高考英语复习：语法专题 专题9　正反解读定语从句学案（含答案）

专题9　正反解读定语从句
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 　　　　is not good for the health.
2. But Sarah, 　　　　has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
3. …was spread over the garden, 　　　　it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
4. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, 　　　　the weather may be better.
5. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 　　　　I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句
规则1who,whom,whose引导的定语从句
who和whom指人,who在定语从句中作主语;whom在定语从句中作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom;whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语,指物时可用of which代替,指人时可用of whom代替。
①Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。
②My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
我大儿子目前在纽约,他的工作让他全世界到处跑。
规则2that,which引导的定语从句
that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,作宾语或表语时可省略;which指物,在定语从句中作主语和宾语,作宾语时,在限制性定语从句中可省略。另外,which可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。
①The little problems that/which we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感。
②China Today attracts a worldwide readership,which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者,这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。
[温馨提示] 下列情况只用that不用which:
①先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词;
②先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰;
③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词;
④先行词被the only,the very(正是,恰是),the last修饰;
⑤先行词中既有人也有物;
⑥在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。
考点二　关系副词引导的定语从句
先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词,从句中缺少状语时用关系副词when,where,why。有时可用“介词+which”结构替换。
①Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer
这就是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗
②They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
[温馨提示] ①当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时,即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词,仍用which/that引导定语从句。
②当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词,如point,situation,case,stage等,如果引导词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where引导定语从句;如果作主语、宾语或表语,则用关系代词that/which。
考点三　“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词+whose+名词”结构。
①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。
②In 1961 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
1961年,联合国成立了世界粮食计划署,其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。
③Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.
→Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels.
上星期日我从书店买了一些书,其中三本是英文小说。
[温馨提示] ①在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代词或数词的前后可以用of which/whom。
②the+比较级或最高级前后用of which/whom等。
考点四　as,which引导的定语从句
as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句,意为“正如,正像”,as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中;which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容则只能位于句末。
①The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 per cent in just one year.
正如报道的那样,吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。
②It is a truly delightful place,which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
这真是一个令人愉快的地方,它看上去和100年前的样子一样,有蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的村舍。
[温馨提示] as常用在下列习惯用语中:
①as (it) often happens,as I remember,as is often the case,as is expected,as is known to us,as is shown等。
②“such/so…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思,用来引导一个结果状语从句;而“such/so…as…”表示“像……这样……”的意思,用来引导定语从句,as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。
③“the same…that…”表示同一个人或物,而“the same…as…”表示同种类的人或物。
误区之一　 关系代词与关系副词的误用
(1)【误】 I still remember the days when I spent with farmers in the countryside.
【正】 I still remember the days (that/which) I spent with farmers in the countryside.
[分析] when改为that/which。先行词是the days,从句动词spent缺少宾语,故用关系代词that/which引导定语从句并作从句宾语。
(2)【误】 The big house which the workers used to live is now a teaching building.
【正】 The big house where/in which the workers used to live is now a teaching building.
[分析] which前加in或改为where。先行词是the big house,从句结构完整,故用关系副词where引导定语从句并作从句状语,相当于in which。工人住过的大房子现在是一座教学楼。
误区之二　关系代词that与which的误用
(1)【误】 All the books which were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.
