上海高考英语完形填空专项训练（含解析）

完形填空
In The Debunking (揭穿真相) Handbook, a short guide published in 2011, John Cook, at George Mason University, and Stephan Lewandowsky, at the University of Bristol, looked at the world-view backfire effect, the idea that if a correction of a false claim disagrees with your world view, it strengthens the ___1___. Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter found this in his Iraq study, but he points out that the effect only appeared in two out of five experiments.
What’s more, although some later studies have seen similar results, many haven’t seen the effect at all. This suggests it is much ___2___ than Reifler’s work suggested, which he thinks is fantastic news.
But whatever you do, don’t point this out, or turn to ___3___ (“You’re wrong!”, “You’re ignorant”.). Instead, listen and ask questions that ___4___ why someone has those opinions (“What makes you think that ”).
The good news is that social events are ___5___ situations for correcting myths. Assuming there is at least some trust between you, the other person will probably hear you out. And corrections from credible, trusted sources are more ___6___. There’s also far more time to discuss the topic ___7___ than compared with, say, interactions on social media.
The bad news is that even with all this in mind, you are still unlikely to ___8___ someone, especially if you are challenging their world view. Corrections that are totally different from one’s world view are by-and-large ineffective, especially in conservative people.
So why even ___9___ Firstly, people are much less likely to spread false information if they are held accountable for it, says Reifler. ___10___ your relatives’ false claims may make them think twice before spreading nonsense on another occasion.
And always ___11___ the other people in the room. Even if you do not change your Aunt Susan’s mind, you may sow a seed in your nieces’ and nephews’ minds.
Indeed, Cook thinks there is little chance of changing the minds of, say, the 7 per cent of people in the US who are very ___12___ that global warming isn’t happening at all. Instead, he thinks we should ___13___ the majority still open to persuasion. His studies show that people are less likely to fall for false arguments if they are warned against them. ___14___, forewarn them about the problem of false balance in the media and their views won’t change when they read an article full of false-balance quotes. Those who are not warned become more ___15___ their judgement.
1．A．association B．offensiveness C．probability D．misconception
2．A．harder B．rarer C．more diverse D．more important
3．A．reactions B．judgements C．forecasts D．reasons
4．A．reveal B．avoid C．define D．link
5．A．frustrating B．excellent C．familiar D．occasional
6．A．widespread B．deliberate C．inevitable D．effective
7．A．in person B．in detail C．on purpose D．on business
8．A．encourage B．impress C．surprise D．convince
9．A．try B．stop C．move D．wait
10．A．Validating B．Investigating C．Questioning D．Understanding
11．A．support B．locate C．interview D．consider
12．A．aware B．happy C．sure D．disappointed
13．A．make up B．look up to C．focus on D．set out on
14．A．For instance B．What’s more C．As a result D．On the contrary
15．A．surprised at B．doubtful of C．curious of D．annoyed at
Transition. It’s a pleasant word and a calming concept. It means going surely and sweetly from somewhere present to somewhere future. Unless, that is, it is newspapers’ ‘transition’ to the ___16___ world, an uncertain and highly uncomfortable process.
Just look at the latest print circulation figures. The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian and many of the rest are down overall between 8% and 10% year-on-year, but their websites go ever higher.
All of that may well be true, depending on timing, geography and more. ___17___, everyone— from web academics to print analysis—says so. Yet pause for a while and count a few little things that don’t ___18___.
One is the magazine world, both in the UK and in the US. It ought to be ___19___, wrecked by the move to the tablets which fit existing magazine page sizes so perfectly. But, in fact, the rate of decline in magazine purchasing is relatively small, with subscriptions holding up strongly and advertising remarkable ___20___.
As for news and current affairs magazines — which you’d expect to find in the eye of the digital storm — they had a 8.4% increase to report. In short, on both sides of the Atlantic, although some magazine areas went down, many showed rapid growth.
You can discover a ___21___ phenomenon when it comes to books, Kindle and similar e-readers are booming, with sales up massively this year. The apparent first step of transition couldn’t be ___22___. Yet, when booksellers examined the value of the physical books they sold over the last six months, they found it just 0.4% down. Screen or paper, then It wasn’t one or the other: it was ___23___.
So if sales in that area have fallen so little, perhaps the ___24___ mostly affects newspapers Yet again, though, the messages are oddly ____25____. The latest survey of trends by the World Association of Newspapers shows that global circulation rose 1.1% last year (to 812 million copies a day). Sales in the West dropped back but Asia more than ____26____ the difference.
Already 360 US papers—including most of the biggest and best — have built paywalls around their products. However, the best way of attracting a paying readership appears to be a deal that offers the print copy and digital access as some kind of ____27____ package.
____28____, print is also a crucial tool in selling internet subscriptions. And its advertising rates raise between nine and ten times more money than online.
Of course this huge difference isn’t ____29____ news for newspaper companies, as maintaining both an active website and an active print edition is difficult, complex and expensive. But newspaper brands still have much of their high profile in print: a drift on the web, the job of just being ____30____ becomes far harder.
16．A．publishing B．online C．ideal D．unknown
17．A．On the other hand B．After all C．To begin with D．For instance
18．A．stop B．exist C．emerge D．fit
19．A．regulated B．advancing C．collapsing D．minimized
20．A．solid B．simple C．creative D．changeable
21．A．cultural B．common C．scientific D．similar
22．A．later B．harder C．clearer D．slower
23．A．all B．neither C．both D．either
24．A．service B．system C．crisis D．figure
25．A．right B．vague C．designed D．mixed
26．A．made up B．told apart C．took over D．held on
27．A．joint B．mysterious C．modern D．complex
28．A．In other words B．On the contrary C．What’s more D．Even so
29．A．new B．sad C．big D．good
30．A．spared B．updated C．noticed D．edited
Water scientists have issued one of the strictest warnings yet about global food supplies, saying that the world’s population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet over the next 40 years to ___31___ disastrous shortages.
Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option to increase the amount of water ___32___ to grow more food in an increasingly climate-unstable world. Animal protein-rich food consumes 5 to 10 times more water than a ___33___ diet. One third of the world’s arable(适于耕种的) land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing ___34___ between countries in food surplus and those in deficit.
Competition for water between food production and other uses will ___35___ pressure on essential resources. The UN predicts we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century. This will place ___36___ pressure on our already ___37___ water resources, and we also need to allocate more water to satisfy global energy demand, which is expected to rise 60% over the coming 30 years, and to generate electricity for the 1.3 billion people currently ___38___ it.
Overeating, undernourishment and waste are all on the rise and increased food production may face future constraints from water ___39___.
We will need a new recipe to ___40___ the world in the future.
A separate report said the best way for countries to protect millions of farmers from food __41__ in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia was to help them invest in ___42___ pumps and simple technology, rather than to ___43___ expensive, large-scale irrigation projects.
Farmers across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale, locally-relevant water ___44___. These techniques could increase yields up to 300 % and add tens of billions of U.S. dollars to ___45___ incomes across sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia.
