武威第五中学课堂教学设计首页
编写时间: 2014年 5 月 日 第 二 学期 总第 课时 编写人:
课题 Unit 9 授课班级 七(1.2) 授课时间
教学目标 知识技能 Target language What does your friend look like
过程方法 Listening, speaking, writing and reading skill.
情感态度 We mustn’t judge people by appearance
教学重点 Words to describe people by in 1a. What questions Learn to describe people’s appearance.
教学难点 Train students’ listening and speaking skill. Learn to describe people’s appearance.
课型 New 主要教学方法 Teaching by pictures and oral practicing method.
教学模式 教学手段与教具 A tape recorder、some pictures and some real things.
板书设计 Unit 9 What does he look like What do you look like I’m short. What do they look like They’re medium height. What does he look like
作业设计 1) Copy new words. 2) Talk about
教学反思
武威第五中学课堂教学设计续页
教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备
Step1,Greeting Greet the class as usual. Check the homework. Step2, 2a 2b 2a This activity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) provides guided listening practice using the target language. Point to the list ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of nine phrases and ask a guess. student to read them to the class. Say, Now you w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill hear three conversations. The people are talking about friends. They are using these words to describe their friends. Some of these words go with "has" and some go with "is". Point to the cir ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cle around the word "circle". Say, Circle the correct word, either is or has, when you hear it in the conversation. Play the recording ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the first time. Students only listen. Point out that there are three different conversations about three different people. Play the recording ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a second time. This time say, Circle "has" or "is". You may wish to play the recording a third time to allow slower students to complete their work and to let other students check their answers. Correct the answers. 2b This activit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y provides listening and writing practice using the target language. Point at the chart ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) with space for two words used with is and two words used with has after each name Call attention to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the sample answers. As you point to the word is, say a sentence using the sample answer tall: He’s tall. Point to the word has and say a sentence using the sample answer curly hair: He has curly hair. Play the rec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ording. Ask students to listen to the descriptions and write the words in the correct column after cad person’s name. 3 This activ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ity provides guided writing practice using the target language. J Call attention t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o the dialogue in the box and the picture. Explain that students have to complete the dialogue with words to describe Nancy’s appearance. Have students do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the activity individually. As they work, move around the classroom offering help as necessary. 3a This activity p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rovides reading practice using the target language. Draw attention to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the pictures and the descriptions. Explain that students have to match the pictures with the correct descriptions. Point out the example. Have a student read the first description. Students do the activity individually. 3b This activity pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ovides oral practice using the target language Call attention t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o the picture and the names in the box. Say, Student A has to write the names in the box next to the people in the picture. Then Student B has to ask questions to find the people. Remind students that they should not look at each others’ textbooks when they do this activity. Have two stu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dents read out the example dialogue in the speech bubbles. Then ask students to do the activity in pairs. As students talk, walk around the classroom listening and offering assistance as necessary. 4 This activity prov ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ides open-ended oral practice using the target language. Give a sample de ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scription of someone in the class and ask the class to guess who you are describing. Use only words and sentence patterns from this unit. For example, She’s short and thin. She has curly hair. Step3, Summary Greeting listening practice using the target language. Circle the corre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ct word, either is or has, when you hear it in the conversation. listening and writing practice using the target language. Ask students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to listen to the descriptions and write the words in the correct column after cad person’s name.Explain that st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udents have to match the pictures with the correct descriptions.Give a sample description of someone in the class and ask the class to guess who you are describing.武威第五中学课堂教学设计首页
编写时间: 2014年 5 月 日 第 二 学期 总第 课时 编写人:
课题 Unit 9 授课班级 七(1.2) 授课时间
教学目标 知识技能 重点词汇short, curly, long ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), tall, straight hair, a medium build, height, thin, heavy, bald, brown, blonde, glasses, hair, beard, mustache, look like, a little bit, good-looking
过程方法 What does he look ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )like? He’s tall. He’s short and he has straight hair. Do you know David I don’t think he is so great. He likes reading and playing chess.
情感态度 Famous peopl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e make great efforts before success. As students, you must work hard and your ideal will come true some day.
教学重点 Learn to express your favorite. Read and write a passage about what someone looks like.
教学难点 Listening and writing skills Train students’ speaking skill.
课型 New 主要教学方法 Teaching by pictures and oral practicing method.
