高考英语概要写作专项训练（含解析）
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概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Want to join the online fitness program
Online training is one of the fastest growing section of the fitness industry. A 2015 study found that more than half of all smartphone users had downloaded a fitness or health app. If you’re considering joining the online fitness community, consider these benefits and drawbacks.
There are many reasons that online training may work for you. As long as you have access to pre-downloaded videos or a WiFi connection for streaming videos, you can work out wherever you are.
Besides, compared with similar offline programs, most online fitness programs range in cost between $10 and $20 per month. This is due in part to the wider audience and the greater opportunity to sell programs to more people.
All this growth is incredibly positive — it provides health and fitness resources to the general consumer wherever they happen to be, without requiring access to a gym or fitness studio. But it’s not without problems.
The first thing to think about when considering an online fitness program is “know yourself.” If you struggle with self-motivation, you don’t like exercising at home, and you prefer a social workout environment, online fitness may not be for you. Not to mention the fact that very few online fitness programs enable the instructor to see you, check your form, and offer modifications or corrections based on your performance. This means you might perform exercises incorrectly, or even unsafely, without knowing it, which is particularly concerning for beginners and those recovering from injuries, as they’re more likely to perform exercises incorrectly.
Therefore, like any training format, there are pros and cons to consider when deciding if it is right for you. Take time and make the most suitable decision to reap more benefits.
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2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Paper Architect
For a long time, Zaha Hadid was known as “the paper architect,” someone whose grand designs never left the page to become real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
Pinning down her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work. Her most famous building, MAXXI—a museum for the 21st century— in Rome, is a great example. It is a complex and spectacular structure of interlocking concrete shapes. Inside spaces interconnect Tike winding streets, so that the visitor is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rosenthal Center in Cincinnati produces a similar effect. Like an extension of the street it sits on, it draws you in, with walkways directing you this way and that, and windows inviting you to sample the view. “It’s about promenading” says Hadid, “being able to pause, to look out, look above, look sideways.”
So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries. She also cites the natural landscape and organic geological patterns as an influence. But it is not a question that she seems too concerned with and nor perhaps should we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Men may eat more in summer
Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.
The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Levy and her colleagues noticed the effect in experiments in mice, in which male animals exposed to UV light (紫外线) ate more food.
To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey. Between March and September, the men consumed about 17 per cent more calories per day than they did during the rest of the year, while the women’s food intake stayed about the same.
Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating. It was thought to be mainly produced by the stomach when empty. “It tells the brain to eat more,” says Caroline Gorvin at the University of Birmingham, UK.
Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线 B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. This was blocked by the female sex hormone, which may explain why the effect wasn’t seen in the female mice or the women. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.
Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Should Hand Feeding Dolphins Be Encouraged
Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day. Because hand-fed males aggressively attack each other over the food, putting themselves and nearby humans in danger, tourist centers focus their hand feeding only on female dolphins, says Valerie Senigaglia at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia
But recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general. To better understand why, Senigaglia and her colleagues evaluated the social behavior of dolphins around the Bunbury coast in Western Australia. In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.
They found that hand-fed dolphins swam in relatively large groups, but more readily broke away from them to join different ones. In general, they created weak ties with other group members. “You can feel lonely in a room full of people and it’s the same thing for dolphins,” says Senigaglia. Free-swimming dolphins that are fed by hand become less socially involved with their peers. As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.
No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped.
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5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Leather Good or Not
For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear. The skin of animals is a material that is strong, hard-wearing and flexible. These qualities make leather a popular material for many different products, but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy. Should we respect ancient traditions or is having real leather not as important as it used to be
The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 2.29 billion cows, pigs and goats are killed each year for their hides. This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.
There’s also an environmental problem. Producing leather is a very polluting process, because it requires treating the skins with chemicals. During the procedure, called tanning, chemicals change the fibres (纤维) inside the leather, making it tougher. A tanning facility uses more than 60,000 litres of water for every tonne of leather produced. It uses huge amounts of poisonous chemicals, including substances containing heavy metals such as chromium, which when washed out ends up in nearby soil and drinking water that people use.
However, the making of leather is not entirely negative. Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada. Every day, cows, pigs and goats are killed for their meat to be sold in supermarkets. It’s respectful not to waste anything, and without leather their skins would have to be buried or burned.
Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的). Vegan leather can be made from plastics which take years to biodegrade, so it’s actually worse for the planet.
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6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Don’t We Use the Math We Learn in School
How much of the math you’ve learned in school is used in everyday life For the majority of people, the answer is surprisingly little. Clearly, some people learn math very well and apply it in everyday problem-solving settings. The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it.
The first explanation blames the failure of education. One of the major barriers to using a skill in real life is automaticity. We tend to find the least-effort solution to our problem. If struggling through a math problem is hard for you, you’ll find a different way to solve it that doesn’t rely on math. The familiar model for teaching mathematics revolves around teachers telling students certain rules, applying those rules to examples and students then practicing problems similar to the examples seen in class. By teaching in this way, a lot of the work and deep thought that went into the creation of these mathematical rules is lost. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life.
The second explanation is a little different. It argues that people may develop competence in math classes, but they struggle to translate real-life problems into a format where they can use their mathematics knowledge. This seems most apparent in the case of applying algebra (代数). Students struggle with algebra, but they particularly struggle with word problems. Yet, the equivalent real-life problems are typically much harder than word problems. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.
Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. By using real-life math applications, students can make connections between math and everyday life.