31．A．escape B．fight C．avoid D．reduce
32．A．tamed B．available C．programmed D．provided
33．A．vegetarian B．complicated C．healthy D．solid
34．A．trade B．exchange C．connection D．business
35．A．balance B．harden C．initiate D．intensify
36．A．productive B．additional C．centennial D．dieting
37．A．stressed B．eased C．settled D．developed
38．A．worried B．without C．behind D．concerned
39．A．resources B．scarcity C．supplies D．demand
40．A．provide B．raise C．feed D．satisfy
41．A．problem B．insecurity C．safety D．production
42．A．large B．efficient C．small D．beneficial
43．A．develop B．research C．abandon D．experiment
44．A．energy B．solutions C．channels D．origin
45．A．national B．local C．household D．annual
What if the good life isn’t really…all that good
What if the very things so many of us ___46___ for—a high-paying, powerful job; a beautiful house; a wardrobe (衣橱) of nice clothes in desirably small sizes; a fancy education for our children to prepare them for ___47___ on this way of life—turn out to be more ___48___ than they’re worth
It’s long been believed that the psychological ___49___ associated with being a “low-status individual” —i.e., poor, grow ___50___ as people move up the social ladder. It turns out that’s true only to a point. Once you get ___51___enough, the mental and physical health ___52___ associated with greater affluence (富裕) fade away. In fact, research indicates that as you near the top, life stress ___53___ so dramatically that its harmful effects almost cancel out many ___54___ aspects of succeeding.
Scott Schieman, a professor of sociology at the University of Toronto, has a phrase for this: “the stress of high status.” In 2005 and again in 2007, he surveyed 1,800 Americans of all income levels and is now ___55___ his research to more than 6,000 Canadians. What he found turns received sociological wisdom on its ear: “People with higher level of education and in higher-status occupations and mid-to-higher ___56___ groups are experiencing higher levels of ___57___,” he says.
Why The very trappings of ___58___ can make life harder if you’re the sort of driven, work-devoted person that high-status individuals tend to be, another supposed benefit that can be punishing: power. Having authority over others binds people to all sorts of interpersonal ___59___ and management anxiety, ___60___ “too much” stress, Schieman says. “This is the stuff that simply keeps people up at night.”
46．A．prepare B．intend C．strive D．wait
47．A．carrying B．living C．taking D．coming
48．A．depression B．trouble C．excitement D．happiness
49．A．result B．responsibility C．benefits D．burdens
50．A．heavier B．lighter C．higher D．lower
51．A．rich B．high C．old D．wise
52．A．state B．change C．progress D．benefits
53．A．reduces B．improves C．develops D．increases
54．A．active B．positive C．negative D．passive
55．A．extending B．expanding C．restricting D．targeting
56．A．income B．status C．wealth D．power
57．A．advantages B．privilege C．stresses D．influence
58．A．success B．failure C．stress D．promotion
59．A．conflicts B．quarrels C．communications D．relations
60．A．resulting from B．arising from C．pointing to D．leading to
How to Learn to Love to Practice
In interviews, famous people often say that the key to becoming both happy and successful is to “do what you love.” But ____61____a skill, even one that you deeply love, calls for plenty of drills. Any challenging activity—from computer programming to playing a musical instrument to athletics—requires ____62____ practice. A perfect golf swing or flawless butterfly stroke (蝶泳) takes countless hours of practice and repetitions to perfect.
Anyone who wants to have a good command of a skill must go through the ____63____ of practice, critical feedback, modification, and increasing improvement again, again, and again. Some people seem able to concentrate on practicing an activity like this for years and take ____64____ in their gradual improvement. Yet others find this kind of focused, time-intensive work to be ____65____ or boring. Why
The ____66____ may depend on the ability to enter into a state of “flow,” the feeling of being completely involved in what you are doing. Flow states can happen in the course of any activity, which is at an appropriate skill level, and where the individual is able to ____67____ their performance to clear and immediate feedback.
Csikszentmihalyi, a famous psychologist, suggested that those who most ____68____ entered into flow states had an “autotelic personality”—a tendency to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow. While those without such a personality see difficulties, autotelic individuals see opportunities to build skills and they have low levels of self-centeredness. Such people, with their ability to focus on tasks rather than rewards have a great ____69____ over others in developing their innate (天生的) abilities. But how can we get into a flow state for an activity so that we enjoy both the process of improving skills and the ____70____ of being a master
____71____ for those of us who don’t necessarily possess an autotelic personality, there is evidence that flow states can be ____72____ by environmental factors. For instance, in Montessori schools, students do not study by following direct instruction.____73____, they are encouraged to develop and pursue individual petition is____74____ and grading is not emphasized. Students are grouped together according to shared interests, rather than segregated by ability.
While there isn’t yet a pill that can turn dull practice into an exciting activity for anyone, it is comforting that we seem to be able to advance into flow states. By giving ourselves unstructured, open-ended time, minimum distractions, and a task set at a moderate level of ____75____, we may be able to love what we’re doing while we put in the hard work practicing the things we love doing.
61．A．functioning B．stimulating C．enriching D．mastering
62．A．fixed B．concentrated C．paralleled D．instructed
63．A．transformation B．substitute C．cycle D．condition
64．A．pleasure B．pride C．interest D．part
65．A．frustrating B．rewarding C．ignorant D．poisonous
66．A．objection B．standard C．principle D．difference
67．A．adjust B．devote C．apply D．expose
68．A．deliberately B．readily C．hesitantly D．flexibly
69．A．feature B．control C．advantage D．sympathy
70．A．reward B．jealousy C．security D．contribution
71．A．Unexpectedly B．Fortunately C．Typically D．Obviously
72．A．influenced B．favored C．cultivated D．underestimated
73．A．Otherwise B．Therefore C．Furthermore D．Instead
74．A．advocated B．suspended C．discouraged D．observed
75．A．priority B．difficulty C．curiosity D．identity
As college students head back to school, the more sensible of them are wondering how they will pay for the privilege. There are some 21.5 million students in the United States this year, and many of them will be___76___their college careers on borrowed money. Given that there is at present more than $ 1.3 trillion in student loans on the books, it’s pretty clear that many college students are far from___77___.
The average student’s debt upon graduation now approaches $ 40,000, and as college becomes ever more common and expensive, calls to make it “free” seem to be increasing in great numbers. Even Hillary Clinton says that when it comes to college, “Costs won’t be a___78___.”
But the only way college could be free is if the faculty and staff___79___their time, the buildings required no maintenance, the campuses required no heating, cooling, or utilities of any kind, and every other expense simply___80___. As long as it is impossible to produce something from___81___, though, costs are absolutely a barrier. The actual question we debate, regardless of whether we___82___it, is who should pay for people to go to college. If students do not shoulder the cost, that cost will be ___83___to someone else. And this is where things get interesting. No one seems to___84___the idea of free college for everyone seriously, but the idea of student loan forgiveness (贷款免除) has somehow gained traction. In the end, though, it___85___the same thing: The American taxpayer will be left holding a very expensive bag. But if taxpayers are to bear the cost of student loan forgiveness, shouldn’t they have a say in how their money is used
At a bare minimum (最小值), taxpayers should be able to decide what students will study on the public dime. If we are going to___86___taxpayers to foot the bill for college degrees, students should only study those subjects that are of greatest benefit to the taxpayers. ___87___, students making their own choices in this respect is___88___gave us the student loan problem in the first place. We simply do not need more poetry, gender studies, or sociology majors. Starbucks is fully stocked with baristas for the foreseeable future.
How do we know which subjects benefit society Easy. Average starting salaries gives a clear indication of what type of training society needs its new workers to have. Certainly, there are benefits to a college major beyond the job a student can perform. But if we’re talking about the benefits to society—as___89___the benefits to the student—the only thing that matters is what the major enables the student to produce for society. And the___90___of what the student can produce is reflected in the wage employers are willing to pay the student to produce it. Today’s wages tell us that we could use more computer engineers, nurses, and statisticians, and far fewer criminal justice majors, social workers, and elementary education majors.
