语法专题一 名词-2023年中考英语专题讲义（河北专用）（含答案）

语法专题一　名词
命题点1　名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析旨在考查学生在具体有意义的语境中运用名词的能力。做题的关键是读懂语境，理解词义。河北中考对于名词的考查主要分为同类名词词义辨析和不同类名词词义辨析两大类。
考法 　同类名词词义辨析
分析河北近6年中考真题可知，同类名词词义辨析考查次数较多。对于此类试题，掌握各个选项名词的含义是基础，分析句子语境是关键。
真题追踪
1．(2020·河北中考)In a restaurant, people usually choose food and drink from the __________．
A．book B．menu
C．newspaper D．magazine
2．(2019·河北中考)I like this song. It's by one of my favorite __________．
A．singers B．dancers C．painters D．writers
3．(2017·河北中考)See how many thorns it has. You must not touch it, or you would be sure to hurt your __________．　
A．arm B．leg C．hand D．foot
4．(2016·河北中考)Your __________ is very helpful. I guess I'll take it.
A．secret B．advice C．promise D．purpose
5．(2015·河北中考)Could you please take my picture Here is my__________．
A．printer B．radio C．player D．camera
6．(2014·河北中考)I want a sweet milk. Put some __________ in my cup, please.
A．ice B．soup C．salt D．sugar
7．(2013·河北中考)Jason likes the __________ of the cake. It is a heart.
A．color B．size C．smell D．shape
8．(2012·河北中考)I'd like a __________ for dessert. Fruit, you know, is good for health.
A．potato B．banana C．candy D．pie
9．(2011·河北中考)Cici enjoys dancing. It's one of her __________．
A．prize B．prizes C．hobby D．hobbies
真题拓展
10．(2022·内蒙古包头中考)—Why could you write so well
—I read a lot, and the works of Ernest Hemingway had a strong __________ on me as a child.
A．attention B.explanation C.situation D.influence
11．(2022·辽宁本溪、辽阳、葫芦岛中考)The self service __________ makes it convenient for us to borrow books.
A．hotel B．bank C．library D．hospital
12．(2022·黑龙江哈尔滨中考改编)The __________ is China's national treasure. It's a kind of cute animal that likes eating bamboo.
A．panda B.tiger C.elephant D．lion
考法 　不同类名词词义辨析
分析河北近6年中考真题可知，不同类名词词义辨析均在完形填空中考查。对于此类试题，掌握名词的含义是基础，分析句子语境是关键。
真题追踪
1．(2022·河北中考节选)From Kevin's story, we learn two __________. We learn that people can do a lot of harm to the Earth without realizing it. Also, we learn that if we change the way we think, we can do something to protect our environment.
A．choices B．reports
C．reasons D．lessons
2．(2021·河北中考)Every school has rules for students to follow. However, some students may see the __________ as a way which teachers control them.
A．rules B．excuses
C．facts D．examples
3．(2020·河北中考)Having some __________ drives away your stress easily most of the time.
A．jokes B．sports C．tasks D．lessons
4．(2019·河北中考)His guiding hands, together with my __________ in inventing, led me to become an engineer and an inventor.
A．habit B．story C．interest D．plan
5．(2018·河北中考)Salt has many __________. Our bodies need salt.
A．forms B．secrets C．uses D．skills
6．(2016·河北中考)Geese flying in a V shape can fly 70 percent farther without __________ than birds flying alone.
A．rest B．sleep C．excuse D．result
真题拓展
7．(2022·湖北荆州中考)—How's the __________ in your city
—Not very good. There are always long lines of cars on roads especially on rainy days.
A．food B．weather C．culture D．traffic
8．(2022·湖北黄冈、孝感、咸宁中考)—What's your favorite __________？
—Winter. I can make a snowman.
