北师大版（2019）选择性必修第三册 UNIT9 LESSON 3 Epidemics Explained（教学课件）（82张PPT）
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(共82张PPT)
UNIT 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY
LESSON 3 EPIDEMICS EXPLAINED
北师大版高中英语选择性必修第三册
EPIDEMICS EXPLAINED
ACTIVE AND SHRAE
What do you know about epidemics Tick（√）the statements that you think are correct.
Activity 1
□ An epidemic is the rapid spread of an infectious disease.
□ An epidemic can affect a large number of people in a given population.
□ An epidemic can occur within a short period of time，usually two weeks or less.
□ An epidemic may spread to several countries or continents.
□ Some common viruses，such as the common cold，are not epidemics.
□ A new epidemic can be a different variation of a virus that people caught in the past.
READ AND EXPLORE
Read the passage. Find out what an epidemic is and how a disease can be classified as an epidemic. Then circle all the epidemics mentioned in the passage.
Activity 2
bird flu，the 1918 Spanish Flu，The Black Death，SARS，the Ebola Virus Disease
Pair Work Read the passage again. Complete the table about the epidemics mentioned. Then choose one disease to talk about with a partner.
Activity 3
Name Period Places Death toll
Bird Flu ╳
Epidemics in the Roman Empire
The Black Death ╳
The Spanish Flu ╳
SARS ╳
EVD
since 1997
more than a hundred lives
500 — 550 CE
Rome
half the population
in the 1330s
Asia and Europe
1918 — the end of World War Ⅰ
50 million people
2002 — 2003
China，Canada，Vietnam
and Singapore
2013 — 2016
West Africa
more than 11，310 deaths
Activity 4
Developing Concepts Based on the Text
Concepts are not always clearly defined in a text. You need to read and develop your understanding
·Read the text to get the general idea.
· Identify all the information related to the concept，e.g. examples，developments， effects，etc.
· Organise the information and explain the concept from different angles.
Skill Builder
Tick（√）the aspects of information that are mentioned in the passage. Use a diagram to demonstrate in a logical way how they are organised.
Activity 4
□ when epidemics started _______ □ definition _______
□ examples of epidemics_______ □ when it ended_______
□ treatments _______ □ possible causes of epidemics_______
□ baseline number of deaths of epidemics _______ □ possible solutions _______
√
√
√
√
√
Group Work Discuss the questions.
Activity 5
1.What are the main features of an epidemic Give at least two examples to illustrate your points.
The main features o f an epidemic：（1 ）it is an infectious disease（2 ）it spreads rapidly to a large number of people within a short period of time（3 ）a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease. The common cold is not an epidemic because while it affects many people，it does not cause deaths. SARS affected many people and caused many deaths，so it is considered an epidemic.
2.What should different countries do to prevent outbreaks of epidemics in the future Why
Countries will need to work together to do this because teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives. This is a good example of building a community with shared future for mankind.
Group Work Discuss the questions.
Activity 5
3.What does the title mean to you What does the writer want to convey in the passage
The title means that the passage will explain questions about epidemics. The writer wants to convey the information that we are always on our way to find an explanation to epidemics so as to find cure. It also implies that epidemics occurred naturally and inevitably. We can only explain it，and cannot prevent it or stop it completely now.
4.Who do you think the passage is written for
This is a popular science article. It is more likely to be written for people who is interested in this topic or who has a lot of questions or misunderstanding of epidemics.
Complete these sentences in your own words.
Activity 6
1 Epidemics can be caused by...
Epidemics can be caused by a virus being carried into an area，or changes in the way people live.
2 Diseases can only be officially classified as epidemics when...
Diseases can only be officially classified as epidemics when a baseline number of people have died from the disease.
Complete these sentences in your own words.
Activity 6
3 The Spanish Flu spread worldwide because...
The Spanish Flu spread worldwide because soldiers and other people were moving and travelling around the world after World War Ⅰ.
4 Since the end of the SARS epidemic，scientists...
Since the end of the SARS epidemic，scientists have been doing experiments on treatments to prevent further outbreaks.
Complete these sentences in your own words.
Activity 6
5 Countries need to work together to conduct thorough and systematic research because...
Countries need to work together to conduct thorough and systematic research because teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives.
Phrasal Verbs（2）
（The prepositions and adverbs may be used more than once.）
go_____________________________________________________.
get_____________________________________________________.
come _____________________________________________________.
Activity 7
Talk Builder
at，over，through，away
Choose prepositions or adverbs in the box to make phrasal verbs with the three verbs in the Word Builder.
at into over up with through under up away
at，into，over，through，up，away
at，into，over，up with，up， away
Then use the phrasal verbs to complete the following sentences.
Activity 7
1 The medical expert asked a few questions to try to the truth.
2 Books on epidemics the medicine section of the store.
3 During this course，we’ll the main causes of bird flu.
4 It took him a week to the flu.
5 Has your headache yet
6 The price of this drug has twenty cents since August.
7 Are you willing to stand by him and help him ___________this difficult time
8 Jordan has __________________some creative ideas for helping the sick.
come at
go under
go over
get over
got over
gone up
go through
come up with
Ⅰ 阅读理解（根据课文内容选择正确答案）
What is an epidemic
It is an infectious disease.
B. It is a disease that spreads rapidly.
C. It is a disease that kills a great number of people.
D. It is an infectious disease that spreads rapidly.
2. Which of the following statements is right about an epidemic
A disease which causes deaths can be classified as an epidemic.
B. A disease which spreads rapidly can be classified as an epidemic.
C. Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth.
D. Epidemics can only be caused by a virus or bacteria.
○
○
3. Which of these diseases can be classified as an epidemic
A. Common cold. B. SARS.
C. Cancer. D. Cough.
4. Why did the Spanish Flu spread worldwide rapidly
A. The World War Ⅰ speeded it.
B. People ignored it at first.
C. It struck before World War Ⅰ.
D. The medical condition was poor.
5. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A. Entertainment. B. Health.
C. Education. D. Science.
○
○
○
Ⅱ 语法填空（根据课文内容和语法规则完成短文）
An epidemic is an infectious disease that 1_________（rapid）spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time. Epidemics can be caused by several different 2 （factor），such as a virus or bacteria.
One of the earliest 3 （record）epidemics happened between about 500 and 550 CE. It killed close to 50% of the population，4 （make）it one of the reasons of the fall of the Roman Empire. In 5 1330s，the epidemic known as“The Black Death” returned in Asia and spread to Europe. Centuries later in 1918，the Spanish Flu 6 （strike）. In 2002，SARS began 7______ a case of lung disease in China. It spread to Canada，Vietnam and Singapore and lasted until 2003. Then in West Africa between 2013 and 2016，there was the most widespread outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease （EVD），8 killed over 11，000 people.
Governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they need 9 （far）medical research on epidemics 10 （get）at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible.
rapidly
factors
recorded
making
the
struck
with
which
further
to get
Language points
教材原句p.58 A new epidemic can be a direcrent variation of a virus that people caught in the past. 一种新的流行病可能是过去人们感染的病毒的不同变种。
1 variation n. 变化物，变体；差异，变动
The dial records very slight variations in pressure.
该刻度盘能显示很微小的压力变化。
【归纳拓展】
vary v. 变化；相异；改变
vary from...to... 由……到……不等
vary from place to place 各地不同
vary from person to person 因人而异
vary with the seasons 随季节而变化
vary in colour and size 色彩和大小各异
核心词汇
题组练·领悟方法
完成句子
（1） Our customs （各地不同）.
单句语法填空
（2） People vary preference for colour.
（3） There’s no doubt that customs vary the times.
（4）［词汇复现］Take it easy! Jackets are available in （vary）colours.
（5）［词汇复现］Disneyland，a fantasy amusement park，which offers a （vary）of attractions for tourists，brings you into a magical world.
（6） This soup is a spicy （vary）on a traditional favourite.
vary from place to place
in
with
various
variety
variation
教材原句p.58 Each disease can only oicially be classified as an epidemic... ……某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。
2 classify vt. 将……分类；把……归入一类
be classified by/according to 根据……分类
搭配 be classified into 被分成……
be classified as 被划分为……
All employees are classified according to competence.
