(共81张PPT)
Unit 4
Exploring poetry
Period Ⅱ
Grammar and usage
敲黑板
1.语言知识：break with, advocate, belief， when引导定语从句，过去进行时的被动语态等。
2.语言技能：恰当运用非谓语动词形式来阐述阅读诗歌的重要性。
必刷词汇
1.rigid adj.________________________________
死板的，僵硬的；固执的，僵化的
2.era n.____________
时代，年代
3.district n.________________________
区，行政区；地区，区域
4.______ n.理想；典范 adj.完美的，理想的
ideal
5.________ vt.（过去式__________，过去分词__________）经历，经受
undergo
underwent
undergone
6.industrialization n.________联想 ①industry n.____________ ②industrial adj.________
工业化
工业；行业
工业的
7.________ n.小说家联想 ______ n.小说 adj.新颖的
novelist
novel
8._________ vt.拥护，支持，提倡 n.拥护者，支持者；辩护律师 搭配 _________ （__________） ____
支持（做）某事
advocate
advocate
（doing）
sth
9.______ n.看法，信念；信仰；相信，信心 联想 ①________ vt.相信；认为 ②____________ adj.难以置
信的 搭配 ________ ______ 令人难以置信
belief
believe
unbelievable
beyond
belief
10.______ _____ ____ 与某事终止关联，破除
break
with
sth
核心词汇
The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century: they refused to follow rigid rules… 浪漫主义者的目标是摒弃18世纪的理想：他们拒绝遵循死板的规则……
教材P48
1 break with 与某事终止关联，破除；与……断绝关系
He broke with his friend over a very small affair.他为了区区小事与朋友断绝了往来。
&1& 含有break的其他常用短语
break away from 逃脱；挣脱
break down 出故障；失败；垮掉；分解
break in 强行进入；打断（in后面不接宾语）
break into 强行闯入；突然开始（into后面接宾语）
break off 中断；折断
break out （战争、火灾等）爆发；突然发生
break through 突破；冲破；取得突破
break up 解散；（婚姻、关系）破裂；放假；结束；粉碎
The company wants to break away from its downmarket image.这家公司想摆脱它面向低消费阶层的形象。
If a machine or a vehicle . .breaks down, it stops working.如果一台机器或一辆车坏了，它就停止工作。
Let's break off our work for lunch.我们暂停工作去吃午饭吧。
定向练1
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.He admitted that he had tried to break _____ the shop during the night but had got stuck in the
chimney.
into
[解析] 句意为：他承认他试图在晚上闯入商店，但卡在了烟囱里。
2.Don't lose your head when a fire breaks ____.
out
[解析] 句意为：失火时不要惊慌失措。
3.Among the painters who broke away ______ the traditional style of painting were the impressionists,
who lived and worked in Paris.
from
[解析] 句意为：在巴黎生活和工作的印象派画家是一个打破传统绘画风格的群体。
4.On my way to the station my car broke ______, so I failed to catch the train.
down
[解析] 句意为：在去车站的路上，我的车抛锚了，所以我没赶上火车。
5.Robbers broke ___ while we were away on holiday.
in
[解析] 句意为：我们外出度假时,盗贼闯了进来。
6.They hope to break ________ soon in their fight against the disease.
through
[解析] 句意为：他们希望和这种疾病的斗争能很快取得突破。
Instead, they advocated going back to nature.相反，他们主张回归自然。
教材P48
2 advocate
① vt.拥护，支持，提倡；主张
释义·理解
advocate
vt.
to support sth publicly
n.
①sb who publicly supports sth/sb
②a person who defends sb in court
&2& advocate （doing） sth 提倡/拥护/支持（做）某事
advocate that… （should） do sth 主张……做某事；提倡……做某事（虚拟语气）
Do you advocate banning cars in the city centre 你支持禁止汽车在市中心（通行）吗？
I would advocate that we （should） trade off a little less ease of use for higher accuracy.我提倡我们大家使用时少一些随意以获得更高的准确性。
②n.拥护者，支持者,提倡者；辩护律师
Animal rights advocates point out that zoos are really animal prisons and very often cruel to animals.动物权利保护者指出动物园实际上是动物的牢笼，经常虐待动物。
定向练2
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.He advocates __________ （reform） the prison system.
reforming
[解析] 句意为：他提倡改革监狱体制。advocate doing sth意为“提倡/拥护/支持做某事”。
2.The Chinese government advocates that we _____ （live） a low-carbon lifestyle.
live
[解析] 句意为：中国政府提倡我们过低碳生活。advocate后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
3.It ____________ （advocate） that people wear traditional clothes.
is advocated
[解析] 句意为：提倡人们穿传统服装。It为形式主语，that people wear traditional clothes是真正的主语，与advocate之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
4.He is a mountain climber, an inspirational speaker and ____ advocate for the disabled.
an
[解析] 句意为：他是一位登山运动员，一位鼓舞人心的演说家，也是一位残障人士的支持者。
The poets also wrote about individual feelings and beliefs.诗人也创作有关个人感情和信念的诗歌。
教材P48
3 belief n.看法，信念；信仰；相信，信心
She is a person worthy of belief.她是一个值得信任的人。
&3& have belief in sth/sb=believe in sth/sb 相信某事物（正确或有用）/某人（会成功）
beyond belief 令人难以置信；不可思议
hold to one's belief 坚持某人的看法
We need to have strong belief in ourselves.我们需要对自己有坚定的信心。
The country is lovely in summer—cold beyond belief in winter.这个国家的夏天非常宜人——冬天却冷得让人难以置信。
I hold to my belief that development shouldn't be at the cost of the environment.我坚持自己的这一看法：发展不应该以牺牲环境为代价。
&4& ①believe vt.相信；认为
believe in 信任；信赖；相信（某人会成功）
②believable adj.可相信的；可信任的
Her explanation certainly sounded believable.她的解释听起来的确可信。
③unbelievable adj.令人难以置信的
定向练3
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.It is my ______ （believe） that her death was not an accident.
belief
[解析] 形容词性物主代词后面接名词，故此处应用名词形式。句意为：我相信她的死不是意外事故。
2.I don't have belief ___ all those so-called healthy foods.
in
[解析] have belief in sth=believe in sth，故用in。句意为：我不相信所有那些所谓的健康食品。
3.The workers' dissatisfaction with the management has grown ________belief.
beyond
[解析] beyond belief意为“令人难以置信；不可思议”。句意为：工人们对管理层的不满已经达到令人难以置信的程度。
二、根据汉语提示补全句子。
1.Work hard and______________________________ （信任你自己）， and you'll succeed one day.
believe in/have belief in yourself
2.It's ________________________ （一次令人难以置信的经历）, which I really enjoy.
an unbelievable experience
1
【句意】在那个时代，许多画家、音乐家、小说家和诗人都以新的、不同的方式看待世界。
教材P48
&5& when引导定语从句
when引导定语从句时，在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词常为表示时间的名词，如time, day, week, year等。
We will put off the picnic in the park until next week when the weather may be better.我们将把公园野餐的时间推迟到下周，那时天气可能会好点儿。
Eric is always longing for the time when he will be able to be independent.埃里克一直渴望他能独立的那个时刻。
特别注意 当先行词为表示时间的词时，注意判断关系词在从句中所作的成分，作时间状语时用when，作主语或宾语时用that/which。注意下面的句子：
Each time I see these photos, I can't help thinking of the happy days that/which we spent together.每次看到这些照片，我都忍不住会想起我们一起度过的快乐时光。（本句中先行词为days，关系词在从句中作spent的宾语，应用which或that）
定向练1
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.The night ______ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game was so exciting.
when
2.I am looking forward to the day ______ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for
her.
when
3.I had one trip last year ______ I got caught in a hurricane in America.
when
4.My uncle retired in 2010, since ______ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
when
5.The old pictures bring them to the time __________ they spent together, ______ life was hard but
happy.
that/which
when
2
【句意】大工厂正在兴建，人们被迫长时间工作。
教材P48
&6& 过去进行时的被动语态
过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直进行的动作，其构成为“was/were （not）+doing”。过去进行时的被动语态形式为“was/were （not）+being done”, 表示主语是动作的承受者。
过去进行时的被动语态具有如下用法特点：
①主要表示过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的被动动作，一般不与表示一段时间或表示次数的状语连用。
What was being done to the machine 对这台机器采取了什么措施
②表示按计划过去将要发生的被动动作。
Some rock music was being played by them then.接着将由他们演奏一些摇滚音乐。
③用于条件或时间状语从句中,表示过去将来正在进行的被动动作。
He told me to wake him up if he was being trapped in a nightmare.他告诉我如果他一直在做噩梦就叫醒他。
特别注意 与其主动语态相同，过去进行时的被动语态通常和表示过去的时间状语then, at this/that time, yesterday morning等连用。
Trees were being planted by them at this time yesterday.在昨天的这个时候，他们正在种树。
A meeting was being held then when I arrived there.我到达那里时，正开着会。
定向练2
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Her car __________________ （repair） just now, but I don't know whether they have finished
repairing it or not.
was being repaired
[解析] 句意为：她的车刚才正在修理，但是我不知道他们是否已经把它修好了。
2.The stone under her feet rolled; and as she ________________（pull） into the river, she called out
for help.
was being pulled
[解析] 句意为：她脚底下的石头滚动了；当她被拉进河里的时候，她大声呼救。
3.People were not allowed to enter the reading room because it _________________ （paint） then.
was being painted
[解析] 句意为：人们不准进入阅览室，因为当时它正在刷漆。
4.Two building workers got seriously injured when the stadium _______________ （build）.
was being built
[解析] 句意为：当体育场正在建的时候，两名建筑工人受了重伤。
英语中的非谓语动词包括：动名词、现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式。无论它们在句中作什么成分，都保持着自己本身的属性和特点。
动名词：具有名词功能，常在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
现在分词：表主动和正在进行, 常在句中作定语、状语、补语等。
过去分词：表被动和完成，常在句中作定语、状语、补语等。
动词不定式：表示将来和具体某一次的动作，常在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。
1 非谓语动词作主语
1 动词不定式（短语）作主语
动词不定式作主语相当于名词，常表示具体某一次的动作，单个动词不定式（短语）作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
To climb the mountain road is easy while to go down the hills is hard.上山容易下山难。
特别注意 有时为了避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语（不定式）放在后面。
It is not easy to find your way around the town.在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。
2动名词（短语）作主语
动名词具有名词的基本性质，因此动名词可以在句子中充当主语，常表示一般性动作。单个动名词（短语）作主语时，句子的谓语动词通常用单数。
（1）动名词（短语）在句首直接作主语。
Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.大声朗读对我们学外语来说很重要。
（2）it在句首作形式主语，而动名词（短语）作句子真正的主语，常用表达有：
It's a waste of time doing sth 做某事是浪费时间的
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth 做某事是没用的/值得的
It's no use doing sth 做某事是没用的
It was a waste of time reading that book.读那本书就是在浪费时间。（此句中It为形式主语，真正的主语为reading that book）
定向练1
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.It is a great honour _____________ （invite） to visit your country.
to be invited
[解析] 句意为：我很荣幸被邀请访问贵国。本句中It作形式主语，故应用不定式短语作真正主语，且invite与其逻辑主语“我”之间为被动关系，故用被动形式。
2.________ （make） the right decision concerning the future is probably the most important thing we
will ever do in our life.
