(共30张PPT)
Unit 4
Humour
Writing Workshop
A Funny Story—Reading Club 2
必刷词汇
1.log n.__________________________________
大木头，原木；（事件的）正式记录
2.idiom n.____________
成语；习语
3.unfortunate adj.________________联想 ①_________ adj.幸运的②___________ adv.幸运地 ③________
n.运气；命运；大笔的钱
不幸的，倒霉的
fortunate
fortunately
fortune
4.agent n.________ 联想 _______ n.代理机构
代理人
agency
5.demand vt.______ 派 ___________ adj.要求高的；苛求的
要求
demanding
6.loosely adv.__________________ 联想 loose adj.__________________________
不严谨地；松散地
不严谨的；松散的；宽松的
7.________ vi.& vt.批评，指责 联想 ①_________ n.批评；指责②_______ adj.批判的；危急的 ③
______ n.批评家；评论家
criticise
criticism
critical
critic
8._________ n.政治家；政客 近 __________ n.政治家 联想 ①________ n.［U］政治（学） ②________
adj.政治（上）的
politician
statesman
politics
political
9._____ n.浴室 vi.洗澡 联想 ______ vt.& vi. （给……）洗澡
bath
bathe
核心词汇
One unfortunate agent was dealing with all the passengers, when an angry man, who had been standing in line for some time, pushed his way to the front.一位不幸的（机场）工作人员正在接待所有的乘客，这时一名愤怒的男子挤到了前面，他已经排了很长时间的队了。
教材P18
1 unfortunate adj.不幸的，倒霉的
Some unfortunate person passing below could all too easily be seriously injured.某个正好从下面路过的倒霉蛋很容易受重伤。
&1& ①fortune n.［U］运气 ［C］命运；大笔的钱
try/seek one's fortune 碰运气/（外出）寻找发财的机会
make a/one's fortune 发财；赚大钱
tell sb's fortune 给某人算命
I had the good fortune to be chosen for a trip abroad.我真幸运，被选中出国旅行。
We're not looking to make a fortune.我们没打算大赚一笔。
②misfortune n.不幸；灾难
③fortunate adj.幸运的
It was fortunate that no one got lost in the dangerous fog.幸运的是无人在危险的迷雾中走失。
④fortunately adv.幸运地
⑤unfortunately adv.不幸地
定向练1
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.He was extremely _________ （fortune） to survive.
fortunate
2.___________ （fortunate）, the weather that winter was reasonably mild.
Fortunately
3.Every year we have charity days to raise money for ___________ （fortunate） people.
unfortunate
4.We had the __________ （fortune） to run into a violent storm.
misfortune
二、根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.He was fortunate enough to ______ ______ ________（发财） by a lottery.
make
a/his
fortune
2.Many young people went to ________ _____ ________ （寻找发财的机会/碰运气）abroad.
seek/try
their
fortune
“I want a first-class seat on this flight, now!” demanded the man angrily.那人生气地要求道：“我要这班飞机的头等舱座位，马上!”
教材P18
2 demand
① vt.要求；需要
&2& demand sth of sb=demand sth from sb 要求从某人那里得到某物
demand to do… 要求做……
demand+that 从句 要求……（从句的引导词that可以省略；从句中的谓语用“should+do”形式的虚拟语气, should可以省略。）
She demands a reply of us to her question.她要求我们对她的问题做出答复。
I demand to know what is going on.我要求知道发生了什么事情。
The teacher demanded that the students on duty （should） shut. .all the doors and windows of the classroom after school.老师要求值日的学生们放学后把教室的门窗都关上。
特别注意 ①表示“要求某人做某事”时，不用demand sb to do sth，可用ask/require sb to do sth。
②demand doing sth意为“……需要被……”，常用于“主动形式表示被动”的用法，等于demand to be done。
The information demands updating.= The information demands to be updated.信息需要被更新。
② n.要求，需求
&3& meet/satisfy one's demand（s） 满足某人的需求/要求
a demand/demands for sth 对某物的需求/要求
in （great） demand 需求量（很）大
on demand 按需；一经要求
The workers' demands for. .higher pay were refused by the employers.工人们加薪的要求遭到了雇主们的拒绝。
There's only one well here and water is in great demand.这里只有一口井，而且用水需求很大。
Plus, not being able to watch my favourite shows on demand. .was a huge pain.此外，不能看我点播的最喜欢的节目是巨大的痛苦。
&4& demanding adj.要求高的；苛求的
Good teaching is an art with demanding skills.好的教学是一门对技巧要求很高的艺术。
Child psychologists often blame some parents for being too demanding.儿童心理学家常常指责一些父母过于严苛。
定向练2
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.She burst into the manager's office and demand _________ （speak） to him.
to speak
2.Driven by a greater demand ____ vegetables, farmers have built more greenhouses.
for
3.Chinese classical dance is an incredibly ___________ （demand） dance form.
demanding
4.The workers demanded that their salaries _________ （raise）.
be raised
二、根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.《哈利·波特》系列书籍很受欢迎，在这个城市有很大的需求量。
The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are ________________ in this city.
in great demand
2.女孩要求被允许去见医院里生病的母亲。
The girl demands ___________________________________________________________ to see her sick mo
ther in hospital.
to be allowed/permitted或that she （should） be allowed/permitted
3.他说重建工作需要很多耐心和艰辛。
He said the task of reconstruction would ___________________________________.
demand much patience and hard work
4.这种产品可能会供不应求。
I'm afraid that the supply of this product ___________________________________________.
cannot meet/satisfy the customers' demand（s）
【句意】你经常会发现，乘客在上公共汽车时和司机开玩笑，医生会开一些轻松愉快的玩笑来缓解病人的担忧，而商人在演讲时也会开一些玩笑来吸引听众的注意力。
教材P22
&5& “find+宾语+宾补”结构
在“find+宾补+宾语补足语”结构中，宾语补足语可以由名词（短语）、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、to be（常可省略）等充当。现在分词表示主动意义或表示动作正在发生；过去分词表示被动意义或表示动作已经完成，也可表示状态。
He found the door closed.他发现门是关着的。（find+n.+形容词）
We went to her house but found her out.我们去了她家，但是发现她出去了。（find+pron.+副词）
We found everything in the laboratory in good order. 我们发现实验室里一切都井然有序。（find+pron.+介词短语）
You'll find a taxi waiting at the bus station.你会发现一辆出租车正在公共汽车站等着。（find+n.+现在分词）
He found the place much changed.他发现这个地方发生了巨大的变化。（find+n.+过去分词）
特别注意 在此结构中，如果宾语过长，常用it作形式宾语，将真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
At my age I find it hard to get another job.到了我这个年纪，我发现很难再找到一份工作了。
I found it ridiculous that he went to work without checking. .the schedule.他没有查看日程就去上班了，我觉得很荒谬。
定向练
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Students who are found _________ （cheat） in the exam will be punished.
cheating
[解析] cheat与其逻辑主语Students之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。
2.He woke up and found ________ （he） in hospital.
himself
[解析] 设空处所指和主语He为同一人，应用反身代词。
3.When he got home， he found his house _______ （break） into by someone.
broken
[解析] break into与其逻辑主语his house之间为被动关系，故用过去分词。
4.Children may find___ easier to express themselves in a letter than in a formal essay.
it
[解析] 本句中真正的宾语为动词不定式短语，easier为宾语补足语，设空处应为形式宾语，故填it。
5.The professor found his experiment based on the new theory a ________ （succeed）.
success
[解析] 设空处前有不定冠词a，应用名词形式作宾语补足语。此处success意为“一件成功的事”。
二、根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.他发现在如此短的时间内完成工作是不可能的。
He found _____________________ the work in such a short time.
it impossible to finish
2.我发现这辆旧车状况完好。
I found _______________________________.