所有员工是按照能力分类的。［词汇复现］
These files are classified into three categories according to the contents. 根据内容，这些文件被分为三种类型。［词汇复现］
Only eleven of these accidents were classified as major.
这些事故中只有十一例被判定为重大事故。
【词语积累】
classification n. 分类；类别，等级
【学法点拨】
-ify/-fy 为动词后缀，表示“使得，变成”。
simple → simplify vt. 简化
pure → purify vt. 净化
beautiful → beautify vt. 美化
identity → identify vt. 认出，识别
单句语法填空
（1） It is required that the books in the library should be （classify）by different topics.
（2） From the classical class，the student with glasses knows the （classify）of classics.
（3） It means we have not allowed ourselves __________________（classify）as objects.
（4） The application form has now been （simple）.
完成句子
（5） Men in the post office （根据……将邮件分类） places it is to go.
（6）We usually types of characters （把……划分为）good and bad.
classified
classification
to be classified
simplified
classify mail according to
classify
as
教材原句p.58 So a very rare disease will have a low baseline...
罕见疾病的基线很低……
3 rare adj. 稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的
a rare book/coin/stamp 珍贵的书 / 硬币 / 邮票
a rare breed/plant 珍稀物种 / 植物
It is rare for the seaman to live such an easy life on land.
海员在陆地上过着如此安逸的生活是很少见的。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
rare 的副词形式为rarely，更多的情况下表示“很少，几乎没有”， 为接近否定意义的词，置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。
Rarely can I have time to glance the newspaper in the office.
我在办公室里很少有时间浏览报纸。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） It is rare （find）such loyalty these days.
（2）［词汇复现］It was rare honour to be made a fellow of the college.
（3）［词汇复现］The scientist absorbed himself in studies and （rare）cared about clothes and food.
to find
a
rarely
教材原句p.58 ...as opposed to more common diseases，such as the u，that have a higher baseline. ……与此相反， 常见疾病的基线较高，如流感。
4 opposed adj. 与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物
搭配：be opposed to（doing）sth 反对（做）某事
as opposed to 与……截然相反；而，相对于
This exercise develops suppleness as opposed to（= rather than） strength.
这项锻炼不是增强力量，而是增强柔韧性的。
I came up with a proposal，and nobody was opposed to it.
我提出了一项建议，没有人反对。［词汇复现］
He was opposed/objected to taking the risk of trying out the new method.
他反对冒险试验这个新方法。
I have never subscribed to the view that females are not fit for this kind of job.
我向来不赞同女性不适合这种工作的观点。
单句语法填空
（1） Many local people opposed （build）the new airport.
（2）［词汇复现］The majority of members were opposed my proposal，which upset me greatly.
（3）［词汇复现］We are strongly （oppose） to racial prejudice.
（4） There are 200 people attended，as opposed 300 the previous year.
（5）［词汇复现］To tell the truth，I am strongly opposed to （clone）any kind of animals no matter what circumstances.
building
to
opposed
to
cloning
同义句转换
（6） I was against the unfair judgement.
→ ______________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________
I opposed the unfair judgement.
I was opposed to the unfair judgement.
I objected to the unfair judgement.
原句p.58 The common cold is a widespread virus that aects millions of people... 普通感冒由一种广泛传播的病毒引起，可感染数百万人……
5 widespread adj. 分布广的，广泛流传的；普遍的，广泛的
widespread damage 大面积的损坏
Widespread floods struck large areas of the village.
泛滥的洪水侵袭了这个村庄的大片区域。［词汇复现］
The government acted quickly to relieve the widespread distress caused by the earthquake.
地震造成大范围的灾难，政府迅速采取行动赈济灾民。
完成句子
（1） The high cost prohibits the （广泛应用）of the drug.
（2） The plan received （普遍支持）throughout the country.
（3） The new laws gained （普遍认同）.
（4） This disease has （广泛的影响）in some areas.
widespread use
widespread support
widespread acceptance
a widespread influence
教材原句p.58 ...Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues... ……吉姆·史密斯…… 在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找线索……
6 depressing adj. 令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的
a depressing sight/thought令人沮丧的景象 / 想法
The applicant has been depressing these days for he was rejected more than once. 这名申请者这几天一直很沮丧，因为他已多次被拒绝。 ［词汇复现］
【词语积累】 depress vt. 使沮丧；使萧条 depressed adj. 沮丧的；萧条的 depression n. 沮丧；不景气
Hunger and cold can make people feel depressed and lose confidence. 饥饿和寒冷能让人感到沮丧，失去信心。
He is depressed because he hasn’t built up his own company up to now.
他很沮丧，因为他至今还没有成立自己的公司。［词汇复现］
【温馨提示】
跟其他-ed 和-ing 形式的形容词一样，depressed 修饰人的声音、表情、感受等，而depressing 则修饰物。
单句语法填空
（1） Hearing the news，he felt very .（depress）
（2）［词汇复现］He went into a deep （depress）after he failed to comfort his friend.
（3） He was not satisfied with the summer camp because the whole experience was ____________（depress）.
（4）［词汇复现］It struck me that I shouldn’t have been so （depress）for such an unimportant thing.
（5） I can tell at first sight that he is more than a little （depress）by the failure.
depressing
depressed
depression
depressing
depressed
depressed
教材原句p.59 ...especially as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples... 尤其是当科学家们仔细研究了……组织样本……
7 go into detail 详述，详细叙述
Alan doesn’t go into detail about how they got the password.
艾伦没有详细说明他们是如何得到密码的。
We won’t go into detail on this topic in this article.
在本文中，我们不会详细讨论这个主题。
【归纳拓展】
in detail 详细地 the detailed information 详细的信息
We’d better discuss everything in detail before we work out the plan.
在我们制订计划之前，我们最好详细地讨论每件事。
单句语法填空
（1） Now let’s go detail and take a closer look at each of the trends presented above.
（2）［词汇复现］We examine the wording detail before deciding on the final text.
完成句子
（3） He doesn’t （详述）about how the stories happened.
into
in
go into detail
教材原句p.59 Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area’s population died from the epidemic... 现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50% 的人口死于这一流行病……
8 estimate vt. & n.
（1）n. 估计，计算
I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need. 我可以粗略估计一下你所需要的木材量。
official government estimates of traffic growth over the next decade 政府对今后十年交通增长的正式估计
（2）vt. 估计，计算
搭配：It is estimated that... 据估计……
It is estimated that the project will last ten years. 据估计，这项工程将用时10 年。
Police estimate the crowd at 30，000. 警方估计聚集的人有 3 万。
The deal is estimated to be worth around $1. 5 million.
这笔交易估计价值150 万美元左右。
【归纳拓展】
It is said that... 据说……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is hoped that... 人们希望……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is suggested that... 有人建议……
It is considered that... 有人认为……
It is reported that the bus containing 20 passengers crashed into the river due to the driver’s carelessness. 据报道，由于司机的粗心，一辆载有20 名乘客的公共汽车坠入河中。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
以上结构都可以改成“主语+ be + 过去分词+ to do”结构。
单句语法填空
（1） It is hard （estimate）how many children suffer from dyslexia（诵读困难）.
（2）［词汇复现］It （estimate）that half of the participants will be opposed to the plan.
（3） The sales figure of this month is estimated （rise）by 15%.
（4）［词汇复现］It （say）that communicating more with your children can prevent them from depression.
（5）［词汇复现］The construction work （estimate）to complete by the end of next month.
to estimate
is estimated
to rise
is said
is estimated
同义句转换
（6） It is estimated（that）the project will last four years.
→ ______________________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________________
（7） It is said that the new Chinese panda coin is made up of 99.9％ gold.
→ ______________________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________________
People estimate that the project will last four years.
The project is estimated to last four years.
People say that the new Chinese panda coin is made up of 99.9% gold.
The new Chinese panda coin is said to be made up of 99.9% gold.
教材原句p.59 ...because one visible symptom was black spots on the body. 由于患者身上会出现明显的黑斑症状……
9 visible adj. 看得见的
The house is clearly visible from the beach.
从海滩可以清楚地看到那所房子。
【词语积累】
invisible adj. 无形的，看不见的
visibly adv. 明显地；易察觉地
The password should be invisible to us. 密码对我们来说应该是不可见的。
Walk the walk，and do it visibly，so others can see what you’re doing.
