选择性必修第一册 Unit 5 Working the Land
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
It was an early blow to my self-confidence.I was attending my first group meeting in the lab as a postdoc，and I was pleased that I could follow most of the discussion.Then，in front of everyone，the professor turned to me and asked about my previous accomplishments.I froze.As a PhD student，I had achieved lots to be proud of.But all of those were in my home country of Brazil.Now I was in Washington，DC and I didn’t know what the word “accomplishment”meant.So all I could say was “I don’t know”．
I had decided to do a postdoc abroad because I thought the training would help me secure a teaching position.I applied for and received a Brazilian government fellowship to spend 18 months working abroad and got a position in a lab.It all seemed so easy—until I actually started.
In a new country，I struggled.After the mortifying lab meeting incident，my confidence took another hit.The paper I intended to publish did not materialize.I used to be invited to give talks.Now，I was asked to speak more slowly because of my accent.My confidence was destroyed.
After months of self-doubt，I reminded myself that I had potential.I needed to do something to regain my confidence.I thought a change of environment might be what I needed.So I made the move.
In another new lab，I still felt insecure.However，I was determined to make the most of the time I had.There were more opportunities to interact with others，which forced me to talk more.It was awful at first，but with practice I began to feel more confident in my English.I proposed new projects.I began to receive positive feedback on my presentations.
My confidence is back.I feel a little like Wonder Woman.She was a strong soldier in her homeland.When she left，she experienced obstacles and failures only to become even stronger than before.
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在国外做博士后的经历，打击和磨难让作者变得更加坚强和自信。
1．What does the underlined word “It”in paragraph 1 refer to
A．I didn’t give a proper response in a lab meeting.
B．The paper I intended to publish did not materialize.
C．I was asked to speak more slowly because of my accent.
D．I reminded myself that I had potential.
答案 A
解析 代词指代题。根据第一段可知，作者作为博士后参加了实验室的第一次小组会议，当被问到以前的成就，她愣住了，没有给出合适的回答。这件事让她的自信心受到了打击。故选A。
2．What was the author’s reaction when asked about her previous achievements
A．She felt insecure.
B．She kept silent.
C．She was at a loss.
D．She felt proud.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Now I was in Washington，DC and I didn’t know what the word ‘accomplishment’ meant.So all I could say was ‘I don’t know’．”可知，当被问及她以前的成就时，作者不知所措。故选C。
3．Why did the author go abroad
A．To apply for government fellowship.
B．To get a doctor’s degree.
C．To build her own lab.
D．To gain experience for a position.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的“I had decided to do a postdoc abroad because I thought the training would help me secure a teaching position.”可知，作者出国是要为一个职位积累经验。故选D。
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．A Lab Meeting Incident
B．I Found My Inside Wonder Woman
C．Brazilians’ Confidence Improved
D．Poor English Ruined Opportunity
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段的“My confidence is back.I feel a little like Wonder Woman.”可知，经历一番打击后，作者并没有灰心，而是果断采取行动，经过努力，她变得更加坚强和自信，感觉自己就像神奇女侠。所以B项“我找到了我内心的神奇女侠”适合作文章标题。故选B。
B
You improve your robot’s software by improving its software.Agrim Gupta of Stanford University，however，begs to differ.He thinks you can also improve a robot’s software by improving its hardware.He and his colleagues have invented a way of testing this idea.
They brought to their robots，unimals，the principles of evolution(进化) by natural selection.Unimals，with globes for heads and sticks for arms and legs，are software beings interacting with a virtual environment.The environments where they wandered were in three varieties: flat grounds，grounds with hills and steps，and ones that had the complexities of the second sort，but with added objects.
To begin with，the unimals were randomly assigned various shapes，but with identical software—derl.Newly-created unimals learned to face the challenges in a virtual boot camp.They were then entered into tournaments in groups.Each group winner was awarded one mutation(变异)—one extra arm or leg，or one extra turning in a joint.The new replaced the oldest unimal and then was assigned to a new group，and the process repeated.About 4,000 varieties of them underwent training.
