experiments were only on fish, the findings can theoretically be applied to humans. (虽然这些实验只是在鱼身上进行的，但是这些发现在理论上可以应用到人类身上)”可推知，科学家们对这项研究的发现是持积极态度的，故选A。
40．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Patients may experience panic attacks which are an overwhelming fear and anxiety that last for a few minutes.(患者可能会经历惊恐发作，这是一个压倒性的恐惧和焦虑，持续几分钟)”可知，“社交恐惧症”可能会引起患者惊恐，故选C。
（2023·安徽淮南·统考二模）Teen brains aged faster than normal from stress by at least three years, a study has found. The study, published in Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science, was the first to compare examinations of the physical structures of teenagers’ brains from before and after the stress started, and to document significant differences.
Researchers knew teens had higher levels of depression, anxiety and fearfulness than before the stress. But we knew nothing about the effects on their brains. The researchers found growth in brain areas that control access to some memories and help control fear, stress and other emotions.
Premature(过早的) aging of kids’ brains isn’t a positive development. Their stressful childhood experiences not only make people easier to suffer from depression, anxiety and other mental illnesses, they can raise the risk of cancer, heart disease and other long-term negative outcomes.
The scientists tried to make out how the stress itself may have impacted the physical structure of the children’s brains and their mental health. They matched pairs of children with the same age, gender and stress. “That allowed us to compare 16-year olds before the stress with different 16-year olds assessed after the stress,” said Ian Gotlib, a psychology professor at Stanford University.
To determine the brain age of their samples, the researchers fed their brain examinations into a machine-learning model for predicting brain age developed by the ENIGMA-Brain Age working group, a co-operation among scientists who share their brain image data sets. They also evaluated mental health outcomes reported by the matched pairs. They found more severe symptoms of anxiety, depression and internalizing(内在化的) problems in the group that had experienced the stress.
Dan Siegel, clinical professor of psychiatry at the UCLA School of Medicine, noted that many individuals experience post-traumatic(创伤后的) growth after a stressful experience. “This is a useful initial study,” agreed David Fassler, clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont. “I expect the results will inform the design of future research initiatives.”
41．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs
A．Researchers had a good knowledge of aging. B．Stress greatly influenced teenagers’ brains.
C．Brain growth improved teenagers’ happiness. D．Bad memories resulted in negative emotions.
42．What enabled scientists to do research according to Ian Gotlib
A．The application of advanced technology. B．The accurate analysis of the data provided.
C．The participation of volunteer teenagers. D．The previous experience of the researchers.
43．Why was the machine-learning model developed
A．To satisfy the need of the market. B．To evaluate the brain age of samples.
C．To predict mental health outcomes. D．To solve internalizing problems.
44．What was David Fassler’s attitude to the study
A．Favorable. B．Indifferent. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
【答案】41．B 42．C 43．B 44．A
【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了发表在《生物精神病学：全球开放科学》杂志上的一项研究发现，由于压力，青少年的大脑比正常人衰老得快至少三年。
41．推理判断题。根据第一段“Teen brains aged faster than normal from stress by at least three years, a study has found.(一项研究发现，由于压力，青少年的大脑比正常人衰老得快至少三年。)”可知，压力对青少年的大脑影响很大。故选B。
42．细节理解题。根据第四段“They matched pairs of children with the same age, gender and stress. ‘That allowed us to compare 16-year olds before the stress with different 16-year olds assessed after the stress,’ said Ian Gotlib, a psychology professor at Stanford University.(他们将年龄、性别和压力相同的孩子配对。斯坦福大学心理学教授伊恩·戈特利布（Ian Gotlib）说:“这让我们可以将承受压力前的16岁孩子与承受压力后的不同16岁孩子进行比较。”)”可知，根据伊恩·戈特利布，青少年志愿者的参与使科学家能够进行研究。故选C。
43．推理判断题。根据第五段“To determine the brain age of their samples, the researchers fed their brain examinations into a machine-learning model for predicting brain age developed by the ENIGMA-Brain Age working group, a co-operation among scientists who share their brain image data sets. (为了确定样本的大脑年龄，研究人员将他们的大脑检查结果输入到一个机器学习模型中，该模型用于预测大脑年龄，该模型是由ENIGMA-Brain age工作组开发的，这是一个科学家之间的合作，他们共享他们的大脑图像数据集。)”可知，开发机器学习模型是为了评估样本的脑龄。故选B。
44．推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘This is a useful initial study,’ agreed David Fassler, clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont. ‘I expect the results will inform the design of future research initiatives.’(“这是一项有用的初步研究，”佛蒙特大学精神病学临床教授大卫·法斯勒（David Fassler）表示赞同。“我希望这些结果将为未来研究计划的设计提供信息。)”可知，大卫·法斯勒对这个研究是支持的。故选A。
（2023·安徽·校联考三模）Modern life is full of things that can influence your ability to be sensitive and responsive to your child. These include extra work, lack of sleep, and things like mobile devices. Some experts are concerned about the effects that these things trigger off on emotional bonding and children’s language development, social interaction, and safety.
