(共50张PPT)
What do you see here
What do you see here
完形填空:对语篇缺失的信息进行猜测、推断、验证。
主要考查
词语:高中常用词汇在特定语境中的用法;
篇章:结构的衔接;意义的连贯。
高考完形填空考什么?
1.词汇题(语境)
2. 语法结构
3. 篇章结构
2.试题特点
1. 通常从一篇300-350词左右,文章中设空20个,首句不挖空;
2. 题裁多为记叙文或夹叙夹议文章
3. 考察重点多为实词: 名词 /动词 / 形 容词 / 副词等;单词为主、短语为辅。
4. 突出语篇(语境),强调应用,注重交际;
5. 大多富有积极的教育意义,给人以人生的启迪或是充满了生活情趣;
失分原因: know why
1.没有严格遵循答题步骤:
很多考生一拿到完形填空题就急于选择答案,不认真分析通篇文章,单纯求快,忽略语篇理解,只看局部的词义辨析、搭配和语法结构。切记:一定要用2-3分钟时间先进行缺词阅读,弄清文章大意和基本脉络后再着手逐个填空.
2. 不注意积累答题技巧:
a.忽略文章首句的提示作用;
b.忽略文章中上下文线索词;脱离语境,滥用固定搭配
c. 遇到长句不注意分析句子结构,在语义模糊时抱碰运气的心理随意作出选择.
d.忽视行文逻辑,断章取义
完形选项特点
feature1
feature2
feature 3
feature4
所有选项都不超出课标范围,且集中在常用初中词汇
四个选项词性相同
四个选项都与句中某关键词搭配
每一种错误的理解都会遇到能满足的选项
完形填空的5个考点
以动、名词辨析为主,偶见形容词、副词辨析
词义辨析
常见考查动+介或动+副固定搭配和习惯表达
固定搭配
情态动词、句间关系、虚拟语气、代词
语法知识
上下文语境的情节照应,词汇提示。
照应逻辑
生活场景的合理描述
背景常识
三大解题步骤:
1. 通读全文,掌握文章大意
完形填空是一种障碍性阅读,解题时只有通读全文,明白文章结构,了解各段落之间的关系,才能加深对文章的理解。通读全文,掌握文章大意的要领是注意文中暗示,努力找出关键词:
(1) 记叙文:时间、地点、人物是关键,抓住故事的线索;
(2) 夹叙夹议:故事线索、作者的观点或立场是关键;
(3) 说明文:所介绍的事物的特征是关键。
2. 瞻前顾后,先易后难
通读全文后,从词义、语法、搭配和语义逻辑等方面反复推敲,选出最佳答案。碰到一时不会的题目,先跳过去,继续往下做,有时前面的空格很有可能要到文章后面才能找到答案。
对于很难确定答案的题目,记得要瞻前顾后,既要结合空格前后句子,又要根据上下文提示的线索,确定答案。有时,四个选项放入句中都通顺,但结合文章主题和上下文提供的信息,就能迅速排除错误选项。
3. 复核全文,消除疏漏
全部题目完成后,须再通读一遍,检查是否前后语义连贯,内容清晰,主题突出。复核过程中但凡有不通之处,必有待推敲的疑点。这时应从语义、语法、语篇的角度仔细权衡,加以核对,从而消除疏漏。对于个别难度较大的题目,可以凭着自己的语感,根据第一感觉选择答案。
五大解题技巧:
完形填空题综合考查学生的语言理解和运用能力。这个题型做得好不好,基本上取决于考生平时积累的词汇的广度和深度,语法水平以及逻辑推理能力。
技巧1:利用上下语义答题
完形填空主要考察词语在相关语境中的运用,因此考生做题时一定要结合文意进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。当题目的四个选项读符合空格的语法要求时,就需要把选项放到特定的语境里进行区分、判断,从而选出正确答案。
真题(2018年全国卷1)
During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I _________ the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn't want to save a few dollars More than that, I'd always wanted to learn chess.
A. put forward B. jumped at C. tried out D. turned down
【详解】四个选项都能与the idea of…搭配,此处需要结合语境选出正确答案。根据句中who doesn't want to…a few dollars (谁不想……几美元 )以及I'd always wanted to learn chess. (我一直想要学象棋),可知作者得知有免费象棋课程时,是很想参加的,故选B项jumped at “迫不及待地接受,欣然接受(机会等)”。put forward “提出”、try out “试验”、turn down “拒绝” (用排除法代入句中均不符合上下文语义)。
2019年Z20卷
We have missed watching each of them grow up; we have missed the normal, ________ households that have young people in them. Our home, while very comfortable, is also very quiet.