走自己的路，正大光明，所以别人才能够看到你正在做的。
单句语法填空
（1） I caught a glimpse of her in the crowd but soon she was （visible）.
（2） He was very （visible）upset to hear of some of the things that were told in the Ryan Report and how the children had suffered.
（3） There are many stars invisible the naked eye.
完成句子
（4） He showed （不露声色）.
invisible
visibly
to
no visible sign of emotion
教材原句p.59 Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones... 刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们的亲人……
10 get through
（1）（设法）做完；完成；通过（测试等）；渡过（难关）
It is estimated that we have got through half of the construction of our fence.
据估计，我们的篱笆工程已完成了一半。［词汇复现］
（2）设法联系上（尤指打通电话）
I’m afraid the phone is out of order and I can’t get through.
恐怕电话出毛病了，我打不通。
【归纳拓展】
get across 被理解 get around 传播；流传
get over 克服；控制 get along with（和某人）和睦相处；进展
get in 进入；收割 get on 进展，进步
get away with 带着……潜逃；做坏事而未受到惩罚
get down to（doing）sth 开始认真（做）某事
He managed to get over the pain of his chest and dialled the police.
他终于克服了胸口的疼痛，给警察打了电话。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） If we can get our present difficulties，then everything should be in good condition.
（2） Anyway，we’re here now，so let’s get down first some complicated tasks.
（3）［词汇复现］The only comfort for him in these depressing days is that he has got ___________his graduation essay.
（4） I’ve been trying to phone Charles all evening， but there must be something wrong with the network；I can’t seem to get .
（5）［词汇复现］The farmer was so absorbed in getting his crops that he didn’t notice a snake winding in front of him.
over
to
through
through
in
11 bury vt. 埋葬，安葬；埋藏
搭配 bury one’s face/head in sth 把脸/ 头埋在某物里面
be buried in/bury oneself in 埋头于，专心于
She sat there，buried in thought.她坐在那儿，陷入了沉思。
She buried her face in her hands and began to cry. 她双手掩面开始哭泣。
He has buried himself in reciting English words since the winter vacation began.
=He has been buried in reciting English words since the winter vacation began.
寒假一开始，他就埋头于背英语单词。［词汇复现］
The girl was sitting on a park bench，burying herself in/buried in/ absorbed in her book.
女孩坐在公园的长椅上，专心致志地看书。
Burying herself in the film，she didn’t know it was snowing outside.
她埋头看电影，不知道外面在下雪。
单句语法填空
（1） The old photos （bury）at the bottom of the suitcase reminded me of those happy old days.
同义句转换
（2）［词汇复现］ （bury）in the fiction， the boy has forgotten all around him.
= （bury）himself in the fiction， the boy has forgotten all around him.
完成句子
（3）［词汇复现］ （埋头于）the farm work， Tom didn’t notice the eruption occur.
（4） After the argument，she （专心于）her study.
buried
Buried
Burying
Buried in/Burying himself in
was buried in/buried herself in/was absorbed in
教材原句p.59 As a result of the war，more people were travelling and moving perhaps than ever before in history... 战争引发的人口流动前所未有……
12 as a result of 由于；作为……的结果
The plan failed as a result of lack of finance.
这个计划由于缺乏资金而失败。［词汇复现］
【词语辨析】as a result of 与 as a result
as a result of“由于；作为……的结果”，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
as a result“因此，结果”，一般放在句首，后面常加逗号。
There is no doubt that his drunk driving resulted in the accident.
毫无疑问，他的酒驾导致了这次事故。
选词填空（as a result/as a result of）
（1） He had some bad fish. ， he felt ill this morning.
（2）［词汇复现］He can’t participate in the sports meeting his serious injuries in an accident.
单句语法填空
（3） His laziness resulted his failure； that is to say，his failure resulted _________his laziness.
（4）［词汇复现］A lot of people in this area died as result of the outbreak last year.
As a result
as a result of
in
from
a
教材原句p.59 ...such epidemics no longer posed a threat...
……这种大规模流行病不会再对人类构成威胁……
13 pose vt. & n.
（1）vt. 造成，引起，产生（问题、危险、困难等）
pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk 构成威胁 / 挑战 /危险 /风险
pose as sb佯装 / 冒充 / 假扮某人
They pose a serious threat to security.
他们对安全构成严重威胁。［词汇复现］
（2）n.（为画像、拍照等而摆的）姿势，姿态
The photographer asked her to rearrange herself in another pose.
摄影师要她重新摆一个姿势。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］The man posed himself a specialist to cheat the farmer to buy his products.
（2） The fellow entered the building （pose）as a workman.
完成句子
（3） Radio waves that mobile phones emit may not _______________（对……构成威胁）health.
as
posing
pose a threat to
教材原句p.59 ...scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks. ……科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再爆发。
14 trial n. 试验；审判，审理
be on trial在试验中；在受审中
trial and error 反复试验
stand trial/go on trial受到审判
bring to trial送交法院审判
come to trial开庭审理
The new drug is undergoing clinical trials.
这种新药正在进行临床试验。
单句语法填空
（1） He’s trial for murder.
完成句子
（2） They didn’t know how to put in a central heating system，but they managed it by ________________（反复试验）.
（3） She will （受到审判）for fraud.
（4）［词汇复现］The man who hurt the whale on purpose will （送交法院审判）.
on
trial and error
stand trial/go on trial
be brought to trial
15 outbreak n.（战争或疾病）爆发，突然发生
the outbreak of war 战争的爆发
The cholera outbreak has been contained. 霍乱的爆发已被遏制住。［词汇复现］
The area was struck by the outbreak of epidemic. 这一地区突然发生了流行病。［词汇复现］
【归纳拓展】 v. + adv. → n.（由动词短语转化而来的合成名词）
break down 出故障→ breakdown n. 故障
break through 突破→ breakthrough n. 突破
put out 生产，输出→ output n. 产量，输出
come in 进来→ income n. 收入
come out 出现，结果是→ outcome n. 结果，后果
Always carry your toolbox in case you have a breakdown on the motorway.
随身携带工具箱，以防汽车在高速公路上抛锚。
选词填空（outcome/breakthrough/breakdown）
（1） The cause of AIDS is made clear，which will help to make a great ______________in the treatment of the deadly disease.
（2） Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best ______________ would be for your well-being.
（3） It doesn’t come as a shock to learn that the fuel and cooling systems are the most common causes of ______________.
breakthrough
outcome
breakdown
教材原句p.59 ...but the actual number of deaths is probably much higher. ……而实际死亡人数可能要更高。
16 actual adj. 实际的，真实的
in actual fact 实际上，事实上
The actual cost of the construction was higher than we expected. 实际建造成本比我们预计的要高。［词汇复现］
In actual fact，the information is processed in a random order. 事实上，信息是按随机顺序处理的。［词汇复现］
【归纳拓展】
actually adv. 实际上，说实在的；事实上
actually = in（actual）fact = as a matter of fact 实际上，事实上
The present situation is actually more than a little depressing.
= Actually/In fact/In actual fact/As a matter of fact，the present situation is more than a little depressing.
目前的情况实际上非常令人沮丧。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］Most people work because it’s unavoidable. By contrast，there are some people who ____________（actual）enjoy work.
（2） （actual），it was human behaviour that resulted in the catastrophe.
（3）［词汇复现］ actual fact，I haven’t made sense of what the specialist said at the meeting.
（4）［词汇复现］As matter of fact，it is a widespread concern for the parents to see their children addicted to the mobile phone.
完成句子
（5） _________________________________________________（事实上）， everybody has limitless potential.
actually
Actually
In
a
Actually/In fact/In actual fact/As a matter of fact
教材原句p.59 ...governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic medical research on epidemics... ……世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究……
17 underline vt. 强调，使突出；在……之下划线
The report underlines the importance of preschool education.
这份报告强调学前教育的重要性。
They underline the fact that every subject has its own importance and pupils will absorb knowledge useful for their future.
他们强调每个学科都有其重要性，而学生会吸收对他们的未来有用的知识。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） The report （underline）his concern that standards were at risk.
完成句子
（2） This incident （显示了……危险）of travelling in the border areas.
underlined
underlines the danger
18 thorough adj. 彻底的，全面的，详尽的
You must see your doctor for a thorough examination.