the old car well/in good condition
写作仿写幽默故事
素材储备
1.文体介绍
写幽默故事属于记叙文写作。写作时应注意人称和时态的选择，采用恰当的描述性语言记叙事件的经过，在结构安排上应详略得当。写幽默故事时，开头应采用有亮点的句子吸引读者的注意力，同时结尾应简洁、明了、有趣，保证故事的完整性。
2.篇章结构
（1）要把握记叙文的六个要素，即时间（when）, 地点（where），人物（who）, 事件（what）, 原因（why）和结果（how）。
（2）要把握记叙文的结构。在文章开头要交代故事发生的时间、地点和人物，然后写事件的起因及发展过程，最后写事件的结果或影响。同时在结尾处要尽量自然地点明文章主题，并且要有一条线索贯穿全文，使整个文章融为一体。
（3）要把握好人称。在写此类文章时通常用第一人称或第三人称。
（4）要注意时态的运用。在故事写作过程中，一般用过去时态。在描写背景或景象时，常用过去进行时，这样显得更加形象生动。
（5）要润色简单句，增加过渡性词汇，使文章前后通顺自然，成为一个有机整体。
3.幽默故事的修辞手法
在写幽默故事时，除了要具备记叙文的六要素外，还要特别注意幽默故事所具有的特殊性。幽默故事里要有妙语，同时要注重塑造人物、展开情节，使其引人入胜。在写幽默故事时，可以适当使用含蓄、风趣的小对话，使用隐喻、讽刺、双关、反语等修辞手法，从而使文章更生动、更有感染力。下面是英语幽默故事中的几种修辞手法：
（1）双关：指利用词的多义或同音，使语句产生两层意思。
Why is an empty purse always the same？Because there is never any change in it.为什么空钱包总是一样的？因为里面从来没有变化（零钱）。
这句话中change既表示“变化”也表示“零钱”，钱包中既无零钱，也没有变化，自然一直是空的，此处为词义双关。
At the drunkard's funeral, four of his friends carried the bier.在醉汉的葬礼上，他的四个朋友抬着棺材。
bier意为“棺材”，与beer（啤酒）同音，在醉汉的葬礼上，醉汉的朋友抬的是棺材，也可理解成带了啤酒，此处为谐音双关。
（2）反语：指正话反说或反话正说，运用跟本意相反的词语来表达此意，含有否定、讽刺以及嘲弄的意思。
Glover: I ate the spaghetti that was cooked three weeks ago.我吃了三周前煮熟的这份意大利面。
Gray: You ate it even though you knew the fact Very smart.你知道这个事实还吃了它 真是聪明。
运用反语，实际上格雷一点也不觉得格洛弗聪明。
（3）讽刺：用比喻、夸张等手法对人或事进行揭露、批评或嘲笑。
Beth: Bob finally got his sister to stop eating so much.鲍勃终于让他的妹妹不再吃那么多了。
Lisa: How did he do that 他是怎么做到的？
Beth: He started cooking the meals.他开始做饭了。
运用讽刺手法，反映出鲍勃的烹饪技术很差。
模拟演练
请根据下面的内容，写一篇幽默故事：
一个法国人到一个英国朋友家做客。在他走近朋友的房子时，一条大狗朝他叫起来。他的英国朋友对他说：“你难道不知道一句英国谚语‘叫唤的狗不咬人’吗？”。法国人说：“我知道，但狗知道这个谚语吗？”
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：叫唤bark；咬bite
Barking Dogs Don't Bite
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Barking Dogs Don't Bite
One day, a Frenchman went to visit his English friend.When he walked close to his friend's house, a big dog ran out and began to bark at him.He was so frightened that he stopped.At that moment, his English friend came out.His friend said, “Don't be afraid! Don't you know the English proverb ‘Barking dogs don't bite’ ” “Oh, yes,” the Frenchman gave a quick answer.“I know the proverb, and you know the proverb, but does the dog know the proverb ”
请总结你学到的有用表达：
【高级词汇】
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【高级句式】
____________________________________________________________________________________________(共74张PPT)
Unit 4
Humour
Topic Talk &Lesson 1
What's So Funny
It's easy to follow the herd （随大溜）, give in to peer pressure and do what everyone else is doing. Few of us dare to be different.But that's not the case with Johnny English, the lead character of the movie Johnny English Strikes Again （《憨豆特工3》）.
The film tells the story of the former British secret agent named Johnny English, who has now retired from the Secret Service to be a middle school history teacher. However, after a series of cyberattacks on the UK government, the country's active secret agents have been exposed. This leaves the job of catching the bad guys to English.
But English is an old-fashioned hero. He is suspicious （猜疑的） of modern technology and won't even use a smartphone. That puts him in dangerous situations. This wouldn't come as a surprise if you know that Rowan Atkinson plays English, best known for his character Mr Bean.
English and Mr Bean have a lot in common. As Atkinson once told The Guardian: “The essence （本质） of Mr Bean is that he's entirely selfish and self-centred and doesn't actually acknowledge the outside world. He's a child in a man's body.”
必刷词汇
Topic Talk
1.cross talk ______
相声
2.plot n.__________________________ 熟词生义 vt.____________________________ vi.&
vt.________________
（书、电影、戏剧的）情节
（为小说、戏剧等）设计情节
密谋；秘密策划
3.accent n.__________________ 联想 dialect n.______
口音；腔调；重音
方言
4.______ adj.面部的；脸上的 拓展 facial expressions __________
facial
面部表情
5.well-being n.__________________
舒适；健康；幸福
6.enhance vt.__________________ 派 enhancement n.____________
增强；改进；提高
提高；增强
7.referee n.____________________
裁判（员）；仲裁员
8.dizzy adj.____________
头晕目眩的
9.swing n.__________________ vi.& vt.____________________________________________
挥动，挥舞；秋千
（使）摆动；（使）转动；朝……打去；荡秋千
10.collapse vi.__________________________________________________
突然倒下；倒塌；崩溃；瓦解；（因病等）昏倒，晕倒
11.potential n.____________ adj.________________
潜力，潜能
潜在的，可能的
12.comedy n.______________派 comedian n.__________反 tragedy n.______
喜剧；喜剧片
喜剧演员
悲剧
13.________ vi.& vt.假装，装作 搭配 ________ ___ ____ sth 假装做某事
pretend
pretend
to
do
14.__________ adj.幽默的，诙谐的 联想 ________ n.幽默；幽默感
humorous
humour
15.imitate vt.______ 派 _________ n.模仿
模仿
imitation
16.interact vi.______________________ 派 ①interaction n.____________________ ②interactive
adj.____________________ 搭配 ________ _____… 与……交流/相互影响
交流；交往；相互作用
相互影响，相互作用
相互影响的；交互的
interact
with
17.________ n.焦虑，不安，担心 联想 ①________ adj.焦虑的；不安的；担心的 ②__________ adv.焦虑
地；不安地
anxiety
anxious
anxiously
18.significant adj.________________ 派 ①____________ adv.有重大意义地；显著地 ②___________ n.重
要性，意义
重要的，重大的
significantly
significance
19.terrified adj.____________ 联想 ①terrify vt.____________________②terrifying adj.____________ ③
terrible adj.________________
极度惊恐的
使十分害怕；使恐惧
极其可怕的
可怕的；糟糕的
20.___________ adj.不平衡的 联想①_________ adj.均衡的②________ n.平衡；均衡 vi.& vt.（使）保持
平衡
unbalanced
balanced
balance
21.____________ adj.难堪的，尴尬的 联想 ①__________ vt.使尴尬②____________ adj.令人尴尬的 ③
______________ n.尴尬
embarrassed
embarrass
embarrassing
embarrassment
22.consume vt.________________派 ①consumer n.________②consumption n.______________________
消耗；吃；消费
消费者
消费量；消费；吃；喝
23._________ adj.困惑的 联想①confuse vt.________②confusion n.____________ ③__________ adj.令人
困惑的
confused
使困惑
困惑；混乱
confusing
Lesson 1
1.saucer n.______
杯托
2.doorway n.______________
门口，出入口
3.antique n.______ adj.____________
古董
古时制造的
4.deduce vt.____________
推论，推断
5.astronomy n.________联想①astronomer n.__________ ②astronaut n.________________
天文学
天文学家
宇航员；航天员
6.galaxy n.______
星系
7.potentially adv.________________
可能地，潜在地
8.___________ n.大气（层）；气氛，氛围，环境
atmosphere
9.forecast vt.& n.____________ 拓展 weather forecast __________
预测，预报
天气预报
10.____________ adj.中年的
middle-aged
11.surgery n.________________ 近 _________ n.手术
诊所；外科手术
operation
12.sneeze vi.& n.________
打喷嚏
13.scream vi.__________ n.________
尖声大叫
尖叫声
14.crisis ［pl.______］n.________________
crises
危难时刻；危机