If parents are inconsistently available, kids can get distressed(苦恼的)and feel hurt, rejected, or ignored. They may have more emotional outbursts and feel alone. They may even stop trying to compete for their parent’s attention and start to lose emotional connections to their parents.
“There are times when kids really do need your attention and want your recognition. Parents need to communicate that their kids are valuable and important, and children need to know that parents care what they’re doing,” explains Crnic, a psychologist. “Kids start to regulate their own emotions and behavior around age three. Up until then, they depend more on you to help them regulate their emotions, whether to calm them or help get them excited,” he adds.
Dr. Carol Metzler, who studies parenting at the Oregon Research Institute, explains, “They’re watching you to see how you do it and listening to how you talk to them about it. Parents need to be good self-regulators. You’re not only trying to regulate your own emotions in the moment, but helping your child learn to manage their emotions and behavior. It can be tough to respond to your kids with sensitivity during tantrums(精神痛苦), arguments, or other challenging times. If parents respond by being bad-tempered or aggressive(攻击性的)themselves, children can copy that behavior, and a negative cycle then continues to upgrade.”
As kids become better at managing their feelings and behavior, it’s important to help them develop coping skills, like active problem solving. Such skills can help them feel confident in handling what comes their way.
45．Which of the following can replace the underlined words “trigger off”
A．Set off. B．Burst into.
C．Consist of. D．Dive for.
46．Why does Metzler think it tough to respond to kids sensitively in Paragraph 4
A．Because kids are unable to make out their parents’ arguments.
B．Because parents are too sensitive to train kids to be aggressive.
C．Because kids can not copy their parents’ behavior on these occasions.
D．Because parents have to control their feelings and teach it to their kids.
47．What’s the text mainly about
A．Parents should not be bad-tempered in front of their kids.
B．Parents should consistently develop their problem solving skills.
C．Parents should engage with kids and respond to them positively.
D．Parents should continuously upgrade their language and emotions.
48．What will the writer probably talk about next
A．The way to train kids to be confident.
B．The way to train kids’ abilities to deal with matters.
C．The way to train kids to self-regulate their emotions.
D．The way to train kids’ abilities to be sensitive and responsibe.