你必须去看医生，做个全面检查。
Detectives carried out a thorough search of the building.
侦探对那栋大楼进行了彻底的搜查。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
thoroughly adv. 完全地，彻底地
They determined to inquire thoroughly into this matter.
他们决定彻底调查这件事。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］In order to know a foreign language （thorough），four things are essential.
完成句子
（2） Our school has （大扫除）every Thursday morning.
（3） He had made （彻底的调查）. No wonder he knew so much about it.
thoroughly
a thorough cleaning
a thorough investigation
重点句式
教材原句p.58 With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird u and killer epidemics of the past， Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics... 最近有新闻报道，吉姆·史密斯将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比，在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找……
【句式分析】With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past 为with 复合结构作状语。
1 with + 宾语+ 宾补
常在句中作状语，表示原因、方式、时间、条件或伴随等。具体形式主要有：
（1）with + 宾语 + 形容词
He determined to return to his homeland with the situation there depressing. 他决心回国，因为那里的局势令人沮丧。［词汇复现］
（2）with + 宾语 + 副词
He left the office，with the light on. 他开着灯离开了办公室。
（3）with + 宾语 + 现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）
With the specialist directing him，he has made up his mind to grow his own vegetables in greenhouses.
在专家的指导下，他决定自己种植大棚蔬菜。［词汇复现］
（4）with + 宾语 + 过去分词（表示被动或已经完成）
With all the work finished，they hurried back home for lunch.
所有工作都做完了，他们匆忙回家吃午饭。
（5）with + 宾语 + 动词不定式（表示尚未发生）
With so many things to deal with，I can’t go on holiday. 有这么多的事要处理，我不能去度假。
（6）with + 宾语 + 介词短语
He came in with a book in his hand. 他进来了，手里拿着一本书。
Do you know the lady with a baby in her arms
你认识那个抱着婴儿的女士吗？（with 复合结构作定语）
单句语法填空
（1）With the exact date （settle）， it is time for us to plan for the basketball tournament.
（2）［词汇复现］The whole playground was excited， with the audience （cheer） enthusiastically for the athletes.
（3）［词汇复现］With air pollution （get） worse，the government needs to come up with some effective measures to deal with it.
（4）［词汇复现］With so many goats and cattle （attend）to，the little boy was depressed，because he couldn’t play with his friends.
（5） With everything she needed （buy），she went home happily.
settled
cheering
getting
to attend
bought
（6）［词汇复现］With too many people （stare）at her，the little girl was very nervous and couldn’t speak fluently.
（7） The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already （lay）for a meal to be cooked.
完成句子
（8） The old man walked in （手里拄着一根拐杖）.
staring
laid
with a stick in his hand
教材原句p.59 Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area’s population died from the epidemic，making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire. 现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50% 的人口死于这一流行病，成为罗马帝国衰落的一个主要原因。
2 现在分词短语作结果状语
通常放在句末。有时为了突出结果，现在分词前可加 thus 或therefore，相当于so 或so that 引导的结果状语从句。
Carbon burns in oxygen or air，therefore forming carbon dioxide.
碳在氧气或空气中燃烧，因而形成了二氧化碳。
I woke up in the morning，only to find the outside world greatly changed.
早晨我醒来，发现外面的世界变化很大。（出乎意料的结果）
Great changes have taken place in our country in the past few years， making it one of the powerful countries in the world. 在过去的几年中，我国发生了巨大的变化，使它成为世界上强大的国家之一。（顺其自然的结果）
单句语法填空
（1） It rained heavily， （cause）severe flooding in that country.
（2）［词汇复现］He managed to contain himself at the meeting yesterday，_________（avoid） a conflict with his boss.
（3）We hurried to the station，only （tell）that the train had left.
（4）［词汇复现］He underlined the sentences that he didn’t understand， （make） it easier for him to turn to his teacher.
（5） Yesterday I went to see him，only （learn）that he had gone abroad two days before.
（6） He comes home very late every evening， （make）his wife very angry.
causing
avoiding
to be told
making
to learn
making
教材原句p.59 Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months， the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history. 西班牙流感在18 个月内造成5 000 万人死亡，成为历史上最严重的流行病。
【句式分析】Having killed up to...为现在分词的完成式作状语，表示 动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
3 现在分词的完成式作状语 表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington.
那天，我赶上了从帕丁顿开来的7：30 的火车，提前到了办公室。
Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.（被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前）
由于那天晚上被要求加班，我错过了一场精彩的电影。
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］ （have）a thorough cleaning yesterday，our school looks tidier and more beautiful.
（2） ________________（finish）all the tests，we began our holiday.
（3） _________________（injure）in the training，Tom couldn’t play in the basketball season.
（4） （build）more highways，China makes it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
Having had
Having finished
Having been injured
Having built
Grammar
动词短语
1 动词短语的概念
两个或两个以上的词在一起构成一个固定结构，表达一种特定的含义，作用近似于一个单一动词，称为动词短语。
2 分类
动词短语有及物（vt.）和不及物（vi.）之分，及物动词短语必须跟宾语， 不及物动词短语不跟宾语。
（1）及物动词短语
It is estimated that he has got through his work for he looks relaxed.
估计他已经完成了工作，因为他看上去很放松。［词汇复现］
It is not essential for us to look up every unknown word when reading.
我们没有必要在阅读时查阅每一个生词。［词汇复现］
单元语法
（2）不及物动词短语
The election will take place next Friday，which has attracted a lot of attention so far. 竞选活动将于下星期五举行，到目前为止已经吸引了很多关注。［词汇复现］
The weeks went slowly by. 时间一星期一星期慢慢地过去了。
（ 3）部分动词短语既可作及物动词短语，也可作不及物动词短语。
He took off his coat. 他脱下他的大衣。
The plane took off at nine o’clock. 飞机在九点起飞。
3 及物动词短语的用法
（ 1）“动词 + 副词”构成的及物动词短语，宾语如果是名词，可置 于动词短语之后，也可置于动词与副词之间；宾语如果是代词，则只能置于动词与副词之间。
We will hand out the advertisements.
=We will hand the advertisements out. 我们将要分发广告。
If you like it，please try it on. 如果你喜欢它，就请试试。
不能说成：If you like it，please try on it.
（2）“动词+ 副词”构成的及物动词短语，举例如下：
put on 穿上 set up 建立 turn off 关掉
put off 推迟 pick up 捡起；恢复 turn on 打开
put up 挂起；举起 put down 放下 clean up 打扫干净
write down 写下 call/ring up 打电话 cheer up 使振奋
get back 取回 eat up 吃光 give up 放弃
look up 查阅 take off 脱下 give away 捐赠
work out 算出 cut down 砍倒 hand out 分发
turn up 把（声音）调大 wake up 叫醒 hand in 交上来
turn down 把（声音）调小 take out 取出 think up 想出
（3）“动词+ 介词”或“动词+ 副词+ 介词”构成的及物动词短语， 举例如下（宾语放于介词之后）：
come up with 想出（主意） look after 照顾
look for 寻找 get on 上车
agree with 同意 ask for 请求；找
hear of 听说 knock at 敲（门、窗等）
laugh at 嘲笑 wait for 等候
pay for 付钱；支付 run out of 用完；用尽
用适当的介词或副词填空
（1） China’s efforts on food production and safety will pay after the new food law is introduced.
（2）［词汇复现］Ningbo is a small city. Therefore， to speed the flow of traffic，the government has determined to broaden some main streets.
（3）［词汇复现］Adopting the doctor’s advice，he cut down coffee and cigarettes and ate a balanced diet.
（4） Einstein liked Bose’s paper so much that he set his own work and translated it into German.
（5） If you sit in an office all day long and rarely work ，you’re likely to suffer from neck and back pains.
off
up
on
aside
out
（6）［词汇复现］Two doctors and eight nurses make the medical team，which will be sent to the countryside for the sake of the villagers’ health.
（7）［词汇复现］Our class consists forty-one students and the most intelligent one is Li Mei.
（8）［词汇复现］What was it that made the young man stand among the applicants
（9） You had promised to drop when passing by our town，but what was it that prevented you from showing in my home
（10） Have you figured whether to take up a part-time job or not this summer vacation
（11） Economic growth in the country remains weak this year and it is hoped that it will pick ________ gradually next year.
up
of
out
in
up
out
up
THE END
UNIT 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY
LESSON 3 EPIDEMICS EXPLAINED
北师大版高中英语选择性必修第三册
EPIDEMICS EXPLAINED
ACTIVE AND SHRAE
What do you know about epidemics Tick（√）the statements that you think are correct.