Making
[解析] 句意为：做关乎未来的正确决定可能是我们一生中做的最重要的事。分析句子结构可知，主句的谓语是is，主句中缺少主语，且此处表示一般性动作，所以设空处要用动名词形式。
3.________ （add） the local dialect to the basic education last year is a big step in promoting
traditional culture.
To add
[解析] 句意为：去年把当地方言加入基础教育中是弘扬传统文化的一大步。分析句子结构可知，句子缺主语，且此处表示具体某一次的动作，故用不定式短语作主语。
4._________ （know） basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
Knowing
[解析] 句意为：了解基本的急救技巧可以帮助您快速应对紧急情况。分析句子成分可知，谓语是will help，句子缺少主语，且表示一般性动作，应用动名词短语作主语，故填Knowing。
5._______________ （equip） with global vision and the spirit of innovation is crucial to China's young
generation.
Being equipped
[解析] 句意为：拥有全球化视野和创新精神对中国的年轻一代来说至关重要。分析句子结构可知，句中缺少主语，表示一般性动作，故用动名词短语作主语。词组原为be equipped with，此处动名词短语作主语，be不能省略，故填Being equipped。
6.It is agreed that ________ （read） widely is one of the most effective ways to enlarge our vocabulary.
reading
[解析] 句意为：大家一致认为广泛阅读是扩大我们词汇量的最有效的途径之一。本句中It作形式主语，that引导的从句在句中作真正的主语。分析从句的句子成分可知，从句中缺少主语，且用来表示泛指，故应用动名词。
7._________ （open） school playgrounds to the public makes exercise easier for the people in the
community.
Opening
[解析] 句意为：学校操场对公众开放，使得社区里的人们锻炼起来更方便。 school playgrounds to the public是句子的主语，且表示一般性动作，故用动名词短语作主语。
8._________ （learn）to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
Learning
[解析] 句意为：学会批判性地思考是当代孩子为未来（的发展）所需要的一项重要技能。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少主语，表示一般性动作，故此处应用动名词短语作主语。
2 非谓语动词作宾语
1接动名词作宾语的动词（短语）
英语中有些及物动词或动词短语应接动名词形式作宾语，常用的有：admit（承认），advise（建议），advocate（倡导），avoid（避免），can't help（忍不住），can't stand（无法忍受），consider（考虑），delay/postpone/put off（推迟；延期），deny（否认），enjoy（喜欢），fancy（喜欢；想要），finish（完成），give up（放弃），imagine（想象），insist on（坚持），keep/keep on（继续），mind（介意），miss（错过），practise（练习），resist（抗拒），risk（冒……的危险），suggest（建议）等。
He managed to. .escape suffering from the disease.他设法避免患上那种疾病。
Professor Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter.史密斯教授考虑在学生们开始学习下一章之前给他们一份阅读清单。
特别注意 need， require， want（需要）， deserve等动词后面既可接动名词作宾语（用主动形式表示被动意义），又可接动词不定式的被动形式作宾语。
This shirt needs washing.= This shirt needs to be washed.这件衬衫需要洗一洗。
He deserved punishing.= He deserved to be punished.他应该受到惩罚。
2 接动词不定式作宾语的动词（短语）
英语中有些动词或动词短语应接不定式作宾语，常用的有：afford（负担得起）, agree（同意）, arrange（安排）, ask（请求）, attempt（尝试）, choose（选择）, desire（渴望）, decide/determine（决定）, expect（预计）, fail（失败；未做到）, help（帮助）, hope（希望）, intend（打算）, learn（学习）, manage（设法做成）, offer（愿意）, plan（计划）, prepare（准备）, pretend（假装）， promise（许诺；答应）, refuse（拒绝）, wish（希望）, would like/want（想要）等。
I can't afford to waste money on cheap souvenirs.我负担不起把钱浪费在廉价的纪念品上。
I expect to be. .back within a week.我预计一周之内回来。
At last I managed to carry all those large boxes upstairs.我终于设法把那些大箱子都搬上了楼。
特别注意 ①动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但是个别介词，如except， besides等，可以接动词不定式作宾语。
Mary would not speak to him except to answer questions.除了回答问题外，玛丽是不会和他讲话的。
②动名词可以跟在介词后作宾语。
He apologized for interrupting us.他为打断了我们（的谈话）而向我们道歉
Heart failure can sometimes lead to being killed.心力衰竭有时可能会导致死亡。
3 既可接动名词也可接动词不定式的动词（短语）
（1）love, like, hate, prefer等表示喜爱或憎恶的情感类动词后面接动词不定式和动名词时有少许区别：接动词不定式时，一般表示一次性或具体的动作； 接动名词时，一般表示习惯性或一般性的动作。
They prefer staying indoors when it is cold.天冷时他们更喜欢待在屋里。
Would you prefer to stay at home or go out with us tonight 今晚你是想待在家里还是和我们出去？
（2）begin, start, continue 等词后接动词不定式和动名词时，意义差别不大，一般可以互相替换。
She began learning/to learn how to use a computer.她开始学习如何使用电脑。
（3）有些动词（短语）后接动名词和不定式时，意思不同。
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事/forget to do sth 忘记去做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事/remember to do sth 记得去做某事
regret doing sth 后悔做了某事/regret to do sth 遗憾要做某事
mean doing sth 意味着做某事/mean to do sth 打算做某事
try doing sth 试着做某事/try to do sth 努力做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事/stop to do sth 停下来去做别的事
can't help doing sth 情不自禁做某事/can't help （to） do sth 不能帮忙做某事
She told me to go and lock the door.She didn't remember locking the door after supper.她叫我去锁门，她不记得晚饭后已经锁过门了。
Remember to turn off all the lights when you leave the classroom.你离开教室时，记得把所有的灯关掉。
They didn't . .mean to go and help you.他们不打算去帮助你们。
His words meant going to help you without delay.他的话意味着他将立刻前去帮助你们。
定向练2
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.My uncle is a reliable man.If he promises ______ （do） something, he is sure to do it.
to do
[解析] 句意为：我的叔叔是一个值得信赖的人。如果他承诺做某事，他就一定会做。
2.I move here only to attempt _________ （enjoy） the farming life here.
to enjoy
[解析] 句意为：我搬到这里只是尝试享受这里的田园生活。
3.I really can't stand ______ （do） such a boring job.I am going to do something different.
doing
[解析] 句意为：我实在不能忍受做这样无聊的工作。我要做一些不同的事情。
4.To avoid _____________ （catch） in the traffic jam, I usually set out at 7:00 in the morning from
home by car.
being caught
[解析] 句意为：为了避免遭遇交通堵塞，我通常早晨7点开车从家出发。
5.Had he taken his parents' advice, he would not regret _____________ （make） such a silly mistake
now.
having made
[解析] 句意为：如果他听了父母的劝告，现在他就不会后悔犯了这样一个愚蠢的错误。
6.Remember ________ （send） me a photo of us next time you write to me.
to send
[解析] 句意为：下次写信给我时，记得给我邮一张我们的照片。
7.I still remember ________ （visit） a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when
I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
visiting
[解析] 句意为：我仍然记得曾去拜访过一位已在这里居住五年的朋友，当我得知在这期间她从没有做过一顿饭时，我十分震惊。
8.When you've finished ________ （read） the book, don't forget _______ （put） it back on the shelf,
will you
reading
to put
[解析] 句意为：当你读完这本书时，别忘了把它放回书架上，好吗？
9.[浙江2022年1月] That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans
___________ （continue） the practice.
to continue
[解析] 句意为：那种做法使科布去年的航空旅行减少了75%，且她计划继续这样做。plan to do sth意为“计划做某事”，为固定搭配。故填to continue。
10.[天津2020年7月·改编] Jones was shocked when she said that she didn't actually mind
_____________ （cheat） by a cheat.
being cheated
[解析] 句意为: 当她说她实际上并不介意被骗子欺骗时，琼斯很震惊。
11.Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants _________ （prove） that she has
brains as well as beauty.
to prove
[解析] 句意为:萨拉曾经和顶级模特一起走秀，她想证明她不仅有美貌而且有头脑。
12.That summer, when the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practised ________
（pass） and kicking the football.
passing
[解析] 句意为: 那年夏天，当其他球队在享受他们的假期时，我们每天都见面，练习传足球和踢足球。
13.The median （中位数的） age of the American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected
___________ （increase） to 42 by 2050.
to increase
[解析] 句意为：1950年美国人的年龄中位数是30岁，现在（年龄中位数）是41岁，预计到2050年会增长到42岁。
In my younger and more vulnerable years, my father gave me some advice. Always try to see the best in people, he would say.在我年纪尚轻、涉世未深的时候，父亲给了我一些忠告。他会说，总是要努力发掘他人身上的闪光点。
——《了不起的盖茨比》
3 非谓语动词作表语
1 动词不定式（短语）作表语
动词不定式（短语）作表语一般表示目的或主语的性质等，时间上有将来含义。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始工作。
特别注意 不定式（短语）作表语时，若主语为all， what引导的从句，且从句中出现了do 的某种形式时，不定式的to 可省略。
What he wanted to do was （to） become a skilful worker.他想做的是成为一名熟练的工人。
2 动词的-ing形式作表语
（1）动名词（短语）作表语用来泛指某种动作或行为,以说明主语的具体内容（身份、性质或情况）。
One of the best ways to learn English new words is reading English newspaper.学习英语生词的最好方法之一是看英文报纸。
（2）现在分词（短语）作表语用来表示主语所具有的特征。
Children's TV programmes nowadays are much more entertaining.现在的儿童电视节目有趣多了。
3 动词的-ed形式作表语
过去分词作表语常表示主语的性质、特征或状态，有时并无完成或被动之意，而是表示主语的状态或思想感情。过去分词作表语基本上都是已经形容词化的动词的-ed形式，通常表示“感到……的”。
He felt disappointed but he tried to put on a brave face.他感到失望，但还竭力强颜欢笑。
He was surprised that his answer should have caused such a strong reaction.他很惊讶自己的回答竟会引起如此强烈的反应。
定向练3
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.I have to say that it's __________ （surprise） to find you agreeing with me for once.