【答案】45．A 46．D 47．C 48．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了父母要与孩子建立密切的联系并积极地影响孩子。
45．词义猜测题。根据第一自然段“Modern life is full of things that can influence your ability to be sensitive and responsive to your child. These include extra work, lack of sleep, and things like mobile devices. Some experts are concerned about the effects that these things trigger off on emotional bonding and children’s language development, social interaction, and safety. (现代生活中充满了会影响你对孩子敏感和反应能力的事情。其中包括额外的工作、睡眠不足以及移动设备等。一些专家担心这些事情会对情感纽带、儿童语言发展、社交和安全trigger off影响。)”可知，本段主要讲述了影响父母理解、体恤孩子并积极回应孩子能力的事物及其所引发的后果。划线词所在句为定语从句，意为“这些事物所产生的影响”，修饰effects，由此可推知，画线短语与A项“set off(引起)”意思相近。故选A。
46．细节理解题。根据第四自然段“Parents need to be good self-regulators. You’re not only trying to regulate your own emotions in the moment, but helping your child learn to manage their emotions and behavior. It can be tough to respond to your kids with sensitivity during tantrums(精神痛苦), arguments, or other challenging times. (父母需要成为良好的自我调节者。你不仅试图在当下调节自己的情绪，还帮助孩子学会管理自己的情绪和行为。在孩子发脾气、争吵或其他具有挑战性的时候，你很难以敏感的态度回应他们。)”可知， 在第4段中，Metzler 认为对孩子们做出敏感的回应很困难，这是因为父母在这些时候不仅要自我调节情绪，还要帮助孩子学会管控情绪和行为。故选D。
47．主旨大意题。本文首段和第二段提出了现代生活中的一些事物会影响父母与孩子建立密切的联系并回应孩子，以及由此而引发的对孩子的负面影响；第三段讲述了孩子的成长过程中需要父母的陪伴与认同；第四段讲述了孩子在情绪和行为方面会效仿父母以及父母应当避免负面的情绪和行为被孩子效仿；末段讲述了父母还应教会孩子解决实际问题的技能。由此可知，文章主要讲了父母应该与孩子互动，并积极回应他们。故选C。
48．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As kids become better at managing their feelings and behavior, it’s important to help them develop coping skills, like active problem solving. Such skills can help them feel confident in handling what comes their way.(随着孩子们越来越善于管理自己的情绪和行为，帮助他们发展应对技能是很重要的，比如积极主动地解决问题。这样的技能可以帮助他们在处理自己面临的问题时感到自信。)”可知，此处讲述了父母帮助孩子发展解决问题的技能很重要，由此可推测，作者接下来会谈及如何培养孩子解决实际问题的技能。故选B。
（2023·山西吕梁·统考二模）Greenhouse gas emissions from the way humans produce and consume food could add nearly 1 degree of warming to the Earth’s climate by 2100, according to a new study.
Continuing the dietary patterns of today will push the planet past the 1.5 degrees Celsius limit of warming sought under the Paris climate agreement to avoid the worst effects of climate change, according to the study published Monday in Nature Climate Change.
The study found that the majority of greenhouse gas emissions come from three major sources: meat from animals like cows and sheep, dairy and rice. Those three sources account for at least 19 percent each of food’s contribution to a warming planet, according to the study, with meat contributing the most, at 33 percent.
All emit（散发）large amounts of methane（甲烷）, a potent（强有力的）greenhouse gas with more than 80 times the warming power of carbon dioxide, in the way they are currently farmed. The researchers calculated that methane will account for 75 percent of food’s share of warming by 2030, with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide accounting for most of the rest.
The study’s lead author, Catherine C． Ivanovich, a climate scientist at Columbia University and colleagues calculated the three major gases produced by each type of food over its lifetime based on current consumption patterns. They scaled the annual emissions over time by gas based on five different population projections. And then they used a climate model frequently used by the United Nations’ panel on climate change to simulate the effects of those emissions on surface air temperature change.
The study also offered some ways to change global food production and consumption that could limit warming.
“But reducing methane may be the most important goal of all. Although methane is far more potent than carbon, it is also much shorter-lived meaning cuts in methane emissions can have a quick benefit,” Ivanovich said.
49．What can we learn about the study
A．Meat from some raised animals emits quantities of methane.
B．Current dietary patterns have no impact on the climate change.
C．Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxid are very common in our daily life.
D．Only methane should be blamed for its contribution to global warming.
50．How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed
A．By asking questions. B．By analyzing causes.
C．By giving reasons. D．By listing statistics.
51．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Who initiated the study. B．How the study was conducted.
C．Why the stu