教学模式 教学手段与教具 A tape recorder、some pictures and some real things.
板书设计 Unit9 What does he look like What do you/they look like I’m/They’re short. I’m/They’re thin. What does he/she/your friend/Yao Ming look like He/She has a medium build. He/She is tall. He/She has curly hair.
作业设计 1) Copy new words. 2) Finish the exercises
教学反思
武威第五中学课堂教学设计续页
教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备
StepⅠ Greet the class as usual and check the homework. StepⅡ Revision 1.特殊疑问句 What do you/they look like I’m/They’re short.I’m/They’re thin. What does he/she/your friend/Yao Ming look like He/She has a medium build. He/She is tall. He/She has curly hair. 2.Describe appearances I is short hair (n.) We long hair (n.) You straight hair (n.) He are curly hair (n.) She blonde hair (n.) My friend have black hair (n.) Li Ming thin (adj.) They has heavy (adj.) tall (adj.) wear short (adj.) bald (adj.) wears a beard (n.) glasses (n.) a medium build (n.) a mustache (n.)Do some exercise.A)用划线词的反义词填空。 1. Turn left, don’t turn _____. You will find there soon. 2. I don’t like curly hair. I like _____ hair. 3. _____ people should love the old people. 4. This boy is very _____, but his brother id very short. 5. This story is too _____. Please tell me a short one. B) 用所给词的适当形式填空。 6. Look! Jane _____ (wear) a beautiful red skirt. 7. He can sing English songs very _____ (good). 8. The shop sells _____ (woman) handbags. 9. Who is the _____ (win) of the game 10. _____ (not talk), please listen to me. C,书面表达(计10分) 写一篇短文,描述你最熟悉的一位老师,包括他(她)的国籍、性别、年龄、外貌和个人爱好。 Revise the words RevisionMake notes.Describe appearancesDo some exercise.Ask some students to say ‘why ”Write some sentences.武威第五中学课堂教学设计首页
编写时间: 2014年 5 月 日 第 二 学期 总第 课时 编写人:
课题 Unit 9 授课班级 七(3) 授课时间
教学目标 知识技能 Target language What does your friend look like
过程方法 Listening and writing skills Train students’ speaking skill.
情感态度 Famous people mak ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e great efforts before success. As students, you must work hard and your ideal will come true some day.
教学重点 Learn to express your favorite. Read and write a passage about what someone looks like.
教学难点 Listening and writing skills Train students’ speaking skill.
课型 New 主要教学方法 Teaching by pictures and oral practicing method.
教学模式 教学手段与教具 A tape recorder、some pictures and some real things.
板书设计 Unit 9 What does he look like He’s medium height. He has curly, black hair. He wears glasses. He has a black mustache.
作业设计 1) Copy new words. 2) Talk about
教学反思
武威第五中学课堂教学设计续页
教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备
StepⅠ Greet the class as usual and check the homework. StepⅡ 1a 1b Match the words with ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the pictures. Write the letter of each picture before the words. Get students to do the activity individually. Fill in the blan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ks by putting famous person’s names on the write-on lines. Ask different stude ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts to share their completed sentences with the class. Step Ⅲ 2a, 2b 1 Listen and write down what the two persons’ jobs are. 2 Play the same reco ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rding again. Write what each person looks like in the chart. StepⅣ 2c Put students i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nto groups of four. Take turns telling what your favorite musician, actor or athlete looks like to your group mates. StepⅤ 3a 3b Get students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to read the article and fill in the blanks in the chart. Point the pictures below. Elicit the answer to the second blank. get the students to do the activity on their own. StepⅥ 3c 4 1 Write about your f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )avorite actor or musician. You may use the articles in a and 3b as a guide. 2 First you each draw a picture of a person on a piece of paper. 3 Then tell your classmates what the person looks like. StepⅦ 1 2 3 Just for fun 1 Ask students to check all the words they know. 2 Ask students to write five new words in their Vocab-builder. 3 Have a careful lo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ok at the people and describe what they look like. 4 Ask all the stude ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts to look at the cartoon pictures and read the conversation. Step Ⅷ Summary Summary the knowledge of this unit. StepⅨ Homework Review all the knowledge points in this unit. Greeting Match the words with the pictures.Listen and write down what the two persons’ jobs are. Listen and write down what the two persons’ jobs are. fill in the blanks in the chart. Point the pictures below.write five new words in their Vocab-builder.Ask all the stud ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ents to look at the cartoon pictures and read the conversation.武威第五中学课堂教学设计首页
编写时间: 2014年 5 月 日 第 二 学期 总第 课时 编写人:
课题 Unit 9 授课班级 七(1.2) 授课时间
教学目标 知识技能 Target language What does your friend look like
过程方法 Listening, speaking, writing and reading skill.