A. comfortable B. single C. noisy D. private
【详解】结合上下文语义,我们已经错过了看着他们长大;我们错过了家中有小朋友的那种正常的,……的家庭生活。我们的家,虽然很舒服,但是却太安静了。
while的三种用法:1. 当……时候
2. 虽然
3. 表示对比 (I am doing my homework, while my parents are reading their favorite books.)
2019绍兴卷
When it rains, my mother and I like to sit in the car, neither of us waiting to brave the rain to get to the house. We always have our best__________ in her little blue Honda, watching raindrops race down the windscreen and listening to the rain strike the car roof. I don't know why, but sitting in the car, we always talk more than normal.
A. debates B. conversations C. memories D. comments
【详解】结合上下文语义,我和母亲在下雨天的时候喜欢呆在车里聊天,看着雨滴打在车窗上,听着雨滴敲打车顶。我也不知道为什么,但是在车里我们会比平时聊得多。
技巧2:利用逻辑关系
一个完整的语篇一定有严密的逻辑,而逻辑纽带主要是表示时间与空间、列举与例证、比较与对比、引申与递进、让步与转折、原因与结果等逻辑概念的过渡词组成。抓住这些暗示上下文语义关系的过渡词,解题事半功倍。
真题
For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about playing with their new toys. But their ____soon wears off…
A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow
【详解】上一句提到孩子们对玩新玩具很兴奋(are excited about)。连词but表转折,因此本句说的是孩子们对新玩具的兴趣很快消退(soon wears off)。
七彩阳光卷
Here I was at the front desk of the hotel, and those old uninvited guests, fear and worry, were sneaking in. But I _____them just in time. I stood porter. I stood in the door of my mind and sent fear packing.
A. caught B. welcomed C. needed D. inored
【详解】结合逻辑关系来解题。前文讲到:我站在酒店前台,那些不速之客,比如恐惧和担忧,正在悄悄溜进来。连词but表转折。后面提到:我仍是个门卫,我站在我思想的门口,将恐惧打包遣走。
2019金华十校卷
My brother Ken was born with a brain disease. Though Mama was extremely ________, she never babied Ken. She expected him to do whatever we did.
A. loving B. generous C. selfless D. considerate
【详解】结合逻辑关系来解题。前文讲到:我的弟弟Ken出生时就有脑部疾病,空格后讲到母亲从来不娇纵他。根据连词though“虽然”可知,空格所填入的词与“baby”应形成转折的意味。
技巧3:利用固定搭配
答题时通过分析选项单词的用法、固定搭配、习惯表达,这对确定题目答案,巧抢答题时间很有帮助。
真题
Once, while working overnight at a store, he let a homeless man sleep in his truck. Another time, he_____ a friend money to buy a house.
A. paid B. charged C. lent D. owed
【详解】动词lend常用于lend sth. to sb.或lend sb. sth.的搭配。
pay的搭配:pay sb./ pay for sth./ pay sb. sth. (pay的意思:支付;偿还)
charge的搭配:charge some money for sth. “为某事收取费用” 或charge sb. for sth. “为某事向某人收费” (charge的意思:要价;开价)
owe的搭配:own sb. sth. “欠某人什么东西”
新高考研究卷
_____the years to come I learned something else. Each of us has a special beauty as well. Each of us hs our own unique talents and abilities.
A. With B. As C. Over D. Away
【详解】over the years to come是固定搭配,“在未来的岁月里”。
湖衢丽卷(1模)
Enevry time we went to a restaurant, she would not take a bite until all the dishes we ordered were on the table. Then, she would spend five minutes on_____the dishes in a seemingly random but in fact arranged order.
A. cooking B. washing C. setting D. collecting
【详解】setting the dishes是习惯表达,“把菜摆好”。联想记忆“set the table”
2019嘉兴卷
…the professor asked, “How heavy is this glass of water I'm holding ” Students shouted out answers _______from eight ounces (盎司) to a couple pounds.
A. judging B. ranging C. coming D. transforming
【详解】range from …to 是固定搭配,“从……到……不等”。
技巧4:利用词语复现关系
词语复现指空格处待填的词在空格之前出现过或在空格之后再次出现,可能是待填词的原词、同义词、反义词、近义词或同根词等。
真题(2017年全国卷1)
While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration. I myself went through this (searching) process and found something that has changed my _____ at college for the better. I discovered ASL—American Sign Language (美式手语)…What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced.