15.afterwards adv.____________
随后，后来
16.circus n.________
马戏团
17.clown n.______
小丑
18._________ adj.科学（上）的 派 ____________ adv.合乎科学地 联想 ________ n.科学
scientific
scientifically
science
19.casually adv.______________________联想 casual adj.____________________辨 causal
adj.____________
漫不经心地；非正式地
漫不经心的；随便的
因果关系的
20.innocently adv.________________________联想 ①__________ n.无辜；天真②_________ adj.天真无邪
的；无辜的；清白的
装作若无其事地；无辜地
innocence
innocent
21.____________ n.测量，计量，衡量 联想 ________ v.测量；衡量；（指尺寸、长短、数量等）量度为
n.措施，方法
measurement
measure
22.bleed vi.（过去式_____，过去分词_____）____________联想 ______ n.血液 派 bleeding n.______
bled
bled
流血，出血
blood
流血
23.consultation n.____________ 联想 ①________ vi.& vt.咨询；（与某人）商议 ②__________ n.顾问
就诊；咨询
consult
consultant
24.examine vt.______ 派 ____________ n.检查；考试
检查
examination
25.announce vt.____________ 派 _____________ n.宣布，宣告
宣布，宣告
announcement
26.________ vt.应得，应受到；值得 搭配 ①________ ___ ____ sth应该/值得做某事②________ ______
sth值得做某事
deserve
deserve
to
do
deserve
doing
27.appetite n.______________________ 搭配 ______ ____ ________ ____ sth 想要得到某物
胃口，食欲；强烈欲望
have
an
appetite
for
28.faithful adj.________ 联想 _____ n.相信；信任 搭配 ______ _____ ___ sth/sb 相信某事/信任某人 派
_________ adv.忠诚地；忠实地 拓展 Yours faithfully 您忠实的（用于正式信结尾未署名前的套语）
忠诚的
faith
have
faith
in
faithfully
29.do a double take ____________________
猛吃一惊后定神再看
30.hand over ____________
交出；移交
31.throw in __________
额外奉送
核心词汇
My favourite kind of comedy is when someone pretends to be someone else.我最喜欢的喜剧类型是一个人假装成另一个人。
教材P109
1 pretend vi.& vt.假装，装作；声称
&1& pretend （not） to do sth假装（没）做某事
pretend to be doing sth假装/声称正在做某事
pretend to have done sth假装/声称做了某事
pretend to be+n./adj.假装……
pretend+（that）从句 假装……
He pretended not to know the fact.他佯装不知实情。
She pretended to be doing her homework when the teacher came in.当老师进来的时候，她假装正在做作业。
When asked about the content of the book, he pretended to have read it.当被问到这本书的内容时，他假装已经读过了。
Miss Harper closed her eyes and pretended to be asleep.哈珀女士闭上眼睛，假装睡着了。
She pretended （that） she was not at home when we rang the bell.我们按门铃时, 她假装自己不在家。
定向练1
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Inexperienced employees could pretend ______ （be） experts, which is the major problem that the
organisation needs to solve.
to be
[解析] 句意为：经验不足的员工可能会装作是专家，这是该机构需要解决的主要问题。“pretend to be+n./adj.”意为“假装……”。
2.He pretended ________________ （forget） the conversation after that night.
to have forgotten
[解析] 句意为：那晚之后他就假装已经忘了那次谈话。根据句意可知，此处应用pretend to have done sth结构，不定式to have done表示过去或已经完成的动作。
3.The boy was sitting at the desk, pretending ______________ （work） hard when his mother got home.
to be working
[解析] 句意为：这个男孩的妈妈到家时，他正坐在桌边，假装正在努力学习。pretend to be doing sth表示“假装正在做某事”。
4.I passed by Joan quickly without greeting her, pretending not _______ （see） her.
to see
[解析] 句意为：我快速地从琼身边经过，没有和她打招呼，假装没看见她。pretend not to do sth意为“假装没做某事”。
… it relieves stress and anxiety, relaxes the whole body and gives one a sense of well-being.……它能缓解压力和焦虑，使人全身放松，并给人一种幸福感。
教材P109
2 anxiety n.焦虑，不安，担心
&2& anxiety over/about… 担心……
with （deep/great） anxiety （十分）焦虑地
There is growing public anxiety over levels of air pollution in our cities.公众越来越担心城市中的空气污染程度。［《朗文当代》］
&3& ①anxious adj.忧虑的；担忧的；不安的；渴望的（=keen）
be anxious for sb about sth为某人某事担心
be anxious to do sth 急于/渴望做某事
be anxious for sth 渴望得到某物
be anxious for sb to do sth 渴望某人做某事
be anxious （that）… 担心/渴望……
Mary is anxious about her next examination.玛丽担心她的下一场考试。
The farmers are more anxious for a stable climate because that can have a profound influence on agricultural production.农民更加渴望稳定的气候，因为这对农业生产有巨大的影响。
②anxiously adv.焦急地；不安地
定向练2
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.It's thought that one's ________ （anxious） often occurs as a result of his unsuccessful adaptation to
new surroundings.
anxiety
[解析] 句意为：人们认为一个人的焦虑往往是由于其未能适应新环境而产生的。设空处作从句主语，且前有one's修饰，故填anxious的名词形式anxiety。
2.We waited with great ________ （anxious） for more news about the accident.
anxiety
[解析] 此处考查固定搭配with great anxiety，意为“十分焦虑地”。
3.There is deep anxiety among staff __________ job losses.
over/about
[解析] 此处考查固定搭配anxiety over/about…，意为“担心……”。
4.The drought made farmers anxious ____ each other ______ the harvest.
for
about
[解析] 句意为：干旱使农民为彼此的收成担忧。be anxious for sb about sth意为“为某人某事担心”。
5.The audience is waiting __________ （anxious） to see which team will win.
anxiously
[解析] 修饰谓语is waiting应用副词。
6.They were anxious __________ （absorb） new ideas to cope with the coming challenge.
to absorb
[解析] be anxious to do sth意为“急于/渴望做某事”。
I was so embarrassed that I wanted the floor to open up and consume me.我太尴尬了，以至于我想钻到地缝里。
教材P109
3 embarrassed adj.难堪的，尴尬的，窘迫的
&4& be embarrassed to do sth 做某事很窘迫/尴尬
be embarrassed about/at… 因……感到窘迫/尴尬
He was embarrassed to find that his invitation was turned down a second time.他发现自己的邀请再一次被拒绝，感到很尴尬。
He was no longer embarrassed about/at the special clothes he had to wear for his scars.他不再为自己因（掩盖）伤疤而不得不穿的特殊衣服感到尴尬。
&5& ①embarrass vt.使尴尬；使为难；使窘迫
It embarrasses sb to do sth做某事使某人尴尬
It embarrassed me to have to give my opinion in public.不得不在公众面前表达我的观点让我很尴尬。
②embarrassment n.尴尬；难堪；窘迫
to one's embarrassment让某人尴尬的是
We apologise for any embarrassment this may have caused.对于可能因此造成的任何尴尬，我们深表歉意。
To his embarrassment, he couldn't recognise the lady.令他尴尬的是，他没能认出那位女士。
③embarrassing adj.令人难堪的；令人尴尬的（常修饰事或物）
That was an embarrassing situation for me.那种情形让我难堪。
定向练3
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.I found it so ____________ （embarrass） to sing in public.
embarrassing
[解析] 句意为：我认为在众人面前唱歌太令人难为情了。此处it作形式宾语，后面的不定式短语为真正的宾语，此处表示“令人尴尬的”，故用-ing形式的形容词。
2.The boy is embarrassed ________ his mistakes.
about/at
[解析] 句意为：这个男孩为自己的错误感到难堪。
3.I'm ____________ （embarrass） to hear others keep saying how clever I am.
embarrassed
[解析] 句意为：听到别人一直说我有多聪明，我感到很尴尬。此处修饰人，应用-ed形式的形容词。
4.He tried to hide his ______________ （embarrass） by making jokes.
embarrassment
[解析] 句意为：他努力通过开玩笑来掩饰自己的尴尬。
5.When talking, try to avoid an ____________ （embarrass） silence.
embarrassing
[解析] 句意为：交谈时，尽量避免令人尴尬的沉默。此处修饰物，应用-ing形式的形容词。
6.___ embarrassed the lady to find another woman wearing the same dress at a formal party.
It
[解析] 句意为：在正式聚会上发现自己和另一位女士撞衫令这位女士很尴尬。此处应用It作形式主语，后面的动词不定式短语为真正的主语。
7.____ my embarrassment, he didn't know my visit and was totally unprepared.