76．A．experiencing B．pursuing C．funding D．covering
77．A．satisfactory B．sensible C．reasonable D．logical
78．A．barrier B．free C．priority D．addition
79．A．donated B．enjoyed C．treasured D．spent
80．A．increased B．multiplied C．disappeared D．decreased
81．A．poverty B．everything C．privilege D．nothing
82．A．aware B．admit C．acknowledge D．support
83．A．offered B．shifted C．granted D．applied
84．A．overlook B．believe C．ignore D．take
85．A．puts forth B．amounts to C．answers for D．combines with
86．A．force B．invite C．enable D．persuade
87．A．After all B．All in all C．In a word D．At best
88．A．what B．that C．anything D．who
89．A．in contrast with B．opposed to C．involved in D．comparison with
90．A．purpose B．reason C．value D．outcome
For thousands of years, people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else. “While we teach, we learn,” said Roman philosopher Seneca. Now scientists are bringing this ancient wisdom up-to-date. They’re documenting why teaching is such a(n) ____91____ way to learn, and designing innovative ways for young people to engage in instruction.
Researchers have found that students who sign up to ____92____ others work harder to understand the material, recall it more accurately and ____93____ it more effectively. Student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who’re learning only for their own sake. But how can children, still ____94____ themselves, teach others One answer: They can tutor younger kids. Some studies have found that first-born children are more ____95____ than their later-born siblings (兄弟姐妹). This suggests their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings. Now educators are experimenting with ways to apply this ____96____ to academic subjects. They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who ____97____ instruct middle school students on the topic.
But the most cutting-edge tool under ____98____ is the “teachable agent”—a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world puter scientists ____99____ an animated figure called Betty’s Brain, who has been “taught” about environmental science by hundreds of middle school students. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty master certain materials. While preparing to teach, they organize their knowledge and ____100____ their own understanding. And as they explain the information to it, they identify problems in their own ____101____.
Feedback from the teachable agents further enhances the tutors’ learning. The agents’ questions compel student tutors to think and ____102____ the materials in different ways, and watching the agent solve problems allows them to see their ____103____ put into action.
Above all, it’s the emotions one experiences in teaching that ____104____ learning. Student tutors feel upset when their teachable agents fail, but happy when these ____105____ pupils succeed as they derive pride and satisfaction from someone else’s accomplishment.
91．A．exciting B．magical C．fruitful D．instructive
92．A．study B．tutor C．read D．help
93．A．apply B．interpret C．master D．rewrite
94．A．doubting B．struggling C．instructing D．learning
95．A．diligent B．efficient C．lovable D．intelligent
96．A．system B．model C．innovation D．knowledge
97．A．in turn B．in return C．in reality D．in consequence
98．A．development B．progress C．discussion D．review
99．A．is creating B．have created C．will be creating D．have been created
100．A．materialize B．consider C．improve D．stimulate
101．A．creation B．perspective C．right D．thinking
102．A．spread B．deliver C．express D．explain
103．A．questions B．knowledge C．materials D．experience
104．A．encourage B．facilitate C．influence D．offer
105．A．innocent B．industrious C．virtual D．proud
No business would welcome being compared to Big Tobacco or gambling. Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have ____106____ that their children are “addicted” to their PlayStations and smartphones. Today, however, ever more doctors are using the term literally.
On January 1st “gaming disorder” — in which games are played ____107____, despite causing harm — gains recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO), as the newest edition of its diagnostic manual comes into force.
A few months ago, China, the world’s biggest gaming market, announced new rules ____108____ children to just a single hour of play a day on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, and none the rest of the week.
Western politicians worry publicly about some games’ similarity to gambling. Clinics are ____109____ around the world, promising to cure patients of their habit in the same way they might cure them of an addiction to alcohol or cocaine.
Are games really addictive Psychologists are ____110____. The case for the defense is that this is just another moral panic. In the old days, some killjoys issued ____111____ warnings about television, rock ‘n’ roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles.
As the newest form of mass media, gaming is merely enduring its own time in the stocks before it eventually ____112____ to be controversial (有争议的). ____113____, defenders argue, the criteria used to diagnose gaming addiction are too loose. Obsessive gaming, they suggest, is as likely to be a ____114____(of depression, say) as a disorder in its own right.
The prosecution (指控) retorts that, unlike rock bands or novelists, games developers have both the motive and the means to engineer their products to make them irresistible. The motive _____115_____ a business-model shift.
In the old days games were bought for a single-use cost. These days, many use a “freemium” model, in which the game is free and money is made from _____116_____ of in-game goods. That ties playtime directly to revenue.
Smartphones and modern platforms use their permanent internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. That allows products to be _____117_____ and modified to boost spending.
While psychologists argue the finer points of what exactly counts as addiction, and whether gaming’s design tricks cross the line, the industry should recognize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO _____118_____, diagnoses will become more common.
Clinics are already reporting _____119_____ business, as lockdowns have given gamers more time to spend with their hobby. The regulatory climate for tech is getting _____120_____. And being associated in the public mind, fairly or not, with gambling and tobacco will not do the industry any favors.
106．A．acknowledged B．confirmed C．complained D．sensed
107．A．willingly B．casually C．randomly D．compulsively
108．A．limiting B．exposing C．reducing D．subjecting
109．A．taking off B．springing up C．fading away D．turning around
110．A．hesitant B．authoritative C．split D．cautious
111．A．serious B．relevant C．bold D．similar
112．A．ceases B．continues C．attempts D．tends
113．A．Nevertheless B．Furthermore C．Vice versa D．Instead
114．A．diagnose B．treatment C．symptom D．definition
115．A．stems from B．results in C．evolves into D．amounts to
116．A．advertisements B．promotions C．deliveries D．purchases
117．A．widely-used B．repeatedly-recalled C．massively-funded D．fine-tuned
118．A．code B．qualification C．analysis D．shelter
119．A．frustrating B．flexible C．competitive D．booming
120．A．chillier B．more agreeable C．stricter D．more scientific
Arthur C Clarke (1917-2008) is a science-fiction writer. His fictional HAL 9000 computer in 2001: A Space Odyssey, which he co-wrote, ___121___ many of today’s fears about artificial intelligence. I have a copy of a long-forgotten 1987 book of him July20, 2019: Life in the 21st century. I did not plan on mentioning it until the 50th anniversary of the first moon landings, which its title reflects. But I am ___122___ my own word because re-reading it has given me new insight.
Till now, the book is ___123___ in almost every detail. Clarke suggests, for example, “amplifiers(放大器)” to make us more intelligent, but makes no ___124___ of the Internet, which was in development at the time and was ___125___ 15 years earlier by Joseph Licklider of MIT, when he was working at the US defence department.
Being wrong is just one problem I have with Clarke’s book. Like most future-gazing, it sees tomorrow ___126___ in terms of technology. He viewed technology as humanity’s saviour(救世主). Technology is marvellous, but it has had little or nothing to do with the best things about the world, and it will play a ___127___ role in casting out humanity’s worst things: poverty, ignorance and madness. What do I mean by the best things The outlawing of racism; rights for disabled people; liberation for women; the rise of ___128___ but the fall of superstition(迷信); social security, animal rights and greater life expectancy.
I love what technology is doing for the developing world, where electric lighting, washing machines and the Internet have ___129___ progress. But even better for that world will be universal education, the elimination of corruption(腐败), the rule of law, and democracy. Technology will play its part, but it will not be ____130____.
Mare Demarest, an Oregon-based digital thinker and author, believes technology tells us truths regardless of our nasty tendency to get distracted, to miss the moment, and to ____131____ data to make it mean what we want it to mean. “Gathering data is mostly done to ____132____ the human lot one way or another. Making sense of data, ____133____, will remain a human activity,” he says. “We are better at ____134____ than any machine we will be able to make for a very long time to come.”
We’re not progressing humanity or changing the world. That’s what ideas do, and machines don’t have ideas. Technology is only the ____135____ of our desires. It isn’t the future; we are the future. It’s funny that even Clarke stopped short of predicting machines with imaginations.