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7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are Oceans Silent
Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, send messages and give warnings, establish territories, warn off competitors, confuse their targets, deceive enemies, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are so noisy.
Into this age-long confused noise, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the trembling sound of mighty engines as 46,220 large ships passed the world’s shipping courses. Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes whales to become disoriented, dolphins to suffer from ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, leave their breeding grounds or fail to form groups—enough to disorganize the basic biology of two thirds of the planet.
“Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts”, says Sylvia Earie, chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping, earthquake-related surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea.
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8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Chatbots
What if instead of clicking on link after link on a company’s website, you could type a question and get an immediate, customized answer Some companies are working to make this a reality using chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.
There are two types of chatbots: open and closed. A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time. This means that open chatbots can respond to a wider range of inquiries, compared with closed municating with them feels more natural, but if they have not been correctly trained, users may have a bad experience with them.
One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once. This means that users can get immediate answers to their questions rather than waiting for a human representative. Chatbots have the potential to overcome several technological problems people face. These include difficulty in searching websites and trouble finding basic information and answers to simple questions.
However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system. Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot. Thus, chatbots are unlikely to completely replace human agents. Rather, they will help users resolve simple problems so that customer service representatives can focus on more difficult issues.
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9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Graduates Turn to Teaching
China has witnessed a 66-fold increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade, and experts say the popularity has mainly been driven by more graduates chasing stable jobs. According to the latest figures from the Ministry of Education, the number of applicants for teaching exams each year has grown from 172,000 to 11.44 million in the past decade.
Experts said the sharp increase corresponds with the increase in teachers’ salaries and status within society, and it is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching. However, another big reason for the enthusiasm for teaching posts is that the challenging and complicated employment situation is driving graduates toward stable jobs such as working as teachers and government officials.
Chu Zhaohui, a senior researcher at the National Institute of Education Sciences, said the popularity of teaching posts is closely associated with people’s changing perception of the economic situation, job stability and security, which are major concerns for graduates.
In view of the coronavirus epidemic in recent years, many college graduates just want a stable job, so teaching suddenly becomes a very popular profession, and many students from well-known universities have joined the competition. Of course, everyone has their own ideas. Take Wang Lin for example. Wang Lin, who graduated from a famous university, said she had wanted to be a history teacher since middle school, inspired by her own history teacher. She added she had a good impression of her teachers from an early age and was grateful to those who had taught her. In fact, there are many such cases.
While passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China, landing a post at schools in big cities can be very competitive.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind
Technology has made paying all sorts of bills incredibly easy. The real-time budget apps, which capture our spending and pay our bills automatically, should theoretically give us more control over our money. But why, in real life, do they do the opposite
It helps to think about how we used to pay. My parents describe a process that would involve three separate points of contact whenever they paid for something with a credit card: first, at the cash register, then when a bill came in the mail and finally when they wrote a check to cover it. While each of the checkpoints is technically still there, automation has given us a chance to skip the second and the third. For bills paid automatically through a banking app, even the first checkpoint can be gone. We know that it is happening in the background, but it’s so far out of view that it might as well not be there. How do we get that connection back, without giving up the convenience that technology has brought us
The good news is that though technology has taken away something, it can also give. Much of the battle is simply recognizing what we’ve lost. If we want to be smart about our money and have thorough control over it, we need to bridge that gap between what we spend on and how much we pay. We can start using personal-finance apps to do more than make our lives easier. These apps can send us notifications when each automatic payment is being made and categorize purchases, sending us instant spending reports. Admittedly, those tools require the user to sign up for these services and make conscious efforts to take full advantage of them. In this way, they are arguably better practice than balancing a checkbook on a Saturday morning.
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参考答案：
1．The advantages and disadvantages of online training should be both considered when people decide whether to take part in. Easy access and lower prices of online training programs contributes to its popularity. However, for those who lack self-motivation and need in-person instruction, these programs aren’t suitable and may even be unsafe. Hence, think twice before making the decision. (58 words)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了人们参加在线健身项目时应该注意的一些事项，例如其优、缺点。线上健身项目价格低廉、获取方式简单，但不适合没有自制力的人。所以做决定前一定要综合考量。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①If you’re considering joining the online fitness community, consider these benefits and drawbacks.
②As long as you have access to pre-downloaded videos or a WiFi connection for streaming videos, you can work out wherever you are.
③Besides, compared with similar offline programs, most online fitness programs range in cost between $10 and $20 per month.
④If you struggle with self-motivation, you don’t like exercising at home, and you prefer a social workout environment, online fitness may not be for you.
⑤This means you might perform exercises incorrectly, or even unsafely, without knowing it.
2. 缜密构思
将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3. 遣词造句
It's necessary to consider the pros and cons before you join any online fitness programs.
It’s easy to access and also cheap comparing to offline programs.
If you don’t have enough self-motivation or exercise experience, it may not be your best option.
【点睛】【高分句型1】The advantages and disadvantages of online training should be both considered when people decide whether to take part in.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中when引导的状语从句、should be both considered被动语态表达高级。
【高分句型2】However, for those who lack self-motivation and need in-person instruction, these programs aren’t suitable and may even be unsafe.用who引导定语从句对第六段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
2． Recent years have seen an increasing number of Zaha Hadid’s buildings globally. By breaking down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, Hadid has formed her own style. She hopes people inside her works can appreciate them from different angles. As an artist, she wants people to know more buildings, which is why she has produced such distinct works.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国女建筑师扎哈·哈迪德。近年来，扎哈·哈迪德的建筑作品出现在全球各地，她的作品打破传统的建筑造型，创造出看似不可能的结构，她希望人们能够从不同的角度欣赏她的作品。同时，作为一名建筑师，她也希望人们更多地了解建筑。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
②Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces.
③Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
④The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work.
⑤So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries.
⑥Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
2.缜密构思
将第②和③两个要点进行重组，将第⑤和⑥两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
①Recently, Hadid’s buildings have sprung up all over the world.
②Hadid broke down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, which made her form her own style.
③Hadid’s works can offer the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building.
④Hadid has produced such distinct works, because she wants people to know more buildings.
【点睛】[高分句型1] By breaking down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, Hadid has formed her own style. （运用了“by doing”结构在句中作状语，对原文第二段进行了概括）
[高分句型2] As an artist, she wants people to know more buildings, which is why she has produced such distinct works.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句，对原文第四段进行了概括）
3．During sunny summer months, males eat more, according to a government’s survey. Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating. Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation. Possibly, it is to adjust to greater physical activity in summer.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了政府的调查显示和女性不同，男性在夏天会吃的更多。原因可能是因为阳光会导致皮肤释放一种叫做生长激素释放肽的荷尔蒙，能刺激胃口。并且，研究表明暴露于紫外线B 段波辐射的雄性小鼠和男性皮肤中的生长激素释放肽释放的激增。科研人员说这可能也是身体对夏天男性的身体活动需要摄取更多的食物所做出的适应性变化。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.
②The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel.
③To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey.
④Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating.
⑤Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线 B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.
⑥Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.
2.缜密构思
将第1、3两个要点进行整合，将第2、4两个要点进行整合，将第5、6两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
During sunny summer months, males eat more, according to a government’s survey.
Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating.
Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation.
Possibly, it is to adjust to greater physical activity in summer.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating.（运用which引导定语从句）
[高分句型2] Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation.（运用了that引导宾语从句）
4．Reference
Hand-feeding dolphins is practised at some tourist centers. However, studies have found it leads to greater risk of their calves’ premature death. By following the dolphins’ behavior for two years, researchers concluded it was because hand-feeding made dolphins have weaker social ties, causing their calves to lack social skills. Therefore, animal activists are appealing for a ban on the practice. (60)
Dolphins are hand-fed in some tourist centers, However, studies show the survival rate of hand-fed dolphins’ calves is half that of wild dolphins’ calves. By observing their social behaviors, researchers find hand-fed dolphins’ weak social ties lead to their calves’ lack of social skills, which partly explain their greater possibility of death. Therefore, hand feeding dolphins should be discouraged. (60 words)
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论是否应该人工喂养海豚的问题。研究发现，人工喂养增加小海豚过早死亡的风险。通过对海豚的行为进行两年的跟踪，研究人员得出结论，这是因为人工喂养使海豚的社会关系变弱，导致它们的幼崽缺乏社交技能。因此，动物保护主义者呼吁禁止这种做法。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day.
②But recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general.
③In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.
④As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.
⑤No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、5三个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Hand-feeding dolphins is practised at some tourist centers. However, studies have found it leads to greater risk of their calves’ premature death. By following the dolphins’ behavior for two years, researchers concluded it was because hand-feeding made dolphins have weaker social ties, causing their calves to lack social skills. Animal activists are appealing for a ban on the practice.
【点睛】[高分句型1]However, studies have found it leads to greater risk of their calves’ premature death.（运用了省略了that的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]：By following the dolphins’ behavior for two years, researchers concluded it was because hand-feeding made dolphins have weaker social ties, causing their calves to lack social skills.（运用了动名词作宾语，省略了that的宾语从句，because引导的表语从句，现在分词作状语）
5．People have used leather for various purposes for its unique qualities but concern about its potential harm and continuous employment is rising. Slaughter for animals’ skins on a large scale and the environmental problem caused by chemicals involved in the processing course are main issues. While, as a source of income for some people and with good biodegradability compared with alternatives, leather use is also positive.
【导语】本文是说明文。文章讲述了由于皮革的独特品质，人们将其用于各种用途，但对其潜在危害和持续使用的担忧日益增加。一些人认为与替代品相比，皮革具有良好的生物降解性，使用皮革也是积极的。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear.
②but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy.
③The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue.
④This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.
⑤There’s also an environmental problem.
⑥The making of leather is not entirely negative.
⑦Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada.
⑧Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的)
2.缜密构思
将第1，2个要点进行整合，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合，将第6，7，8个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Humans have used leather to make everything but care about its potential harm and continuous employment is rising.
The treatment of animals raised for their skins and the environmental problem are massive issues.
The making of leather is not entirely negative because it is a source of income for some people and with good biodegradability compared with alternatives.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Slaughter for animals’ skins on a large scale and the environmental problem caused by chemicals involved in the processing course are main issues. (运用非谓语动词对原文第二、三段进行了概括。)
[高分句型2] While, as a source of income for some people and with good biodegradability compared with alternatives, leather use is also positive.(用with复合结构作状语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。)
6．Most people don’t use math in life, though they have learned it for years. One explanation is that we do not learn math well enough to use it effortlessly. The other is that we fail to recognize where and how to apply math to real problems. Educational researchers suggest more training in turning real- life situations into math problems. (59 words)
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出，大多数人学习数学多年，仍不会在生活中使用数学。关于这个问题，有两种解释。一种解释是，我们学得不够好，无法毫不费力地使用数学。另一个是我们不知道在哪里以及如何将数学应用于实际问题。教育研究人员建议要多训练如何把现实生活情境转化为数学问题。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it.