The team were surprised by the diversity of shapes that evolved.Crucially，though，the researchers found the most successful unimals learned tasks in half the time their oldest ancestors had taken，and that those evolving in the toughest grounds were the most successful.
In this evolution of unimals’ morphology(形态) to promote the ability to learn，Dr Gupta sees a version of something called the Baldwin effect.In 1896 James Baldwin，a psychologist，argued that minds evolve to make the best use of the morphologies of the bodies.What Dr Gupta has shown，though in software，is that the opposite can also be true—changes in body morphology can improve the way minds work.Even though he held the software constant，it became more efficient at learning as the unimals’ bodies evolved.
Whether that discovery can be turned to account in the way robots are developed remains to be seen.But the way of testing is certainly an out-of-the-box idea.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了斯坦福大学的阿格里姆·古普塔认为可以通过改进硬件来改进机器人的软件，他和他的同事们发明了一种方法来验证这个想法。
5．How was the test conducted
A．By promoting unimals’ learning.
B．By adjusting the environments.
C．By proving the evolution theory.
D．By stimulating unimals’ mutation.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可推知，这个试验是通过调整环境来进行的。故选B。
6．What turned out to be surprising in the test
A．The number of trained unimals.
B．The decline in time for learning tasks.
C．The variety of evolved shapes.
D．The replacement of old unimals.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“The team were surprised by the diversity of shapes that evolved.”可知，测试中令人惊讶的是进化出的各种形状。故选C。
7．What can be concluded from the test
A．Body changes better mind work.
B．Mind evolution affects body shaping.
C．Hardware changes do not impact software.
D．The discovery is useful in robot development.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“changes in body morphology can improve the way minds work”可知，身体的变化会使大脑工作得更好。故选A。
8．What’s the author’s attitude to the finding
A．Negative. B．Approving.
C．Indifferent. D．Objective.
答案 D
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可推知，作者对这一发现持客观的态度。故选D。
C
People who regularly sleep for six hours or less each night in middle age are more likely to develop dementia(痴呆) than those who routinely manage seven hours，according to a major study into the disease.
Researchers found a 30% greater risk of dementia in those who during their 50s,60s and 70s consistently had a short night’s sleep，regardless of other risk factors such as heart condition and poor mental health.
Sabia，an author of the study at the university of Paris，and her colleagues analyzed survey data from University College London’s Whitehall study，which launched in 1985 and followed the health and lifestyles of more than 10,000 British volunteers.The French team focused on nearly 8,000 participants who self-reported their sleep patterns.
During 25 years of follow-up,521 participants developed dementia，with most diagnosed in their late 70s.Writing in Nature Communications，the scientists described how those who routinely got six hours of sleep or less each night in their 50s and 60s were 30% more likely to develop dementia than those who typically managed seven hours.
The study does not prove that sleeping too little causes dementia，since sleep loss itself may be one of the earliest symptoms of the disease.But some scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that continuous poor sleep may at least contribute to the disease.
The first pathological changes that lead to dementia occur one to two decades before the disease becomes obvious，as sticky proteins called amyloid build up in the brain.When the 1985 Whitehall study first assessed the sleep of volunteers who later developed dementia，this process had probably not started.This meant that if they were sleeping too little，it was unlikely to have been caused by dementia-related brain changes.
“It strengthens the evidence that poor sleep in middle age could cause or worsen dementia in later life，”said Dr.Liz Coulthard，a consultant senior lecturer in dementia neurology(神经病学)．“It makes sense to take measures to improve sleep such as going outside during daylight hours to help maintain the natural rhythms that promote good sleep，avoiding too much alcohol or caffeine，particularly before bed，and finding a bedtime routine that works for you.”
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时经常每晚睡6小时或更少的人比那些每晚睡7小时的人更容易在晚年患痴呆症。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。
9．What risk factor for dementia does the passage focus on
A．Sleep loss. B．Age.
C．Poor mental health. D．Heart condition.
答案 A
解析 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Researchers found a 30% greater risk of dementia in those who...had a short night’s sleep，regardless of other risk factors...”可知，这篇文章关注的痴呆的风险因素是睡眠不足。故选A。
10．How did French scientists get the research findings
A．By making a comparison.