Activity 1
□ An epidemic is the rapid spread of an infectious disease.
□ An epidemic can affect a large number of people in a given population.
□ An epidemic can occur within a short period of time，usually two weeks or less.
□ An epidemic may spread to several countries or continents.
□ Some common viruses，such as the common cold，are not epidemics.
□ A new epidemic can be a different variation of a virus that people caught in the past.
READ AND EXPLORE
Read the passage. Find out what an epidemic is and how a disease can be classified as an epidemic. Then circle all the epidemics mentioned in the passage.
Activity 2
bird flu，the 1918 Spanish Flu，The Black Death，SARS，the Ebola Virus Disease
Pair Work Read the passage again. Complete the table about the epidemics mentioned. Then choose one disease to talk about with a partner.
Activity 3
Name Period Places Death toll
Bird Flu ╳
Epidemics in the Roman Empire
The Black Death ╳
The Spanish Flu ╳
SARS ╳
EVD
since 1997
more than a hundred lives
500 — 550 CE
Rome
half the population
in the 1330s
Asia and Europe
1918 — the end of World War Ⅰ
50 million people
2002 — 2003
China，Canada，Vietnam
and Singapore
2013 — 2016
West Africa
more than 11，310 deaths
Activity 4
Developing Concepts Based on the Text
Concepts are not always clearly defined in a text. You need to read and develop your understanding
·Read the text to get the general idea.
· Identify all the information related to the concept，e.g. examples，developments， effects，etc.
· Organise the information and explain the concept from different angles.
Skill Builder
Tick（√）the aspects of information that are mentioned in the passage. Use a diagram to demonstrate in a logical way how they are organised.
Activity 4
□ when epidemics started _______ □ definition _______
□ examples of epidemics_______ □ when it ended_______
□ treatments _______ □ possible causes of epidemics_______
□ baseline number of deaths of epidemics _______ □ possible solutions _______
√
√
√
√
√
Group Work Discuss the questions.
Activity 5
1.What are the main features of an epidemic Give at least two examples to illustrate your points.
The main features o f an epidemic：（1 ）it is an infectious disease（2 ）it spreads rapidly to a large number of people within a short period of time（3 ）a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease. The common cold is not an epidemic because while it affects many people，it does not cause deaths. SARS affected many people and caused many deaths，so it is considered an epidemic.
2.What should different countries do to prevent outbreaks of epidemics in the future Why
Countries will need to work together to do this because teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives. This is a good example of building a community with shared future for mankind.
Group Work Discuss the questions.
Activity 5
3.What does the title mean to you What does the writer want to convey in the passage
The title means that the passage will explain questions about epidemics. The writer wants to convey the information that we are always on our way to find an explanation to epidemics so as to find cure. It also implies that epidemics occurred naturally and inevitably. We can only explain it，and cannot prevent it or stop it completely now.
4.Who do you think the passage is written for
This is a popular science article. It is more likely to be written for people who is interested in this topic or who has a lot of questions or misunderstanding of epidemics.
Complete these sentences in your own words.
Activity 6
1 Epidemics can be caused by...
Epidemics can be caused by a virus being carried into an area，or changes in the way people live.
2 Diseases can only be officially classified as epidemics when...
Diseases can only be officially classified as epidemics when a baseline number of people have died from the disease.
Complete these sentences in your own words.
Activity 6
3 The Spanish Flu spread worldwide because...
The Spanish Flu spread worldwide because soldiers and other people were moving and travelling around the world after World War Ⅰ.
4 Since the end of the SARS epidemic，scientists...
Since the end of the SARS epidemic，scientists have been doing experiments on treatments to prevent further outbreaks.
Complete these sentences in your own words.
Activity 6
5 Countries need to work together to conduct thorough and systematic research because...
Countries need to work together to conduct thorough and systematic research because teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives.
Phrasal Verbs（2）
（The prepositions and adverbs may be used more than once.）
go_____________________________________________________.
get_____________________________________________________.
come _____________________________________________________.
Activity 7
Talk Builder
at，over，through，away
Choose prepositions or adverbs in the box to make phrasal verbs with the three verbs in the Word Builder.
at into over up with through under up away
at，into，over，through，up，away
at，into，over，up with，up， away
Then use the phrasal verbs to complete the following sentences.
Activity 7
1 The medical expert asked a few questions to try to the truth.
2 Books on epidemics the medicine section of the store.
3 During this course，we’ll the main causes of bird flu.
4 It took him a week to the flu.
5 Has your headache yet
6 The price of this drug has twenty cents since August.
7 Are you willing to stand by him and help him ___________this difficult time
8 Jordan has __________________some creative ideas for helping the sick.
come at
go under
go over
get over
got over
gone up
go through
come up with
Ⅰ 阅读理解（根据课文内容选择正确答案）
What is an epidemic
It is an infectious disease.
B. It is a disease that spreads rapidly.
C. It is a disease that kills a great number of people.
D. It is an infectious disease that spreads rapidly.
2. Which of the following statements is right about an epidemic
A disease which causes deaths can be classified as an epidemic.
B. A disease which spreads rapidly can be classified as an epidemic.
C. Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth.
D. Epidemics can only be caused by a virus or bacteria.
○
○
3. Which of these diseases can be classified as an epidemic
A. Common cold. B. SARS.
C. Cancer. D. Cough.
4. Why did the Spanish Flu spread worldwide rapidly
A. The World War Ⅰ speeded it.
B. People ignored it at first.
C. It struck before World War Ⅰ.
D. The medical condition was poor.
5. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A. Entertainment. B. Health.
C. Education. D. Science.
○
○
○
Ⅱ 语法填空（根据课文内容和语法规则完成短文）
An epidemic is an infectious disease that 1_________（rapid）spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time. Epidemics can be caused by several different 2 （factor），such as a virus or bacteria.
One of the earliest 3 （record）epidemics happened between about 500 and 550 CE. It killed close to 50% of the population，4 （make）it one of the reasons of the fall of the Roman Empire. In 5 1330s，the epidemic known as“The Black Death” returned in Asia and spread to Europe. Centuries later in 1918，the Spanish Flu 6 （strike）. In 2002，SARS began 7______ a case of lung disease in China. It spread to Canada，Vietnam and Singapore and lasted until 2003. Then in West Africa between 2013 and 2016，there was the most widespread outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease （EVD），8 killed over 11，000 people.
Governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they need 9 （far）medical research on epidemics 10 （get）at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible.
rapidly
factors
recorded
making
the
struck
with
which
further
to get
Language points
教材原句p.58 A new epidemic can be a direcrent variation of a virus that people caught in the past. 一种新的流行病可能是过去人们感染的病毒的不同变种。
1 variation n. 变化物，变体；差异，变动
The dial records very slight variations in pressure.
该刻度盘能显示很微小的压力变化。
【归纳拓展】
vary v. 变化；相异；改变
vary from...to... 由……到……不等
vary from place to place 各地不同
vary from person to person 因人而异
vary with the seasons 随季节而变化
vary in colour and size 色彩和大小各异
核心词汇
题组练·领悟方法
完成句子
（1） Our customs （各地不同）.
单句语法填空
（2） People vary preference for colour.
（3） There’s no doubt that customs vary the times.
（4）［词汇复现］Take it easy! Jackets are available in （vary）colours.
（5）［词汇复现］Disneyland，a fantasy amusement park，which offers a （vary）of attractions for tourists，brings you into a magical world.
（6） This soup is a spicy （vary）on a traditional favourite.
vary from place to place
in
with
various
variety
variation
教材原句p.58 Each disease can only oicially be classified as an epidemic... ……某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。
2 classify vt. 将……分类；把……归入一类
be classified by/according to 根据……分类
搭配 be classified into 被分成……
be classified as 被划分为……
All employees are classified according to competence.
所有员工是按照能力分类的。［词汇复现］
These files are classified into three categories according to the contents. 根据内容，这些文件被分为三种类型。［词汇复现］
Only eleven of these accidents were classified as major.