surprising
[解析] 句意为：你也有和我意见一致的时候，我得说这让我很惊讶。
2.I'm a bit _________ （confuse） about the arrangements for tonight—what time are we meeting
confused
[解析] 句意为：我对今晚的安排有点困惑——我们什么时候见面？
3.The stewardess asked all the passengers on board to remain _______ （seat） as the plane was making
a landing.
seated
[解析] 句意为：当飞机快要着陆时，这名女乘务员要求机上所有乘客保持就座状态。seat是及物动词，后接人作宾语，表示“安排某人就座”，本句中seat作系动词remain的表语，且seat后没有宾语，要用过去分词的形式表示乘客的状态，remain seated相当于be seated。
4.It remains ___________ （see） whether he will be fit enough to play in the finals.
to be seen
[解析] 句意为：他是否足够适合在决赛中上场还有待观察。考查固定结构sth remains to be done，意为“某事有待被做”。It为形式主语，真正的主语为whether he will be fit enough to play in the finals。
5.There is no reason to be ____________ （disappoint）.As a matter of fact, this could be rather
amusing.
disappointed
[解析] 句意为：没有理由感到失望。事实上，这可能相当有趣。结合句意可知，设空处表示“感到失望的”，故用disappointed。
4 非谓语动词作定语
1 动词不定式（短语）作定语
不定式（短语）作定语一般情况下会置于被修饰词的后面，并且与被修饰词构成一定的逻辑关系，其用法如下：
（1）主动关系：被修饰词是不定式动作的发出者。此时被修饰词前通常有only, next,序数词或形容词的最高级修饰。
He is always the first to answer questions.他总是第一个回答问题。
（2）被动关系：被修饰词是不定式动作的承受者。此时需要注意，如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。但当不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way时，不定式后可省略介词。
We have to find a hotel to stay in.我们得找个旅馆住。
I'll fix you up with a place to stay.我会给你安排住处的。（省略了stay in中的介词in）
（3）修饰关系：动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充、说明的作用。这些被修饰词有：wish, way, chance, ability, decision, attempt, reason, answer等。
The students are looking forward to having a chance to explore society for real-life experience.学生们渴望有机会去探索社会，以体验现实生活。
（4）动词不定式作定语有时也表示一种将来的动作。
Max will never know what he will face in the days to follow.马克斯不知道自己在接下来的日子里将会面对什么。
2动词的-ing形式作定语
（1）动名词作定语表示被修饰词的功能和作用。
a swimming pool= a pool for swimming游泳池
building materials= materials for building 建筑材料
（2）现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，表示事物存在的状态或动作正在进行；有时现在分词作定语可以转换成主动的定语从句。
The swimming boy is my brother.=The boy who is swimming is my brother.正在游泳的那个男孩是我的哥哥/弟弟。
①说明被修饰词的性质或程度。
a surprising result=a result that is surprising一个令人吃惊的结果
②表示被修饰词正在进行的动作。
We can see the rising sun.我们能看到冉冉升起的太阳。
特别注意 单个现在分词作定语时, 常放在所修饰词之前；现在分词短语作定语时, 常放在所修饰词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。
confusing road signs 令人困惑的路标
The lady painting there is Tom's art teacher.=The lady who is painting there is Tom's art teacher.那位在那边作画的女士是汤姆的美术教师。
3 动词的-ed形式作定语
过去分词（短语）作定语时，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动或完成。过去分词短语作定语时可以转换成被动的定语从句。
The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras. .returned to our shop due to quality problems.生产商定期来收回因质量问题被退回到我们商店的照相机。（此句中returned… 为过去分词短语作cameras的定语，表示“被退回……”，可变为定语从句which/that are returned…）
特别注意 过去分词（短语）作定语时的位置：单个过去分词作定语时既可以放在被修饰词前，也可放于其后；过去分词短语作定语时，通常要放在被修饰词的后面。
From his terrified face, we could tell how thrilling the movie was.从他惊恐的表情上，我们可以看出这部电影有多吓人。
The project of the underground aimed at improving the transport of the city began in the early 1980s.旨在改善城市交通运输的地铁工程始于20世纪80年代初。
定向练4
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.There are still 30 minutes ______ （go）, so we needn't hurry with lunch.
to go
[解析] 句意为：还剩下30分钟，所以我们午饭不必匆忙。to go是不定式作定语，修饰minutes，表示剩下的30分钟，此时to go相当于left。
2.William, one of the first men __________ （explore） the depths of the sea in a bathysphere, got
interested in oceanography because of one book.
to explore
[解析] 句意为：威廉是第一批在探海球中探索海洋深处的人之一，他因一本书而对海洋学产生了兴趣。名词men由the first修饰，后跟不定式作后置定语。
3.The football team, __________ （consist） of 22 players and 3 coaches, was set up by his father 3
years ago.
consisting
[解析] 句意为：这支足球队是他父亲在三年前成立的，由22名队员和3名教练组成。consist of表示“由……组成”。分析句子成分可知，句子的谓语为was set up，故设空处应用非谓语动词形式，consist of只能用于主动语态，因此此处应用现在分词短语作后置定语。
4.I heard that there were about 50 foreign students _________ （study） Chinese in the school, most of
whom were from Germany.
studying
[解析] 句意为：我听说这所学校大约有50名外国留学生在学中文，其中大部分来自德国。分析句子结构可知， that引导的宾语从句中已有谓语动词were，故设空处应用非谓语形式，且study和50 foreign students之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故填studying。
5.[北京2022] One theory, increasingly __________ （support） by experts, suggests that smell
preferences are learned.
supported
[解析] 句意为：越来越为专家所支持的一个理论表明，对气味的偏好是习得性的。分析句子结构可知，主句已有谓语suggests，且与设空处之间无连词连接，故此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，结合空后的by experts可知，此处表示“被专家们支持”，应用过去分词表被动。故填supported。
6.May I have a look at your valuable stamp _______ （date） back to the 1950s
dating
[解析] 句意为：我可以看看你那张20世纪50年代的珍贵邮票吗 考查固定词组date back to，意为“追溯到”，此处stamp和date back to之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词短语作后置定语。
7.[全国甲2022] Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation _____ （hold） in
Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute （致敬） to the ancient Silk Road.
held
[解析] 句意为：受到在北京举办的“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛的启发，曹晟康决定徒步走完“一带一路”全线，以此向古代丝绸之路致敬。分析句子结构可知，本句的谓语动词是decided， Inspired by… Beijing为过去分词短语作状语，设空处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，hold与the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation为逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词形式。故填held。
8.[北京2022] Fearful that he might have an intention ________ （harm） her, Helen started to run.
to harm
[解析] 句意为：海伦担心他可能有意伤害她，便跑了起来。have an intention to do sth意为“有意向做某事”，intention后常用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to harm。
9.[浙江2023年1月] In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, ___________ （surround）
in concentric （同心的） circles by the Inner City and Outer City.
surrounded
[解析] 句意为：在明朝，紫禁城是中心，它被包围在由内城和外城构成的同心圆里。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，the Forbidden City和surround之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词形式。故填surrounded。
10.The little boy still needed the __________ 20 dollars to do with the things __________ to be settled.
（remain）
remaining
remaining
[解析] 句意为：这个小男孩仍然需要余下的20美元去处理有待解决的问题。分析句子结构可知，修饰名词应用形容词，故第一个空应用remaining作定语，此处remaining 20 dollars意为“余下的20美元”；第二个空作things的后置定语，且remain是不及物动词，此处意为“尚待”，无被动形式，故此处用现在分词形式。
We get the Agena back online. You're probably gonna be the first to dock.我们让阿吉纳回来，你可能会是第一个对接的人。
——《登月第一人》
5 非谓语动词作状语
1 动词不定式（短语）作状语
（1）动词不定式（短语）作目的状语时，有时为了突出语气可以加上in order或so as， 其中in order to可以置于句首，但是 so as to 不可以置于句首。注意:当动词不定式置于句末作目的状语时，一般不用逗号隔开；置于句首时，则一般用逗号隔开。
To learn more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.为了更多地了解中国文化，杰克已经决定把中国民间音乐作为一门选修课。
All postcards must be mailed at once in order to/so as to be received in time for the Spring Festival.=In order to be received in time for the Spring Festival, all postcards must be mailed at once.所有的明信片必须立即邮寄，以便春节时及时收到。
（2）动词不定式（短语）作结果状语时，通常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于only to do, too… to do, enough… to do, such/so… as to do等结构中。
He raced through the living room, only to find the front door closed.他飞快地跑过客厅，却发现前门锁上了。
The suitcase is too small to hold these things.这个手提箱太小了，放不下这些东西。
（3）动词不定式（短语）作原因状语时，通常跟在一些表示情感的形容词后，说明产生这种情绪的原因。
I'm sorry to hear the bad news.听到那个坏消息，我很难过。
2动词的-ing形式作状语
现在分词（短语）作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
Arriving home, I saw a large bright room.到家后，我看到了一个宽敞明亮的房间。
Not knowing his address， I can't send this book to him.因为不知道他的地址，我没法把这本书寄给他。
His father died， leaving him a lot of money.他父亲过世了，留给他许多钱。
Knowing all this， they still make me pay for the damage.尽管他们知道了一切，但还要我赔偿损失。
注意：上述现在分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，两者之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
3 动词的-ed形式作状语
过去分词（短语）可用作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。当过去分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，并且与之构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Printed white, the house looks bigger.漆成白色后，这房子看着大了些。
These mountains are a wonderful sight when viewed from the valley floor.从谷底看，这些山真是美妙的景象。
Given another chance, I'll do it much better.如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。
Three more dancers appeared on the stage, accompanied by the rhythm of music.又有三位舞者随着音乐的节奏出现在舞台上。
定向练5
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.[全国新高考Ⅰ2022] _________ （cover） an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National
Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
Covering
[解析] 句意为：大熊猫国家公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将是我国首批国家公园之一。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语will be，且与此处之间无连词连接，所以此处应用非谓语动词形式；the GPNP与cover之间为逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语。此处位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Covering。
2.______________ （catch） the first bus, Tom got to the hospital in time that day.
Having caught
[解析] 句意为：因为赶上了第一班车，所以汤姆那天及时赶到了医院。Tom与catch之间是逻辑上的主动关系，且设空处表示的动作发生在句子谓语表示的动作之前，所以用现在分词的完成式作原因状语。
3._______ （face） with the evidence, he had no choice but to admit his crime.
