高考英语复习：语法专题 专题6　正反解读动词的时态和语态学案（含答案）

专题6　正反解读动词的时态和语态
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1. Sarah　　　　 (tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
2. But at the moment, school　　　　 (come) first. I don't want to get too absorbed in modelling.
3. When fat and salt　　　　 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
4. I 　　　　(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
5. The giant panda　　　　(love) by people throughout the world.
考点一　一般现在时(动词用原形或第三人称单数)
规则1 表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
规则2 表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用行为动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
We always care for each other and help each other.
我们总是相互关心、相互帮助。
规则3 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词或短语常用一般现在时,这类词有see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
这里所有的学生都是一中的。
规则4 少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时。表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 pm every day.
这家商店每天晚上11点关门。
规则5 在时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意在if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表示意愿,但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be very pleased.
如果你能接受我的邀请来参加我们的聚会,我的家人会很高兴的。
[温馨提示] 与一般现在时所对应的时间状语有:often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等。
考点二　现在进行时(am/is/are+v.-ing)
规则6 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作或近期一直在做的事情。
It is raining now.现在正在下雨。
规则7 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
她明天动身去北京。
规则8 代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。
The Yangtze River is flowing into the east.
长江滚滚向东流去。
规则9 与always, often, forever, constantly, continually连用,表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩,但并非强调动作正在进行。
He is always helping others.他总是帮助其他人。
[温馨提示] 与现在进行时所对应的时间状语有:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。
考点三　现在完成时(has/have+v.-ed)
规则1 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时刚刚完成的动作。
I have finished the report.
我已经做好了报告。
规则2 表示从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for…”“since…”表述的一段时间状语连用。
They have worked here since they left college.
自从大学毕业他们就在这儿工作了。
规则3 表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用have/has been to;表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用have/has gone to。
①—Where is Li Hua
—He has gone to the reading room.
“李华在哪里 ”
“他去了阅览室。”
②—She knows a lot about Shanghai.
—She has been there for two years.
“她对于上海了解很多。”
“她在那儿待了两年。”
规则4 在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达到将来某时已经完成的动作。
We'll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.
如果那时雨停了,我们就六点出发。
规则5 短暂动词(即瞬间动词)及短语join, lose, buy, borrow, lend, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out, take part in等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has joined the army for three years.(×)
He joined the army three years ago. (√)
He has been in the army for three years. (√)
It is/has been three years since he joined the army. (√)
[温馨提示] 与现在完成时对应的时间状语有: recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years…, for+时间段, “since+时间点”等。
考点四　一般过去时(v.-ed或不规则变化)
规则1 一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去的具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示),用于表达过去的习惯动作或状态,表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
我原以为这部电影会很有趣,其实不然。
规则2 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句中的动作发生,但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告诉我昨晚他读了一本有趣的小说。
规则3 表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute等。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
她一进来就把发生在她身上的一切告诉了我。
[温馨提示] 与一般过去时对应的时间状语有:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago等。
考点五　过去进行时(was/were+v.-ing)
规则1 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间需用时间状语表示)。
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
昨天一整天他都在准备他的演讲。
规则2 表示一个动作在另一个过去的动作发生时进行。
They were still working when I left.
我离开时他们还在工作。
规则3 指两个过去正在进行的动作同时发生。
While I was writing letters last night, he was watching TV.
昨晚我写信的时候,他在看电视。
规则4 表示过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。
He said (that) she was arriving the next day.
他说她第二天到达。
规则5 与always, often, forever, constantly, continually连用,表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩。
She was always thinking of others instead of thinking of herself.
她总是想着别人而不是自己。
规则6 用来描绘故事发生时的背景。
The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
风在吹,雨在使劲地下。
[温馨提示] 与过去进行时对应的时间状语有:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
考点六　过去完成时(had+v.-ed)
规则1 在by, by the end of, by the time, until, before后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
到去年年底,我们已经生产了20 000辆汽车。
规则2 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态,即“从过去到过去”。
When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
当杰克到达时,玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。
规则3表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示,即“hoped/planned…+to have done”。
I had planned to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.