这些事故中只有十一例被判定为重大事故。
【词语积累】
classification n. 分类；类别，等级
【学法点拨】
-ify/-fy 为动词后缀，表示“使得，变成”。
simple → simplify vt. 简化
pure → purify vt. 净化
beautiful → beautify vt. 美化
identity → identify vt. 认出，识别
单句语法填空
（1） It is required that the books in the library should be （classify）by different topics.
（2） From the classical class，the student with glasses knows the （classify）of classics.
（3） It means we have not allowed ourselves __________________（classify）as objects.
（4） The application form has now been （simple）.
完成句子
（5） Men in the post office （根据……将邮件分类） places it is to go.
（6）We usually types of characters （把……划分为）good and bad.
classified
classification
to be classified
simplified
classify mail according to
classify
as
教材原句p.58 So a very rare disease will have a low baseline...
罕见疾病的基线很低……
3 rare adj. 稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的
a rare book/coin/stamp 珍贵的书 / 硬币 / 邮票
a rare breed/plant 珍稀物种 / 植物
It is rare for the seaman to live such an easy life on land.
海员在陆地上过着如此安逸的生活是很少见的。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
rare 的副词形式为rarely，更多的情况下表示“很少，几乎没有”， 为接近否定意义的词，置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。
Rarely can I have time to glance the newspaper in the office.
我在办公室里很少有时间浏览报纸。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） It is rare （find）such loyalty these days.
（2）［词汇复现］It was rare honour to be made a fellow of the college.
（3）［词汇复现］The scientist absorbed himself in studies and （rare）cared about clothes and food.
to find
a
rarely
教材原句p.58 ...as opposed to more common diseases，such as the u，that have a higher baseline. ……与此相反， 常见疾病的基线较高，如流感。
4 opposed adj. 与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物
搭配：be opposed to（doing）sth 反对（做）某事
as opposed to 与……截然相反；而，相对于
This exercise develops suppleness as opposed to（= rather than） strength.
这项锻炼不是增强力量，而是增强柔韧性的。
I came up with a proposal，and nobody was opposed to it.
我提出了一项建议，没有人反对。［词汇复现］
He was opposed/objected to taking the risk of trying out the new method.
他反对冒险试验这个新方法。
I have never subscribed to the view that females are not fit for this kind of job.
我向来不赞同女性不适合这种工作的观点。
单句语法填空
（1） Many local people opposed （build）the new airport.
（2）［词汇复现］The majority of members were opposed my proposal，which upset me greatly.
（3）［词汇复现］We are strongly （oppose） to racial prejudice.
（4） There are 200 people attended，as opposed 300 the previous year.
（5）［词汇复现］To tell the truth，I am strongly opposed to （clone）any kind of animals no matter what circumstances.
building
to
opposed
to
cloning
同义句转换
（6） I was against the unfair judgement.
→ ______________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________
I opposed the unfair judgement.
I was opposed to the unfair judgement.
I objected to the unfair judgement.
原句p.58 The common cold is a widespread virus that aects millions of people... 普通感冒由一种广泛传播的病毒引起，可感染数百万人……
5 widespread adj. 分布广的，广泛流传的；普遍的，广泛的
widespread damage 大面积的损坏
Widespread floods struck large areas of the village.
泛滥的洪水侵袭了这个村庄的大片区域。［词汇复现］
The government acted quickly to relieve the widespread distress caused by the earthquake.
地震造成大范围的灾难，政府迅速采取行动赈济灾民。
完成句子
（1） The high cost prohibits the （广泛应用）of the drug.
（2） The plan received （普遍支持）throughout the country.
（3） The new laws gained （普遍认同）.
（4） This disease has （广泛的影响）in some areas.
widespread use
widespread support
widespread acceptance
a widespread influence
教材原句p.58 ...Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues... ……吉姆·史密斯…… 在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找线索……
6 depressing adj. 令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的
a depressing sight/thought令人沮丧的景象 / 想法
The applicant has been depressing these days for he was rejected more than once. 这名申请者这几天一直很沮丧，因为他已多次被拒绝。 ［词汇复现］
【词语积累】 depress vt. 使沮丧；使萧条 depressed adj. 沮丧的；萧条的 depression n. 沮丧；不景气
Hunger and cold can make people feel depressed and lose confidence. 饥饿和寒冷能让人感到沮丧，失去信心。
He is depressed because he hasn’t built up his own company up to now.
他很沮丧，因为他至今还没有成立自己的公司。［词汇复现］
【温馨提示】
跟其他-ed 和-ing 形式的形容词一样，depressed 修饰人的声音、表情、感受等，而depressing 则修饰物。
单句语法填空
（1） Hearing the news，he felt very .（depress）
（2）［词汇复现］He went into a deep （depress）after he failed to comfort his friend.
（3） He was not satisfied with the summer camp because the whole experience was ____________（depress）.
（4）［词汇复现］It struck me that I shouldn’t have been so （depress）for such an unimportant thing.
（5） I can tell at first sight that he is more than a little （depress）by the failure.
depressing
depressed
depression
depressing
depressed
depressed
教材原句p.59 ...especially as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples... 尤其是当科学家们仔细研究了……组织样本……
7 go into detail 详述，详细叙述
Alan doesn’t go into detail about how they got the password.
艾伦没有详细说明他们是如何得到密码的。
We won’t go into detail on this topic in this article.
在本文中，我们不会详细讨论这个主题。
【归纳拓展】
in detail 详细地 the detailed information 详细的信息
We’d better discuss everything in detail before we work out the plan.
在我们制订计划之前，我们最好详细地讨论每件事。
单句语法填空
（1） Now let’s go detail and take a closer look at each of the trends presented above.
（2）［词汇复现］We examine the wording detail before deciding on the final text.
完成句子
（3） He doesn’t （详述）about how the stories happened.
into
in
go into detail
教材原句p.59 Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area’s population died from the epidemic... 现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50% 的人口死于这一流行病……
8 estimate vt. & n.
（1）n. 估计，计算
I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need. 我可以粗略估计一下你所需要的木材量。
official government estimates of traffic growth over the next decade 政府对今后十年交通增长的正式估计
（2）vt. 估计，计算
搭配：It is estimated that... 据估计……
It is estimated that the project will last ten years. 据估计，这项工程将用时10 年。
Police estimate the crowd at 30，000. 警方估计聚集的人有 3 万。
The deal is estimated to be worth around $1. 5 million.
这笔交易估计价值150 万美元左右。
【归纳拓展】
It is said that... 据说……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is hoped that... 人们希望……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is suggested that... 有人建议……
It is considered that... 有人认为……
It is reported that the bus containing 20 passengers crashed into the river due to the driver’s carelessness. 据报道，由于司机的粗心，一辆载有20 名乘客的公共汽车坠入河中。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
以上结构都可以改成“主语+ be + 过去分词+ to do”结构。
单句语法填空
（1） It is hard （estimate）how many children suffer from dyslexia（诵读困难）.
（2）［词汇复现］It （estimate）that half of the participants will be opposed to the plan.
（3） The sales figure of this month is estimated （rise）by 15%.
（4）［词汇复现］It （say）that communicating more with your children can prevent them from depression.
（5）［词汇复现］The construction work （estimate）to complete by the end of next month.
to estimate
is estimated
to rise
is said
is estimated
同义句转换
（6） It is estimated（that）the project will last four years.
→ ______________________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________________
（7） It is said that the new Chinese panda coin is made up of 99.9％ gold.
→ ______________________________________________________________
→ ______________________________________________________________
People estimate that the project will last four years.
The project is estimated to last four years.
People say that the new Chinese panda coin is made up of 99.9% gold.
The new Chinese panda coin is said to be made up of 99.9% gold.
教材原句p.59 ...because one visible symptom was black spots on the body. 由于患者身上会出现明显的黑斑症状……
9 visible adj. 看得见的
The house is clearly visible from the beach.
从海滩可以清楚地看到那所房子。
【词语积累】
invisible adj. 无形的，看不见的
visibly adv. 明显地；易察觉地
The password should be invisible to us. 密码对我们来说应该是不可见的。
Walk the walk，and do it visibly，so others can see what you’re doing.
走自己的路，正大光明，所以别人才能够看到你正在做的。
单句语法填空
（1） I caught a glimpse of her in the crowd but soon she was （visible）.