121．A．experiences B．causes C．eliminates D．foresees
122．A．coining B．breaking C．emphasizing D．parroting
123．A．wrong B．technical C．readable D．informative
124．A．use B．sense C．mention D．doubt
125．A．launched B．predicted C．discovered D．inspected
126．A．entirely B．attentively C．seriously D．positively
127．A．constructive B．supervisory C．minor D．leading
128．A．economy B．industry C．reason D．reflection
129．A．achieved B．assessed C．traced D．aided
130．A．active B．essential C．revolutionary D．passive
131．A．bend B．store C．download D．transfer
132．A．create B．educate C．understand D．improve
133．A．besides B．however C．therefore D．otherwise
134．A．multitask B．identification C．judgment D．flexibility
135．A．agent B．spokesperson C．signboard D．illustration
One spring morning many yeas ago, I had been prospecting for gold along Coho Creek on southeastern Alaska’s Kupreanof Island, and as I emerged from a forest of spruce and hemlock, I ___136___ in my tracks. No more than 20 paces away in the bog was a huge Alaskan timber wolf caught in one of Trapper George’s traps.
Old George had died the previous week of a heart attack, so the wolf was lucky I had happened along. Confused and frightened at my ___137___, the wolf backed away, straining at the trap chain. Then I noticed something else: It was a female, and her teats were full of milk. Somewhere there was a den of ___138___ pups waiting for their mother.
From her appearance, I guessed that she had been trapped only a few days. That meant her pups were probably still alive, surely no more than a few miles away. But I suspected that if I tried to release the wolf, she would turn ___139___ and try to tear me to pieces.
So I decided to search for her pups instead and began to look for incoming tracks that might lead me to her den. Fortunately, there were still a few remaining patches of snow.
I finally spotted the den at the base of an enormous spruce. A few moments later, four tiny pups appeared. They couldn’t have been more than a few weeks old. I extended my hands, and they tentatively suckled at my fingers. Perhaps hunger had helped ___140___ their natural fear. Then, one by one, I placed them in a burlap bag and headed back down the slope.
When the mother wolf spotted me, she stood erect. Possibly ___141___ the scent of her young, she let out a high-pitched, plaintive whine. I released the pups, and they raced to her. Within seconds, they were slurping at her belly.
She needs nourishment, I thought. I have to find her something to eat. I hiked toward Coho Creek and spotted the leg of a dead deer sticking out of a snowbank. I cut off a hindquarter, then re-turned the remains to nature’s ice-box. Toting the venison haunch back to the wolf, I whispered in a soothing tone, “OK, Mother, your dinner is served. But only if you stop growling at me. C’mon, now. Easy.” I tossed chunks of venison in her direction. She sniffed them, then gobbled them up.
Cutting hemlock boughs, I fashioned a rough shelter for ___142___ and was soon asleep nearby. At dawn, I was awakened by four fluffy bundles of fur sniffing at my face and hands. I ___143___ toward the agitated mother wolf. If I could only win her confidence, I thought. It was her only hope.
Over the next few days, I divided my time between prospecting and trying to win the wolf’s trust. I talked gently with her, threw her more venison, and played with the pups. Little by little, I kept ___144___ closer — though I was careful to remain beyond the ____145____ of her chain. The big animal never took her dark eyes off me. “Come on, Mother,” I pleaded. “You want to go back to your friends on the mountain. Relax.”
At dusk on the fifth day, I ____146____ her daily fare of venison. “Here’s dinner,” I said softly as I approached. “C’mon, girl. Nothing to be afraid of.” Suddenly, the pups came bounding to me. At least I had their trust. But I was beginning to lose hope of ever winning over the mother. Then I thought I saw a slight wagging of her tail. I moved within the length of her chain. She remained motionless. My heart in my mouth, I sat down eight feet from her. One snap of her huge jaws and she could break my arm ... or my neck. I wrapped my blanket around myself and slowly ____147____ the cold ground. It was a long time before I fell asleep.
I awoke at dawn, stirred by the sound of the pups nursing. Gently, I leaned over and petted them. The mother wolf stiffened. ”Good morning, friends,“ I said tentatively. Then I slowly placed my hand on the wolf’s injured leg. She flinched but made no threatening move. This can’t be ____148____, I thought. Yet it was.
I could see that the trap’s steel jaws had imprisoned only two toes. They were swollen and lacerated, but she wouldn’t lose the paw — if I could ____149____ her.
“OK,” I said. “Just a little longer and we’ll have you out of there.” I applied pressure, the trap sprang open, and the wolf pulled free.
Whimpering, she loped about, favoring the injured paw. My experience in the wild suggested that the wolf would now gather her pups and vanish into the woods. But cautiously, she crept toward me. The pups nipped playfully at their mother as she stopped at my elbow. Slowly, she sniffed my hands and arms. Then the wolf began licking my fingers. I was ____150____. This went against everything I’d ever heard about timber wolves. Yet, strangely, it all seemed so natural.
After a while, with her pups scurrying around her, the mother wolf was ready to leave and began to limp off toward the forest. Then she turned back to me.
“You want me to come with you, girl ” I asked. Curious, I packed my gear and set off.
Following Coho Creek for a few miles, we ascended Kupreanof Mountain until we reached an al-pine meadow. There, lurking in the forested perimeter, was a wolf pack. I counted nine adults and, judging by their playful antics, four nearly full-grown pups. After a few minutes of greeting, the pack broke into howling. It was an eerie sound, ranging from low wails to high-pitched yodeling.
It was time to leave the wolf to her pack. She watched as I assembled my gear and started walking across the meadow.
Reaching the far side, I looked back. The mother and her pups were sitting where I had left them, watching me. I don’t know why, but I waved. At the same time, the mother wolf ____151____ a long, mournful howl into the crisp air.
Four years later, after ____152____ in World War II, I returned to Coho Creek. It was the fall of 1945. After the horrors of the war, it was good to be back among the soaring spruce and breathing the familiar, bracing air of the Alaskan bush. Then I saw, hanging in the read cedar where I had placed it four years before, the now-rusted steel trap that had ensnared the mother wolf. The ____153____ of it gave me a strange feeling, and something made me climb Kupreanof Mountain to the meadow where I had last seen her. There, standing on a lofty ledge, I gave out a long, low wolf call.
An echo came back across the distance. Again I called. And again the echo reverberated, this time followed by a wolf call from a ridge about a half-mile away.
Then, far off, I saw a dark shape moving slowly in my direction. As it crossed the meadow, I could see it was a timber wolf. A chill spread through my whole body. I knew at once that ____154____ shape, even after four years. “Hello, old girl,” I called gently. The wolf edged closer, ears erect, body tense, and stopped a few yards off, her bushy tail wagging slightly.
Moments later, the wolf was gone. I left Kupreanof Island a short time after that, and I never saw the animal again. But the memory she left with me -— vivid, haunting, a little eerie — will always be there, a reminder that there are things in nature that exist ____155____ the laws and understanding of man.