Faced
[解析] 句意为：面对证据，他别无选择，只能承认自己的罪行。设空处在句中应用非谓语形式，再结合固定搭配be faced with（面对）可知，设空处应填Faced。
4.Yesterday I went to see him, only ________ （learn） that he had gone to Beijing.
to learn
[解析] 句意为：昨天我去看他，却得知他已经去了北京。根据语境可知，此处表示意料之外的结果，应用不定式作结果状语。only to do意为“结果却……；不料……”，用于表示结果令人失望或感到意外。
5.[全国乙2022] _____________ （strengthen） the connection with young people, the event included a
number of public promotional activities on social media, ________ （invite） twenty-nine tea
professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
To strengthen
inviting
[解析] 句意为：为了增强（茶文化）与年轻人的联系，该活动还在社交媒体上开展了一些大众推广活动，邀请了29位来自世界各地的专业茶艺师进行36小时的不间断直播。分析句子结构并根据句意可知，第一空作目的状语，应用动词不定式；第二空应用非谓语动词形式作伴随状语，invite和其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，应使用现在分词。
6.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _______ （seize） the girl and took her away,
____________ （disappear） into the woods.
seized
disappearing
[解析] 句意为：突然，一个驾着金色马车的高个子男人抓住女孩并把她带走，消失在了树林里。分析句子结构可知，主语是a tall man， driving… carriage是现在分词短语作后置定语，第一个空与took是并列的谓语动词，故填seized；第二个空与谓语动词之间无连词，所以应用非谓语形式，disappear与其逻辑主语a tall man之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作伴随状语。
7.The rainy weather lasted for a couple of days, completely ________ （ruin） our plan for a picnic.
ruining
[解析] 句意为：连续下了好几天雨，我们的野餐计划完全被破坏了。The rainy weather与ruin之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作结果状语。
8.[全国新高考Ⅱ2022] He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up _______ （see） them.
to see
[解析] 句意为：他把一把椅子推到阳台上，然后爬上去看他们。根据语境可知，此处为不定式结构作目的状语。故填to see。
9.[全国甲2022] He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept.20, _________ （plan） to
hike back to Xi'an in five months.
planning
[解析] 句意为：9月20号，他从西安飞了4,700千米至喀什，计划在5个月内步行返回西安。此句谓语动词是flew，设空处与其之间无连词连接，故此空应用非谓语动词作状语，plan与He之间为逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词。故填planning。
10.Accustomed to being awaited by her friends, Lisa was very surprised ________ （find） they had
gone.
to find
[解析] 句意为：莉萨习惯了朋友们的等待，所以当她发现他们已经走了时，她很惊讶。设空处位于表示情感的形容词surprised后，应用不定式作原因状语，说明产生这种情绪的原因。
I have spent lifetimes searching for it, only to have you find it for me.我竭尽毕生寻找它，没料到你们替我找到了。
——《星际迷航3：超越星辰》
6 非谓语动词作补语
1动词不定式（短语）作补语
（1）动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语
动词不定式（短语）可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的句型中充当宾语补足语。用于这一句型的动词有：ask, cause, advise, allow, forbid, permit, force, instruct, want, order, encourage, persuade, remind, request, tell, urge, invite, teach, warn, command, enable等。这些动词的用法通常为 （以ask为例）： ask sb to do sth，否定形式为 ask sb not to do sth。
The doctor advised him to stop smoking.医生劝他戒烟。
My teacher encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills.我的老师鼓励我参加一个夏季课程来提高我的写作技能。
特别注意 有些感官动词和使役动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时要省略to。这些词有“一感觉”（feel）,“二听”（hear, listen to）,“三使”（make, have, let），“五看”（see, watch, notice, observe, look at）。 需要注意的是，当上述词用于被动语态的时候，省略的to要还原回来。
The teacher made me wait while she talked to other students.老师在和其他同学谈话时，让我等着。
The director had her assistant prepare some documents for the meeting.主管让她的助理为这次会议准备一些文件。
All of us were made to laugh by what he said.我们所有人都被他的话逗笑了。
（2）动词不定式（短语）作主语补足语
在句型 “… be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do sth”中，不定式（短语）作主语补足语。
They are said to have developed a new approach to teaching, which is believed to improve classroom teaching greatly.据说他们已经研究出了一种新的教学方法，人们认为这种方法可以极大地改善课堂教学。
2 动词的-ing形式作补语
（1）现在分词（短语）作宾语补足语
现在分词（短语）作宾语补足语，表示正在进行的主动性的动作或状态。能用现在分词形式作宾补的两类动词：
①感官动词，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe等。
②使役动词，常见的有have, make, let, keep, get, leave等。
I won't have you doing that.我不会让你那样做。
This made me thinking.这使我思考。
I can't get the clock going again.我不能让钟表再转动。
How could you have her standing in the cold all night 你怎么能让她整夜站在这么冷的地方呢？
Don't leave him waiting outside in the rain.不要让他在外面冒雨等着。
What he said left me thinking about what it really means to be a good friend.他的话让我思考做一个好朋友到底意味着什么。
（2）当句子变为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的现在分词形式便转换为主语补足语。
They found the result very satisfying.=The result was found very satisfying.他们发现结果令人非常满意。
They last saw the lost boy playing by the riverside.=The lost boy was last seen playing by the riverside.人们最后一次看见那个走失的男孩时，他正在河边玩耍。
3动词的-ed形式作补语
（1）过去分词（短语）可以作宾语补足语， 句式结构为“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”，谓语通常为see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, have, make, get等。其中过去分词和其前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系。比如在He was trying to make himself understood.（他努力让自己被理解。）中,understood与himself之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示让自己被别人理解。
My bike is broken.I'll have to get it repaired.我的自行车坏了，我得去修一下。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高音量是为了让自己被听见。
（2）过去分词（短语）有时亦可作主语补足语。
The song is often heard sung everywhere in China.在中国的大街小巷经常能够听到有人唱这首歌。
定向练6
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Thank you for keeping me _________ （inform） of what happened in time.
informed
[解析] 句意为：谢谢你及时告知我发生了什么事。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填非谓语动词作宾补，又因me和inform之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故此处用过去分词。
2.While the hostess was getting me _______ （settle） into a tiny but clean room, the head of the
village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a garage.
settled
[解析] 句意为：当女主人把我安排在一个小而干净的房间住下时，这个村的村长把他的马套在我的车上，准备把车拉到一个汽车修理厂。分析句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语动词作宾补，settle和其逻辑主语me之间是被动关系，故用过去分词settled。
3.[浙江2022年6月] But how can a painting be appreciated by someone who's blind Through touch, the
one thing gallery signs tell you not ______ （do）.
to do
[解析] 句意为：通过触摸——这是一件画廊指示牌告诉你不要做的事情。tell sb not to do sth意为“告诉某人不要做某事”，为固定搭配。故填to do。
4.I suddenly found myself ________ （run） down the street.
running
[解析] 句意为：我不知不觉突然在街上跑了起来。分析句子结构可知，此处为“find+宾语+宾补”结构，run与宾语myself之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作宾补。
5.Mrs White found her husband___________ （surround） by letters and papers and ________ （look）
very worried.
surrounded
looking
[解析] 句意为：怀特太太发现她的丈夫身边都是信件和文件，且他看上去很担心。分析句子结构可知，句子已有谓语found，且与设空处之间无连词，故第一个空应用非谓语形式，且her husband与surround之间是逻辑上的被动关系，所以用过去分词surrounded； and连接surround和look， 一起作her husband的宾语补足语，此处表示“她丈夫看起来很担心”，look为连系动词，所以用现在分词looking。
6.He is so stubborn that it's no use persuading him __________ （change） his mind once he makes a
decision.
to change
[解析] 句意为：他太固执，以至于一旦做了决定，劝他改变主意是没有用的。persuade sb to do sth意为“劝说某人做某事”，为固定搭配。故填不定式。
7.They use computers to keep the project ______ （go） smoothly.
going
[解析] 句意为：他们用电脑让该项目顺利进行。分析句子结构可知，设空处作宾语补足语，根据句意可知，此处用keep… doing… 表示“让……一直做……”。
8.I looked up and noticed a snake ________ （wind） its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
winding
[解析] 句意为：我抬头向上看，注意到一条蛇正在蜿蜒向树上爬来获取它的早餐。分析句子结构可知，wind its way作宾语补足语，与snake之间为逻辑上的主动关系，且此动作正在进行，故用现在分词。
9.The boss was disappointed to see his company _________ （assess） as unqualified, which led to the
company closing down.
assessed
[解析] 句意为：老板看到他的公司被评定为不合格而感到非常失望，这导致了公司的倒闭。分析句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语动词作宾语补足语，assess和其逻辑主语company之间是被动关系且动作已经发生，故用过去分词。
10.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ______ （take）.
taken
[解析] 句意为：我需要一本新护照，所以我将不得不去拍张照。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语my photograph与take之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词。
Some of us get dipped in flat, some in satin, some in gloss. But every once in a while you find someone who's iridescent, and when you do, nothing will ever compare. 世人万千种，浮云莫去求，斯人若彩虹，遇上方知有。
——《怦然心动》(共58张PPT)
Unit 4
Exploring poetry
Period Ⅲ
Integrated skills &Extended reading & Project
敲黑板
1.语言知识：claim, characterize, distinguish, representative, owe, debt, blame, unforgiving，“It+be+过去分词+that从句”结构，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，表语置于句首引起的完全倒装等。
2.语言技能：讨论自己喜欢的某首诗歌并进行朗诵；学会写诗歌赏析。
必刷词汇
1.diverge vi.______________________________
分叉，岔开；分歧，相异；偏离
2._____ n.& vi.叹气，叹息
sigh
3.metaphor n.____________
暗喻，隐喻
4.__________ vt.偶然碰到，意外地遇见；遭遇，碰到 n.相遇，遭遇，冲突
encounter
5.nourish vt.________________________
培养，助长；抚养，滋养
6.triumph n.______________________________ vi.__________________
巨大成功，重大成就，伟大胜利
打败，战胜，成功
7.impostor n.________________________
冒名顶替者，冒名行骗者
8.______ adv.因此，由此
hence
9._____ vi.& vt.敢于，胆敢；激（某人做某事）
dare
10.dweller n.______________
居民，居住者
11.______ vi.& vt.（过去式_____，过去分词_____）（使）拐弯，弯曲 n.拐弯，弯道
bend
bent
bent
12.______ vi.& vt.（过去式_____，过去分词________）踩，踏；踩碎，践踏；行走，步行
tread
trod
trodden
13.__________ adj.众多的，许多的
numerous
14.______ n.（贸易和经济活动的）激增，繁荣 vi.迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛
boom
15._____ vt.（过去式_____，过去分词_____）投射；向……投以（视线、笑容等）；投，抛；选派角色 n.