（2） He was very （visible）upset to hear of some of the things that were told in the Ryan Report and how the children had suffered.
（3） There are many stars invisible the naked eye.
完成句子
（4） He showed （不露声色）.
invisible
visibly
to
no visible sign of emotion
教材原句p.59 Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones... 刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们的亲人……
10 get through
（1）（设法）做完；完成；通过（测试等）；渡过（难关）
It is estimated that we have got through half of the construction of our fence.
据估计，我们的篱笆工程已完成了一半。［词汇复现］
（2）设法联系上（尤指打通电话）
I’m afraid the phone is out of order and I can’t get through.
恐怕电话出毛病了，我打不通。
【归纳拓展】
get across 被理解 get around 传播；流传
get over 克服；控制 get along with（和某人）和睦相处；进展
get in 进入；收割 get on 进展，进步
get away with 带着……潜逃；做坏事而未受到惩罚
get down to（doing）sth 开始认真（做）某事
He managed to get over the pain of his chest and dialled the police.
他终于克服了胸口的疼痛，给警察打了电话。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） If we can get our present difficulties，then everything should be in good condition.
（2） Anyway，we’re here now，so let’s get down first some complicated tasks.
（3）［词汇复现］The only comfort for him in these depressing days is that he has got ___________his graduation essay.
（4） I’ve been trying to phone Charles all evening， but there must be something wrong with the network；I can’t seem to get .
（5）［词汇复现］The farmer was so absorbed in getting his crops that he didn’t notice a snake winding in front of him.
over
to
through
through
in
11 bury vt. 埋葬，安葬；埋藏
搭配 bury one’s face/head in sth 把脸/ 头埋在某物里面
be buried in/bury oneself in 埋头于，专心于
She sat there，buried in thought.她坐在那儿，陷入了沉思。
She buried her face in her hands and began to cry. 她双手掩面开始哭泣。
He has buried himself in reciting English words since the winter vacation began.
=He has been buried in reciting English words since the winter vacation began.
寒假一开始，他就埋头于背英语单词。［词汇复现］
The girl was sitting on a park bench，burying herself in/buried in/ absorbed in her book.
女孩坐在公园的长椅上，专心致志地看书。
Burying herself in the film，she didn’t know it was snowing outside.
她埋头看电影，不知道外面在下雪。
单句语法填空
（1） The old photos （bury）at the bottom of the suitcase reminded me of those happy old days.
同义句转换
（2）［词汇复现］ （bury）in the fiction， the boy has forgotten all around him.
= （bury）himself in the fiction， the boy has forgotten all around him.
完成句子
（3）［词汇复现］ （埋头于）the farm work， Tom didn’t notice the eruption occur.
（4） After the argument，she （专心于）her study.
buried
Buried
Burying
Buried in/Burying himself in
was buried in/buried herself in/was absorbed in
教材原句p.59 As a result of the war，more people were travelling and moving perhaps than ever before in history... 战争引发的人口流动前所未有……
12 as a result of 由于；作为……的结果
The plan failed as a result of lack of finance.
这个计划由于缺乏资金而失败。［词汇复现］
【词语辨析】as a result of 与 as a result
as a result of“由于；作为……的结果”，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
as a result“因此，结果”，一般放在句首，后面常加逗号。
There is no doubt that his drunk driving resulted in the accident.
毫无疑问，他的酒驾导致了这次事故。
选词填空（as a result/as a result of）
（1） He had some bad fish. ， he felt ill this morning.
（2）［词汇复现］He can’t participate in the sports meeting his serious injuries in an accident.
单句语法填空
（3） His laziness resulted his failure； that is to say，his failure resulted _________his laziness.
（4）［词汇复现］A lot of people in this area died as result of the outbreak last year.
As a result
as a result of
in
from
a
教材原句p.59 ...such epidemics no longer posed a threat...
……这种大规模流行病不会再对人类构成威胁……
13 pose vt. & n.
（1）vt. 造成，引起，产生（问题、危险、困难等）
pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk 构成威胁 / 挑战 /危险 /风险
pose as sb佯装 / 冒充 / 假扮某人
They pose a serious threat to security.
他们对安全构成严重威胁。［词汇复现］
（2）n.（为画像、拍照等而摆的）姿势，姿态
The photographer asked her to rearrange herself in another pose.
摄影师要她重新摆一个姿势。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］The man posed himself a specialist to cheat the farmer to buy his products.
（2） The fellow entered the building （pose）as a workman.
完成句子
（3） Radio waves that mobile phones emit may not _______________（对……构成威胁）health.
as
posing
pose a threat to
教材原句p.59 ...scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks. ……科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再爆发。
14 trial n. 试验；审判，审理
be on trial在试验中；在受审中
trial and error 反复试验
stand trial/go on trial受到审判
bring to trial送交法院审判
come to trial开庭审理
The new drug is undergoing clinical trials.
这种新药正在进行临床试验。
单句语法填空
（1） He’s trial for murder.
完成句子
（2） They didn’t know how to put in a central heating system，but they managed it by ________________（反复试验）.
（3） She will （受到审判）for fraud.
（4）［词汇复现］The man who hurt the whale on purpose will （送交法院审判）.
on
trial and error
stand trial/go on trial
be brought to trial
15 outbreak n.（战争或疾病）爆发，突然发生
the outbreak of war 战争的爆发
The cholera outbreak has been contained. 霍乱的爆发已被遏制住。［词汇复现］
The area was struck by the outbreak of epidemic. 这一地区突然发生了流行病。［词汇复现］
【归纳拓展】 v. + adv. → n.（由动词短语转化而来的合成名词）
break down 出故障→ breakdown n. 故障
break through 突破→ breakthrough n. 突破
put out 生产，输出→ output n. 产量，输出
come in 进来→ income n. 收入
come out 出现，结果是→ outcome n. 结果，后果
Always carry your toolbox in case you have a breakdown on the motorway.
随身携带工具箱，以防汽车在高速公路上抛锚。
选词填空（outcome/breakthrough/breakdown）
（1） The cause of AIDS is made clear，which will help to make a great ______________in the treatment of the deadly disease.
（2） Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best ______________ would be for your well-being.
（3） It doesn’t come as a shock to learn that the fuel and cooling systems are the most common causes of ______________.
breakthrough
outcome
breakdown
教材原句p.59 ...but the actual number of deaths is probably much higher. ……而实际死亡人数可能要更高。
16 actual adj. 实际的，真实的
in actual fact 实际上，事实上
The actual cost of the construction was higher than we expected. 实际建造成本比我们预计的要高。［词汇复现］
In actual fact，the information is processed in a random order. 事实上，信息是按随机顺序处理的。［词汇复现］
【归纳拓展】
actually adv. 实际上，说实在的；事实上
actually = in（actual）fact = as a matter of fact 实际上，事实上
The present situation is actually more than a little depressing.
= Actually/In fact/In actual fact/As a matter of fact，the present situation is more than a little depressing.
目前的情况实际上非常令人沮丧。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］Most people work because it’s unavoidable. By contrast，there are some people who ____________（actual）enjoy work.
（2） （actual），it was human behaviour that resulted in the catastrophe.
（3）［词汇复现］ actual fact，I haven’t made sense of what the specialist said at the meeting.
（4）［词汇复现］As matter of fact，it is a widespread concern for the parents to see their children addicted to the mobile phone.
完成句子
（5） _________________________________________________（事实上）， everybody has limitless potential.
actually
Actually
In
a
Actually/In fact/In actual fact/As a matter of fact
教材原句p.59 ...governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic medical research on epidemics... ……世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究……
17 underline vt. 强调，使突出；在……之下划线
The report underlines the importance of preschool education.
这份报告强调学前教育的重要性。
They underline the fact that every subject has its own importance and pupils will absorb knowledge useful for their future.
他们强调每个学科都有其重要性，而学生会吸收对他们的未来有用的知识。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） The report （underline）his concern that standards were at risk.
完成句子
（2） This incident （显示了……危险）of travelling in the border areas.
underlined
underlines the danger
18 thorough adj. 彻底的，全面的，详尽的
You must see your doctor for a thorough examination.
你必须去看医生，做个全面检查。
Detectives carried out a thorough search of the building.