情感态度 We mustn’t judge people by appearance
教学重点 Words to describe people by in 1a. What questions Learn to describe people’s appearance.
教学难点 Train students’ listening and speaking skill. Learn to describe people’s appearance.
课型 New 主要教学方法 Teaching by pictures and oral practicing method.
教学模式 教学手段与教具 A tape recorder、some pictures and some real things.
板书设计 Unit 9 What does he look like What do you look like I’m short. What do they look like They’re medium height. What does he look like
作业设计 1) Copy new words. 2) Talk about appearance
教学反思
武威第五中学课堂教学设计续页
教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备
Step1,Greeting Greet the class as usual. Check the homework. Step2, 2a 2b 2a This activity pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vides guided listening practice using the target language. Point to the l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ist of nine phrases and ask a guess. student to read them to the class. Say, Now you will h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ear three conversations. The people are talking about friends. They are using these words to describe their friends. Some of these words go with "has" and some go with "is". Point to the circle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) around the word "circle". Say, Circle the correct word, either is or has, when you hear it in the conversation. Play the recording t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he first time. Students only listen. Point out that there are three different conversations about three different people. Play the recording a s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )econd time. This time say, Circle "has" or "is". You may wish to play the recording a third time to allow slower students to complete their work and to let other students check their answers. Correct the answers. 2b This activity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) provides listening and writing practice using the target language. Point at the chart ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )with space for two words used with is and two words used with has after each name Call attention to th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e sample answers. As you point to the word is, say a sentence using the sample answer tall: He’s tall. Point to the word has and say a sentence using the sample answer curly hair: He has curly hair. Play the recordin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g. Ask students to listen to the descriptions and write the words in the correct column after cad person’s name. 3 This activity p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rovides guided writing practice using the target language. J Call attention to t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he dialogue in the box and the picture. Explain that students have to complete the dialogue with words to describe Nancy’s appearance. Have students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )do the activity individually. As they work, move around the classroom offering help as necessary. 3a This activ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ity provides reading practice using the target language. Draw attention to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) pictures and the descriptions. Explain that students have to match the pictures with the correct descriptions. Point out the example. Have a student read the first description. Students do the activity individually. 3b This activity provi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )des oral practice using the target language Call attention to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )picture and the names in the box. Say, Student A has to write the names in the box next to the people in the picture. Then Student B has to ask questions to find the people. Remind students that they should not look at each others’ textbooks when they do this activity. Have two stude ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts read out the example dialogue in the speech bubbles. Then ask students to do the activity in pairs. As students talk, walk around the classroom listening and offering assistance as necessary. 4 This activity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )provides open-ended oral practice using the target language. Give a sample descrip ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion of someone in the class and ask the class to guess who you are describing. Use only words and sentence patterns from this unit. For example, She’s short and thin. She has curly hair. Step3, Summary Greeting listen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing practice using the target language. Circle the correct ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )word, either is or has, when you hear it in the conversation. listening and writing practice using the target language. Ask students to l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )isten to the descriptions and write the words in the correct column after cad person’s name.Explain that stu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dents have to match the pictures with the correct descriptions.Give a sample description of someone in the class and ask the class to guess who you are describing.武威第五中学课堂教学设计首页
编写时间: 2014年 5 月 日 第 二 学期 总第 课时 编写人:
课题 Unit 9 授课班级 七(1.2) 授课时间
教学目标 知识技能 Target language What does your friend look like
过程方法 Listening and writing skills Train students’ speaking skill.
情感态度 Famous people mak ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e great efforts before success. As students, you must work hard and your ideal will come true some day.
教学重点 Learn to express your favorite. Read and write a passage about what someone looks like.
教学难点 Listening and writing skills Train students’ speaking skill.
课型 New 主要教学方法 Teaching by pictures and oral practicing method.