【正】 All the books that were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.
[分析] which改为that。当定语从句的先行词被all, some, any, no, few等修饰时,关系代词用that。句意:所有从图书馆借出的书必须按时归还。
(2)【误】 He lives in the room, the window of that faces the south.
【正】 He lives in the room, the window of which faces the south.
[分析] that 改为which。在“介词+关系代词”型的定语从句中,指物时,关系代词用which不用that;指人时,关系代词用whom不用which。表示所有格关系时,一律用whose,the window of which相当于whose window。
(3)【误】 Dinner starts with a small dish, that is often called a starter.
【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish, which is often called a starter.
[分析] that 改为which。在非限制性定语从句中,用which而不用that。
误区之三　关系代词与替代词的重复误用
【误】 I am writing to make a complaint that the mobile phone which I bought it from your company has a problem.
【正】 I am writing to make a complaint that the mobile phone which I bought from your company has a problem.
[分析] 去掉it。先行词是the mobile phone, which在从句中作宾语,故it多余。句意:我写信投诉我在你们公司买的手机有个问题。
误区之四　关系代词与普通代词的误用
(1)【误】 You can also make more Chinese friends, they will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.
【正】 You can also make more Chinese friends, who will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.
【正】 You can also make more Chinese friends, and they will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.
[分析] they改为who或they前加and。分析句式结构可知,此处是一个定语从句,从句缺少主语,故用who引导定语从句,指代more Chinese friends。who will tell you相当于 and they will tell you。
(2)【误】 They were deeply moved, most of them were with tears in their eyes.
【正】 They were deeply moved, most of whom were with tears in their eyes.
【正】 They were deeply moved, and most of them were with tears in their eyes.
【正】 They were deeply moved, most of them with tears in their eyes.
[分析] them改为whom或most前加and或去掉第二个were。分析句式可知,此处是“介词+关系代词”型的定语从句,先行词指人,故用whom引导定语从句。此句还可以改为并列句或独立主格形式。
误区之五　关系代词或副词的缺失错误
【误】 There are many people think that wealth is better than health.
【正】 There are many people who/that think that wealth is better than health.
【正】 There are many people thinking that wealth is better than health.
[分析] think前加who/that或think改为thinking。此句是there be句型,故判断“think that…”用作定语;先行词是people,从句缺少主语,故用who/that引导定语从句,相当于现在分词thinking。
误区之六　定语从句中主谓不一致的误用
(1)【误】 Anyone who have questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.
【正】 Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.
[分析] have改为has。who指代先行词anyone,故谓语用单数修饰。句意:有问题要问的人,请今天下午到我办公室来。
(2)【误】 This is one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.
【正】 This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
[分析] was改为were。句意:这个房间是那次大火中被烧毁的房间之一。在one of…结构中,先行词为of后的复数名词或代词,从句谓语用复数形式。但当先行词是“the only/very one of+复数名词”时,从句谓语则用单数形式。比较:
This is the only one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire. 这就是那次大火中唯一一个被烧毁的房间。
Ⅰ.单句填空
1. Those who can achieve high grades in class tend to be weak in handling some practical problems, 　　　　is often the case.
2. The old man turned his business over to his younger son, 　　　　made his elder son discouraged.
3. I will never forget such a beautiful village 　　　　I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
4. There they met people from other parts of the country, 　　　　had also volunteered to help.
5. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those 　　　　lives were affected.
6. On an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm 　　　　we learnt to plant potatoes.
7. It's helpful to put children in a situation 　　　　they can see themselves differently.
8. He wrote many children's books, nearly half of 　　　　were published in the 1990s.
9. Tom's new watch 　　　　hands are made of gold is quite expensive.
10.Many young people, most of　　　　were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
11.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry with tears, none of 　　　　has been proved.
12.The air quality in the city, 　　　　is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
13.It is the third time that she has won the race, 　　　　has surprised us all.
14.Please send us all the information 　　　　you have about the candidate for the position.
15.The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work 　　　　a good impression is a must.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1. …they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house.