A．subject B．season C．animal D．sport
命题点2　名词的数
名词的数可分为可数名词的单复数形式和不可数名词。分析河北近6年中考真题可知，名词的数均在词语运用中考查。考生在答题时，可参考以下解题步骤：
步骤一　确定空格处填名词
根据上文语境确定空格处填哪个名词。
步骤二　判断是可数名词还是不可数名词
1．可数名词
(1)可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，如stamp, stamps；
(2)可数名词可以被基数词、不定冠词(a/an)、many等修饰，如two tables, a girl, many books。
2．不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不可以被基数词或不定冠词(a/an)直接修饰，若表示数量，可用量词修饰。
示例：
(1)具体的量：数词＋表数量的名词＋of＋不可数名词a piece of bread一片面包
ten kilos of bamboo十公斤竹子
(2)大概的量：表示量的限定词(用some, much, little, a little, a lot of等表示)＋不可数名词
some fruit一些水果
a lot of food许多食物
3．部分名词既可作可数名词又可以作不可数名词，但意义有所不同。例如：
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 paper 报纸、文件 纸
fish 鱼 鱼肉 experience 经历 经验
orange 橙子 橙汁 room 房间 空间
fruit 水果(种类) 水果(总称) time 次数、倍数 时间
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 life 生命 生活
light 电灯 光 work 作品 工作
步骤三　判断可数名词单复数
对于不可数名词，可直接将单词带入语境中验证。对于可数名词，则需进一步确认所填单词是否有数的变化。判断方法如下：
1．上下文语境
2．固定搭配
3．空格前的基数词、不定冠词、many等词
4．生活常识
5．俗语谚语
INCLUDEPICTURE"例.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "例.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT Do you like white We have shirts of different ____________(color).
【解析】 通过前面的shirts和different两词可确定此处应用复数colors。
【命题专家点拨】
可数名词复数形式的变化规则
种类 变化 例词
一般情况 加 s cake→cake__student→student__bed→bed__computer→computer__
以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词 加 es bus→bus____class→class____watch→watch____box→box____
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i，再加 es baby→bab______city→cit______country→countr______lady→lad______
以元音字母加y结尾的词 加 s toy→toy__monkey→monkey__key→key__
以f(fe)结尾的词 变f(fe)为v，再加 es leaf→lea______wolf→wol______knife→kni______life→li______
以o结尾的词 表示有生命的名词，在词尾加 es tomato→tomato____potato→potato____hero→hero____
表示无生命的名词，在词尾加 s photo→photo__radio→radio__piano→piano__
不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 woman→wom__nfoot→f____ttooth→t____th
单复数形式相同 sheep→sheepdeer→deer Chinese→ChineseJapanese→Japanese
其他形式 mouse→m______child→child______
真题追踪
1．(2022·河北中考)She plants different ___________(kind) of beautiful flowers in her garden.
2．(2021·河北中考)I'm in the school basketball team. We usually play ___________ (match) on Saturday mornings.
3．(2020·河北中考)Mixing is the most important of all the ___________ (step)．
4．(2019·河北中考)I have also written some ________ (note) under each of these photos.
5．(2018·河北中考)Mr. Du said I could be a good example to my _____________ (classmate)．
真题拓展
6．(2022·甘肃武威中考)I bought two ____________(notebook) yesterday.
7．(2022·四川眉山中考改编)Taking ____________(note) in class is a good way to help you review what you have learned.
命题点3　名词所有格
河北中考近6年来虽未对名词所有格进行考查，但名词所有格对判断句子含义，理解文章也起到重要作用。
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名词所有格表示人或物的所有关系，有以下几种形式：
1．表示有生命的人或动物的名词所有格在单数名词后加“ 's”。　
Mike's father 迈克的父亲
2．在以“ s”结尾的复数名词之后只加“ '”。
my parents' hometown我父母的故乡
以不以“ s”结尾的复数名词后加“ 's”。
Children's Day儿童节
Women's Day 妇女节
3．表示几个人共同拥有某物时，只在最后一个人名后加“ 's”；表示各自所有时，则需要在每个人名后都加“ 's”。　
Mary and Kate's room玛丽和凯特的房间(共有)
Jane's and Tom's books简和汤姆的书(各自所有)
4．在表示“店铺”“某某家”“诊所”的名词所有格后面，一般省去被修饰的表示地点的名词。
at the barber's (shop) 在理发店
at the doctor's (office) 在医院
5．表示无生命的事物的名词所有格，通常是由“of＋名词”构成。
the gate of the school学校的大门
the center of the city 市中心
6．表示时间、距离、城市、团体等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加“ 's”构成所有格。
the future of China/China's future 中国的未来
the group's name/the name of the group 团体的名字
7．双重所有格。
英语中名词所有格有时可以在前面加of构成短语，这种结构称为双重所有格。
双重所有格有两种形式： of＋名词所有格； of＋名词性物主代词
a friend of my sister's 我姐姐的一个朋友
a dictionary of mine我的一部词典
参考答案
命题点1
考法1
1．B　2.A　3.C　4.B　5.D　6.D　7.D　8.B　9.D
10．D　11.C　12.A
考法2
1．D　2.A　3.B　4.C　5.C　6.A　7.D　8.B
命题点2
1．kinds　2.matches　3.steps　4.notes
5．classmates　6.notebooks　7.notes