136．A．passed B．froze C．stood D．paused
137．A．approach B．arrival C．movement D．sight
138．A．little B．hungry C．young D．lovely
139．A．horrible B．aggressive C．violent D．invasive
140．A．overcome B．remove C．fight D．stop
141．A．turning to B．looking back C．picking up D．tracking down
142．A．it B．them C．all D．myself
143．A．moved B．turned C．glanced D．gazed
144．A．running B．walking C．edging D．pacing
145．A．range B．length C．circle D．route
146．A．delivered B．transported C．prepared D．collected
147．A．stood by B．settled onto C．passed over D．fled away
148．A．lingering B．happening C．inviting D．emerging
149．A．free B．calm C．transfer D．comfort
150．A．terrified B．astonished C．overwhelmed D．satisfied
151．A．gave B．screamed C．sent D．made
152．A．experiencing B．defending C．contributing D．serving
153．A．look B．recall C．sight D．memory
154．A．huge B．strong C．familiar D．tough
155．A．under B．concerning C．over D．outside
参考答案：
1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D 9．A 10．C 11．D 12．C 13．C 14．A 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是在2011年出版的简短指南《揭穿手册》中，John Cook和Stephan Lewandowsky研究了世界观的逆火效应，即如果对错误主张的纠正与你的世界观不一致，就会强化误解。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在2011年出版的简短指南《揭穿手册》(The Debunking Handbook)中，George Mason University的John Cook和University of Bristol的Stephan Lewandowsky研究了世界观的逆火效应，即如果对错误主张的纠正与你的世界观不一致，就会强化误解。A. association联系；B. offensiveness冒犯；C. probability可能性；D. misconception误解。根据上文“a correction of a false claim disagrees with your world view”可知，如果对错误主张的纠正与你的世界观不一致，就会强化误解。故选D。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这表明它比Reifler的研究表明的要罕见得多，他认为这是一个极好的消息。A. harder更难的；B. rarer更罕见的；C. more diverse更加多样化的；D. more important更重要的。根据上文“many haven’t seen the effect at all”可知，句子表示“这表明它比Reifler的研究表明的要罕见得多”。故选B。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但无论你做什么，都不要指出这一点，或做出判断(“你错了！，“你太无知了”)。A. reactions反应；B. judgements判断；C. forecasts预报；D. reasons原因。根据下文““You’re wrong!”, “You’re ignorant””可知，括号里内容是对人的判断。故选B。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：相反，倾听并问一些问题来揭示为什么别人会有这些观点(“你为什么这么想？”)。A. reveal揭示；B. avoid避免；C. define下定义；D. link连接。根据下文“why someone has those opinions (“What makes you think that ”)”可知，此处表示“倾听并问一些问题来揭示为什么别人会有这些观点（”。故选A。
5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：好消息是，社会事件是纠正错误的观点的绝佳场合。A. frustrating令人沮丧的；B. excellent极好的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. occasional偶尔的。根据上文“The good news”可知，好消息是，社会事件是纠正错误的观点的绝佳场合。故选B。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而来自可靠的、值得信赖的来源的纠正更有效。A. widespread广泛的；B. deliberate故意的；C. inevitable不可避免的；D. effective有效的。根据上文“corrections from credible, trusted sources”可知，来自可靠的、值得信赖的来源的纠正更有效。故选D。
7．考查固定短语辨析。句意：与社交媒体上的互动相比，面对面讨论话题的时间要多得多。A. in person亲自；B. in detail详细地；C. on purpose故意地；D. on business出差。根据下文“compared with, say, interactions on social media”可知，与社交媒体上的互动相比，面对面即亲自讨论话题的时间要多得多，。故选A。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：坏消息是，即使你心里有这些想法，你仍然不太可能说服别人，尤其是当你在挑战他们的世界观时。A. encourage鼓励；B. impress使印象深刻；C. surprise使惊讶；D. convince说服。结合常识，纠正别人是为了说服别人。故选D。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：那么为什么还要尝试呢？A. try尝试；B. stop阻止；C. move移动；D. wait等待。根据上文“Corrections that are totally different from one’s world view are by-and-large ineffective, especially in conservative people”可知，既然纠正别人是没有效果的，那么为什么还要尝试呢。故选A。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：质疑你亲戚的虚假说法可能会让他们在下次胡说八道之前三思而后行。A. Validating批准；B. Investigating调查；C. Questioning质疑；D. Understanding理解。根据下文“your relatives’ false claims”可知，质疑你亲戚的虚假说法。故选C。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：还要时刻考虑房间里的其他人。A. support支持；B. locate确定……的位置；C. interview采访；D. consider考虑。根据下文“Even if you do not change your Aunt Susan’s mind, you may sow a seed in your nieces’ and nephews’ minds”可知，此处表示“还要时刻考虑房间里的其他人”。故选D。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，库克认为，几乎不可能改变美国7%的人的想法，他们非常确信全球变暖根本没有发生。A. aware意识到的；B. happy高兴的；C. sure确信的；D. disappointed失望的。根据上文“7 per cent of people in the US”和下文“that global warming isn’t happening at all”可知，此处表示“几乎不可能改变美国7%的人的想法，他们非常确信全球变暖根本没有发生”。故选C。
13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：相反，他认为我们应该关注那些仍然愿意接受说服的大多数人。A. make up编造；B. look up to尊敬；C. focus on关注；D. set out on启程。根据下文“the majority still open to persuasion”可知，此处表示“我们应该关注那些仍然愿意接受说服的大多数人”。故选C。
14．考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，预先警告他们媒体上的虚假平衡问题，他们的观点不会在他们读到一篇充满虚假平衡引用的文章时改变。A. For instance例如；B. What’s more另外；C. As a result结果；D. On the contrary相反。根据下文“forewarn them about the problem of false balance in the media and their views won’t change when they read an article full of false-balance quotes”可知，下文是举的一个例子，空格处意为“例如”。故选A。
15．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：那些没有得到警告的人会更加怀疑自己的判断力。A. surprised at对……感到惊讶；B. doubtful of对……怀疑；C. curious of对……好奇的；D. annoyed at对……生气的。根据上文“His studies show that people are less likely to fall for false arguments if they are warned against them”可知，那些没有得到警告的人会更加怀疑自己的判断力。故选B。
16．B 17．B 18．D 19．C 20．A 21．D 22．C 23．C 24．C 25．D 26．A 27．A 28．A 29．D 30．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在网络社会报纸向网上世界的“过渡”，这是一个不确定且非常不舒服的过程。同时保证印刷品也是销售互联网订阅的重要工具。是屏幕还是纸张？把二者结合才能共赢。
16．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：除非，也就是说，这是报纸向网上世界的“过渡”，这是一个不确定且非常不舒服的过程。A. publishing出版的；B. online在线的；C. ideal理想的；D. unknown未知的。根据下文“The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian and many of the rest are down overall between 8% and 10% year-on-year, but their websites go ever higher.”可知这是报纸行业向网络世界的转变。故选B项。
17．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：毕竟，每个人——从网络学者到印刷分析——都这么说。A. On the other hand另一方面；B. After all毕竟；C. To begin with以……开头；D. For instance例如。根据前文“All of that may well be true, depending on timing, geography and more.”以及后文“everyone —from web academics to print analysis—says so.”可知此处应表达的意思是“毕竟”。故选B项。