教学模式 教学手段与教具 A tape recorder、some pictures and some real things.
板书设计 Unit9 What does he look like He’s medium height. He has curly, black hair. He is thin. He wears glasses. He has a black mustache.
作业设计 1) Copy new words. 2) Finish the exercises
教学反思
武威第五中学课堂教学设计续页
教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备
StepⅠ Greet the class as usual and check the homework. StepⅡ 1a 1b Match the words wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )th the pictures. Write the letter of each picture before the words. Get students to do the activity individually. Fill in the blanks ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )by putting famous person’s names on the write-on lines. Ask differen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t students to share their completed sentences with the class. Step Ⅲ 2a, 2b 1 Listen and write down what the two persons’ jobs are. 2 Play the same r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ecording again. Write what each person looks like in the chart. StepⅣ 2c Put students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) into groups of four. Take turns telling what your favorite musician, actor or athlete looks like to your group mates. StepⅤ 3a 3b Get students to r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ead the article and fill in the blanks in the chart. Point the pictures below. Elicit the answer to the second blank. get the students to do the activity on their own. StepⅥ 3c 4 1 Write about yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur favorite actor or musician. You may use the articles in a and 3b as a guide. 2 First you each draw a picture of a person on a piece of paper. 3 Then tell your classmates what the person looks like. StepⅦ 1 2 3 Just for fun 1 Ask students to check all the words they know. 2 Ask students to write five new words in their Vocab-builder. 3 Have a careful ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )look at the people and describe what they look like. 4 Ask all the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) students to look at the cartoon pictures and read the conversation. Step Ⅷ Summary Summary the knowledge of this unit. StepⅨ Homework Review all the knowledge points in this unit. Greeting Match the words with the pictures.Listen and write down what the two persons’ jobs are. Listen and write down what the two persons’ jobs are. fill in the blanks in the chart. Point the pictures below.write five new words in their Vocab-builder.Ask all the students to look at the cartoon pictures and read the conversation武威第五中学课堂教学设计首页
编写时间: 2014年 5 月 日 第 二 学期 总第 课时 编写人:
课题 Unit 9 授课班级 七(1.2) 授课时间
教学目标 知识技能 Target language What does your friend look like
过程方法 Listening, speaking, writing and reading skill.
情感态度 We mustn’t judge people by appearance
教学重点 Words to describe people by in 1a. What questions Learn to describe people’s appearance.
教学难点 Train students’ listening and speaking skill. Learn to describe people’s appearance.
课型 New 主要教学方法 Teaching by pictures and oral practicing method.
教学模式 教学手段与教具 A tape recorder、some pictures and some real things.
板书设计 Unit 9 What does he look like What do you look like I’m short. What do they look like They’re medium height. What does he look like
作业设计 1) Copy new words. 2) Talk about their partners
教学反思
武威第五中学课堂教学设计续页
教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备
Step1,Greeting Gr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eet the class as usual. Check the homework. Step2, 1a 1b Ask students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to name some ways of describing people. You can start students off with examples such as tall and short. Point out various students in the class and ask students to say if they are tall or short. Continue with exam ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ples of students who have long hair and short hair. Write the words on the board and ask students to repeat these words. Then point at different students’ hair and ask the class, Long hair or short hair Culture note In some cultures, i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t is impolite to point at other people or to touch other people, particularly on the head. la This activity introduces the key vocabulary. Focus attention on t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he words. Ask students to read the list of words. Then say each word and ask students to repeat it. On the board, make ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a simple drawing to illustrate each of the words. As you complete each drawing, point to it and ask students what it shows. If they don’t know, say the word and ask students to repeat it. For example,draw a stick figure with very long legs and a long body,When you point to the figure, students say tall. Call attention to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )picture. Point to the letters next to the people in the picture. Say, Use the le ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tters to match the people in the picture with one of the numbered words. Write each letter next to a numbered word. You can use some letters more than once. Point out the sample answer. Check the answers. 1 b This activit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y provides guided listening and writing practice using the target language. Call attention ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to the speech bubbles in the picture.Read the dialogue, saying blank when you come to a blank line. Say, You will hear a c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onversation between Amy and her friend. Fill in the blank lines in their conversation.Then look at the picture and find the boy Amy is talking about. Play the recording the first time. Students only listen. Play the recording a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )second time. This time, students fill in the blanks in the speech bubbles. Say, Who are they talking about Correct the answers. 1 c This activity pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vides guided oral practice using the target language. Call attention ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to the various people in the picture.Say, One of these people is your friend. Point out the sample c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onversation. Ask two students to read it to the class. Then ask the class to point to the girl in the picture who has long hair and a medium build. Say a dialogu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e with a student. Have the student ask you the question. You then answer it using a description of one of the people in the picture. Ask the student to point out the person you described. Say, Now work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions. Then have stu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dents work in pairs. As they talk,move around the room monitoring their work.Offer language or pronunciation support as needed. Step3, SummaryStep4, Homework Choose another five words from units 1-6 and make sentences with them. Greeting Ask students to name some ways of describing people.Focus attention on t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he words. Ask students to read the list of words. Then say each word and ask students to repeat it.This time, students fill in the blanks in the speech bubbles. Ask and answer the questions. Then have students work in pairs.Make dialogues and taik about their families武威第五中学课堂教学设计首页
编写时间: 2014年 5 月 日 第 二 学期 总第 课时 编写人:
课题 Unit 9 授课班级 七(1.2) 授课时间
教学目标 知识技能 Target language What does your friend look like
过程方法 Listening, speaking, writing and reading skill.