②The first explanation blames the failure of education. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life.
③The second explanation is a little different. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.
④Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3等三个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Although spending many years practicing math, most people don’t use it.
One explanation says that the failure of teaching math well enough to use it automatically is to blame.
Another explanation is that people struggle with recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.
Educational researchers recommend more training in turning everyday situations into math problems.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Most people don’t use math in life, though they have learned it for years. (运用一个主从复合句对第一段进行概括。其中包含though引导的让步状语从句，比较高级。)
[高分句型2] One explanation is that we do not learn math well enough to use it effortlessly. (运用一个主从复合句对第二段进行概括。其中包含that引导的表语从句，比较高级。)
7．Oceans are never silent as marine creatures mostly produce various sounds to go about their businesses. Now oceans are getting even noisier as humans do more activities there. The resulting noise is loud enough to change the environment and exercise a disturbing impact on marine life.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海洋里不平静的原因是生物会发出各种声音去进行它们自己的事情，随着人类在海洋中的活动越来越多，海洋也变得越来越嘈杂，由此产生的噪音污染对生物产生了不良的影响。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Marine animals can produce various noises, making the ocean noisy.
②There are various noises made by human behaviors.
③Undersea noise pollution cause a disturbing impact on marine life.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The oceans are so noisy that they are far from the ‘silent deep’.
Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, not only respond to sound, but also can produce it.
That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping influence on marine animals.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years.运用了一个复杂的主从复合句作为事实佐证了第二段的论点。其中that引导的宾语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2]：Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. 运用了并列的动词短语是对第一段的论点进行的举例说明。其中并列短语和不定式做目的状语的运用表达高级。
8．One possible version:
Chatbots are communication computer programs. Closed chatbots follow fixed instructions while open chatbots can respond more flexibly using AI. Chatbots’ advantages include working round the clock and communicating with several people at the same time. However, chatbots won’t replace humans because chatbots are programmed by humans. Additionally, chatbots can’t answer detailed questions and many people just dislike them. (58 words)
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种聊天机器人，包括它的类型和优势，以及人们对它的看法。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.
② A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time.
③One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once.
④However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system.
⑤Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot.
2.缜密构思
将每个要点进行精简
3.遣词造句
Chatbots are communication computer programs.
Closed chatbots follow fixed instructions while open chatbots can respond more flexibly using AI.
Chatbots’ advantages include working round the clock and communicating with several people at the same time.
However, chatbots won’t replace humans because chatbots are programmed by humans.
Additionally, chatbots can’t answer detailed questions and many people just dislike them.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Closed chatbots follow fixed instructions while open chatbots can respond more flexibly using AI.用while连接的并列句，对第二段部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
[高分句型2]However, chatbots won’t replace humans because chatbots are programmed by humans. 用because引导的原因状语从句对最后一段部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
9．China has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade. The sharp increase is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching. What’s more practical reason is the challenging and complicated employment situation. Passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在过去的十年里，中国参加教师资格考试的人数有了巨大的增长。预计这一急剧增长将带来教学质量的全面提高。更现实的原因是就业形势的挑战和复杂。在中国，通过教师资格考试是成为一名教师的第一步。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①China has witnessed a 66-fold increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade, and experts say the popularity has mainly been driven by more graduates chasing stable jobs.
②Experts said the sharp increase corresponds with the increase in teachers’ salaries and status within society, and it is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching.
③However, another big reason for the enthusiasm for teaching posts is that the challenging and complicated employment situation is driving graduates toward stable jobs such as working as teachers and government officials.
④While passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China, landing a post at schools in big cities can be very competitive.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
China has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade.
The sharp increase is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching.
What’s more practical reason is the challenging and complicated employment situation.
Passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China.
【点睛】[高分句型1] What’s more practical reason is the challenging and complicated employment situation.运用主语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China.用动名词作主语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
10．Technology simplifies the process of paying but robs us of the control over money. We lose track of the connection between the purchases and the money spent because the process is not completely presented. To regain the control, we can turn to personal-finance apps consciously to get instantly notified. (49 words)
【导语】这是一篇说明文。技术简化了支付过程，但剥夺了我们对金钱的控制。我们失去了购买和花费之间的联系，因为这个过程没有完整地呈现出来。为了重新获得控制权，我们可以有意识地使用个人理财应用程序，以获得即时通知。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Technology has made paying all sorts of bills incredibly easy. The real-time budget apps, which capture our spending and pay our bills automatically, should theoretically give us more control over our money. But why, in real life, do they do the opposite
②While each of the checkpoints is technically still there, automation has given us a chance to skip the second and the third. For bills paid automatically through a banking app, even the first checkpoint can be gone.
③We can start using personal-finance apps to do more than make our lives easier. These apps can send us notifications when each automatic payment is being made and categorize purchases, sending us instant spending reports.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3三个要点进行提炼主要意思。
3.遣词造句
Technology simplifies the process of paying but robs us of the control over money.
We lose track of the connection between the purchases and the money spent because the process is not completely presented.
To regain the control, we can turn to personal-finance apps consciously to get instantly notified.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We lose track of the connection between the purchases and the money spent because the process is not completely presented.（because引导的原因状语从句）。
[高分句型2] To regain the control, we can turn to personal-finance apps consciously to get instantly notified.（动词不定式作目的状语）
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Want to join the online fitness program
Online training is one of the fastest growing section of the fitness industry. A 2015 study found that more than half of all smartphone users had downloaded a fitness or health app. If you’re considering joining the online fitness community, consider these benefits and drawbacks.