我本来打算寄给他一张圣诞卡片的,但我忘了寄了。
规则4 在“hardly (scarcely)…when…,no sooner…than…”句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意思为“一……就……”。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.→No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
我们刚落座公共汽车就开动了。
[温馨提示] 与过去完成时对应的时间状语有:before, by the end of last month/year…等。
考点七　一般将来时(will/shall/be going to do)
规则1 表示将来的动作或状态常用“will/shall+动词原形”。
规则2 be to do和“be going to+动词原形”表示计划、打算要做某事,此外,be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
规则3 表示趋向行为的动词,如come, go, start, begin, leave等,常用现在进行时表示将来。
[温馨提示] 与一般将来时对应的时间状语有:tomorrow, next week/month…, in an hour, in the coming/following weeks等。
考点八　过去将来时(would do, was/were going to do)
规则1 表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作、状态或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中)。
She was sure she would succeed.
她确信她会成功。
规则2 表示过去经常发生的动作。
When he was young, he would go swimming.
当他年轻的时候,他常常去游泳。
[温馨提示] 与过去将来时对应的时间状语有:the following month, the next week等。
考点九　动词被动语态的构成(以ask为例)
常用被 动语态 构成 (以ask为例) 常用被 动语态 构成 (以ask为例)
1 一般 现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去 进行时 was/were being asked
2 一般 过去时 was/were asked 7 现在 完成时 have/has been asked
3 一般 将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去 完成时 had been asked
4 过去 将来时 would be asked 9 将来 完成时 will/shall have been asked
5 现在 进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词 的被动语态 can/must/may/ should/… be asked
[温馨提示] 主动形式表被动意义的几类动词。
①“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。
His plan proved (to be) practical. 他的计划被证明符合实际。
②表示主语的某种属性特征的不及物动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut等,用主动形式表示被动含义。
His books sell well,so they will be sold out soon.
他的书很畅销,因此很快就会卖光。
③动词want,need,require,deserve后接不定式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式,意义相同。
As a result of the serious flood,two thirds of the buildings in the area deserve repairing/to be repaired.
由于严重的洪灾,这个地区三分之二的建筑需要修缮。
误区之一　 动词时态曲折变化的误用
(1)【误】 She promised that she will not let out the plan to the press.
【正】 She promised that she would not let out the plan to the press.
[分析] will改为would。在宾语从句中,主从句的时态要保持前后一致。本句主句是一般过去时,故从句也要用相应的时态。句意:她答应不会向媒体方面泄露这个计划。
(2)【误】 To arrange for an appointment with us, please complete the reply slip and sent it back to us.
【正】 To arrange for an appointment with us, please complete the reply slip and send it back to us.
[分析] 根据语境以及and可知,sent应与complete保持一致,故sent改为send。句意:为了安排和我们的预约,请完成答复信并回寄给我们。
(3)【误】 By the time you will arrive in London, we will have been in Europe for two weeks.
【正】 By the time you arrive in London, we will have been in Europe for two weeks.
[分析] by the time后的从句不用将来时,故去掉第一个will。
(4)【误】 The detective fixed his sharp eyes upon the box, wondering whether he saw it somewhere before.
【正】 The detective fixed his sharp eyes upon the box, wondering whether he had seen it somewhere before.
[分析] saw改为had seen。分析语境可知,see的动作发生在“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。
(5)【误】 Nancy is not coming tonight. But she has promised!
【正】 Nancy is not coming tonight. But she promised!
[分析] 去掉has。根据语境“南希答应要来”可知,promise的动作发生在过去,与现在时间无关,故用一般过去时。
误区之二　动词语态曲折变化的误用
(1)【误】 The book which had been lost returned to the library.