B．By monitoring sleep patterns.
C．By interviewing British volunteers.
D．By analyzing previous survey data.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到了研究结果。故选D。
11．In what tone do the scientists talk about the research
A．Casual. B．Doubtful.
C．Negative. D．Cautious.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第五段内容，这项研究并没有证明睡眠太少会导致痴呆，因为睡眠不足本身可能是这种疾病的早期症状之一。但一些科学家认为，该研究结果进一步证明，持续睡眠不佳至少可能引起这种疾病，由此推知，科学家们很谨慎。故选D。
12．What is the purpose of the last paragraph
A．To give examples.
B．To collect proofs.
C．To offer suggestions.
D．To present arguments.
答案 C
解析 写作意图题。根据最后一段最后一句可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建议。故选C。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2023·山东德州模拟)
It may come as a surprise that the fashion industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world，especially when it comes to carbon emissions and water usage. 1 Clothing production releases 10% of worldwide carbon emissions.Although cotton is often offered as a more sustainable material，one cotton shirt requires 2,700 liters of water to make，which is enough for one person to drink eight cups per day for 2.5 years.
2 However，it’s undeniable that sustainable companies like Reformation and Organic Basics are out of most people’s price ranges.Fast-fashion clothing companies have the advantage of low prices，and when it comes down to it，most people will choose low prices over sustainability.So，how can people buy sustainable clothing when it’s not affordable？ 3
Actually，there are other ways to practice sustainable habits.Of course，the best way to limit waste is to not buy any new clothes.For example，saving up to buy more sustainable clothes and then wearing them for many years is healthier for the environment and your wallet. 4 Then you can combine them with your statement pieces to get a variety of new outfits that still feel stylish and don’t generate waste.Certainly，buying second-hand clothing is also a great option.
With ever-changing fashion trends moving at breakneck speed，consumers are easily persuaded into buying the latest designs to stay stylish and sustainable. 5 Honestly，it’s unnecessary.Wearing what makes you feel confident will make you look good，and the Earth will thank you for your efforts.
A．The reality is frightening.
B．However，trend is hard to keep up.
C．They have no choice but to follow suit.
D．They can’t，and moreover，they don’t have to.
E．A similar resolution is to own some basic pieces.
F．Sustainable fashion has been on the rise in recent years.
G．Industrial development is pursued at the price of pollution.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了时尚业是世界上污染最严重的行业之一以及作为普通人，我们应该如何做才能保护地球。
1．答案 A
解析 根据下文可知，此处通过数据具体说明时尚业造成环境污染的严重性，A项(事实是可怕的)是对下文的总体概括，突出时尚业对环境的污染的严重性，符合句意。故选A。
2．答案 F
解析 根据下文内容和However可知，空处和下文是转折关系，F项(近年来，可持续时尚正在兴起)符合语境，与下文阐述的因价格过高而不被选择的情况形成对比。故选F。
3．答案 D
解析 根据语境可知，空处需要继续说明人们为什么不选择可持续的衣服。D项(他们买不起，当然，他们也不必这样做)回答了上文的问题。故选D。
4．答案 E
解析 根据空后“Then you can combine them”中的them可知，空处需要提到them所指代的内容，且该内容还能和你的衣服进行搭配。E项中的“basic pieces”和空后“statement pieces”对应。故选E。
5．答案 B
解析 上文说明时尚一直变，人们很容易追求最新款；下文则在劝说人们不需要一直购买新款。B项(然而，潮流很难跟上)承上启下，符合文意。故选B。选择性必修第一册 Unit 5 Working the Land
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
It was an early blow to my self-confidence.I was attending my first group meeting in the lab as a postdoc，and I was pleased that I could follow most of the discussion.Then，in front of everyone，the professor turned to me and asked about my previous accomplishments.I froze.As a PhD student，I had achieved lots to be proud of.But all of those were in my home country of Brazil.Now I was in Washington，DC and I didn’t know what the word “accomplishment”meant.So all I could say was “I don’t know”．
I had decided to do a postdoc abroad because I thought the training would help me secure a teaching position.I applied for and received a Brazilian government fellowship to spend 18 months working abroad and got a position in a lab.It all seemed so easy—until I actually started.