There are many reasons that online training may work for you. As long as you have access to pre-downloaded videos or a WiFi connection for streaming videos, you can work out wherever you are.
Besides, compared with similar offline programs, most online fitness programs range in cost between $10 and $20 per month. This is due in part to the wider audience and the greater opportunity to sell programs to more people.
All this growth is incredibly positive — it provides health and fitness resources to the general consumer wherever they happen to be, without requiring access to a gym or fitness studio. But it’s not without problems.
The first thing to think about when considering an online fitness program is “know yourself.” If you struggle with self-motivation, you don’t like exercising at home, and you prefer a social workout environment, online fitness may not be for you. Not to mention the fact that very few online fitness programs enable the instructor to see you, check your form, and offer modifications or corrections based on your performance. This means you might perform exercises incorrectly, or even unsafely, without knowing it, which is particularly concerning for beginners and those recovering from injuries, as they’re more likely to perform exercises incorrectly.
Therefore, like any training format, there are pros and cons to consider when deciding if it is right for you. Take time and make the most suitable decision to reap more benefits.
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2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Paper Architect
For a long time, Zaha Hadid was known as “the paper architect,” someone whose grand designs never left the page to become real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
Pinning down her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work. Her most famous building, MAXXI—a museum for the 21st century— in Rome, is a great example. It is a complex and spectacular structure of interlocking concrete shapes. Inside spaces interconnect Tike winding streets, so that the visitor is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rosenthal Center in Cincinnati produces a similar effect. Like an extension of the street it sits on, it draws you in, with walkways directing you this way and that, and windows inviting you to sample the view. “It’s about promenading” says Hadid, “being able to pause, to look out, look above, look sideways.”
So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries. She also cites the natural landscape and organic geological patterns as an influence. But it is not a question that she seems too concerned with and nor perhaps should we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Men may eat more in summer
Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.
The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Levy and her colleagues noticed the effect in experiments in mice, in which male animals exposed to UV light (紫外线) ate more food.
To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey. Between March and September, the men consumed about 17 per cent more calories per day than they did during the rest of the year, while the women’s food intake stayed about the same.
Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating. It was thought to be mainly produced by the stomach when empty. “It tells the brain to eat more,” says Caroline Gorvin at the University of Birmingham, UK.
Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线 B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. This was blocked by the female sex hormone, which may explain why the effect wasn’t seen in the female mice or the women. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.
Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Should Hand Feeding Dolphins Be Encouraged
Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day. Because hand-fed males aggressively attack each other over the food, putting themselves and nearby humans in danger, tourist centers focus their hand feeding only on female dolphins, says Valerie Senigaglia at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia
But recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general. To better understand why, Senigaglia and her colleagues evaluated the social behavior of dolphins around the Bunbury coast in Western Australia. In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.
They found that hand-fed dolphins swam in relatively large groups, but more readily broke away from them to join different ones. In general, they created weak ties with other group members. “You can feel lonely in a room full of people and it’s the same thing for dolphins,” says Senigaglia. Free-swimming dolphins that are fed by hand become less socially involved with their peers. As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.
No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped.
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5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Leather Good or Not
For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear. The skin of animals is a material that is strong, hard-wearing and flexible. These qualities make leather a popular material for many different products, but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy. Should we respect ancient traditions or is having real leather not as important as it used to be
The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 2.29 billion cows, pigs and goats are killed each year for their hides. This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.
There’s also an environmental problem. Producing leather is a very polluting process, because it requires treating the skins with chemicals. During the procedure, called tanning, chemicals change the fibres (纤维) inside the leather, making it tougher. A tanning facility uses more than 60,000 litres of water for every tonne of leather produced. It uses huge amounts of poisonous chemicals, including substances containing heavy metals such as chromium, which when washed out ends up in nearby soil and drinking water that people use.
However, the making of leather is not entirely negative. Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada. Every day, cows, pigs and goats are killed for their meat to be sold in supermarkets. It’s respectful not to waste anything, and without leather their skins would have to be buried or burned.
Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的). Vegan leather can be made from plastics which take years to biodegrade, so it’s actually worse for the planet.
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6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Don’t We Use the Math We Learn in School
How much of the math you’ve learned in school is used in everyday life For the majority of people, the answer is surprisingly little. Clearly, some people learn math very well and apply it in everyday problem-solving settings. The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it.
The first explanation blames the failure of education. One of the major barriers to using a skill in real life is automaticity. We tend to find the least-effort solution to our problem. If struggling through a math problem is hard for you, you’ll find a different way to solve it that doesn’t rely on math. The familiar model for teaching mathematics revolves around teachers telling students certain rules, applying those rules to examples and students then practicing problems similar to the examples seen in class. By teaching in this way, a lot of the work and deep thought that went into the creation of these mathematical rules is lost. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life.
The second explanation is a little different. It argues that people may develop competence in math classes, but they struggle to translate real-life problems into a format where they can use their mathematics knowledge. This seems most apparent in the case of applying algebra (代数). Students struggle with algebra, but they particularly struggle with word problems. Yet, the equivalent real-life problems are typically much harder than word problems. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.
Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. By using real-life math applications, students can make connections between math and everyday life.
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7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are Oceans Silent
Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, send messages and give warnings, establish territories, warn off competitors, confuse their targets, deceive enemies, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are so noisy.