全体演员；投，抛
cast
cast
cast
16.Confucianism n.______________________联想 Confucius n.______
儒家，儒学，孔子学说
孔子
17.Taoism n.____________
道教，道家
18._______ n.传说，传奇故事；传奇人物
legend
19.exaggeration n.____________ 联想 exaggerate vt.& vi.______________________
夸张，夸大
夸张，夸大，言过其实
20.frost n.____________________ 派 frosty adj.________________________
霜；霜冻，严寒天气
结霜的；霜冻的；严寒的
21.fascinate vt.& vi.________________派 ①fascination n.____________②fascinated
adj.____________________ ③fascinating adj.______________________
深深吸引，迷住
魅力；入迷
入迷的；极感兴趣的
迷人的，极有吸引力的
22.______ n.声明，宣称；所有权；索赔 vt.宣称，声称；要求；索取；获得 搭配 ___ ___ ________
_____… 据称……
claim
It
is
claimed
that
23.________ adj.引人注目的，显著的；妩媚动人的，标致的 联想 ______ vt.（过去式_______，过去分
词_______）碰撞；打，击；给（某人以……）印象
striking
strike
struck
struck
24.___________ （also ___________） vt.是……的特征，以……为典型；使……具有特点；描述，刻画
联想 _________ n.品质，性格，特点
characterize
characterise
character
25.________ adj.荣耀的，光荣的；壮丽的，辉煌的 联想 ______ n.光荣，荣誉；壮丽
glorious
glory
26.________ n.稳定（性），稳固（性） 联想 ______ adj.稳定的，稳固的；稳重的
stability
stable
27.________ adj.宽容的，容忍的；能耐……的 联想 ①________ vt.容忍，忍受 ②_________ n.容忍；宽
恕 搭配 ____ ________ ___… 对……容忍
tolerant
tolerate
tolerance
be
tolerant
of
28._______ n.自由（自己选择生活方式而不受政府或权威的过多限制） 联想 _______ adj.（政治经济上）
自由的，开明的
liberty
liberal
29._____________ adj.不受约束的，自由的 联想 _________ vt.强迫；限制，约束
unconstrained
constrain
30._______ n.生命力，活力，热情 联想 _____ adj.生命的；充满生机的；必不可少的，极重要的
vitality
vital
31.___________ vt.& vi.成为……的特征，使有别于；区分，辨别；认出；使出众 派 ____________ adj.
著名的，杰出的 搭配 ___________ ___ ______ ___ /___________ （________） ___ _____ ___ 区分/
辨别A和B
distinguish
distinguished
distinguish
A
from
B
distinguish
between
A
and
B
32._____________ adj.典型的，有代表性的 n.典型人物，代表性人物；代表 联想 _________ vt.代表；象
征；展示 搭配 ____ _____________ ___… 是……的代表或典型
representative
represent
be
representative
of
33._____ vt.欠（情）；欠（债）；归功于 搭配 _____ ____ ___ ____ 欠某人某物；把某事归功于某人
owe
owe
sth
to
sb
34._____ n.人情债，情义，恩情；借款，欠款，债务 搭配 ①___ _____ 欠债，负债累累②_____ ____
______ ______ 还清债务
debt
in
debt
pay
off
one's
debts
35._______ vt.（ usually passive ）给……命名；使享有权利，使符合资格 搭配 ____ ________ ___…
被赋予……的权力或资格
entitle
be
entitled
to
36._______ vt.把……归咎于，责怪，指责 n.责任，责备，指责 搭配 ①_______ ____ ____ ____ 因某事
责备某人 ② _______ ____ ____ ____ 把某事归咎于某人 ③____ ___ _______ 负有责任
blame
blame
sb
for
sth
blame
sth
on
sb
be
to
blame
37.___________ adj.棘手的；不饶人的，不宽容的 联想 ____________ adj.不可原谅的，不可饶恕的
unforgiving
unforgivable
38.__________ n.津贴，补助；限额；零花钱 搭配 ______ _______________ ____ 体谅；考虑到，估计
到
allowance
make
allowance（s）
for
核心词汇
And having perhaps the better claim 抑或有更佳理由
教材P50
1 claim
① n.声明，宣称；所有权；索赔
What false claims did the advertisement make 这则广告做了哪些虚假宣传？
You can make a claim on your insurance policy.你可按保险单索赔。
②vt.宣称，声称；要求；索取；认领；获得
Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fight against cancer.科学家宣称在抗癌方面取得了重大突破。
She has finally claimed a place on the team.她终于成了那支队的队员。［《牛津高阶》］
释义·理解
claim
n.
①a statement that sth is true
②a right to do or have sth
③an official request for money
vt.
①to say sth is true
②to ask for sth
③to gain or win sth
&1& claim to do/be… 声称做/是……
claim to have done sth 声称做过某事
claim that… 声称……
It is claimed that… 据称……
claim sth back=claim back sth 索回/要回某物
I don't claim to be an expert.我不会自称是专家。
Some people claim that surfing the Internet is a waste of time.有些人声称上网就是浪费时间。
You can claim back the tax on your purchases.你可以要求退回购物时缴纳的税款。［《牛津高阶》］
定向练1
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Two young girls claimed _____________ （see） the fairies.
to have seen
2.The lawyer claimed _____ the defendant was not guilty.
that
3.It ____________ （claim） that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.
was claimed
二、翻译句子。
1.The police said that if nobody came to claim the watch, you could keep it.
________________________________________________
警察说如果没有人来认领这块手表，你可以留下它。
2.He should be able to claim back his money.
________________________
他应该可以要回他的钱。
Given his personal experiences and the historical background, it is only natural to see that the majority of Li Bai's poems are characterized by the romantic style.鉴于李白的个人经历和历史背景，其诗作大多以浪漫主义风格为特征就不足为奇了。
教材P54
2 characterize （also characterise） vt.是……的特征，以……为典型；使……具有特点；描述，刻画
Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.明亮的色彩和大胆的笔触是他早期绘画作品的特征。
&2& ①characteristic n.［C］特性，特征 adj.特有的；典型的
be characteristic of sb/sth 是某人/某物的特性/特点
It is characteristic of sb to do sth 做某事是某人的特点/作风
Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact （联系） and share with one another.持久的友谊有一个共同的特点，那就是双方平等地相互联系和分享。［2022全国乙］
②character n.特色；特点；品性；性格；人物，角色；字，字体；毅力
The character of this country has been formed by immigration.这个国家的特点是由移民形成的。
定向练2
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.It is characteristic ___ him to keep a positive attitude in the face of difficulties.
of
[解析] 句意为：面对困难时保持积极的态度，这是他的作风。
2.It is characteristic of Jack ________ （turn） up at the last minute, which of course, makes the rest of
us rather annoyed.
to turn
[解析] 句意为：在最后一刻出现，这正是杰克的作风，当然这也让我们剩下的人非常恼火。此处考查句型 It is characteristic of sb to do sth，意为“做某事是某人的特点/作风”。
3.Almost everyone recognizes Disney's cartoon__________ （character）.
characters
[解析] 句意为：几乎人人都认识迪士尼的卡通人物。
Equally impressive is Li Bai's free expression of strong feelings, which breathes vitality into the lifeless objects he describes, and which distinguishes him from other landscape poets.同样令人印象深刻的是李白对强烈情感的自由表达，这为他所描写的没有生命的物体注入了活力，也让他与其他山水诗人迵然有别。
教材P54
3 distinguish
①vt.成为……的特征，使有别于
There is something about music that distinguishes it from all the other art forms.音乐的某种特质使其有别于所有其他艺术形式。
②vt.& vi.区别，辨别
Sometimes reality and fantasy are hard to distinguish.有时候现实和幻想很难区分。
&3& distinguish （between） A and B/distinguish A from B 区分/辨别/分清A和B
It is difficult to distinguish between natural flavours and artificial flavours.天然调味品和人工调味品很难区分。
③ vt.认出,听出
There were cries, calls.He could distinguish voices.有哭声、喊声——他能听出不同的声音。
④vt.使出众
&4& distinguish oneself （as…） 使某人自己（作为……）出众/著名/受人青睐
Over the next few years he distinguished himself as a leading constitutional scholar.在接下来的几年里，他作为宪法研究领域的一名杰出学者而声名远扬。
&5& distinguished adj.卓越的;杰出的;显得重要的；高贵的
He came from a distinguished family background.他出身名门。
定向练3
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.She is surely the most ____________ （distinguish） queen we have had.
distinguished
[解析] 此处修饰名词，应用形容词形式，意为“高贵的”。
2.At what age are children able to distinguish ________ right and wrong
between
[解析] 考查固定搭配distinguish between A and B，意为“区分/辨别/分清A和B”。
3.It is hard to distinguish one twin _________ the other.
from/and
[解析] 考查固定搭配distinguish A from/and B，意为“区分/辨别/分清A和B”。
4.She has already distinguished herself ___ an athlete.
as
[解析] 考查固定搭配distinguish oneself as…，意为“使某人自己作为……著名”。
Captain Deckard Shaw distinguished himself by acts of gallantry at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.戴克·肖上尉以其不顾生命危险、远超职责要求的英勇行为脱颖而出。
——《速度与激情8》
The poem below, written in his fifties, is representative of his romantic style… 下面这首他五十多岁时写的诗，就是他浪漫主义风格的代表……
教材P54
4 representative adj.典型的，有代表性的 n.典型人物，代表性人物；代表
A questionnaire answered by 500 people can't be representative of the national opinion.一份500人填写的调查问卷不能代表全民的意见。
I'd like to talk to the representative of your company.我想和你们公司的代表谈话。
&6& represent vt.代表；象征；（尤指不真实地）描述，描绘；（法庭上）为……代言，为……辩护
The rose represents England.玫瑰花是英格兰的象征。
The popular press tends to represent him as an environmental leader.通俗报刊往往将他描述为环保领袖。
The lawyer represented to the court that his client was innocent.律师向法庭辩称其当事人是清白的。
定向练4
一、用represent的正确形式填空。
1.The loss of glaciers （冰川） there due to global warming __________ an enormous threat to
agriculture.
represents
[解析] 句意为：那里由全球变暖造成的冰川消失对农业构成了巨大的威胁。
2.Yesterday, I went to the airport, ____________ our company, to welcome the __________________
from the Ministry of Education （教育部）.
representing
representative（s）
[解析] 句意为：昨天我代表我们公司去机场迎接了来自教育部的代表。
二、翻译句子。
He seemed to take it for granted that he should speak as a representative.