A. progress B. experience C. major D. opinion
【详解】本题可用词汇复现原则答题,根据后面的句子unlike anything I had experienced “不像我经历过的其他任何事情”确定B项为答案。空格后的句意为:作者发现了一件让大学学习的经历变得更加美好的事情。
湖衢丽卷(1模)
They find it hard to be confident and to accept themselves, and thus they are afraid to show their real life on social media. What they are trying to prove is exactly what they lack in reality. But this will not bring any change to reality, as they still follow the same old pattern of life.
If they really want an elegant life, they should put more effort into achieving it rather than fabricating (伪造) it. Being more confident __________themselves and trying their best to be better is much more meaningful than beautifying their life on social media.
A. identifying B. accepting C. persuading D. amusing
【详解】此题用到了词汇复现中的“原词复现”。上文中的confident和accept和下文中的confident,accept形成了呼应。但是此题难点在于,前文的提示信息离空格太远,需要学生有很强的整体意识,才能快速想到正确答案。
原词复现
2019金华十校卷
Though I often feel I fall short when I compare my_______to hers, it gives me great comfort to know that her spirit is within me, somewhere—preparing me to make “mothering magic” of my own.
A. mothering B. schooling C. sufferings D. belongings
【详解】此题用到了词汇复现中的“原词复现”。整句话意思:虽然当我把自己的母亲精神与她的精神相比,我经常会觉得不够,但是也给了我足够的安慰,让我明白她的精神就在我身体内部的某个地方——让我准备着去实现自己的“母亲魔力”。由词汇复现可知,空格处应填入的是mothering。
技巧5:利用背景常识
完形填空的选材大多有一定的故事情节,这些短文贴近生活,有时甚至渗透文化、历史等知识。考生在做题时,可根据自己的文化背景知识和生活常识做出正确的选择。
Actually Chen's life is much less elegant. For example, she hates to wash the dishes, so she leaves them in the sink for ____.
A.months B. years C. hours D. days
【详解】Chen喜欢拍照,喜欢摆拍。但其实她的真实生活并没有那么美好。比如说洗碗这件事,根据生活常识,她应该是把碗放在水池里好几天不洗。
湖衢丽卷(1模)
真题(2018年6月浙江卷)
So, try filling up your time with other work. This is why there is a saying that if you want something done, ask a _____ person to do it.
A.careful B. busy C. reliable D. kind
【详解】本文讲的是作者在大学的时候养成了“拖延”的坏习惯,后来偶遇一位老同学——他的主业很无聊,副业很赚钱,作者就不解,为什么他不把主业辞掉,专心做副业。对方的回答是,如果主业辞去了,他就会因为“太闲”而有可能养成跟作者在大学里时候一样的坏习惯。所以最后一段,根据文意,并且结合生活实践,我们知道,任务要分配给“忙人”去做才能做得好,“闲人”是办不好事情的。
2019十校联盟
United Hatzalah has a call center staffed entirely by volunteers. When someone calls to tell them of an emergency, they answer it in three_____ or less. Then Beer's technology calculates which volunteer is closest to the scene.
A. days B. hours C. minutes D. seconds
【详解】Beer的这个组织完全是由志愿者充当员工。当有人打电话告知他们有紧急情况时,他们会在……甚至更短的时间内回复。由生活常识可知,3秒内就接电话才能体现出高效,也因此能体现出这个组织的价值。
More practice
2023.01
2022年1月浙江高考 完形填空
53. A.commented B.learned C.reminded D.added
54. A.light B.joy C.color D.beauty
55. A.future B.beginning C.truth D.meaning
added
light
beginning
情感到位
情节到位
人物到位
根据完形填空的夹叙夹议语篇特点:有情节变化,有哲理意义,有育人功能,是综合考查考生语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的重要语篇。
最后一段通常是叙事性评议,为了快速理解全文,我们可以直接从最后一段开始读,做到人物、情节、情感的理解到位;有利于通览全文的高度,精准把握故事的发展,可以少走弯路,节省时间,提高解题效率。
2023.01
先读尾段,通览全文,快速答题
36.A.throat B.skin C.lungs D.eyes
37.A.getting over B.going through C.holding on D.passing down
38.A.story B.treatment C.life D.relationship
eyes
going through
life
情节到位
2023.01
先读尾段,通览全文,快速答题
情节到位
43.A.course B.program C.paper D.conference
44.A.informed B.doubted C.included D.dismissed