18．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，停顿片刻，数一数一些不合适的小事。A. stop停止；B. exist存在；C. emerge出现；D. fit适合。根据下文“It ought to be ___4___ , wrecked by the move to the tablets which fit existing magazine page sizes so perfectly.”可知此处原词fit再现。故选D项。
19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它快要垮了，因为平板电脑与现有杂志页面尺寸完美契合，所以受到了破坏。A. regulated调节；B. advancing前进；C. collapsing塌陷；D. minimized最小化。根据下文的“he move to the tablets which fit existing magazine page sizes so perfectly.”可知杂志快要垮掉了。故选C项。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但事实上，杂志购买量的下降幅度相对较小，订阅量保持强劲，广告投放量稳定地增加。A. solid固体的，稳定的；B. simple简单的；C. creative创意的；D. changeable可变的。根据前文的“holding up strongly”可知广告凉的增加也是稳定地。故选A项。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当涉及到书籍、Kindle和类似的电子阅读器时，你会发现一种类似的现象，今年销量大幅增长。A. cultural文化的；B. common普通的；C. scientific科学的；D. similar类似的。根据下文的“with sales up massively this year.”可知这种增长是类似的。故选D项。
22．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：显然，过渡的第一步显而易见。A. later更晚的；B. harder较硬的；C. clearer更清晰的；D. slower更慢的。根据上文的“You can discover a 　　　　6　　　 phenomenon when it comes to books, Kindle and similar e-readers are booming, with sales up massively this year. ”可知这种改变是显而易见的。故选C项。
23．考查代词词义辨析。句意：那么，是屏幕还是纸张？这不是一个或另一个：而是两者都是。A. all全部；B. neither都不是（两者）；C. both两个都是；D. either任何一个（两者中）。根据“It wasn’t one or the other”可知，两者都有，表示“两者都是”应使用both。故选C项。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么，如果该地区的销售额下降如此之少，那么，也许是危机主要影响了报纸？A. service服务；B. system系统；C. crisis危机；D. figure图形。根据前文“if sales in that area have fallen so little”中的fall可知此处需要名词crisis。故选C项。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这些信息还是杂乱地混合在一起。A. right对的；B. vague模糊的；C. designed设计的；D. mixed混合的。根据前文“Screen or paper, then It wasn’t one or the other: it was __8___”可知，如选择网络还是纸质，报纸销售下降的信息也是混合的。故选D项。
26．考查动词词组辨析。句意：西方的销售额有所下降，但亚洲弥补了这一差距。A. made up组成；B. told apart辨别；C. took over接管；D. held on保持。根据前文“Sales in the West dropped back”可知在亚洲出现相反的现象，销售在亚洲得到弥补。故选A项。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，吸引付费读者的最佳方式似乎是以某种形式提供打印副本和数字访问相结合的交易。A. joint联合的；B. mysterious神秘的；C. modern现代的；D. complex复杂的。根据前文“the print copy and digital access”可知这是两种方式的结合。故选A项。
28．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：换句话说，印刷品也是销售互联网订阅的重要工具。A. In other words换言之；B. On the contrary相反；C. What’s more此外； D. Even so即使如此。根据上文“AHowever, the best way of attracting a paying readership appears to be a deal that offers the print copy.”可知，换句话说，印刷品的重要性也是不可忽视的。故选A项。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，这种巨大的差异对报业公司来说并不是好消息，因为维护活跃的网站和活跃的印刷版是困难、复杂和昂贵的。A. new新的；B. sad悲伤的；C. big大的；D. good好的。根据下文“as maintaining both an active website and an active print edition is difficult, complex and expensive.”可知，这种相对增加率对于报业公司来说不是好消息，因为要用大量的财力和物力。故选D项。
30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但报纸品牌在印刷品上仍有许多高知名度：在网络上漂泊，获得被关注的工作变得更加困难。A. spared抽出； B. updated更新； C. noticed注意； D. edited编辑。根据常识和“a drift on the web”可知，获得关注变得更加困难。要在网上获得知名度必须获得关注。故选C项。
31．C 32．B 33．A 34．A 35．D 36．B 37．A 38．B 39．B 40．C 41．B 42．C 43．A 44．B 45．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。在未来40年，世界人口可能被迫完全转向素食，由此带来水资源短缺问题，文章对避免该灾难性的短缺提出几点建议。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：水资源学家就全球粮食供应发出了迄今为止最严格的警告之一，称未来40年，世界人口可能不得不几乎完全转向素食，以避免灾难性的短缺。A. escape逃跑；B. fight斗争，战斗；C. avoid避免；D. reduce减少。根据前文“the world’s population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet over the next 40 years”可知，为了避免灾难性的短缺，世界人口可能不得不几乎完全转向素食。故选C。
32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在气候日益不稳定的世界中，采用素食是增加可用水量以种植更多粮食的一种选择。A. tamed被驯化的，不怕人的；B. available可利用的；C. programmed程序化的；D. provided被提供的。根据后文“to grow more food”可知，需要增加可用水量以种植更多粮食。故选B。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：动物性蛋白质丰富的食物比素食多消耗5到10倍的水。A. vegetarian素食的；B. complicated复杂的；C. healthy健康的；D. solid坚固的，固体的。根据前文“Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option”可知，此处将动物性蛋白质和素食进行比较。故选A。
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：养活人们的其他选择包括消除浪费和增加粮食盈余国家和粮食赤字国家之间的贸易。A. trade贸易；B. exchange交换；C. connection联系；D. business生意。根据后文“between countries in food surplus and those in deficit.”可知，此处指增加粮食盈余国家和粮食赤字国家之间的贸易来养活人们。故选A。
35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：粮食生产和其他用途之间对水的竞争将加剧对基本资源的压力。A. balance使平衡；B. harden使坚硬；C. initiate创始；D. intensify增强，加剧。根据“Competition for water”可知，此处强调粮食生产和其他用途之间对水的竞争将加剧对基本资源的压力，故选D。
36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这将给我们本已紧张的水资源带来额外压力，我们还需要分配更多的水，以满足全球能源需求(预计未来30年将增长60%)，并为目前没有电的13亿人发电。A. productive多产的；B. additional额外的；C. centennial百年的；D. dieting节食的。根据前文“The UN predicts we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century.”可知，联合国预测，人类必须将粮食产量提高70%增加了用水量，由此本已紧张的水资源带来额外压力。故选B。
37．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. stressed紧张的；B. eased缓解的；C. settled解决的；D. developed发达的。根据前文“The UN predicts we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century.”可知，联合国预测，人类必须将粮食产量提高70%增加了用水量，由此本已紧张的水资源带来额外压力。故选A。
38．考查形容词和介词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. worried担心的；B. without没有；C. behind在后面；D. concerned担心的，相关的。根据前文“generate electricity for the 1.3 billion people”可知，此处指为目前没有电的13亿人发电。故选B。
39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：暴饮暴食、营养不良和浪费都在增加，增加的粮食生产未来可能面临水资源短缺的限制。A. resources资源；B. scarcity缺乏，不足；C. supplies供给；D. demand需求。此处强调暴饮暴食、营养不良和浪费等问题会增加水资源的短缺。故选B。