侦探对那栋大楼进行了彻底的搜查。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
thoroughly adv. 完全地，彻底地
They determined to inquire thoroughly into this matter.
他们决定彻底调查这件事。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］In order to know a foreign language （thorough），four things are essential.
完成句子
（2） Our school has （大扫除）every Thursday morning.
（3） He had made （彻底的调查）. No wonder he knew so much about it.
thoroughly
a thorough cleaning
a thorough investigation
重点句式
教材原句p.58 With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird u and killer epidemics of the past， Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics... 最近有新闻报道，吉姆·史密斯将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比，在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找……
【句式分析】With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past 为with 复合结构作状语。
1 with + 宾语+ 宾补
常在句中作状语，表示原因、方式、时间、条件或伴随等。具体形式主要有：
（1）with + 宾语 + 形容词
He determined to return to his homeland with the situation there depressing. 他决心回国，因为那里的局势令人沮丧。［词汇复现］
（2）with + 宾语 + 副词
He left the office，with the light on. 他开着灯离开了办公室。
（3）with + 宾语 + 现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）
With the specialist directing him，he has made up his mind to grow his own vegetables in greenhouses.
在专家的指导下，他决定自己种植大棚蔬菜。［词汇复现］
（4）with + 宾语 + 过去分词（表示被动或已经完成）
With all the work finished，they hurried back home for lunch.
所有工作都做完了，他们匆忙回家吃午饭。
（5）with + 宾语 + 动词不定式（表示尚未发生）
With so many things to deal with，I can’t go on holiday. 有这么多的事要处理，我不能去度假。
（6）with + 宾语 + 介词短语
He came in with a book in his hand. 他进来了，手里拿着一本书。
Do you know the lady with a baby in her arms
你认识那个抱着婴儿的女士吗？（with 复合结构作定语）
单句语法填空
（1）With the exact date （settle）， it is time for us to plan for the basketball tournament.
（2）［词汇复现］The whole playground was excited， with the audience （cheer） enthusiastically for the athletes.
（3）［词汇复现］With air pollution （get） worse，the government needs to come up with some effective measures to deal with it.
（4）［词汇复现］With so many goats and cattle （attend）to，the little boy was depressed，because he couldn’t play with his friends.
（5） With everything she needed （buy），she went home happily.
settled
cheering
getting
to attend
bought
（6）［词汇复现］With too many people （stare）at her，the little girl was very nervous and couldn’t speak fluently.
（7） The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already （lay）for a meal to be cooked.
完成句子
（8） The old man walked in （手里拄着一根拐杖）.
staring
laid
with a stick in his hand
教材原句p.59 Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area’s population died from the epidemic，making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire. 现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50% 的人口死于这一流行病，成为罗马帝国衰落的一个主要原因。
2 现在分词短语作结果状语
通常放在句末。有时为了突出结果，现在分词前可加 thus 或therefore，相当于so 或so that 引导的结果状语从句。
Carbon burns in oxygen or air，therefore forming carbon dioxide.
碳在氧气或空气中燃烧，因而形成了二氧化碳。
I woke up in the morning，only to find the outside world greatly changed.
早晨我醒来，发现外面的世界变化很大。（出乎意料的结果）
Great changes have taken place in our country in the past few years， making it one of the powerful countries in the world. 在过去的几年中，我国发生了巨大的变化，使它成为世界上强大的国家之一。（顺其自然的结果）
单句语法填空
（1） It rained heavily， （cause）severe flooding in that country.
（2）［词汇复现］He managed to contain himself at the meeting yesterday，_________（avoid） a conflict with his boss.
（3）We hurried to the station，only （tell）that the train had left.
（4）［词汇复现］He underlined the sentences that he didn’t understand， （make） it easier for him to turn to his teacher.
（5） Yesterday I went to see him，only （learn）that he had gone abroad two days before.
（6） He comes home very late every evening， （make）his wife very angry.
causing
avoiding
to be told
making
to learn
making
教材原句p.59 Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months， the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history. 西班牙流感在18 个月内造成5 000 万人死亡，成为历史上最严重的流行病。
【句式分析】Having killed up to...为现在分词的完成式作状语，表示 动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
3 现在分词的完成式作状语 表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington.
那天，我赶上了从帕丁顿开来的7：30 的火车，提前到了办公室。
Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.（被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前）
由于那天晚上被要求加班，我错过了一场精彩的电影。
单句语法填空
（1）［词汇复现］ （have）a thorough cleaning yesterday，our school looks tidier and more beautiful.
（2） ________________（finish）all the tests，we began our holiday.
（3） _________________（injure）in the training，Tom couldn’t play in the basketball season.
（4） （build）more highways，China makes it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
Having had
Having finished
Having been injured
Having built
Grammar
动词短语
1 动词短语的概念
两个或两个以上的词在一起构成一个固定结构，表达一种特定的含义，作用近似于一个单一动词，称为动词短语。
2 分类
动词短语有及物（vt.）和不及物（vi.）之分，及物动词短语必须跟宾语， 不及物动词短语不跟宾语。
（1）及物动词短语
It is estimated that he has got through his work for he looks relaxed.
估计他已经完成了工作，因为他看上去很放松。［词汇复现］
It is not essential for us to look up every unknown word when reading.
我们没有必要在阅读时查阅每一个生词。［词汇复现］
单元语法
（2）不及物动词短语
The election will take place next Friday，which has attracted a lot of attention so far. 竞选活动将于下星期五举行，到目前为止已经吸引了很多关注。［词汇复现］
The weeks went slowly by. 时间一星期一星期慢慢地过去了。
（ 3）部分动词短语既可作及物动词短语，也可作不及物动词短语。
He took off his coat. 他脱下他的大衣。
The plane took off at nine o’clock. 飞机在九点起飞。
3 及物动词短语的用法
（ 1）“动词 + 副词”构成的及物动词短语，宾语如果是名词，可置 于动词短语之后，也可置于动词与副词之间；宾语如果是代词，则只能置于动词与副词之间。
We will hand out the advertisements.
=We will hand the advertisements out. 我们将要分发广告。
If you like it，please try it on. 如果你喜欢它，就请试试。
不能说成：If you like it，please try on it.
（2）“动词+ 副词”构成的及物动词短语，举例如下：
put on 穿上 set up 建立 turn off 关掉
put off 推迟 pick up 捡起；恢复 turn on 打开
put up 挂起；举起 put down 放下 clean up 打扫干净
write down 写下 call/ring up 打电话 cheer up 使振奋
get back 取回 eat up 吃光 give up 放弃
look up 查阅 take off 脱下 give away 捐赠
work out 算出 cut down 砍倒 hand out 分发
turn up 把（声音）调大 wake up 叫醒 hand in 交上来
turn down 把（声音）调小 take out 取出 think up 想出
（3）“动词+ 介词”或“动词+ 副词+ 介词”构成的及物动词短语， 举例如下（宾语放于介词之后）：
come up with 想出（主意） look after 照顾
look for 寻找 get on 上车
agree with 同意 ask for 请求；找
hear of 听说 knock at 敲（门、窗等）
laugh at 嘲笑 wait for 等候
pay for 付钱；支付 run out of 用完；用尽
用适当的介词或副词填空
（1） China’s efforts on food production and safety will pay after the new food law is introduced.
（2）［词汇复现］Ningbo is a small city. Therefore， to speed the flow of traffic，the government has determined to broaden some main streets.
（3）［词汇复现］Adopting the doctor’s advice，he cut down coffee and cigarettes and ate a balanced diet.
（4） Einstein liked Bose’s paper so much that he set his own work and translated it into German.
（5） If you sit in an office all day long and rarely work ，you’re likely to suffer from neck and back pains.
off
up
on
aside
out
（6）［词汇复现］Two doctors and eight nurses make the medical team，which will be sent to the countryside for the sake of the villagers’ health.
（7）［词汇复现］Our class consists forty-one students and the most intelligent one is Li Mei.
（8）［词汇复现］What was it that made the young man stand among the applicants
（9） You had promised to drop when passing by our town，but what was it that prevented you from showing in my home
（10） Have you figured whether to take up a part-time job or not this summer vacation
（11） Economic growth in the country remains weak this year and it is hoped that it will pick ________ gradually next year.
up
of
out
in
up
out
up
THE END