45.A.part-time B.controversial C.voluntary D.ground-breaking
46.A.money B.standards C.awareness D.questions
program
2023.01
先读尾段,通览全文,快速答题
47.A.As ever B.So far C.In return D.Once again
48.A.wasted B.donated C.expected D.earned
49.A.imagine B.confirm C.remember D.understand
understand
情感到位
高考完形填空题逐渐摒弃语法分析,朝着深层化和语境化的方面挖掘,因此我们要借助上下文乃至全文语境来揣摩作者的情感态度价值观;把握作者在叙述或议论过程中语气、动作、形象、情绪、心态等的描写。
本篇叙述75岁的退休护士Beverley Burdeyney为大众健康事业无私服务的励志事件。从最后一段“hoping to do more;just want to bring; still a long way to go”可以推断主人公的无私奉献,老当益壮,不畏艰难的人格品质,所以第49题可以推断“I'm trying to get more and more people to understand that there are solutions”让更多患者理解她的想法,重拾生活信心和质量。
2023.01
先读尾段,通览全文,快速答题
47.A.As ever B.So far C.In return D.Once again
48.A.wasted B.donated C.expected D.earned
49.A.imagine B.confirm C.remember D.understand
情感到位
从最后一段作者的情感态度价值观,以及52题上下文语境,前文中已经提到大家保持静默,这里再次重申不要在那不动,stand still与前文的in silence形成呼应,且与后文do something about it形成递进的逻辑关系。
still
2023.01
2021年6月浙江高考 完形填空——精通词汇衔接的方式
stranger
bag
词汇复现,但不是原词的机械重复,由名词变成动词“装袋”
话题词汇同现,asked for the woman’s name and address, 说明是“stranger”
2023.01
运用内在逻辑推理,精通语境生成的方式
通过由抽象到具体的思维转化,形成语境:
由give the cashier a five-dollar bill to keep on hand in case the same happened to someone else if they didn’t have enough money for all of their groceries具体动作,抽象为“gift赠送”的概念,共同生成上下文语境。
touched
gift
通过观点和事实的逻辑关联,形成语境:
通过上下文的事实“My mother, who is never speechless, was speechless” 和 “helped my mother out”,形成“My mother was so touched”d的观点,创设以情感为基础的语境,很好地考查了高阶思维的概括能力。
2023.01
建立“语义场”的概念和意识,整体推进理解和精准答题
gift
touched
kindness
made her day
语义场指在意义上相互关联的词组成的完整而又变化的词汇系统。建立“语义场”的概念和意识,形成语篇语场、方式和基调的综合认知,对完形填空整体推进和精准答题有着重要意义和作用。
本篇“gift;kindness; helped my mother out; made her day(熟词新义)”共同形成上下义义场、复现义场、同义义场、反义义场和语境义场等建构“积极助人,爱心接力”的语义场。
2023.01
2021年6月新高考全国I卷 完形填空
47. A. ambition B. permission C. experience D. invitation
54. A. tasting B. finding C. sharing D. delivering
55. A. withdraw B. donate C. receive D. appreciate
英语核心素养包括,语言能力、思维品质、文化意识和学习能力。完形填空在遣词造句、行文布局、逻辑思维方面会保留原汁原味的英文,对英美文化了解和“跨文化意识”有助于对文章的深层理解。
本文“a tax-paying employed person 一名纳税从业人员”的文化背景,根据美国纳税制度,学生兼职收入也是依据法律要纳税。美国的父母很注重培养孩子出去打工的意识“不管是来自富裕家庭还是贫困家庭,很小就通过送报、超市或餐馆工作,甚至baby-sit来赚取零花钱。”(My parents thought all of this was a grand idea and called Betsy’s dad with their permission.),提升与人交流和合作的能力;明白劳动的真正含义(This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the dollars you earned and respect those who did the work 这种工作让你珍惜你赚到的钱,并尊重那些做这项工作的人), 当孩子挣钱,成为一个可以纳税的公民时,标志着孩子的成熟和责任。
2023.01
2022年6月新高考全国I卷 完形填空
51. A. luck B. answer C. wonder D. signal
54. A. relief B. duty C. pride D. excitement
55. A. failure B. adventure C. performance D. conflict
营地教育在北美已经有超过150年的历史,可以激发孩子的好奇心,培养孩子的冒险精神和创新精神。很多家长认为这是家庭和孩子们在成长路上的必修课,陪孩子宿营和旅游已成为很多家庭的历史传统。
本文在camping experiences的文化背景下,展示“instead of tying him up, I just kept a close eye on him. It worked -he didn’t end up in the creek”培养孩子独立精神,释放天性。以及“we are filled with a sense of excitement , wondering what camping fun and adventure we will experience next冒险精神”。
第51题也是一道很有文化背景的题目,考生容易受中文思维的影响以及看到发动机没启动,认为是发动机“没做出回答”而选择B. 而“no luck”是非常地道的用语,表示尝试着做某事但未能成功,相当于“but in vain”;