【正】 The book which had been lost was returned to the library.
[分析] returned前加was。return是及物动词,句子的主语the book与之构成语态上的被动关系,故returned前加was。句意:那本丢失的书被还回到图书馆。
(2)【误】 There's a feeling among a lot of people that music has been become too commercial in recent years.
【正】 There's a feeling among a lot of people that music has become too commercial in recent years.
[分析] 去掉been。become意为“变得,变成”,不能使用被动语态。句意:近年来,很多人都觉得音乐变得过于商业化了。
Ⅰ.单句填空
1. Mr White 　　　　(teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
2. That was the first time that I 　　　　(be) to Hong Kong so I had great difficulty finding the hotel.
3. I 　　　　(watch) TV alone in the living room when I suddenly heard a crack upstairs.
4. It is the first time that I 　　　　(enjoy) this kind of mooncake.
5. At a young age, he 　　　　(move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
6. I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I 　　　　(ask), “What do you wish me to do now ”
7. This is the first time that our whole class 　　　　(go) out together for a picnic.
8. If their marketing plans succeed, they　　　　(increase)their sales by 20 per cent.
9. The real reason why prices　　　　(be),and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
10. More expressways 　　　　(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
11. Marty 　　　　(work) really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.
12. Close the door of fear behind you,and you 　　　　(see) the door of faith open before you.
13. Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement 　　　　(reach) so far by the two sides.
14. I didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon. I 　　　　(do) my homework then.
15. Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future　　　　(belong) to the well-educated.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1. When summer came,they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!

2.She was so interested in the book that she read it for three hours before she realized it.

3. We get up early in the morning. Dad cleaned the house, and then went shopping.

4. While they chat,my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge.

5. It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside.

Ⅲ.语法填空
The Sydney Opera House has a very interesting history. 1.　　　　 all started in the 1960s, when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra had nowhere to play. The orchestra's conductor, Eugene Goossens, asked the Australian government to think about building a place and the government 2.　　　　 (final) agreed to build an opera house in 1956.
The government held an 3.　　　　 (nation) competition to find a design for the opera house. Many of the designers from around the world 4.　　　　 entered the competition were famous, but the design of an unknown Danish architect 5.　　　　 (name) J rn Utzon was chosen as the 6.　　　　 (win).
While drawing up the plans, Utzon remembered the temples he 7.　　　　 (see) in Mexico before and used them as his inspiration for the base 8.　　　　 the opera house in Sydney. The building of the opera house began in 1958, but Utzon had still not finished his plans. He did not like his first plan as the concrete roof shells did not work. His new idea was 9.　　　　 (make) the shell shapes on the roof into the shape of a ball. That way, the same ball mould could be used for several roof 10.　　　　 (part). In 1962, the government agreed to the new ball roof idea. The building was completed and in November 1973, the Sydney Opera House was opened by Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.