40．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们需要一个新的方法来养活未来的世界。A. provide提供；B. raise举起，升起；C. feed喂养；D. satisfy使满意。根据前文“Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing ___4___ between countries in food surplus and those in deficit.”可知，此处强调人类寻找新的方法来养活未来的世界。故选C。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一份报告称，对撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚国家来说，保护数百万农民免受粮食不安全的最好方法是帮助他们投资小型水泵和简单技术，而不是开发昂贵的大规模灌溉项目。A. problem问题；B. insecurity不安全；C. safety安全；D. production产量。根据后文“was to help them”可知，此处指撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚国家数百万农民遭受着粮食不安全问题。故选B。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. large大的；B. efficient高效的；C. small小的；D. beneficial有益处的。根据后文“rather than to ___13___ expensive, large-scale irrigation projects.”可知，此处与后文形成对比，帮助他们投资小型水泵和简单技术。故选C。
43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. develop发展；B. research研究；C. abandon遗弃；D. experiment做实验。根据后文“irrigation projects.”可知，此处表示开发昂贵的大规模灌溉项目。故选A。
44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：发展中国家的农民越来越依赖于小规模的、与当地相关的水资源解决方案，并从中受益。A. energy能源，精力；B. solutions解决；C. channels渠道；D. origin起源。根据前文的“relying on and benefiting”可知，此处指依赖和受益于相关的水资源解决方案。故选B。
45．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些技术可以使产量提高300%，并为撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚的家庭增加数百亿美元的收入。A. national国家的；B. local当地的；C. household家用的；D. annual每年的。根据前文“Farmers across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale”可知，这些技术可以使产量提高300%，并为撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚的家庭增加数百亿美元的收入。故选C。
46．C 47．A 48．B 49．D 50．B 51．B 52．D 53．D 54．B 55．A 56．A 57．C 58．A 59．A 60．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了长期以来，人们一直认为，作为一个“低地位的人”——即穷人——所带来的心理负担会随着社会阶梯的上升而减轻。事实证明，这只在一定程度上是正确的。事实上，研究表明，当你接近成功的顶峰时，生活压力会急剧增加，它的有害影响几乎抵消了成功的许多积极方面。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们很多人努力追求的东西——高薪、有权势的工作；一个漂亮的房子；一大衣柜的漂亮衣服；为我们的孩子提供一种为他们继续这种生活方式做准备的高级教育，结果这些操心是值得的吗？A. prepare准备；B. intend打算；C. strive努力；D. wait等待。根据后文“for—a high-paying, powerful job; a beautiful house; a wardrobe of nice clothes in desirably small sizes; a fancy education for our children”列举了一系列很多人努力追求的物质生活。故选C。
47．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们很多人努力追求的东西——高薪、有权势的工作；一个漂亮的房子；一大衣柜的漂亮衣服；为我们的孩子提供一种为他们继续这种生活方式做准备的高级教育，结果这些操心是值得的吗？A. carrying搬运，继续；B. living居住；C. taking带走；D. coming来。根据后文“on this way of life”可知，这种高级教育是为了让孩子继续这种生活方式，carry on“继续”。故选A。
48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们很多人努力追求的东西——高薪、有权势的工作；一个漂亮的房子；一大衣柜的漂亮衣服；为我们的孩子提供一种为他们继续这种生活方式做准备的高级教育，结果这些操心是值得的吗？A. depression沮丧；B. trouble麻烦；C. excitement激动；D. happiness幸福。根据后文“than they’re worth”可知为短语worth trouble表示“值得操心、麻烦”，呼应上文“What if the good life isn’t really…all that good (如果美好的生活不是那么美好呢？)”。故选B。
49．考查名词词义辨析。句意：长期以来，人们一直认为，作为一个“低地位的人”——即穷人——所带来的心理负担会随着社会阶梯的上升而减轻。A. result结果；B. responsibility责任；C. benefits利益；D. burdens负担。根据后文“associated with being a “low-status individual””可知是穷人的心理负担，故选D。
50．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长期以来，人们一直认为，作为一个“低地位的人”——即穷人——所带来的心理负担会随着社会阶梯的上升而减轻。A. heavier更重的；B. lighter更轻的；C. higher更高的；D. lower更低的。根据后文“as people move up the social ladder”以及常识，可知，长期以来，人们一直认为，作为一个“低地位的人”——即穷人——所带来的心理负担会随着社会阶梯的上升而减轻。故选B。
51．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一旦你地位足够高，与更富裕相关的精神和身体健康益处就会消失。A. rich富有的；B. high高的；C. old老的；D. wise明智的。根据后文“as you near the top”和“the stress of high status”可知，此处指地位变高。故选B。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一旦你地位足够高，与更富裕相关的精神和身体健康益处就会消失。A. state状态；B. change改变；C. progress进步；D. benefits利益。结合后面一句内容可知，后文提到当你接近成功的顶峰时，生活压力会急剧增加，它的有害影响几乎抵消了成功的许多积极方面，即一旦你地位足够高，与更富裕相关的精神和身体健康益处就会消失。故选D。
53．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，研究表明，当你接近成功的顶峰时，生活压力会急剧增加，它的有害影响几乎抵消了成功的许多积极方面。A. reduces减少；B. improves改善；C. develops发展；D. increases增加。根据后文“so dramatically that its harmful effects almost cancel out”可知，地位越高，生活压力会急剧增加，它的有害影响几乎抵消了成功的许多积极方面。故选D。
54．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，研究表明，当你接近成功的顶峰时，生活压力会急剧增加，它的有害影响几乎抵消了成功的许多积极方面。A. active活跃的；B. positive积极的；C. negative消极的；D. passive被动的。结合上文“so dramatically that its harmful effects almost cancel out many”可知，当你接近成功的顶峰时，生活压力会急剧增加，它的有害影响几乎抵消了成功的许多积极方面。故选B。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在2005年和2007年，他分别对1800名不同收入水平的美国人进行了调查，现在他的研究范围扩大到了6000多名加拿大人。A. extending延伸、扩大……的范围；B. expanding扩展；C. restricting限制；D. targeting作为目标。根据后文“his research to more than 6,000 Canadians”指研究范围的延伸、扩大应用extend。故选A。
56．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的发现颠覆了社会学的智慧：“教育水平高、职业地位高的人，以及中高收入群体承受的压力更大，”他说。A. income收入；B. status地位；C. wealth财富；D. power力量。根据上文“People with higher level of education and in higher-status occupations and mid-to-higher”可知，这里指教育水平高、职业地位高的人，以及中高收入群体承受的压力更大。故选A。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的发现颠覆了社会学的智慧：“教育水平高、职业地位高的人，以及中高收入群体承受的压力更大，”他说。A. advantages优势；B. privilege特权；C. stresses压力；D. influence影响。根据后文“can make life harder if you’re the sort of driven, work-devoted person that high-status individuals tend to be(如果你是地位高、倾向于的那种上进、投入工作的人，那么成功的外表可能会让你的生活更艰难)”可知，教育水平高、职业地位高的人，以及中高收入群体承受的压力更大。后文““too much” stress”也是提示。故选C。
58．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你是地位高、倾向于的那种上进、投入工作的人，那么成功的外表可能会让你的生活更艰难，另一个所谓的好处可能是惩罚：权力。A. success成功；B. failure失败；C. stress压力；D. promotion提拔。根据后文“if you’re the sort of driven, work-devoted person that high-status individuals tend to be”可知，地位高、上进、投入工作的人，即取得成功的人，所以这里指对这类人来说，成功的外表可能会让你的生活更艰难，故选A。
59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：席曼说，拥有凌驾于他人之上的权力会让人陷入各种人际冲突和管理焦虑中，导致“太多”压力。A. conflicts冲突；B. quarrels争吵；C. communications交流；D. relations关系。根据上文“all sorts of interpersonal”可知指各种人际冲突，故选A。
60．考查动词短语辨析。句意：席曼说，拥有凌驾于他人之上的权力会让人陷入各种人际冲突和管理焦虑中，导致“太多”压力。A. resulting from起因于；B. arising from引起；C. pointing to指向；D. leading to导致。根据后文““too much” stress”可知，拥有凌驾于他人之上的权力会让人陷入各种人际冲突和管理焦虑中，导致“太多”压力。故选D。