情感态度 We mustn’t judge people by appearance
教学重点 Words to describe people by in 1a. What questions Learn to describe people’s appearance.
教学难点 Train students’ listening and speaking skill. Learn to describe people’s appearance.
课型 New 主要教学方法 Listening and oral practice methods. Pairwork.
教学模式 教学手段与教具 A tape recorder、some pictures and some real things.
板书设计 Unit 9 What does he look like What do you look like I’m short. What do they look like They’re medium height. What does he look like
作业设计 1) Copy new words. 2) Finish the exercises
教学反思
武威第五中学课堂教学设计续页
教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备
Step1,Greeting ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Greet the class as usual. Check the homework. Step2, 1a 1b Ask students to name ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) some ways of describing people. You can start students off with examples such as tall and short. Point out various students in the class and ask students to say if they are tall or short. Continue with example ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s of students who have long hair and short hair. Write the words on the board and ask students to repeat these words. Then point at different students’ hair and ask the class, Long hair or short hair Culture note In some cultures, it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is impolite to point at other people or to touch other people, particularly on the head. la This activity introduces the key vocabulary. Focus attenti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on on the words. Ask students to read the list of words. Then say each word and ask students to repeat it. On the board, make ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a simple drawing to illustrate each of the words. As you complete each drawing, point to it and ask students what it shows. If they don’t know, say the word and ask students to repeat it. For example,draw a stick figure with very long legs and a long body,When you point to the figure, students say tall. Call attention to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the picture. Point to the letters next to the people in the picture. Say, Use the lett ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers to match the people in the picture with one of the numbered words. Write each letter next to a numbered word. You can use some letters more than once. Point out the sample answer. Check the answers. 1 b This activity pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vides guided listening and writing practice using the target language. Call attentio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n to the speech bubbles in the picture.Read the dialogue, saying blank when you come to a blank line. Say, You wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l hear a conversation between Amy and her friend. Fill in the blank lines in their conversation.Then look at the picture and find the boy Amy is talking about. Play the recording the first time. Students only listen. Play the recording ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a second time. This time, students fill in the blanks in the speech bubbles. Say, Who are they talking about Correct the answers. 1 c This activity ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )provides guided oral practice using the target language. Call attention to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the various people in the picture.Say, One of these people is your friend. Point out the sample ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) conversation. Ask two students to read it to the class. Then ask the class to point to the girl in the picture who has long hair and a medium build. Say a dialogue wit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h a student. Have the student ask you the question. You then answer it using a description of one of the people in the picture. Ask the student to point out the person you described. Say, Now work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions. Then have students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )work in pairs. As they talk,move around the room monitoring their work.Offer language or pronunciation support as needed. Step3, SummaryStep4, Homework Choose another five words from units 1-6 and make sentences with them. Greeting Ask students to name some ways of describing people.Focus attention on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the words. Ask students to read the list of words. Then say each word and ask students to repeat it.Listening practiceThis time, students fill in the blanks in the speech bubbles. Check the answers and Ask and answer the questions. Then have students work in pairs.