____________________________________________
他似乎想当然地认为他应该以代表的身份发言。
Generations of poets, both in China and abroad, owe a debt to his inspirational poems.国内外一代又一代的诗人，都得益于他鼓舞人心的诗歌。
教材P54
5 owe vt.欠（账、债、情等）；感激；应给予；把……归功于
Thank you for the magazine you bought for me.How much do I owe you 谢谢你给我买这本杂志，我该付你多少钱？
As a professional composer, I owe much to Radio 3.作为一名职业作曲家，我十分感激第三电台。
&7& owe sb sth=owe sth to sb欠某人某物；把……归功于某人
owing to 由于
He owes his good health to plenty of exercise and a regular life.他把自己的身体健康归功于大量的锻炼和有规律的生活。
&8& 表示“因为;由于”的其他短语
because of, on account of, due to, thanks to, as a result of
定向练5
一、写出下列句子中owe的含义。
1.I owe a lot to my wife and children. ______
感激
2.We owe this discovery to Newton. ______________
把……归功于
3.You can take your time to pay the debt you owe me. ______
欠债
二、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.We owe a great deal ___ our parents.
to
[解析] 句意为：我们非常感激我们的父母。
2.He owed his success ___ his teacher's encouragement.
to
[解析] 句意为：他把他的成功归功于老师的鼓励。
3._______ （owe） to playing computer games too often， an increasing number of students develop
short-sightedness.
Owing
[解析] 句意为：由于玩电脑游戏太频繁，越来越多的学生得了近视。
6 debt n.人情债，情义，恩情；借款，欠款，债务
The debts that he ran up could never be paid off. 他欠的债永远也还不清。
&9& in debt （to sb） 欠（某人的）债
out of debt不欠债
get/run into debt负债，欠债
pay off one's/the debts还清（某人的）债务
He is heavily in debt.他负债累累。
We must cut down expenses or we'll be getting into debt. 我们必须削减开支，否则将会负债的。
定向练6
根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.要是你花的钱比我们挣的钱还多，我们就要欠债了。
We'll___________________________ if you spend more than our income.
run/get into debt或be in debt
2.他们用了三年才还清债务。
It took them three years to _____________________.
pay off their/the debts
If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you；
如果周围的人毫无理性地向你发难，你仍能镇定自若保持冷静
教材P55
7 blame
①vt.责怪，指责，把……归咎于
A bad workman always blames his tools.拙匠常怨工具差。［谚语］
&10& blame sb/sth for （doing） sth 为（做）某事责怪某人/某事物；把（做）某事归咎于某人/某事物
blame sth on sb/sth把某事归咎于某人/某事物
be to blame （for sth） （对某事）负有责任；该（为某事）受责备
only have oneself to blame只能怪某人自己
He blames his mother for his lack of confidence.他缺乏自信，他将此归咎于他的母亲。
Whenever something goes wrong, everyone blames it on me.每当出了事，每个人都把责任归咎于我。
特别注意 be to blame （for sth） 常用主动形式表示被动含义。
② n.责备，责任，指责
&11& take the blame承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth on sb把某事归咎于某人
The judge put the blame for the accident on the driver of the car.法官把事故责任归咎于汽车司机。
定向练7
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.She blamed him ____ the failure of their marriage.
for
[解析] blame sb/sth for sth 意为“为某事责怪某人/某事物；把某事归咎于某人/某事物”。句意为：她把他们婚姻的失败归咎于他。
2.If you fail the exam, you will only have yourself _________ （blame）.
to blame
[解析] only have oneself to blame意为“只能怪某人自己”。句意为：如果你考试不及格，也只能怪你自己。
3.Which driver was _________ （blame） for the accident
to blame
[解析] be to blame for sth意为“对某事负有责任”。句意为：哪个司机应该对这场车祸负责？
4.They put the blame for the failure of the project ____ us.
on
[解析] put the blame for sth on sb意为“把某事归咎于某人”。句意为：他们把计划的失败归咎于我们。
5.________ （blame） for the broken vase, the boy hung his head.
Blamed
[解析] blame和句子主语the boy之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作原因状语。句意为：由于打碎花瓶而受到了责备，那个男孩低着头。
6.While we can't change the body shape we are born with, we can't blame our genes ____ making us
fat.
for
[解析] blame sb/sth for doing sth 意为“为做某事责怪某人/某事物；把做某事归咎于某人/某事物”。句意为：尽管我们无法改变与生俱来的体形，但也不能把长胖归咎于自己的基因。
7.Mr Black stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _________
（blame）.
to blame
[解析] 此处to blame作定语，用主动形式表示被动含义。句意为：布莱克先生站起来为那个16岁的男孩辩护，说他不应该受责备。
If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds' worth of distance run如果你能惜时如金，利用每一分钟不可追回的光阴
教材P55
8 unforgiving adj.棘手的；不饶人的，不宽容的
&12& forgiving adj.宽容的；宽大的
释义·理解
unforgiving
①unpleasant and causing difficulties for people
②unwilling to forgive sb
He's not as forgiving as I am.他没我这么宽容。
&13& ①forgive vi.& vt.（forgave, forgiven） 原谅；宽恕
forgive sb for （doing） sth 原谅某人（做过）某事
forgive sb sth 原谅某人某事；饶恕某人某事
Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.原谅自己所犯的错误。［2020课标全国Ⅰ］
They forgave us our rudeness.他们原谅了我们的无礼。
②forgiveness n.原谅；宽恕
ask/beg for （sb's） forgiveness 请求/乞求（某人的）原谅
He asked for forgiveness for what he had done wrong.他因他做过的错事而请求原谅。
定向练8
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.I don't think she will forgive me ____ getting her name wrong that time.
for
2.He never admitted his guilt or begged for ___________ （forgive）.
forgiveness
3.At last she forgave her friend for __________ （forget） her birthday.
forgetting
4.By _________ （forgive） others, we can throw away the emotional baggage we have carried for years.
forgiving
1
【句意】据信这首诗是李白少年时所作。
教材P53
&14& It+be+过去分词+that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, believed, considered等。It 作形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语，that 仅起连接作用，不作成分。
It is considered that the proposed development would create much-needed jobs.人们认为所提出的发展计划将创造急需的就业机会。
特别注意 该句型可转换为“sb/sth+be+过去分词+不定式（短语）”或“People+say/think/report/…+that…”句型。It is said that he is a millionaire.=He is said to be a millionaire.=People say that he is a millionaire.
据说/人们说他是一个百万富翁。
定向练1
根据汉语意思，用it作形式主语完成句子。
1.人们认为，这座新建的建筑时尚得多。（believe）
___________________ the newly-built building was much more fashionable.
It was believed that
2.据说她活了100多岁。
______________ she lived to be over 100.
It is said that
3.据报道，近一两天气温将显著下降。
_________________ the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.
It is reported that
2
【句意】李白的浪漫主义风格也深深地植根于他所生活的社会和历史背景。
教材P53
&15& “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
①引导定语从句的关系代词不仅可以作动词的宾语，还可以作介词的宾语，若将介词提至关系代词之前，便形成了“介词+关系代词”结构，该结构可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句，此结构中的关系代词可为which（指物）或whom（指人），介词要根据与先行词的搭配或与从句中的谓语动词或形容词的搭配来选择，也可以根据句子的意思来决定。
I will never forget the farm on which I worked with you.我永远不会忘记和你一起工作过的农场。（与先行词进行搭配on the farm）
Have you found the book on which I spent ￡10 你找到那本我花10英镑买的书了吗？（与从句中的谓语动词进行搭配spend on）
The journey round the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days.这次环球旅行花了这位老水手9个月的时间，其中航行的时间是226天。（根据句意选择）
特别注意 若从句谓语是短语动词，在从句中一般不将介词放在关系代词前， 如：listen to, look at, depend on, take care of等。? This is the girl whom he will take care of.这就是他将照料的女孩。
②“介词+which”可以用关系副词when, where, why来替代。如：when=in/on/at… which； where=in/on/at… which； why=for which。
I can never forget the day when/on which I joined the army.
我永远不能忘记我参军的那一天。
定向练2
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.The land is known for a historic site with beautifully coloured walls, ____ which the events of the
past are painted.
on
[解析] 句意为：这个国家以一处历史遗址而闻名，该遗址有着美丽的彩色墙壁，墙上画着过去发生的大事。本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，先行词为walls，表达“在墙上”用介词on，故填on。
2.The professor always spends the whole weekend in the bookshop ___ which he found the dictionary.
in
[解析] 本题考查定语从句中“介词+关系代词”的结构，先行词为bookshop，表达“在书店”应在the bookshop 前加介词in。故填in。
3.We saw a new play at the theatre, ___________ which we had supper at a restaurant.
after/before
[解析] 分析从句we had supper at a restaurant可知，主谓宾完整，但缺少表示时间的状语，根据语境可知，此处应用表示时间的前或后的介词，which指代前面的主句。故用after/before。
4.There are a lot of people ___ whom you can turn for help at any time.
to
[解析] turn to sb意为“求助某人”，为固定搭配。
二、根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.这就是我曾经居住过的村庄。
This is the village __________________________.
where/in which I ever lived
2.你知道他缺席的原因吗？
Do you know the reason _________________________
why/for which he is absent
3.这就是她在寻找的书。
This is the book ___________________________.
which/that she is looking for
3
【句意】同样令人印象深刻的是李白对强烈情感的自由表达，这为他所描写的没有生命的物体注入了活力，也让他与其他山水诗人迵然有别。 教材 P54
教材P54
&16& 表语置于句首引起的完全倒装
有时为了强调表语，需要将表语置于句首，句子完全倒装，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”，表语可以是形容词、介词短语、分词等。
Happy are those who are contented.知足者常乐。
Attending the meeting were representatives from all over the country.参加会议的是来自全国各地的代表。
定向练3
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.________ （amaze） were all the guests present when the clown appeared on the stage.
Amazed
[解析] 句意为：当小丑出现在舞台上时，在场的所有客人都感到惊讶。本句为完全倒装，结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”，根据后文were all the guests present可知，此处修饰主语guests，应用-ed结尾的形容词，故填Amazed。
2._________ （stand） inside were many young people who were out of a job recently.