To
[解析] 句意为：令我感到尴尬的是，他不知道我的来访，并且毫无准备。
8.His ____________ （embarrass） behaviour made everyone present ____________ （embarrass）.
embarrassing
embarrassed
[解析] 句意为：他那令人尴尬的举动让在场的每个人都很尴尬。
4 consume vt.吃；喝；饮；消耗；消费
We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night.那天晚上我们吃了大量的食物，喝了很多饮料。
&6& ①consumer n.［C］消费者；顾客
Health-conscious consumers want more information about the food they buy.注重身体健康的消费者想得到更多有关他们所购买的食物的信息。
②consumption n.［U］（能量、食物或材料的）消耗，消耗量；消费
It is claimed that the new exhaust system will lower fuel consumption.据说，新的排气系统将会降低燃料消耗量。
定向练4
用consume的正确形式填空。
1.The company's product is expected to be the most popular with __________.
consumers
[解析] 设空处作宾语，表示“消费者”，且根据语境可知，此处表复数含义，故填consumers。
2.The e-commerce has influenced production and ____________ and promoted the development of the
service sector.
consumption
[解析] 设空处与production并列作宾语，且根据语境可知，此处表示“消费”，故填consumption。consumption为不可数名词。
3.Information overload, commonly referred to as “infobesity”, involves ___________ an unhealthy amount
of information.
consuming
[解析] involves后缺少宾语，involve doing sth为固定搭配，意为“包含做某事”，故应用动名词形式。
He was confused and didn't know if he should carry on hitting me, or stop and help Mr Zhao—so he just stood there.他被搞糊涂了，不知道是应该继续（出拳）击打我，还是停下来帮助赵先生，于是他只是（呆呆地）站在那里。
教材P110
5 confused adj.困惑的；混乱的；难懂的
Don't rush him or he'll become confused.不要催他，不然他会被搞糊涂的。
The children gave a . .confused account of what had happened.孩子们把发生的事叙述得颠三倒四。
&7& be confused about… 对……感到迷惑
A survey showed people were confused about what they should eat to stay healthy.一项调查表明，人们对该吃什么来保持健康这个问题感到迷惑。
&8& ①confuse vt.使困惑
②confusing adj.令人困惑的；不清楚的；难懂的（常用于修饰事或物）
③confusion n.困惑；不确定；混乱
in confusion 困窘地；不知所措地
The old man looked in confusion at his new surroundings.老人以迷茫的目光打量着新环境。［《英汉大词典》］
定向练5
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Things were happening too quickly and Brian was _________ （confuse）.
confused
[解析] 句意为：事情发生得太快，把布赖恩给弄糊涂了。设空处修饰人，应用confused。
2.From his _________ expression, I can see this __________ problem ____________ him at this moment.
（confuse）
confused
confusing
is confusing
[解析] 句意为：从他困惑的表情，我可以看出来此刻这个令人迷惑的问题正困扰着他。第一空修饰人，应用confused；第二空修饰problem，应用confusing；第三空为see后的宾语从句的谓语，根据时间状语at this moment可知，此处应用现在进行时，表示“此刻问题正困扰着他”。
3.I'm totally confused ______ why she reads the same chapter repeatedly.
about
[解析] 句意为：我很困惑她为什么要反复阅读同一章节。be confused about… 意为“对……感到迷惑”。
4.The innocent young child was left there in __________ （confuse）.
confusion
[解析] 句意为：那个天真的小孩被丢在那里不知所措。此处应用名词confusion作介词in的宾语，in confusion意为“不知所措地”。
Son, you've got real potential.孩子，你真的很有潜力。
教材P110
6 potential
① n.［U］潜力，潜能；可能性；潜在性
It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can't.我脑海深处的声音告诉我，是一句话阻止了如此多的人发挥他们的潜力：我做不到。 ［2022北京］
&9& potential for （doing） sth （做）某事的可能性/潜力
have the potential to do sth有潜力做某事
The region has enormous potential for economic development.该地区的经济发展潜力巨大。
He has the potential to become a world-class musician.他有成为世界级的音乐家的潜力。
② adj.可能的；潜在的
The book is arguably a potential bestseller.按理说这本书有可能成为畅销书。
The company has a lot of potential customers.这家公司有许多潜在的客户。
&10& potentially adv.可能地；潜在地
This study will potentially change the way we see the environment and treat it in the future.这项研究可能会改变将来我们看待环境和对待环境的方式。
定向练6
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.People who rarely do exercise have more potential ____ being attacked by a disease than those who do
it regularly.
for
[解析] 句意为：与那些经常锻炼的人相比，很少锻炼的人受到疾病侵袭的可能性更大。potential for doing sth意为“做某事的可能性”。
2.He has the potential _______________ （appoint） as a manager this year.
to be appointed
[解析] have the potential to do sth意为“有潜力做某事”，此处appoint与主语He之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故用不定式的被动语态。
3.You will be in a __________ （potential） dangerous situation.
potentially
[解析] 此处修饰形容词dangerous，应用副词。
二、根据汉语提示补全句子。
1.The company certainly has ____________________________________________________________ （发
展的潜力）.
the potential for growth/development或the potential to grow/develop
2.Considering that Frank _________________________________ （有把这份工作做好的潜力）， the boss
hired him.
had the potential to do the job well
According to the scientific measurement of time, I deduce that the time is probably a quarter past three.根据科学计时测算，我推断现在大概是三点一刻。
教材P8
7 measurement n.［U］测量，计量，衡量 ［C］尺寸；长度；数量；高度；大小
Accurate measurement is a necessity in the field of scientific research.在科学研究领域，精确的测量是必要的。
Do you know your waist measurement 你知道你的腰围是多少吗？
释义理解
measure n.
①an official action;
②a particular amount of sth;
③a way of judging or measuring sth;
④a unit used for stating the size, quantity or degree of sth
&11& measure
①linking v.（尺寸、长短、数量等）量度为（不用于进行时）； vt.测量；估量
The pond measures about 2 metres across.这个池塘宽约2米。
Scientists haven't measured the positive effects of laughter on children.笑对孩子的积极影响有多大，科学家们还没有对此进行估量。
②n.措施；办法；（一定的）量；判断；衡量；度量单位
take measures to do sth=take steps to do sth采取措施做某事
No matter how harsh the present or unpredictable the future is, there're always some measures of joy to be extracted from the moment.无论现在多么艰难，未来多么不可预测，我们总能从当下获取一定量的快乐。
Is this test a good measure of reading comprehension 这项测试是判断阅读理解力的好方法吗？
It is high time that we should take effective measures/steps to protect endangered animals.到了我们采取有效措施保护濒危动物的时候了。
定向练7
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.We should take measures ________ （keep） air and water clean.
to keep
[解析] take measures to do sth为固定搭配，意为“采取措施做某事”。
2.The main bedroom _________ （measure） 12 feet long and 10 feet across.
measures
[解析] measure在本句中意为“（尺寸）量度为”，作连系动词，主语为第三人称单数，且本句陈述客观事实，故填measures。
3._____________ （measure） of blood pressure could be undertaken by practice nurses.
Measurement
[解析] 句意为：测量血压的工作可以由实习护士完成。设空处在句中作主语，应用名词形式；根据句意可知，此处表示“测量”，为不可数名词；且设空处位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Measurement。
4.The government has taken a variety of effective _________ （measure） to prevent the disease.
measures
[解析] 句意为：政府已经采取了各种有效措施来预防这种疾病。根据语境可知，此处表示“措施”，且空前有a variety of（各种各样的）修饰，应用可数名词复数。故填measures。
二、翻译句子。
1.We must take effective measures to reduce crime in the area.
____________________________________________
我们必须采取有效措施来减少这个地区的犯罪。
[解析] 此处measure意为“措施”。
2.It is difficult to measure the effectiveness of the drug at this stage.