Into this age-long confused noise, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the trembling sound of mighty engines as 46,220 large ships passed the world’s shipping courses. Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes whales to become disoriented, dolphins to suffer from ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, leave their breeding grounds or fail to form groups—enough to disorganize the basic biology of two thirds of the planet.
“Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts”, says Sylvia Earie, chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping, earthquake-related surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea.
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8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Chatbots
What if instead of clicking on link after link on a company’s website, you could type a question and get an immediate, customized answer Some companies are working to make this a reality using chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.
There are two types of chatbots: open and closed. A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time. This means that open chatbots can respond to a wider range of inquiries, compared with closed municating with them feels more natural, but if they have not been correctly trained, users may have a bad experience with them.
One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once. This means that users can get immediate answers to their questions rather than waiting for a human representative. Chatbots have the potential to overcome several technological problems people face. These include difficulty in searching websites and trouble finding basic information and answers to simple questions.
However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system. Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot. Thus, chatbots are unlikely to completely replace human agents. Rather, they will help users resolve simple problems so that customer service representatives can focus on more difficult issues.
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9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Graduates Turn to Teaching
China has witnessed a 66-fold increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade, and experts say the popularity has mainly been driven by more graduates chasing stable jobs. According to the latest figures from the Ministry of Education, the number of applicants for teaching exams each year has grown from 172,000 to 11.44 million in the past decade.
Experts said the sharp increase corresponds with the increase in teachers’ salaries and status within society, and it is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching. However, another big reason for the enthusiasm for teaching posts is that the challenging and complicated employment situation is driving graduates toward stable jobs such as working as teachers and government officials.
Chu Zhaohui, a senior researcher at the National Institute of Education Sciences, said the popularity of teaching posts is closely associated with people’s changing perception of the economic situation, job stability and security, which are major concerns for graduates.
In view of the coronavirus epidemic in recent years, many college graduates just want a stable job, so teaching suddenly becomes a very popular profession, and many students from well-known universities have joined the competition. Of course, everyone has their own ideas. Take Wang Lin for example. Wang Lin, who graduated from a famous university, said she had wanted to be a history teacher since middle school, inspired by her own history teacher. She added she had a good impression of her teachers from an early age and was grateful to those who had taught her. In fact, there are many such cases.
While passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China, landing a post at schools in big cities can be very competitive.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind
Technology has made paying all sorts of bills incredibly easy. The real-time budget apps, which capture our spending and pay our bills automatically, should theoretically give us more control over our money. But why, in real life, do they do the opposite
It helps to think about how we used to pay. My parents describe a process that would involve three separate points of contact whenever they paid for something with a credit card: first, at the cash register, then when a bill came in the mail and finally when they wrote a check to cover it. While each of the checkpoints is technically still there, automation has given us a chance to skip the second and the third. For bills paid automatically through a banking app, even the first checkpoint can be gone. We know that it is happening in the background, but it’s so far out of view that it might as well not be there. How do we get that connection back, without giving up the convenience that technology has brought us
The good news is that though technology has taken away something, it can also give. Much of the battle is simply recognizing what we’ve lost. If we want to be smart about our money and have thorough control over it, we need to bridge that gap between what we spend on and how much we pay. We can start using personal-finance apps to do more than make our lives easier. These apps can send us notifications when each automatic payment is being made and categorize purchases, sending us instant spending reports. Admittedly, those tools require the user to sign up for these services and make conscious efforts to take full advantage of them. In this way, they are arguably better practice than balancing a checkbook on a Saturday morning.
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参考答案：
1．The advantages and disadvantages of online training should be both considered when people decide whether to take part in. Easy access and lower prices of online training programs contributes to its popularity. However, for those who lack self-motivation and need in-person instruction, these programs aren’t suitable and may even be unsafe. Hence, think twice before making the decision. (58 words)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了人们参加在线健身项目时应该注意的一些事项，例如其优、缺点。线上健身项目价格低廉、获取方式简单，但不适合没有自制力的人。所以做决定前一定要综合考量。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①If you’re considering joining the online fitness community, consider these benefits and drawbacks.
②As long as you have access to pre-downloaded videos or a WiFi connection for streaming videos, you can work out wherever you are.
③Besides, compared with similar offline programs, most online fitness programs range in cost between $10 and $20 per month.
④If you struggle with self-motivation, you don’t like exercising at home, and you prefer a social workout environment, online fitness may not be for you.
⑤This means you might perform exercises incorrectly, or even unsafely, without knowing it.
2. 缜密构思
将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3. 遣词造句
It's necessary to consider the pros and cons before you join any online fitness programs.
It’s easy to access and also cheap comparing to offline programs.
If you don’t have enough self-motivation or exercise experience, it may not be your best option.
【点睛】【高分句型1】The advantages and disadvantages of online training should be both considered when people decide whether to take part in.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中when引导的状语从句、should be both considered被动语态表达高级。
【高分句型2】However, for those who lack self-motivation and need in-person instruction, these programs aren’t suitable and may even be unsafe.用who引导定语从句对第六段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
2． Recent years have seen an increasing number of Zaha Hadid’s buildings globally. By breaking down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, Hadid has formed her own style. She hopes people inside her works can appreciate them from different angles. As an artist, she wants people to know more buildings, which is why she has produced such distinct works.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国女建筑师扎哈·哈迪德。近年来，扎哈·哈迪德的建筑作品出现在全球各地，她的作品打破传统的建筑造型，创造出看似不可能的结构，她希望人们能够从不同的角度欣赏她的作品。同时，作为一名建筑师，她也希望人们更多地了解建筑。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
②Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces.
③Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
④The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work.
⑤So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries.
⑥Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
2.缜密构思
将第②和③两个要点进行重组，将第⑤和⑥两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
①Recently, Hadid’s buildings have sprung up all over the world.
②Hadid broke down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, which made her form her own style.
③Hadid’s works can offer the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building.
④Hadid has produced such distinct works, because she wants people to know more buildings.
【点睛】[高分句型1] By breaking down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, Hadid has formed her own style. （运用了“by doing”结构在句中作状语，对原文第二段进行了概括）
[高分句型2] As an artist, she wants people to know more buildings, which is why she has produced such distinct works.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句，对原文第四段进行了概括）
3．During sunny summer months, males eat more, according to a government’s survey. Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating. Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation. Possibly, it is to adjust to greater physical activity in summer.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了政府的调查显示和女性不同，男性在夏天会吃的更多。原因可能是因为阳光会导致皮肤释放一种叫做生长激素释放肽的荷尔蒙，能刺激胃口。并且，研究表明暴露于紫外线B 段波辐射的雄性小鼠和男性皮肤中的生长激素释放肽释放的激增。科研人员说这可能也是身体对夏天男性的身体活动需要摄取更多的食物所做出的适应性变化。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.
②The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel.
③To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey.
④Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating.
⑤Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线 B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.
⑥Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.
2.缜密构思
将第1、3两个要点进行整合，将第2、4两个要点进行整合，将第5、6两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
During sunny summer months, males eat more, according to a government’s survey.
Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating.
Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation.
Possibly, it is to adjust to greater physical activity in summer.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Maybe sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone, called ghrelin which could directly stimulates eating.（运用which引导定语从句）
[高分句型2] Further investigation even found that ghrelin production increased sharply in male mice and men exposed to UVB radiation.（运用了that引导宾语从句）
4．Reference
Hand-feeding dolphins is practised at some tourist centers. However, studies have found it leads to greater risk of their calves’ premature death. By following the dolphins’ behavior for two years, researchers concluded it was because hand-feeding made dolphins have weaker social ties, causing their calves to lack social skills. Therefore, animal activists are appealing for a ban on the practice. (60)
Dolphins are hand-fed in some tourist centers, However, studies show the survival rate of hand-fed dolphins’ calves is half that of wild dolphins’ calves. By observing their social behaviors, researchers find hand-fed dolphins’ weak social ties lead to their calves’ lack of social skills, which partly explain their greater possibility of death. Therefore, hand feeding dolphins should be discouraged. (60 words)
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论是否应该人工喂养海豚的问题。研究发现，人工喂养增加小海豚过早死亡的风险。通过对海豚的行为进行两年的跟踪，研究人员得出结论，这是因为人工喂养使海豚的社会关系变弱，导致它们的幼崽缺乏社交技能。因此，动物保护主义者呼吁禁止这种做法。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day.
②But recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general.
③In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.
④As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.
⑤No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、5三个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Hand-feeding dolphins is practised at some tourist centers. However, studies have found it leads to greater risk of their calves’ premature death. By following the dolphins’ behavior for two years, researchers concluded it was because hand-feeding made dolphins have weaker social ties, causing their calves to lack social skills. Animal activists are appealing for a ban on the practice.
【点睛】[高分句型1]However, studies have found it leads to greater risk of their calves’ premature death.（运用了省略了that的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]：By following the dolphins’ behavior for two years, researchers concluded it was because hand-feeding made dolphins have weaker social ties, causing their calves to lack social skills.（运用了动名词作宾语，省略了that的宾语从句，because引导的表语从句，现在分词作状语）
5．People have used leather for various purposes for its unique qualities but concern about its potential harm and continuous employment is rising. Slaughter for animals’ skins on a large scale and the environmental problem caused by chemicals involved in the processing course are main issues. While, as a source of income for some people and with good biodegradability compared with alternatives, leather use is also positive.
【导语】本文是说明文。文章讲述了由于皮革的独特品质，人们将其用于各种用途，但对其潜在危害和持续使用的担忧日益增加。一些人认为与替代品相比，皮革具有良好的生物降解性，使用皮革也是积极的。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear.
②but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy.
③The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue.
④This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.
⑤There’s also an environmental problem.
⑥The making of leather is not entirely negative.
⑦Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada.
⑧Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的)
2.缜密构思
将第1，2个要点进行整合，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合，将第6，7，8个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Humans have used leather to make everything but care about its potential harm and continuous employment is rising.
The treatment of animals raised for their skins and the environmental problem are massive issues.
The making of leather is not entirely negative because it is a source of income for some people and with good biodegradability compared with alternatives.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Slaughter for animals’ skins on a large scale and the environmental problem caused by chemicals involved in the processing course are main issues. (运用非谓语动词对原文第二、三段进行了概括。)
[高分句型2] While, as a source of income for some people and with good biodegradability compared with alternatives, leather use is also positive.(用with复合结构作状语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。)
6．Most people don’t use math in life, though they have learned it for years. One explanation is that we do not learn math well enough to use it effortlessly. The other is that we fail to recognize where and how to apply math to real problems. Educational researchers suggest more training in turning real- life situations into math problems. (59 words)
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出，大多数人学习数学多年，仍不会在生活中使用数学。关于这个问题，有两种解释。一种解释是，我们学得不够好，无法毫不费力地使用数学。另一个是我们不知道在哪里以及如何将数学应用于实际问题。教育研究人员建议要多训练如何把现实生活情境转化为数学问题。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it.