专题6　正反解读动词的时态和语态
【高考链接】
1.has been told/was told　句意:莎拉被告知她可能成为英国新的超级名模,在下一年收入可达百万美元。 tell是一个后接双宾语的动词,判断此句用被动语态;根据后面的动词could be,可知用一般过去时(表示事情发生过了)或者用现在完成时(没有时间状语的情况下多用此时态)。
2.comes　根据at the moment可知,句子应用一般现在时,而且主语是单数,故用comes。
3.are removed　分析句子可知fat,salt和remove之间是被动关系,脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉,所以用被动语态。故填are removed。
4.was allowed　根据语境时态是一般过去时以及主语I与allow之间是被动关系可知,用一般过去时的被动语态,故填was allowed。
5.is loved　句意:大熊猫被全世界人民所喜爱。the giant panda与love之间是被动关系,本句是在陈述客观事实,故用一般现在时的被动语态。
【实战演练】
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.had taught　根据for nearly forty years可知用完成时,由时间状语从句before he retired last month可知用过去完成时。
2.had been　句意:那是我第一次去香港,因此我在找酒店时遇到很大的困难。It is/was the first time that sb have/had done sth. 意为“这是某人第一次做某事。”本题中主句时态为一般过去时,that引导的从句应用过去完成时。
3.was watching　句意:我正一个人在起居室里看电视,这时楼上突然传来了崩裂的声音。sb be doing sth when…为固定句型,意为“某人正在做某事时,突然……”,再由从句中的谓语动词heard可知,主句应用过去进行时。故填was watching。
4.have enjoyed　句意:这是我第一次吃这种月饼。在“It/This/That is/was the first/second/… time+(that)从句.”中,如果主句用一般现在时,从句常用现在完成时。故填have enjoyed。
5.moved　根据时间状语at a young age可知,此处表示过去发生的事情,故用一般过去时。
6.asked　句意:我抑制不住自己的急切心情,问道:“你现在希望我做什么 ”根据主句中的wasn't可知,ask这个动作发生在过去,因此用一般过去时。
7.have gone　在“This/It is the first time that…”句型中,that后的谓语动词用现在完成时,从句主语our whole class指人,故填have gone。
8.will increase　句意:如果他们的促销计划成功, 那么他们的销售量将会增加百分之二十。条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来, 主句必须用一般将来时。
9.were　句意:物价过去很高,现在依然居高不下的真正原因是复杂的,这个问题不是简短的几句话就能圆满解释的。根据“…and still are…”可知,此处指过去和现在的物价,所以应使用一般过去时。
10.will be built　句意:四川很快就会有更多的高速公路被修建,以促进地方经济。根据句中时间标志词soon可知应使用将来时态,expressways与build之间是被动关系,故填will be built。
11.has been working　句意:Marty一直在很努力地写他的书,并且他认为到周五他就会完成了。根据“…he'll have finished it by Friday.”可知,Marty还未完成他的书,所填词表示从过去一直持续到现在,将来还要持续的动作或状态,强调动作或状态的持续性,用现在完成进行时。
12.will see　本句为“祈使句+and+陈述句”句式,其中陈述句的谓语应用一般将来时。
13.has been reached　so far用于现在完成时,reach与agreement是被动的关系,故用现在完成时的被动语态。
14.was doing　根据语境“没去听讲座的原因是我正在做家庭作业”可知用过去进行时。
15.belongs　本句是事实陈述句,belong无进行时和被动语态, 故填belongs。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.came改为comes　此处指“当夏天来临时”,用一般现在时。
2.read前加had　3.get改为got　4. chat改为chatted 　5.had改为have
Ⅲ.语法填空
【文章大意】 文章介绍了悉尼歌剧院设计构思的征集、思路的变化和修建的过程。
1. It　考查代词。此处特指the Sydney Opera House,故填It。
2. finally　考查副词。此处修饰动词agreed用副词,指“最后”同意,故填finally。
3. international　考查形容词。此处根据an 和名词competition可知用形容词,指一场国际竞争,故填international。
4. who/that　考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句,先行词designers指人,在定语从句中作主语,用关系代词who/that引导,指参加竞赛的设计者们,故填who/that。
5. named　考查过去分词。句中an unknown Danish architect和name是被动关系,故用过去分词。指被叫作J rn Utzon的建筑师,故填named。
6. winner　考查名词。此处由the修饰,指被选为获胜者,故填winner。
7. had seen　考查动词时态。此处指Utzon想起他以前在墨西哥见过的寺庙。主句用的是过去时,发生在remembered之前的动作用过去完成时,故填had seen。
8. of　考查介词。the base of…指“……的基础”,of表示“……的”,故填of。
9. to make　考查不定式。此处是不定式用于系动词was后作表语,指他的新想法是把顶上的贝壳形状变成球形。故填to make。
10. parts　考查名词复数。part是可数名词,由several修饰,指几部分,用复数形式。故填parts。