__________________________________
现阶段还很难估计这种药物的疗效。
[解析] 此处measure为动词，表示“估量；估计”。
8 announce vt.宣布，宣告；（尤指通过广播）通知；声称；宣称
His agent announced his former approval of the schedule as being ineffective.他的经纪人宣布他此前对计划表的批准无效。
&12& announce sth to sb 向某人宣布某事（注意不能说announce sb sth）
announce that… 宣布……
It is announced that… 据宣布…… （It作形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语）
The spokesman of the Foreign Ministry announced the news to the reporters.外交部发言人向记者宣布了这一消息。
At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement had been reached.会议结束时，一项协议已被宣布达成。
“Well, everything is working OK,” she announced afterwards.“不过一切正常。”她检查后说道。
教材P9
&13& ①announcement n.宣布；宣告；通告（其后常接that引导的同位语从句）
make an announcement发表公告
I'd like to . .make an important announcement.我要发表一项重要公告。
②announcer n.播音员；广播员；节目主持人
定向练8
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.The _____________ （announce） of the royal birth has been broadcast to the nation.
announcement
[解析] 句意为：王室成员降生的通告已向全国广播。名词announcement 在此意为“通告”，由助动词has可知应用单数形式。
2.A large audience was attracted by the beautiful voice of the __________ （announce） over there.
announcer
[解析] 句意为：一大群听众被那边那个播音员动听的嗓音吸引了。
3.I will announce a good piece of news ___ all of you.
to
[解析] 句意为：我要向大家宣布一个好消息。announce sth to sb为固定搭配。
4.My favourite professor made an _____________ （announce） that he would be teaching abroad over
the winter break in Cambodia.
announcement
[解析] 设空处位于谓语made后作宾语，且前有不定冠词an修饰，故填单数名词announcement。其后的that引导同位语从句。make an announcement意为“发表公告”。
5.It ______________ （announce） just now that the sports meeting would be held next week.
was announced
[解析] It is/was announced that… 表示“据宣布……”，It作形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。根据时间状语just now可知，此处用一般过去时。
I really don't think I deserve a zero.我真的认为我不应该得零分。
教材P11
9 deserve vt.应得，应受到；值得
They deserve the thumbs-up sign.他们应该得到赞许。
&14& deserve to do sth值得做某事；应该做某事
deserve doing（主动形式表被动）=deserve to be done 值得被做
The unexpected has happened so continually that it no longer deserves to own its name.意外之事发生
得如此频繁，以至于不再称得上是意外。
He deserves remembering for his charity and forgiveness.
=He deserves to be remembered for his charity and forgiveness. 他的仁爱和宽宏大量值得被铭记。
特别注意 ①除deserve外，后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义的还有need, want, require和be worth。
need/want/require doing=need/want/require to be done需要被……
Shy children need/want/require praising.=Shy children need/want/require to be praised.羞怯的孩子需要得到夸赞。
be worth doing=be worthy to be done=be worthy of being done值得……
The place is worth visiting.=The place is worthy to be visited.=The place is worthy of being visited.这个地方值得参观。
②deserve后接不定式时，若表示主动意义，则用不定式的主动形式；若表示被动意义，则用不定式的被动形式。?
Those who work deserve to eat.劳动者应得食。?
He deserves to be criticised.他应当受到批评。
定向练9
根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.这个画廊的所有油画都值得欣赏。
All oil paintings in this gallery ________ ______________________.
deserve
appreciation/appreciating
2.工人们认为礼堂应该重建。
The workers believe the assembly hall _________ ___ ____ _______.
deserves
to
be
rebuilt
3.这些建议值得考虑。
①These proposals ________ ______________________.
deserve
considering/consideration
②These proposals ________ ___ ____ __________.
deserve
to
be
considered
③These proposals ____ ______ ___________.
are
worth
considering
④These proposals ____ _______ ___ ____ ____________________________.
are
worthy
to
be
considered/of being considered
1
【句意】一位著名的艺术品收藏家在城市中闲逛时，看见一只脏猫在一家商店门口舔饮浅碟中的牛奶。
教材P8
&15& be doing… when… 句型
be doing… when… 意为“正在做……这时（突然）……”，其中when引导时间状语从句，该句型中的be常用过去式，即was/were。类似的句型还有：
be on the point of doing… when… 正要做……这时……
be about to do… when… 正打算做……这时……
had just done… when… 刚做了……这时……
I. .was just leaving when the telephone rang.我正要离开，这时电话响了。
She was on the point of going out when the doorbell rang.她正要出去，这时门铃响了。
I was about to do my homework when my father came in.我正要做作业，这时我爸爸进来了。
I had just got home when it rained.我刚到家，天就下雨了。
定向练1
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.I was about to pick up the receiver______ the phone stopped ringing, which annoyed me a lot.
when
[解析] 句意为：我刚要拿起听筒，电话就不响了，这使我很恼火。
2.I had just got up and was about to cook my breakfast______ someone knocked at the door.
when
[解析] 句意为：我刚起床，正要做早饭，这时有人敲门了。
3.I was on the point of ________ （cross） the road when the car accident happened.
crossing
[解析] 句意为：我刚要过马路,这时车祸发生了。设空处作of的宾语，应用动名词形式。
4.I was about ________ （cook） my supper when my boss called to assign me a task.
to cook
[解析] 句意为：我正要去做晚饭，这时我的老板来电话给我布置了任务。be about to do sth意为“正要做某事”。
5.Jack _____________ （work） in the lab when the power cut occurred.
was working
[解析] 句意为：杰克正在实验室里工作，这时突然停电了。
2
【句意】嘿，200美元的话你能不能把那个破碟子也送给我。
教材P8
&16& 含有wonder的几种常见句型
①wonder+if/whether引导的宾语从句
The committee was wondering if/whether you'd like to come to the meeting.委员会想知道您是否愿意来参会。
②wonder后接who, what, why, where, how等疑问词引导的宾语从句。
I wonder how James is getting on.我想知道詹姆斯的近况如何。
I wonder who made this decision and why. .it has been approved.我想知道是谁做出的这个决定，它又是为何被通过的。
③（It is） no wonder （that）… 难怪……
It is no wonder that some people feel they are wasting their time on mobile phones.难怪有些人会觉得他们是在手机上浪费时间。
定向练2
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.I wonder_____ he has not come back yet.
why
[解析] 句意为：我想知道为什么他还没有回来。
2.Researchers wonder ______ might happen if there were no electricity.
what
[解析] 句意为：研究人员想知道如果没有电可能会发生什么事情。
3.I wonder _____ will recognise Philip after all these years.
who
[解析] 句意为：过了这么多年，我想知道谁还认得出菲利普。
4.___ was no wonder that she was so upset.
It
[解析] 句意为：难怪她这么心烦意乱。
5.I wonder __________ people will say, “Let's hear the story about Frodo and the Ring.”
if/whether
[解析] 句意为：我在想人们是否会说：“咱们听听佛罗多和魔戒的故事吧。”
3
【句意】他不得不在医生的诊室里等着，像是等了几个世纪。
教材P9
&17& what引导的名词性从句
what引导名词性从句时，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等，表示“所……的……”，相当于“the+n.+that…”。
What I care about is your attitude towards the matter.我关心的是你对这件事的态度。（What引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语）
In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America.1492年，哥伦布到达了现在被称为美洲大陆的地方。（what引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语）
I don't know what he needs.我不知道他需要什么。（what引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语）
A ship is safe in harbour, but that's not what ships are built for.船在港口里是安全的，但那不是建造船的目的。（what引导表语从句，在从句中作宾语）
Our city is no longer what it used to be ten years ago.我们的城市不再是十年前的样子了。（what引导表语从句，在从句中作表语）
You have no idea what she suffered in those years.你不知道那些年她所受的苦。（what引导同位语从句，在从句中作宾语）
定向练3
根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.这次大会超出了我（之前）的预期。
The conference was beyond ______ __ _____ _________.
what
I
had
expected
[解析] what引导宾语从句, 在从句中作had expected的宾语。
2.我无法想象昨天这里发生了什么。
I can't imagine ______ _________ _____ _________.
what
happened
here
yesterday
[解析] what引导宾语从句, 在从句中作主语。
3.我想知道的是我能做什么来帮助你学习英语。
What I want to know is ______ __ _____ ____ to help with your English.
what
I
can
do
[解析] what引导表语从句, 在从句中作宾语。
4.事故的原因是什么一目了然。
As for the accident， there was no doubt ______ ____ _______ _____.