In a new country，I struggled.After the mortifying lab meeting incident，my confidence took another hit.The paper I intended to publish did not materialize.I used to be invited to give talks.Now，I was asked to speak more slowly because of my accent.My confidence was destroyed.
After months of self-doubt，I reminded myself that I had potential.I needed to do something to regain my confidence.I thought a change of environment might be what I needed.So I made the move.
In another new lab，I still felt insecure.However，I was determined to make the most of the time I had.There were more opportunities to interact with others，which forced me to talk more.It was awful at first，but with practice I began to feel more confident in my English.I proposed new projects.I began to receive positive feedback on my presentations.
My confidence is back.I feel a little like Wonder Woman.She was a strong soldier in her homeland.When she left，she experienced obstacles and failures only to become even stronger than before.
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在国外做博士后的经历，打击和磨难让作者变得更加坚强和自信。
1．What does the underlined word “It”in paragraph 1 refer to
A．I didn’t give a proper response in a lab meeting.
B．The paper I intended to publish did not materialize.
C．I was asked to speak more slowly because of my accent.
D．I reminded myself that I had potential.
2．What was the author’s reaction when asked about her previous achievements
A．She felt insecure.
B．She kept silent.
C．She was at a loss.
D．She felt proud.
3．Why did the author go abroad
A．To apply for government fellowship.
B．To get a doctor’s degree.
C．To build her own lab.
D．To gain experience for a position.
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．A Lab Meeting Incident
B．I Found My Inside Wonder Woman
C．Brazilians’ Confidence Improved
D．Poor English Ruined Opportunity
B
You improve your robot’s software by improving its software.Agrim Gupta of Stanford University，however，begs to differ.He thinks you can also improve a robot’s software by improving its hardware.He and his colleagues have invented a way of testing this idea.
They brought to their robots，unimals，the principles of evolution(进化) by natural selection.Unimals，with globes for heads and sticks for arms and legs，are software beings interacting with a virtual environment.The environments where they wandered were in three varieties: flat grounds，grounds with hills and steps，and ones that had the complexities of the second sort，but with added objects.
To begin with，the unimals were randomly assigned various shapes，but with identical software—derl.Newly-created unimals learned to face the challenges in a virtual boot camp.They were then entered into tournaments in groups.Each group winner was awarded one mutation(变异)—one extra arm or leg，or one extra turning in a joint.The new replaced the oldest unimal and then was assigned to a new group，and the process repeated.About 4,000 varieties of them underwent training.
The team were surprised by the diversity of shapes that evolved.Crucially，though，the researchers found the most successful unimals learned tasks in half the time their oldest ancestors had taken，and that those evolving in the toughest grounds were the most successful.
In this evolution of unimals’ morphology(形态) to promote the ability to learn，Dr Gupta sees a version of something called the Baldwin effect.In 1896 James Baldwin，a psychologist，argued that minds evolve to make the best use of the morphologies of the bodies.What Dr Gupta has shown，though in software，is that the opposite can also be true—changes in body morphology can improve the way minds work.Even though he held the software constant，it became more efficient at learning as the unimals’ bodies evolved.
Whether that discovery can be turned to account in the way robots are developed remains to be seen.But the way of testing is certainly an out-of-the-box idea.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了斯坦福大学的阿格里姆·古普塔认为可以通过改进硬件来改进机器人的软件，他和他的同事们发明了一种方法来验证这个想法。
5．How was the test conducted
A．By promoting unimals’ learning.
B．By adjusting the environments.
C．By proving the evolution theory.
D．By stimulating unimals’ mutation.
6．What turned out to be surprising in the test
A．The number of trained unimals.
B．The decline in time for learning tasks.
C．The variety of evolved shapes.
D．The replacement of old unimals.
7．What can be concluded from the test
A．Body changes better mind work.
B．Mind evolution affects body shaping.
C．Hardware changes do not impact software.
D．The discovery is useful in robot development.
8．What’s the author’s attitude to the finding
A．Negative. B．Approving.
C．Indifferent. D．Objective.