Standing
[解析] 句意为：里面站着许多最近刚失业的年轻人。这句话的正常语序为Many young people who were out of a job recently were standing inside.，此处为分词短语置于句首，句子完全倒装，故填Standing。
写作仿 写诗歌赏析
素材储备
1.文体介绍
诗歌是一种语言凝练、结构跳跃、富有节奏和韵律、高度集中地反映生活和表达思想感情的文学体裁，即诗歌具有凝练性、跳跃性和音乐性的特征。
诗歌可以分成抒情诗和叙事诗、格律诗和自由诗、散文诗和韵脚诗等。
2.诗歌要素
（1）主题（theme）:说明作诗的目的和要表达的情感，这种情感有可能隐藏于重重理性的词语组合之下。
（2）押韵词（rhyme）: 对诗歌来说，押韵是一个重要的因素，恰当的押韵能提升诗的美感。
（3）音节（syllable）: 保持前后句音节的平衡和音调的和谐。
3.常用词汇
（1）主题（themes）
the sun, the moon, stars, high mountains, rain, snow, wind… 太阳、月亮、星星、高山、雨、雪、风……
falling/fallen leaves, flowers, spiders, cats, dogs… 落叶、花朵、蜘蛛、猫、狗……
dark or light, friendship, relief… 黑暗或光明、友谊、解脱……
wife, husband, mother, father, sister, brother… 妻子、丈夫、母亲、父亲、姐妹、兄弟……
（2）意象和情感（images & feelings and emotions）
greatness, happiness, warmth, love, surprise… 伟大、快乐、温暖、爱、惊奇……
homesickness, praise, freedom, safety… 思乡、赞扬、自由、安全……
smallness, sorrow, bitterness, coldness… 渺小、悲伤、苦涩、寒冷……
（3）修辞手法（rhetorical devices）
simile and metaphor, parallelism, personification, hyperbole, pun… 明喻和暗喻、排比、拟人、夸张、双关……
模拟演练
The Road Not Taken
（By Robert Frost）
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
请你用英语从面对人生岔路口应如何作出选择这一角度来赏析这首诗歌，要点包括：
1.诗歌描写的内容；
2.诗歌的特点和表达的情感；
3.对你的影响或让你产生的感受。
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
The Road Not Taken is a narrative poem which is one of Frost's most popular works.The language of the poem is simple and natural, which makes it easy to understand.
This poem describes a man who is at a loss to make a choice when facing two roads.Every reader can learn from his experience and appreciate the philosophy in the poem.
As is shown in the poem, in the journey of life, we often have to make a choice between two paths or two ideas.Our choice will determine the direction of our life.When faced with them, we always tend to hesitate, but we must make a decision.No matter which path we choose, we must look ahead, and stick to it.As long as we persist, we'll have a meaningful journey.
请总结你学到的有用表达：
【高级词汇】
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【高级句式】
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(共40张PPT)
Unit 4
Exploring poetry
Period Ⅰ
Welcome to the unit & Reading
敲黑板
1.课时任务：通过学习中外两首诗歌，激发对诗歌的兴趣；通过阅读课文，掌握阅读诗歌的一些方法和技巧，学会如何更好地欣赏一首诗歌。
2.语篇导读：人们往往认为诗歌语言晦涩、难以理解，因此多数人不愿意读诗，甚至害怕读诗。了解诗歌的语言特点，同时掌握一些基本的阅读技巧或方法，将有助于读者更好地理解和欣赏诗歌。
3.语言知识：frozen, imply, complex, contradictory, patience, aside, remote, reward, constantly, logical, perceive, reality, while作连词时的用法，as if/as though引导的从句中的虚拟语气，指示代词that和those的用法等。
中国古诗词的意境之美，在翻译家的笔下别有一番境界。《如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤》是宋代女词人李清照的早期词作。这首词借对宿酒醒后询问花事的描写，委婉地表达了作者怜花、惜花的心情，也流露出作者内心的苦闷。后人对这首词评价甚高，尤其是“绿肥红瘦”一句，更是为历代文人所赞赏。我们来欣赏一下翻译家许渊冲先生对李清照的《如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤》的翻译。
昨夜雨疏风骤， 浓睡不消残酒。 试问卷帘人， 却道海棠依旧。 知否？知否？应是绿肥红瘦。 Last night the wind blew hard and rain was fine;
Sound sleep did not dispel the aftertaste of wine.
I ask the maid rolling up the screen.
“The same crab-apple tree,” she says, “is seen.”
“But don't you know,
O， don't you know.
The red should languish and the green must
grow ”
必刷词汇
1.barren adj.____________________________
贫瘠的，不毛的；不结果实的
2.dimension n.____________________________拓展 three dimensions ______
方面，侧面；规模，程度；维
三维
3.rhyme n.______________ vt.________ vi.____________
押韵词；押韵
使押韵
和……同韵
4.trill n.____________________ vt.______________ vi.________
（鸟的）啼啭；颤音
欢快地高声说
发颤音
5.complex adj.________________ n.______________________
复杂的，难懂的
建筑群；复合体；情结
6._____ vt.把（动物）关在笼中 n.笼子
cage
7._____ n.薄雾，水汽 派 ______ adj.薄雾笼罩的；模糊的
mist
misty
8.______ vt.含有……的意思，暗示，暗指 派 ___________ n.含意，暗指
imply
implication
9._______ adj.结冰的，冰封的；冷冻的；冻僵的
搭配 ____ _______ _____ 因为……而呆住
联想 ①_______vt.& vi.（过去式______, 过去分词_______）（使）冻结；（使）冻住；（使）结冰 ②
________ adj.极冷的 adv.极冷地
frozen
be
frozen
with
freeze
froze
frozen
freezing
10.______ n.理解，领会；抓紧，握紧，控制；能力所及 vt.抓紧；领会，理解 搭配 ①______ ___
______ ______ ___ 掌握得很好，精通 ②________ ______ ______ 某人不能理解；超出某人的能力范围
grasp
have
a
good
grasp
of
beyond
one's
grasp
11._______ vt.发现，查明，侦察出 派 ①_________ n.发现，察觉；侦查 ②_________ n.警探，侦探
detect
detection
detective
12.____________ adj.相互矛盾的，对立的 联想 ①__________ vt.& vi.驳斥，反驳 ②____________ n.矛
盾，对立；反驳
contradictory
contradict
contradiction
13._____ n.线索，提示；迹象 搭配 ____ ______ ___ _____ 一无所知；毫无头绪
clue
not
have
a
clue
14._________ vt.解释，阐释；把……理解为，领会；演绎 vi.口译
派①_____________ n.翻译；解释；演绎 ②__________ n.口译者；表演者
interpret
interpretation
interpreter
15.________ n.耐心，忍耐力 联想 ①_______ adj.有耐心的 ②_________ adv.耐心地 搭配 ____ _______
_____ 对……有耐心
patience
patient
patiently
be
patient
with
16.______ adv.到旁边，在旁边；留，存；除……以外 搭配 ①____ ____ ______ 把……放一边；留出
②______ ______ 除……之外
aside
set
sth
aside
aside
from
17._______adj.偏远的，偏僻的；遥远的，久远的；远亲的 搭配 ____ _______ ______… 远离……
remote
be
remote
from
18._______ vt.奖励，奖赏 n.奖励，回报；悬赏金
派__________ adj.值得做的，有益的；报酬高的
搭配 _______ ____ ____ 因……奖励某人
reward
rewarding
reward
sb
for
19.__________ adv.始终，一直 联想 ________ adj.持续不断的；始终如一的
constantly
constant
20._______ adj.符合逻辑的；必然的，合乎情理的
联想①_________ adv.逻辑上，合乎逻辑地 ②______ n.逻辑；思维方式
logical
logically
logic
21.______ adj.内心的，隐藏的；里面的，内部的
反______ adj.外表的；外边的；外围的
拓展 ______ _______ 内在美
inner
outer
inner
beauty
22._________ vt.注意到，意识到；将……理解为，将……视为
派__________ n.感知；见解；洞察力
搭配 _________ ______ ___ 将某人/某物视为
perceive
perception
perceive
sb/sth
as
23._______ n.现实，实际情况；事实，实际经历
联想 ①_____ adj.真的；真实的；真正的②_______ vt.实现；意识到；明白
搭配 ___ _______ 事实上，实际上
reality
real
realize
in
reality
24.____ ____ 发现，搜集，查明
dig
up
核心词汇
Hold fast to dreams 紧紧抓住梦想，
For when dreams go 梦想若是消散，
Life is a barren field生命就像贫瘠的荒野，
Frozen with snow.雪覆冰封，万物不再生长。
教材P43
1 frozen adj.冰封的，结冰的；冷冻的；冻僵的
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen. .bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low-fat “ice cream”.
当与浆果或其他水果片结合时，冷冻香蕉是制作浓稠、冰爽的水果奶昔和低脂“冰激凌”的绝佳主料。
&1& ①freezing adj.极冷的；冰冻的 adv.极冷地
freezing point 冰点；凝固点
freezing cold极其寒冷
It's very cold today; the temperature has dropped to freezing point.今天很冷；气温已经降至冰点了。
It's freezing cold outside.外面极为寒冷。
②freeze vt.& vi.（froze, frozen）（使）结冰；（使）冷冻；（使）冻结 vi.突然停止；呆住
I froze with terror as the door slowly opened.门慢慢打开时我吓呆了。
It may freeze tonight, so make sure the plants are covered.今夜可能有霜冻，一定要把花草都遮盖好。
定向练1
用freeze的正确形式填空。
1.Her fingers were _______ in the ________ water.
frozen
freezing
[解析] 句意为：她的手指在冰冷的水里冻僵了。
2.Alcohol has a lower ________ point than water.
freezing
[解析] 句意为：酒精的凝固点比水的凝固点要低。freezing point是固定短语，意为“凝固点；冰点”。
3.On a ________ cold night, the little girl was almost _______ at a street corner.
freezing
frozen
[解析] 句意为：在一个极为寒冷的夜晚，小女孩在街角快要冻僵了。
4.For any specific _______ product, its shelf life （保存期） depends on the product characteristics,
________ process and packing process.
frozen
freezing
[解析] 句意为：对于任何特定的冷冻产品，它的保质期取决于产品性质、冷冻过程和包装过程。
5.You can use fresh or _______ meat.
frozen
[解析] 句意为：你可以使用鲜肉或者冷冻肉。
6.Water _______ at 0℃.
freezes
[解析] 句意为：水在零摄氏度时结冰。Water不可数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。此处叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。
This combination is often complex or even contradictory.