what
the
reason
was
[解析] what引导同位语从句，在从句中作表语。
5.让我印象最深刻的是我的家乡变化很大。
______ __________ ____ ______ is that my hometown has changed a lot.
What
impressed
me
most
[解析] What引导主语从句，在从句中作主语。
1 现在完成进行时
1构成：have/has been+现在分词
2基本用法
（1）现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在，还在继续或有可能继续下去；或动作从过去开始，现在刚刚停止，强调结果。这个时态多用于延续性动词，如live， learn， lie， stay， sit， wait， stand， rest， study等，并常和all this time， this week， this month， all night， all the morning， recently等时间状语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用。
I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasn't turned up.我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没出现。（动作还在继续进行）
I've been writing letters all this morning.我写了一上午信。（动作从过去延续到现在并还有可能继续下去）
We have been looking for you for an hour.我们找了你一个小时。（动作刚刚停止）
（2）有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时现在完成进行时可用于非延续性动词。
You have been saying for a year that you will study abroad.整整一年你都在说要出国学习。
（3）现在完成进行时还可以用于表示某种感彩，如气愤、抱怨、感激等。
Who's been telling you such ridiculous things 是谁告诉你这种荒唐事的？（气愤）
定向练1
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Marty _________________ （work） really hard on his book these days, and he'll have finished it by
Friday.
has been working
[解析] 句意为：马蒂这些天一直在很努力地写他的书，并且他会在星期五之前完成。
2.Since the time humankind started gardening, we ________________ （try） to make our environment
more beautiful.
have been trying
[解析] 句意为：自人类开始做园艺工作以来，我们一直在努力使我们的环境更加美丽。
3.In two days, it will be the Spring Festival. Children all over the country _________________ （look）
forward to this day for weeks.
have been looking
[解析] 句意为：再过两天就是春节了。全国的孩子们盼望这一天已经好几个星期了。
4.How careless I am！I ________________ （lose） my keys all the time.
have been losing
[解析] 句意为：我太粗心了！我总是反复弄丢我的钥匙。此处应用现在完成进行时表示动作断断续续地重复。
5.I can't believe that Mike ______________ （lie） to me!
has been lying
[解析] 句意为：我不敢相信迈克一直在对我说谎！此处应用现在完成进行时表示强烈的情绪。
2 过去完成进行时
1构成:had been+现在分词
2基本用法
（1）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并一直延续到这一过去时刻。这一动作可能在过去这一时刻已经停止，也可能还在进行。
I was suffering from a headache. That was probably because I had been working in front of the computer too long.我当时正头疼。那可能是因为我在电脑前工作得太久了。
To my great relief, my old camera had been working well before I had to have it repaired by an expert.令我十分欣慰的是，我的那台旧相机在不得不让一位专家修理之前，一直用得很好。
（2）表示在过去某段时间内反复发生的动作。
We had been discussing the meaning of the poem.我们一直在讨论这首诗的含义。
注意：在否定句中通常用过去完成时代替过去完成进行时。
They had not swum in the river for a long time.他们很长时间没去那条河里游泳了。
定向练2
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Before I worked in the factory, I _________________ （work） as a secretary for years in the local
government.
had been working
[解析] 句意为：在我来这个工厂工作之前，我多年一直在地方政府做秘书工作。根据句意可知，“做秘书工作”是“在工厂工作”之前一直进行的，故用过去完成进行时had been working。
2.He ___________________（mention） your name many times to me before.
had been mentioning
[解析] 句意为：他之前跟我提过好多次你的名字。此处强调过去某段时间内反复进行的动作，故用过去完成进行时had been mentioning。
3.She told me that she________________（write） letters since breakfast.
had been writing
[解析] 句意为：她告诉我她从吃过早饭就一直在写信。根据句意可知，“写信”是在她跟“我”说这件事之前一直进行的动作，故用过去完成进行时had been writing。
4.She __________________ （suffer） from a bad cold before she took the exam.
had been suffering
[解析] 句意为：她在考试之前一直患有重感冒。根据句意可知，在考试之前她已经感冒了，故用过去完成进行时had been suffering。
3 将来进行时
1构成：will be+现在分词
2基本用法
（1）表示将来某一时间段内或某一特定时间正在进行的动作，一般与具体的时间状语连用。
Don't phone me between 5 and 6 this afternoon.I will be having dinner then.今天下午五点至六点之间不要给我打电话，届时我在吃晚饭。
Daniel's family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.下星期的这个时候丹尼尔一家就会在黄山度假了。
（2）表示将来某一段时间内持续的动作。
I wonder if it will still be snowing this afternoon.我想知道今天下午是否还会一直下雪。
（3）代替一般将来时，表示一种已经决定或肯定会发生的动作。
Professor Wang will be giving a lecture on Chinese pottery tomorrow evening.王教授明晚会做关于中国陶器的讲座。
特别注意 将来进行时与一般将来时的区别
一般将来时强调的是将来要发生的动作或将来所处的状态，而将来进行时表示按计划、安排将来某个时间正在进行的动作，只能用行为动词，不能使用表状态的系动词be。注意以下两句的区别：
What will you do tomorrow 明天你会做什么呢？
What will you be doing at nine o'clock tomorrow morning 明天上午九点钟你会在做什么呢？
定向练3
一、根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.我下班后到家的时候，我妻子可能正在看电视。（watch）
When I get home after work, my wife _________________________________.
will probably be watching television
2.对不起，我明天下午不能到机场去送你了。届时我在给一群学生做演讲。（address）
I'm sorry that I can't see you off at the airport tomorrow afternoon.Then I _________________ a group
of students.
will be addressing
二、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.We ______________ （have） dinner at seven o'clock tomorrow evening, when CCTV starts to
broadcast news.
will be having
[解析] 句意为：明晚七点中国中央电视台开始播新闻时，我们将在吃晚餐。 主句中有时间状语at seven o'clock tomorrow evening，表示将来某时正在发生的事，故用will be having。
2.Tomorrow I ________ （go） to another concert.They _______________ （play）something by Mozart
at six o'clock tomorrow evening.
will go
will be playing
[解析] 句意为：明天我将参加另外一场音乐会，他们明天晚上六点将演奏莫扎特的曲子。 第一空有时间状语Tomorrow，故用一般将来时；而第二空表示将来某个具体的时间点正在进行的动作，故用将来进行时。
3.I am going on a dream vacation to Hawaii.While you are doing paperwork, I _____________ （lie）
on a sunny beach.
will be lying
[解析] 此处表示将来一段时间内正在进行的动作，故用将来进行时。
4.Tomorrow Tom __________ （travel） to Beijing.When he gets off the train, his wife
_______________ （wait） for him.
will travel
will be waiting
[解析] 句意为：汤姆明天要去北京。他下火车的时候，他的妻子会在那里等他。(共71张PPT)
Unit 4
Humour
Lesson 3
My Favourite Comedian
必刷词汇
1.comedian n.__________联想 comedy n.______
喜剧演员
喜剧
2.__________ n.名誉，名望
reputation
3.encounter vt.__________________________________
遇到（尤指问题或反对）；偶然碰到
4.episode n.______
一集
5.steak n.______
牛排
6.raw adj.__________________________________拓展 raw material ________
生的；（常用于名词前）未经加工的
原材料
7.chew vi.& vt.______
咀嚼
8.vase n.______
花瓶
9.purse n.______________________
女用手提包；女式钱包
10.contemporary adj.________ 辨 temporany adj.________________
当代的
短暂的；暂时的
11.screenwriter n.____________________
影视剧本作家，编剧
12.mostly adv.________________
主要地；大部分
13.clumsy adj.__________________
笨拙的，不灵活的
14.boarding school __________
寄宿学校
15.attain vt.____________ 派 attainable adj.__________
得到，获得
可获得的
16.obtain vt.____________
获得，得到
17.electrical engineering ____________________
电力（电气）工程学
18.stutter n.____________
结巴，口吃
19.mirror n.______ vt.____________
镜子
反映；映照
20.genius n.______________________［pl._________］辨 genuine adj.真正的
天才，天赋；天才人物
geniuses
21.nationality n.______联想 ①______ n.国家②______________ adj.国家的；全国性的
国籍
national
22.amuse vt.______________派 ①________ adj.被逗乐的②_________ adj.好笑的；有趣的 ③
___________ n.开心；愉悦；（pl.）娱乐活动
使开心；逗笑
amused
amusing
amusement
23.purely adv.______________________ 联想 _____ adj.纯的；纯粹的；洁净的
完全地，纯粹地，仅仅
pure
24.universal adj.____________________________ 联想 _________ n.宇宙
广泛适用的；共同的，普遍的
universe
25.astonished adj.________________ 联想 ①________ vt.使惊讶②___________ adj.令人惊讶的 ③
____________ n.惊讶
吃惊的，惊讶的
astonish
astonishing
astonishment
26.creation n.______________ 联想 ①_______ vt.创造②________ adj.创造（性）的 ③creator
n.________
创造物，作品
create
creative
创造者
nation
27.academic adj.________ 联想 ①academy n.________________________②academically
adv.________________
学术的
研究院；学会；专科院校
学术上；学业上
28.scholarship n.________ 联想 scholar n.________________
奖学金
有学问的人,学者
29.producer n.________________ 联想 ________ vt.制造；制作（电影或戏剧）
制作人，制片人
produce
30.rarely adv.____________ 联想 _____ adj.稀有的；罕见的
很少，难得
rare
31.convinced adj.________________ 联想 ①_________ vt.使确信；使信服 ②convincing
adj.____________
确信的，信服的
convince
令人信服的
32.rely vi.______派 ________ adj.可信赖的 搭配 _____ ________ 依赖；信赖
依赖
reliable
rely
on/upon
33.contrary n.______________________________ 搭配 ____ ____ ________ 正相反
正相反，恰恰相反；相反的事实
on
the
contrary
34.talent n.__________________ 搭配 ______ ___ ______ ____… 表现出……的天赋 派 talented
adj.__________
天资，天赋，才能
show
a
talent
for
有才能的
核心词汇
He has a reputation for constantly encountering awkward situations, which greatly amuses audiences of all nationalities and cultures.他的著名之处在于总是遇到尴尬的情境，使来自不同国家、不同文化背景的观众都觉得非常好笑。
教材P14
1 encounter 定向练1
①vt.遭遇，遇到（尤指问题或反对）；偶然碰到
Everyone will encounter unbearable situations. I hope that you can have the courage and wisdom to face and deal with them.