C
People who regularly sleep for six hours or less each night in middle age are more likely to develop dementia(痴呆) than those who routinely manage seven hours，according to a major study into the disease.
Researchers found a 30% greater risk of dementia in those who during their 50s,60s and 70s consistently had a short night’s sleep，regardless of other risk factors such as heart condition and poor mental health.
Sabia，an author of the study at the university of Paris，and her colleagues analyzed survey data from University College London’s Whitehall study，which launched in 1985 and followed the health and lifestyles of more than 10,000 British volunteers.The French team focused on nearly 8,000 participants who self-reported their sleep patterns.
During 25 years of follow-up,521 participants developed dementia，with most diagnosed in their late 70s.Writing in Nature Communications，the scientists described how those who routinely got six hours of sleep or less each night in their 50s and 60s were 30% more likely to develop dementia than those who typically managed seven hours.
The study does not prove that sleeping too little causes dementia，since sleep loss itself may be one of the earliest symptoms of the disease.But some scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that continuous poor sleep may at least contribute to the disease.
The first pathological changes that lead to dementia occur one to two decades before the disease becomes obvious，as sticky proteins called amyloid build up in the brain.When the 1985 Whitehall study first assessed the sleep of volunteers who later developed dementia，this process had probably not started.This meant that if they were sleeping too little，it was unlikely to have been caused by dementia-related brain changes.
“It strengthens the evidence that poor sleep in middle age could cause or worsen dementia in later life，”said Dr.Liz Coulthard，a consultant senior lecturer in dementia neurology(神经病学)．“It makes sense to take measures to improve sleep such as going outside during daylight hours to help maintain the natural rhythms that promote good sleep，avoiding too much alcohol or caffeine，particularly before bed，and finding a bedtime routine that works for you.”
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时经常每晚睡6小时或更少的人比那些每晚睡7小时的人更容易在晚年患痴呆症。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。
9．What risk factor for dementia does the passage focus on
A．Sleep loss. B．Age.
C．Poor mental health. D．Heart condition.
10．How did French scientists get the research findings
A．By making a comparison.
B．By monitoring sleep patterns.
C．By interviewing British volunteers.
D．By analyzing previous survey data.
11．In what tone do the scientists talk about the research
A．Casual. B．Doubtful.
C．Negative. D．Cautious.
12．What is the purpose of the last paragraph
A．To give examples.
B．To collect proofs.
C．To offer suggestions.
D．To present arguments.
Ⅱ.七选五
(2023·山东德州模拟)
It may come as a surprise that the fashion industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world，especially when it comes to carbon emissions and water usage. 1 Clothing production releases 10% of worldwide carbon emissions.Although cotton is often offered as a more sustainable material，one cotton shirt requires 2,700 liters of water to make，which is enough for one person to drink eight cups per day for 2.5 years.
2 However，it’s undeniable that sustainable companies like Reformation and Organic Basics are out of most people’s price ranges.Fast-fashion clothing companies have the advantage of low prices，and when it comes down to it，most people will choose low prices over sustainability.So，how can people buy sustainable clothing when it’s not affordable？ 3
Actually，there are other ways to practice sustainable habits.Of course，the best way to limit waste is to not buy any new clothes.For example，saving up to buy more sustainable clothes and then wearing them for many years is healthier for the environment and your wallet. 4 Then you can combine them with your statement pieces to get a variety of new outfits that still feel stylish and don’t generate waste.Certainly，buying second-hand clothing is also a great option.
With ever-changing fashion trends moving at breakneck speed，consumers are easily persuaded into buying the latest designs to stay stylish and sustainable. 5 Honestly，it’s unnecessary.Wearing what makes you feel confident will make you look good，and the Earth will thank you for your efforts.
A．The reality is frightening.
B．However，trend is hard to keep up.
C．They have no choice but to follow suit.
D．They can’t，and moreover，they don’t have to.
E．A similar resolution is to own some basic pieces.
F．Sustainable fashion has been on the rise in recent years.
G．Industrial development is pursued at the price of pollution.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了时尚业是世界上污染最严重的行业之一以及作为普通人，我们应该如何做才能保护地球。