61．D 62．B 63．C 64．A 65．A 66．D 67．A 68．B 69．C 70．A 71．B 72．C 73．D 74．C 75．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心流状态的特点和容易进入心流状态的人的特点，以及有证据表明环境因素可以培养心流状态。
61．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但掌握一项技能，即使是你深爱的技能，也需要大量的练习。A. functioning运转；B. stimulating刺激；C. enriching使丰富；D. mastering掌握。分析句意再根据空格后的a skill可知，此处用mstering作主语，表示“掌握”一项技能，符合语境。故选D项。
62．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：任何具有挑战性的活动——从计算机编程到演奏乐器再到运动——都需要集中精力练习。A. fixed固定的；B. concentrated全神贯注的；C. paralleled平行的；D. instructed受教育的。根据下文“A perfect golf swing or flawless butterfly stroke (蝶泳) takes countless hours of practice and repetitions to perfect.(一个完美的高尔夫挥杆或完美的蝶泳需要无数小时的练习和重复来完美。)”可知，此处用concentrated表示“全神贯注的”练习，与下文呼应，符合语境。故选B项。
63．考查名词词义辨析。句意：任何想要掌握一项技能的人都必须经历练习、批判性反馈、修改和不断提高的循环，一遍又一遍。A. transformation转变；B. substitute替代物；C. cycle循环；D. condition条件。根据下文的again, again, and again可知，此处用cycle表示一遍又一遍的“循环”符合语境。故选C项。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有些人似乎能够多年专注于练习一项活动，并为自己的逐渐进步感到高兴。A. pleasure快乐；B. pride自豪；C. interest兴趣；D. part部分。分析句意再根据下文的gradual improvement可知，此处用pleasure表示对逐渐进步感到“高兴”符合语境。故选A项。
65．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但也有人觉得这种集中精力、耗费时间的工作令人沮丧或无聊。A. frustrating令人沮丧的；B. rewarding值得的；C. ignorant无知的；D. poisonous有毒的。分析句意再根据空格后的or boring可知，此处用frustrating和boring相呼应，表示“令人沮丧的”符合语境。故选A项。
66．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种差异可能取决于进入“心流”状态的能力，即完全投入到所做事情中的感觉。A. objection反对；B. standard标准；C. principle原则；D. difference差异。根据下文“may depend on the ability to enter into a state of “flow,”(可能取决于进入“心流”状态的能力)”可知，此处用difference表示“差异”取决于这种能力，符合语境。故选D项。
67．考查动词词义辨析。句意：心流状态可以发生在任何活动的过程中，这是在适当的技能水平上，并且个体能够调整自己的表现以获得清晰和即时的反馈。A. adjust调整；B. devote献身；C. apply申请；D. expose暴露。分析句意再根据下文的to可知，此处用固定短语adjust to表示“调整以适应”符合语境。故选A项。
68．考查副词词义辨析。句意：著名心理学家Csikszentmihalyi认为，那些最容易进入心流状态的人有一种“自我人格”，即寻求挑战并进入心流状态的倾向。A. deliberately故意地；B. readily容易地、乐意地；C. hesitantly犹豫地；D. flexibly灵活地。根据下文“had an “autotelic personality”—a tendency to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow.(有“自我人格”——倾向于寻求挑战并进入心流状态。)”可知，此处用readily表示“容易”进入心流状态的人具有这种“自我人格”，符合语境。故选B项。
69．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这样的人，他们专注于任务而不是奖励的能力，在发展他们的先天能力方面比其他人有很大的优势。A. feature特点；B. control控制；C. advantage优势；D. sympathy同情。分析句意再根据空格后的over可知，此处用advantage表示比发展他们的先天能力方面更有“优势”，符合语境。故选C项。
70．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我们如何才能在一项活动中进入心流状态，从而既享受提高技能的过程，又享受成为大师的奖励呢 A. reward奖励、回报；B. jealousy嫉妒；C. security安全；D. contribution贡献。分析句意再根据空格后的being a master可知，成为大师本身就应该是一种奖励，所以此处用reward表示“奖励”符合语境。故选A项。
71．考查副词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，对于我们这些不一定拥有自主人格的人来说，有证据表明心流状态可以由环境因素培养。A. Unexpectedly 出乎意料地；B. Fortunately幸运地；C. Typically典型地；D. Obviously明显地。根据下文“for those of us who don’t necessarily possess an autotelic personality, there is evidence that flow states can be 　 by environmental factors.(对于我们这些不一定拥有自主人格的人来说，有证据表明心流状态可以由环境因素……)”可知，这种情况对于我们不一定拥有自主人格的人来说是幸运的，所以此处用Fortunately表示“幸运地”符合语境。故选B项。
72．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. influenced影响；B. favored偏爱；C. cultivated培养；D. underestimated低估。根据下文“they are encouraged to develop and pursue individual interests(鼓励他们发展和追求个人兴趣)”可知，心流状态是可以通过环境因素被培养的，所以此处用cultivated与后面的by搭配，表示可以被“培养”符合语境。故选C项。
73．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们被鼓励发展和追求个人兴趣。A. Otherwise否则；B. Therefore因此；C. Furthermore此外、而且；D. Instead代替、反而。根据上文“students do not study by following direct instruction(学生不是按照直接的指导学习的)”和下文“they are encouraged to develop and pursue individual interests(鼓励他们发展和追求个人兴趣)”可知，此处上下文之间是相反关系，所以用Instead表示“相反”符合语境。故选D项。
74．考查动词词义辨析。句意：学校不鼓励竞争，不强调评分。A. advocated提倡；B. suspended暂停；C. discouraged不鼓励、使泄气；D. observed观察。根据下文“grading is not emphasized(不强调评分)”可知，此处用discouraged表示竞争是“不被鼓励的”符合语境。故选C项。
75．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过给自己自由安排的、开放的时间、最少的干扰和中等难度的任务设置，我们可能会在努力练习我们喜欢做的事情的同时爱上我们正在做的事情。A. priority优先权；B. difficulty困难；C. curiosity好奇心；D. identity身份。根据上文“By giving ourselves unstructured, open-ended time, minimum distractions,(通过给自己自由的、开放的时间，减少干扰，)”可知，此处用moderate level of difficulty表示设置“中等难度”任务，与上文呼应，符合语境。故选B项。
76．C 77．B 78．A 79．A 80．C 81．D 82．B 83．B 84．D 85．B 86．A 87．A 88．A 89．B 90．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了今年美国大约有2150万名学生，他们中的许多人将靠借钱来支付他们的大学生涯。考虑到目前账面上的学生贷款超过1.3万亿美元，很明显，许多大学生远远不够明智。现在，学生毕业时的平均债务接近4万美元，而随着大学变得越来越普遍和昂贵，要求“免费”的呼声似乎越来越多。
76．考查动词词义辨析。句意：今年美国大约有2150万名学生，他们中的许多人将靠借钱来支付他们的大学生涯。A. experiencing经历；B. pursuing追求；C. funding提供资金，资助；D. covering覆盖。根据后文“their college careers on borrowed money”指靠借钱来为他们的大学生涯提供资金，fund符合语境。故选C。
77．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到目前账面上的学生贷款超过1.3万亿美元，很明显，许多大学生远远不够明智。A. satisfactory令人满意的；B. sensible理智的；C. reasonable合理的；D. logical逻辑的。根据上文“Given that there is at present more than $ 1.3 trillion in student loans on the books, it’s pretty clear that many college students are far from”可知，学生贷款超过1.3万亿美元，负担过重，所以是不理智的。故选B。
78．考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：就连希拉里·克林顿也说，在上大学的问题上，“费用不会成为障碍。”A. barrier障碍；B. free自由的；C. priority优先事项；D. addition增加。呼应后文“costs are absolutely a barrier.”指希拉里说费用不是障碍。故选A。
79．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，唯一能让大学免费的方法是，教师和教职员工贡献出他们的时间，建筑不需要维护，校园不需要取暖、制冷或任何形式的公用设施，所有其他费用都完全消失。A. donated捐赠，贡献出；B. enjoyed欣赏；C. treasured珍藏；D. spent花费。根据宾语their time可知此处指教师和教职员工贡献出他们的时间，故选A。
80．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，唯一能让大学免费的方法是，教师和教职员工贡献出他们的时间，建筑不需要维护，校园不需要取暖、制冷或任何形式的公用设施，所有其他费用都完全消失。A. increased增强；B. multiplied增加；C. disappeared消失；D. decreased减少。根据上文“the buildings required no maintenance, the campuses required no he