每个人都会遇到无法忍受的情况。我希望你们能有面对和处理它们的勇气和智慧。［China Daily］
释义·理解
encounter n.
a sudden meeting
vt.①to experience sth;
②to meet sb or discover sth unexpectedly
&1& encounter=come across/run across 偶然遇到；偶然发现
She was the most remarkable woman he had ever encountered/come across/run across.她是他所遇到过的最出色的女性。
②n.相遇；邂逅；遭遇
My own encounter. .with Thai food first came when I worked in London in the mid-nineties.当我90年代中期在伦敦工作时，我初次接触到了泰国菜。
&2& encounter with…
与……相遇；遭遇……
have a close encounter with…
与……近距离接触
I had a close encounter with a poisonous snake in the woods yesterday.我昨天在树林里险遇一条毒蛇。
定向练1
一、根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.One rainy night I _______________________________ （偶然遇到） an old friend in Rome.
encountered/came across/ran across
2.I had _____________________ （近距离接触） some adorable animals in the zoo.
a close encounter with
二、翻译句子。
我之前从未遇到过这么大的阻力。（encounter）
_____________________________________________________
I had/have never encountered such strong resistance before.
2 amuse vt.使开心；逗笑 定向练2
It never fails to amuse the author how excited the players can get about winning a game.运动员们赢得比赛后激动的场景总是让那位作家感到快乐。
&3& It amuses sb to do sth做某事使某人感到开心
It amused me to think back to my life in London.回想起在伦敦的生活，我不禁笑了起来。（It作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语）
&4& ①amusing adj.好笑的；有趣的
②amused adj.被逗乐的；觉得好笑的
be amused at/by… 被……逗乐
We were all amused at his stories.我们都被他的故事逗笑了。
③amusement n.［U］乐趣；愉悦；娱乐 ［C］娱乐活动；消遣
to one's amusement令某人发笑的是
with/in amusement愉快地；饶有趣味地
To our great amusement, the teacher sang a funny song during class.老师在课堂上唱了一首有趣的歌，令我们非常开心。
He stopped and watched with amusement to see the child so absorbed.他停下来，饶有兴趣地看着这个十分投入的孩子。
定向练2
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.It ________ （amuse） him to think that they were probably talking about him at that very moment.
amused
[解析] 句意为：想到就在这会儿他们大概正在谈论他，他不禁笑了起来。
2.He likes to surround himself with _________ （amuse） people.
amusing
[解析] 句意为：他喜欢和有趣的人在一起。设空处表示“有趣的”，应填amusing。
3.The funny actions of the clown continued to make the children ________ （amuse）.
amused
[解析] 句意为：小丑滑稽的动作一直在引孩子们发笑。设空处表示“被逗乐的”，应填amused。
4.Sarah was not amused ______ Franklin's jokes.
at/by
[解析] 句意为：萨拉没有被富兰克林的笑话逗乐。be amused at/by… 意为“被……逗乐”。
5.To my ___________ （amuse）, he couldn't get the door open.
amusement
[解析] 句意为：让我感到好笑的是，他竟然打不开门。to sb's amusement意为“令某人发笑的是”。
6.Her eyes twinkled _______ amusement.
with/in
[解析] 句意为：她的眼睛里闪烁着笑意。with/in amusement意为“愉快地”。
His humour is always made clear through a series of simple and funny acts that rely purely on body language that is universal.他的幽默总是通过一连串简单、滑稽的动作清晰地表达出来，完全依靠肢体语言这一人人都能理解的方式。
3 rely on/upon 依赖；信赖
We must give them an alternative they can rely on/upon.我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的事物。
&5& rely on/upon sb/sth for… 依靠某人/某物来……
rely on/upon sb/sth to do sth 依靠/相信某人/某物做某事
rely on/upon it that… 指望……/相信……（rely on/upon后需先接it再接that从句。it是形式宾语，that 引导的从句是真正的宾语。）
Those businessmen mainly rely on their experience and courage for success.那些企业家主要依靠自身的经验和胆识来获得成功。
You can rely upon it that it will rain this weekend.你放心好了，这周末会下雨。
As some of these actors could not sing well enough, they had to rely on other musicians to help them.由于这些演员中有些唱得不够好，他们不得不依靠其他音乐家来帮助他们。
&6& depend on/uponcount on/upon
&7& reliable adj.可信赖的；可靠的
I have been convinced that the print media are usually more accurate and more reliable than television.我一直相信印刷媒体通常比电视广播更准确、更可靠。
定向练3
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.I don't think Jack is a man to be relied ________when we are in trouble, which means he is not a
________ （rely） man.
on/upon
reliable
2.Don't always rely on ___ that others will lend you a hand.Do depend ________ yourself.
it
on/upon
3.We increasingly rely on social media _______ （talk） to friends, GPS to navigate and the Web ____
information.
to talk
for
[解析] 句意为:我们越来越依赖社交媒体来与朋友交谈,越来越依赖全球定位系统（GPS）进行导航,越来越依赖网络来获取信息。
二、同义句转换。
If Helen says she will complete the job on time, you can always rely on her to deliver the goods.
→If Helen says she will complete the job on time, you can always _____ ________ ___ _____ she will
deliver the goods.
rely
on/upon
it
that
When he looks at the menu, an astonished look quickly appears on his face.当他看菜单时，他的脸上立刻露出震惊的表情。
4 astonished adj.吃惊的，惊讶的 定向练4
&8& be astonished by/at… 对……感到吃惊
sb be astonished to do sth 某人对做某事感到惊讶
be astonished that… 对……感到吃惊
You look astonished at/by the news.你看上去对这则消息感到很惊讶。
He was astonished to learn he had got the job.得知他获得了那份工作，他感到很惊讶。
I am astonished that he didn't come.他没有来让我感到很惊讶。
&9& ①astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊
It astonishes sb that… 使某人吃惊的是…… （It作形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语）
It astonished the people in this town that the outstanding artisan left quietly at night.那位杰出的工匠夜间悄悄离开了，这震惊了小镇上的居民。
②astonishing adj.令人惊讶的
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways.人类将继续以常规的和令人惊讶的方式来适应不断变化的气候。
③astonishment n.惊讶
in/with astonishment吃惊地
to sb's astonishment让某人吃惊的是
She is wide-eyed with astonishment.她吃惊地睁大了眼睛。
To our astonishment, she began to laugh.令我们惊讶的是，她开始大笑起来。
特别注意一般来说，-ed形式的形容词用来表示主语或被修饰词所处的状态，-ing形式的形容词表示主语或被修饰词的性质。tear, cry, shout, voice, mood, expression等这类由人发出或显示某人情感状况的名词，也要用-ed形式的形容词。
He told me the result in a very excited voice.他用激动的声音告诉了我这个结果。
After the exam, we saw a disappointed expression on his face.考试后，我们看到他脸上露出了失望的表情。
定向练4
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.To our____________ （astonish）, he arrived on time.