这种组合往往是复杂的，甚至是矛盾的。
教材P44
2 contradictory adj.相互矛盾的，对立的
The advice I received was often contradictory.我得到的建议常常是相互矛盾的。
&2& be contradictory to… 与……相矛盾/对立
We have some rules which are contradictory to each other.我们有些规则彼此相互矛盾。
&3& ①contradiction n.矛盾，对立；反驳
in （direct） contradiction to… 与……相反；和……背道而驰
His private actions are in direct contradiction to his publicly expressed opinions.他私下的行为与他公开表达的看法背道而驰。
②contradict vt.& vi.反驳，驳斥 vt.与……相矛盾，相反
contradict oneself 自相矛盾
In confusion, he kept contradicting himself.慌乱中，他不断地说出自相矛盾的话来。
定向练2
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.The witnesses' remarks ____________ （contradict） each other and the facts remained unclear.In the
court the witnesses gave two completely ____________ （contradict） accounts.
contradicted
contradictory
2.For variety, choose settings that are completely contradictory ___ the dialogue and characters.
to
3.His later career was in direct contradiction ___ his plan.
to
4.Do not __________ （contradiction） yourself.
contradict
Third, if you are still struggling to interpret the meaning of a poem even with much painstaking effort, just have some patience.第三，如果你费尽心思也还是难以理解一首诗的意思，那就耐心点吧。
教材P45
3 patience n.耐心，忍耐力
&4& with patience 耐心地
have no/little patience with… 对……无法忍受
I waited there with patience.我在那儿耐心地等着。
She has no patience with people who are always grumbling.她无法忍受那些总发牢骚的人。
&5& ①patient adj.有耐心的;能忍耐的 n.病人
be patient with sb/sth 对某人/某事物有耐心
The patient doctor is always treating her patients with great patience.那位有耐心的医生总是耐心对待她的病人。
My father is lively and energetic, but he is not very patient with housework.我的父亲精力充沛、充满活力，但他对家务事不是很有耐心。
②patiently adv.耐心地
③impatient adj.没耐心的；不耐烦的
④impatience n.不耐烦；无耐心
定向练3
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.You are very patient _____ your brother.
with
[解析] be patient with sb意为“对某人有耐心”。句意为: 你对你哥哥/弟弟很有耐心。
2.—Why didn't you go fishing with your friends yesterday
—Well, fishing is a hobby that calls for a great deal of ________ （patient）, which I don't have.
patience
[解析] 答句句意为:嗯，钓鱼是一项需要极大耐心的业余爱好，但是我没有耐心。
3.Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out _____ patience.
with
[解析] with patience意为“耐心地”。句意为:每当我犯了错误，老师总是耐心地指出来。
4.[课标全国Ⅰ2020·改编] After that I poured oil into a pan and turned on the stove. I waited
_________ （patient） until the oil was hot.
patiently
[解析] 句意为：在那之后我把油倒入平底锅中，打开炉灶，然后耐心地等着，直到油热起来。设空处修饰动词waited，应用副词，故填patiently。
5.As time went on, he grew more and more _________ （impatience）.
impatient
[解析] 句意为：随着时间的推移，他变得越来越不耐烦了。
So if you do not get it, set the poem aside and come back to it later.所以，如果你没有读懂，就把这首诗放在一边，以后再来读。
教材P45
4 aside adv.到旁边，在旁边；留，存；除……以外
Stand aside, please, and let these people pass.请往边上站一站，让这些人过去。
&6& set sth aside 把……放一边；留出
aside from （=apart from） 除了……以外（还）
We set some money aside for repairs.我们留出了一些钱作为修理费用。
Aside from visiting our factory, are there any other things you want to accomplish while you're in China 除了参观我们的工厂，还有什么是你在中国期间想完成的吗
特别注意 aside from/apart from有两种用法：
①相当于except for, 意为“除了……之外（都）；要不是”，强调从整体中除去一部分，该部分要排除在外。
I have finished aside from the last question.除了最后一道题，我全做完了。
②相当于in addition to, as well as, 意为“除了……之外（还）；此外”，强调除此之外还包括其他部分。
Aside from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.他们在伦敦有一栋房子，此外在西班牙还有一栋别墅。
定向练4
根据汉语提示补全句子。
1.__________________________________________________ （除了钱外），many people choose jobs for
other reasons these days.
Apart from/Aside from/In addition to/As well as money
2.All are present here _______________________________________（除了我妈妈）.
apart from/aside from/except for my mother
3.His composition is very good___________________________________________________（除了几处拼写
错误外）.
apart from/aside from/except for several spelling mistakes
4.Rita loves her son so much that she __________ （留出） two hours every Sunday afternoon to spend
with him.
sets aside
This may seem difficult at first, but when you finally make your great discovery, your efforts will be rewarded.这一开始可能看起来很难，但当你终于有了伟大的发现时，你的努力就会得到回报。
教材P45
5 reward
① vt.奖励，奖赏
&7& reward sb with sth 用某物报答/奖赏某人
reward sb for （doing） sth 因（做）某事奖励/报答某人
The author's mother rewarded him with books.作者的母亲用书来奖励他。
She was rewarded for her efforts.她因自己所作的努力而受到奖励。
② n.奖励，回报；悬赏金
Parents often give their children rewards for passing exams.孩子通过考试，父母常会给他们奖励。［《朗文当代》］
&8& in reward （for…）=as a reward （for…） 作为（对……的）报酬/奖励
give a reward to sb for （doing） sth 为（做）某事给某人报酬/赏金
offer a reward 悬赏
She got a lot in reward for her kindness.她的善良得到很多回报。
A $1,000 reward has been offered for the return of the necklace.已悬赏一千美元寻回项链。
&9& rewarding adj.值得做的；有意义的；报酬高的
It is rewarding to try new things.尝试新事物是有意义的。
定向练5
根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.我怎样才能报答你的好意呢
How can I _______________ your kindness
reward you for
2.警方悬赏了一大笔钱寻找那起抢劫案的线索。
The police are _______________________ clues about the robbery.
offering a big reward for
3.她开始给孩子唱歌，孩子则报以微笑。（被动语态）
She started singing to the baby and _________________________.
was rewarded with a smile
4.他帮了这么大的忙，你应该给他报酬。
You should ________________________ his being so helpful.
give a reward to him for
5.我不得不说这是一次有意义的旅行。
I must say it's _______________.
a rewarding trip
6.我送给他一本书来答谢他的帮助。
I send him a book ___________________________ his help.
in reward for/as a reward for
1
【句意】当你开始读一首诗时，尽管你可能会问“这首诗是什么意思？”，但最好是问“它听起来如何？”。
教材P44
&10& while作连词时的用法
while用作连词时可以引导让步状语从句，相当于although/though,意为“虽然,尽管”,多位于句首。
While he is in poor health, he works hard.虽然他身体不好，但他工作很努力。
While we already know that exercise is good for the heart, exercise can also cause physical changes in the brain.虽然我们已经知道运动对心脏有好处，但运动也会引起大脑的生理变化。
特别注意 while用作连词时还有以下两种用法：
①引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候,和……同时”。如果主句表示的是短暂动作，从句则用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内一直在进行的动作，此时while可与when或as互换。
While I was watching TV, the bell rang.当我在看电视时，铃响了。
②连接两个并列的句子，意为“而，却”，表示对比关系，常位于句中。
He went out for a walk, while I stayed at home.他出去散步，而我待在家里。
I like singing while she likes dancing.我喜欢唱歌，而她喜欢跳舞。
定向练1
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1._______________ we were waiting for you, I taught my wife how to swim.
While/When/As
[解析] 句意为：在我们等你的时候，我教我妻子如何游泳。
2.Failure usually results from laziness ______ diligence can bring success.
while
[解析] 此处表示前后内容的对比，意为“而”，故填while。
3._____________________ I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
While/Although/Though
4._____________________ the Internet is bridging the gap between people, it may also be breaking up
some families or will cause other family problems.
While/Although/Though
5.He likes reading books while he __________ （wait） for the subway.
is waiting
二、翻译句子。
1.[课标全国Ⅲ2020·改编] She lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their
two daughters.
____________________________________________
她住在一楼，而他和妻子及两个女儿住在楼上。
2.[天津2020年7月·改编] I never worried about my son while I was away because my mother kept an
eye on him.
________________________________________________
我不在时从不担心我的儿子，因为我母亲在照看他。
2
【句意】第二，走进这首诗，就像你在探索一处陌生的风景。
教材P44
&11& as if/as though引导的从句的语气
as though 与as if用法相同，表示“好像；似乎”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句，从句有语气的变化。
①当句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的情况时，as though/as if引导的从句用陈述语气。
It sounds as though/as if it is raining outside.外面听起来像在下雨。
He speaks as though/as if he is angry.从他说话的样子来看他似乎生气了。
②当句子所述的是不真实的或与事实相反的情况时，as though/as if引导的从句用虚拟语气。
虚拟语气 从句谓语 例 句
表示与现在事实相反 谓语用一般过去时（be动词 一般用were） She looks as if she were ten years younger.
她看起来好像年轻了十岁。
表示与过去事实相反 谓语用过去完成时（had done） The injured man acted as if nothing had
happened to him.那个受伤的男人表现得好像
什么都没发生过一样。
表示将来发生的可能性不 大 would/could/might+do He looked at me as if he would say
something．他看着我好像要说什么。
特别注意 as though/as if引导的从句可以使用省略结构，即省略主语和be动词，直接加to do, doing, done, adj., 介词短语等形式。
He paused as if （he was） to let the sad memory pass.他停顿了一下，似乎要把悲伤的记忆抹去。
From time to time, Jason turned around as if （he was） searching for someone.贾森不时地转身，好像在寻找某个人。
He looked around as if （he was） in search of someone.他四处察看，好像在找人。
定向练2
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Tom buried his face in his arms as if _______ （cry）.
crying
[解析] 句意为：汤姆把脸埋进胳膊里，好像在哭。
2.He raised his hand as if ________ （take） off his hat.
to take
[解析] 句意为：他举起手好像要摘下帽子。
3.The old man was moving his eyes slowly as if ________ （look） for his relatives.
looking
[解析] 句意为：那个老人在慢慢地转动他的眼睛，好像在寻找他的亲属。
4.He lay still for a long time, as if _______ （injure）.
injured
[解析] 句意为：他一动不动地躺了很久，好像受伤了一样。
二、根据汉语提示补全句子。
1.David speaks English perfectly _____________________________________________ （好像他在英国住
了很多年似的）.
as if/as though he lived in Britain for many years
2.Do you have such an annoying colleague who plays the music __________________________________
（仿佛他是唯一一个） working in the office
as if/as though he were the only one
3.They talked and laughed ________________________________________________ （好像他们已经是多
年的朋友了）.
as if/as though they had been friends for many years
We must find a way to look after one another as if we were one, single tribe.我们必须想办法彼此照应，团结一致，情同一家。——《黑豹》