2. The dishes what I cooked were Mum's favourite.

3. We all like our English teacher, from him we have learned a lot.

4.Between the lectures is a 20 minutes' break, where the students can get relaxed.

5.Her performances on the stage were perfect, that made a lot of people admire her.

Ⅲ.语法填空
People who have spent time in other cultures often talk about “reverse(逆向的)culture shock”.If you leave your country for more than a short tourist trip and then go back home,you may feel 1.　　　　.What is “reverse culture shock” Well,imagine the following: you have just adjusted to a new culture and have come 2.　　　　 (enjoy) life in it.You have made new friends and have had 3.　　　　 great variety of new experiences.Then, 4.　　　　 (sad) enough,it's time to leave,but you are also very excited about 5.　　　　 (go) home.Arriving home is wonderful—seeing all the friends and relatives you haven't seen,eating all the special foods,reading the newspapers 6.　　　　 hearing music you haven't heard in such a long time.But then after a few weeks,perhaps,things may not seem so “wonderful”.You may become critical of your home country 7.　　　　 you have grown up.You may not like certain things or ideas. 8.　　　　 your eyes,either you or your home country 9.　　　　 (change).
This is the process of readjustment.It's a difficult period,and many people experience it after the 10.　　　　 (excite) of coming home has worn off. Fortunately,it doesn't usually last as long as adjustment to a new culture does.
专题9　正反解读定语从句
【高考链接】
1.which　分析句子结构可知,“… is not good for the health”为非限制性定语从句,先行词为前文中的to have too much of both,即“摄入过多的两者”,从句缺少主语,故用which引导定语从句,并作从句主语。
2.who　分析句子结构可知,此处是一个定语从句,缺少关系词,代指先行词Sarah, 在从句中作主语,故填who。
3.where　此处先行词是the garden,在从句中充当地点状语,故填where。
4.when　先行词为next week, 其引导词在后面的定语从句中作时间状语,故用when引导。
5.when　此句是非限制性定语从句,先行词是时间名词,从句缺少状语,故填关系副词when。
【实战演练】
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.as　句意:那些能在课堂上取得高分的人往往不擅长解决实际问题,这是常有的事情。as is often the case意为“这是常有的事情”,为固定用法。
2.which　句意:那个老人把生意交给了小儿子,这使他的大儿子很沮丧。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面一整句话的内容,并在从句中作主语,故填which。
3.where　句意:我永远不会忘记那个如此美丽的村庄,在那里我和祖父母一起度过我的童年。设空处引导定语从句,先行词是village,且在从句中作地点状语,因此用where引导,相当于in which。
4.who　句意:在那里他们遇到了从这个国家其他地方来的人,他们也是自愿来帮忙的。分析句子结构可知,此处应是非限制性定语从句的引导词,先行词是people,从句缺少主语,故填关系代词who。
5.whose　句意:这本书从生活遭受地震影响的人们的视角来讲述地震的故事。主句结构完整,先行词为those,引导词代替先行词在从句中修饰名词lives,作定语,因此用whose。
6.where　句意:在一个秋天的下午,我们被送到一个农场,在那里我们学习了种植土豆。设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词a farm,且在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导。
7.where　句意:让孩子们能看到不同的自己很有帮助。situation作定语从句的先行词,从句中缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where引导该定语从句。
8.which　句意:他写了很多少儿读物,几乎一半都是在20世纪90年代出版的。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,对主句进行补充说明。在介词of之后作宾语,代替指物的先行词children's books,故用which。
9.whose　句意:汤姆的新手表的指针是金制的,相当昂贵。设空处引导定语从句,先行词为watch,hands与watch之间为所属关系,应用whose引导该定语从句。
10.whom　句意:很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐他们的梦想,他们中的大多数都受过良好教育。根据句子结构可知,此处为定语从句,先行词为many young people,作介词of的宾语,故要用whom。
11.which　句意:科学家们已经提出许多关于人类为什么哭泣会流泪的理论,其中没有一个是已被证明的。分析句子成分可知,空处引导定语从句,此处是非限制性定语从句,which代替many theories,故应用 which引导该定语从句。
12.as　考查定语从句。句意:正如报道显示的那样,过去两个月这座城市的空气质量已经改善了很多。此句用as引导定语从句,并在从句中作主语,意为“正如”。
13.which　考查定语从句。此句是非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句,关系词在从句中作主语,故填which。
14.that　句意:请你把有关这个职位候选人的所有信息发给我们。先行词information在定语从句中充当have的宾语,前面又有all修饰,故只能用that,不用which。
15.where　句意:这本书在我的日常交流中帮了很大的忙,尤其是在良好印象是一项必要条件的工作中。该定语从句中,work是先行词,指事物,在从句中作地点状语,故用where。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.that改为which　该处前有逗号,后句为非限制性定语从句,故用which。
2.what改为that/which或者去掉what
3. him改为whom或from前加and　4. where改为when
5. that改为which
Ⅲ.语法填空
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,介绍了反向文化冲击,即出国之后再回国产生的不适应。
1.it　考查代词。此处代词it指代上文中的reverse(反向的)culture shock。
2.to enjoy　考查非谓语动词。come to do sth意为“开始认为,开始觉得”。
3.a　考查冠词。a great variety of意为 “多种多样的”,variety为可数名词。
4.sadly　考查副词。副词sadly作状语,修饰整个句子。
5.going　考查非谓语动词。about为介词,后应用动名词形式。
6.and　考查连词。句中seeing,eating,reading和hearing为并列动作,故用and连接。
7.where　考查定语从句。先行词为home country,空处引导定语从句,且在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。
8.In　考查介词。in one's eyes为固定短语,意为“在某人眼里”。
9.has changed　考查动词的时态。此处应用现在完成时,强调过去动作对现在的影响。
10.excitement　考查名词。由the和of可知,此处需要用名词。