②The first explanation blames the failure of education. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life.
③The second explanation is a little different. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.
④Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3等三个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Although spending many years practicing math, most people don’t use it.
One explanation says that the failure of teaching math well enough to use it automatically is to blame.
Another explanation is that people struggle with recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.
Educational researchers recommend more training in turning everyday situations into math problems.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Most people don’t use math in life, though they have learned it for years. (运用一个主从复合句对第一段进行概括。其中包含though引导的让步状语从句，比较高级。)
[高分句型2] One explanation is that we do not learn math well enough to use it effortlessly. (运用一个主从复合句对第二段进行概括。其中包含that引导的表语从句，比较高级。)
7．Oceans are never silent as marine creatures mostly produce various sounds to go about their businesses. Now oceans are getting even noisier as humans do more activities there. The resulting noise is loud enough to change the environment and exercise a disturbing impact on marine life.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海洋里不平静的原因是生物会发出各种声音去进行它们自己的事情，随着人类在海洋中的活动越来越多，海洋也变得越来越嘈杂，由此产生的噪音污染对生物产生了不良的影响。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Marine animals can produce various noises, making the ocean noisy.
②There are various noises made by human behaviors.
③Undersea noise pollution cause a disturbing impact on marine life.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The oceans are so noisy that they are far from the ‘silent deep’.
Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, not only respond to sound, but also can produce it.
That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping influence on marine animals.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years.运用了一个复杂的主从复合句作为事实佐证了第二段的论点。其中that引导的宾语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2]：Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. 运用了并列的动词短语是对第一段的论点进行的举例说明。其中并列短语和不定式做目的状语的运用表达高级。
8．One possible version:
Chatbots are communication computer programs. Closed chatbots follow fixed instructions while open chatbots can respond more flexibly using AI. Chatbots’ advantages include working round the clock and communicating with several people at the same time. However, chatbots won’t replace humans because chatbots are programmed by humans. Additionally, chatbots can’t answer detailed questions and many people just dislike them. (58 words)
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种聊天机器人，包括它的类型和优势，以及人们对它的看法。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.
② A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time.
③One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once.
④However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system.
⑤Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot.
2.缜密构思
将每个要点进行精简
3.遣词造句
Chatbots are communication computer programs.
Closed chatbots follow fixed instructions while open chatbots can respond more flexibly using AI.
Chatbots’ advantages include working round the clock and communicating with several people at the same time.
However, chatbots won’t replace humans because chatbots are programmed by humans.
Additionally, chatbots can’t answer detailed questions and many people just dislike them.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Closed chatbots follow fixed instructions while open chatbots can respond more flexibly using AI.用while连接的并列句，对第二段部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
[高分句型2]However, chatbots won’t replace humans because chatbots are programmed by humans. 用because引导的原因状语从句对最后一段部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
9．China has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade. The sharp increase is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching. What’s more practical reason is the challenging and complicated employment situation. Passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在过去的十年里，中国参加教师资格考试的人数有了巨大的增长。预计这一急剧增长将带来教学质量的全面提高。更现实的原因是就业形势的挑战和复杂。在中国，通过教师资格考试是成为一名教师的第一步。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①China has witnessed a 66-fold increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade, and experts say the popularity has mainly been driven by more graduates chasing stable jobs.
②Experts said the sharp increase corresponds with the increase in teachers’ salaries and status within society, and it is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching.
③However, another big reason for the enthusiasm for teaching posts is that the challenging and complicated employment situation is driving graduates toward stable jobs such as working as teachers and government officials.
④While passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China, landing a post at schools in big cities can be very competitive.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
China has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade.
The sharp increase is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching.
What’s more practical reason is the challenging and complicated employment situation.
Passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China.
【点睛】[高分句型1] What’s more practical reason is the challenging and complicated employment situation.运用主语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China.用动名词作主语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
10．Technology simplifies the process of paying but robs us of the control over money. We lose track of the connection between the purchases and the money spent because the process is not completely presented. To regain the control, we can turn to personal-finance apps consciously to get instantly notified. (49 words)
【导语】这是一篇说明文。技术简化了支付过程，但剥夺了我们对金钱的控制。我们失去了购买和花费之间的联系，因为这个过程没有完整地呈现出来。为了重新获得控制权，我们可以有意识地使用个人理财应用程序，以获得即时通知。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Technology has made paying all sorts of bills incredibly easy. The real-time budget apps, which capture our spending and pay our bills automatically, should theoretically give us more control over our money. But why, in real life, do they do the opposite
②While each of the checkpoints is technically still there, automation has given us a chance to skip the second and the third. For bills paid automatically through a banking app, even the first checkpoint can be gone.
③We can start using personal-finance apps to do more than make our lives easier. These apps can send us notifications when each automatic payment is being made and categorize purchases, sending us instant spending reports.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3三个要点进行提炼主要意思。
3.遣词造句
Technology simplifies the process of paying but robs us of the control over money.
We lose track of the connection between the purchases and the money spent because the process is not completely presented.
To regain the control, we can turn to personal-finance apps consciously to get instantly notified.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We lose track of the connection between the purchases and the money spent because the process is not completely presented.（because引导的原因状语从句）。
[高分句型2] To regain the control, we can turn to personal-finance apps consciously to get instantly notified.（动词不定式作目的状语）