astonishment
[解析] 句意为：让我们惊讶的是，他按时到达了。此处考查 to sb's astonishment，意为“令某人吃惊的是”。
2.We found it ___________ （astonish） that the bush fire should have killed so many animals.
astonishing
[解析] 句意为：我们发现这场山林大火竟导致如此多的动物死亡，这真令人惊讶。本句中it作形式宾语，that引导宾语从句，设空处作宾语补足语，修饰宾语从句所说的这件事，故用-ing形式的形容词，意为“令人惊讶的”。
3.She stared _______ astonishment at the documents.
in/with
[解析] 句意为：她惊讶地盯着这些文件。此处考查固定搭配in/with astonishment，意为“吃惊地”。
4.What he said at the meeting __________ （astonish） everybody present.
astonished
[解析] 句意为：他在会上所说的话令在场的所有人感到震惊。由said可知，主句谓语也应用一般过去时，故填astonished。
5.Hearing the ___________ （astonish） news, the lady had an __________ （astonish） look on her
face.
astonishing
astonished
[解析] 句意为：听到这个令人震惊的消息，这位女士脸上露出了惊讶的表情。news为物，要用astonishing来修饰，表示“令人震惊的”，而look指“人发出的表情”，要用-ed形式的形容词修饰，故填astonished。
二、根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.He made _________________________________ （如此激励人心的演讲） that everybody was moved.
such an inspiring/encouraging speech
2.Teachers must try their best to ___________________________________ （让他们的大多数学生感兴趣）
in the subject.
make most of their students interested
3.He has _______________________ （困惑的情绪） when he met some problems.
a confused mood/emotion
On the contrary, he is nothing like Mr Bean.相反，他本人实际上一点也不像憨豆先生。
教材p15
5 contrary 定向练5
①n.正相反，恰恰相反；相反的事实
&10& on the contrary正相反
to the contrary相反的；相反地
On the contrary， those who experience the consequences of their actions can do better.相反，那些体会到自己行为所带来的后果的人会做得更好。
If he were to make a discovery. .to the contrary，he would be simply stunned. 要是他所发现的情况恰恰相反，他准会目瞪口呆。
②adj.相反的；相对立的
Hot and cold are contrary words. 热与冷是反义词。
&11& （be） contrary to… 与……相反（的）；与……相对立（的）
The company's actions are contrary to the public interest.该公司的行为是与大众利益相悖的。
定向练5
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.You didn't bother me.____ the contrary, I would like to listen to your advice.
On
[解析] 句意为：你没有打扰我。相反，我想听一下你的建议。on the contrary意为“正相反”，是固定短语。
2.Contrary ___ popular belief, there is no evidence that one's look makes much difference to its life.
to
[解析] 句意为：与普遍的看法相反，没有证据表明一个人的外表对其生活有太大影响。contrary to… 意为“与……相反”。
3.Good health enables us to enjoy our life and achieve what we hope for in our career.On ____ contrary,
poor health leads to nothing.
the
[解析] 句意为：良好的健康使我们能够享受生活，实现我们在事业上的期望。相反，没有健康便没有一切。
4.Unless I hear anything ___ the contrary I shall assume the meeting will be held on time.
to
[解析] 句意为：除非我听到反对意见，否则我会认为会议将准时召开。to the contrary意为“相反的”，作后置定语，修饰anything。
As early as primary school, Rowan had already shown a talent for acting, but it was only later at university that he decided to become an actor.早在小学时，罗温就已经表现出了表演天赋，但直到大学毕业，他才决定当一名演员。
教材P15
6 talent n.［C,U］天资，天赋，才能 定向练6
His artistic talents were wasted on his boring job.他的艺术才能浪费在他无聊的工作上了。
&12& have a talent for… 有……才能/天赋
show a talent for… 表现出……的才能/天赋
He seems to have a talent for. .learning music.他似乎有学习音乐的天赋。
She showed a talent for acting at an early age.她在很小的时候就显示出了表演天赋。［《朗文当代》］
&13& talented adj.有天赋的；有才能的（=gifted）
be talented in （doing） sth 在（做）某事方面有天赋
He is talented in playing the piano，who has drawn many people's attention at home and abroad.他在弹钢琴方面很有天赋，在国内外引起了很多人的关注。
&14& gift n.［C］天赋；天才；才能
have a gift for… 有……才能/天赋
She has a great gift for languages.她极具语言天赋。
定向练6
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.She is proud that both her children have a talent ____ music.
for
[解析] 句意为：她为她的两个孩子都有音乐天赋而感到自豪。have a talent for… 意为“有……天赋”。
2.You are very ________ （talent） and we admire your passion for the arts.
talented
[解析] 句意为：你很有才华，我们欣赏你对艺术的热情。are为系动词，后面需接形容词作表语，talented意为“有才能的；有天赋的”。
3.He is extremely ________ （talent） in acting, who has a huge crowd of young fans.
talented
[解析] 句意为：他在表演方面极有才华，拥有众多年轻的影迷。be talented in doing sth意为“在做某事方面有天赋”。
4.One of his best students showed a remarkable talent ____ leadership.
for
[解析] 句意为：他最好的学生之一表现出非凡的领导才能。
… when he worked with Atkinson he became convinced that Rowan would be more famous than Charlie Chaplin.……与罗温·艾金森的合作使他相信罗温·艾金森会比查理·卓别林更出名。
教材P15
7 convinced adj.确信的，信服的 定向练7
&15& be convinced of sth 相信/确信某事
be convinced that… 确信/相信……
They were convinced of his honesty.他们相信他的诚实。
I am convinced that the medicine will work.我相信这药会起作用。
&16& ①convince vt.使确信;使信服；说服
convince sb of sth使某人相信某事
convince sb （that）… 使某人相信……
convince sb to do sth说服某人做某事
We finally convinced them of our innocence.我们终于使他们相信我们是清白的。
What she said convinced me that I had made a mistake.她的一番话使我确信自己犯错了。
We convinced him to go there by car.我们说服他开车去那儿。
②convincing adj.有说服力的；令人信服的
The data you have collected is not convincing.你们收集的资料说服力不足。
定向练7
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.I think you will help me convince my father _______ （quit） smoking.
to quit
[解析] 考查convince sb to do sth，意为“说服某人做某事”。
2.__________ （convince） of the truth of the reports, Bill told his colleagues about it.
Convinced
[解析] 考查be convinced of sth，此处为形容词短语作状语。
3.He'll make up a ___________ （convince） explanation for his failure.
convincing
[解析] 句意为：他将为自己的失败编造一个非常有说服力的理由。此处修饰名词explanation，应用形容词，意为“有说服力的”，故填convincing。
4.I'm __________ （convince） that he is not telling the truth.
convinced
[解析] 考查be convinced that…，意为“确信/相信……”。
5.You'll need to convince them ___ your enthusiasm for the job.
of
[解析] 句意为：你需要让他们相信你对这份工作的热情。考查convince sb of sth，意为“使某人相信某事”。
1
【句意】他试着尝了尝，但从他那咀嚼的表情可以清楚地看出，他认为这东西一点都不好吃。
教材P15
&17& it作形式主语，主语从句为真正的主语
为了避免主语冗长，句子头重脚轻，在英语中经常用it作形式主语，将主语从句放在后面作真正的主语；主语从句常用that引导，也可用连接代词和连接副词引导。常见结构有:
①It+be+形容词（obvious, true, surprising, important, essential, likely, certain, natural…）+主语从句
It is obvious that they have gone.他们显然已经离开了。
②It+be+过去分词（thought, reported, said, expected, announced…）+主语从句
It is believed that hard work is a must for success.人们相信，努力是成功的必备因素。
③It+be+名词短语（no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise…）+主语从句
It is still a mystery what purpose he could have.他有什么样的目的仍旧是个谜。
④It+occurs to sb/doesn't matter/turns out…+主语从句
It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my purse at home.我突然想起来我把钱包落在家里了。
定向练1
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
It
[解析] 句意为：英语正被公认为一种国际语言，这是事实。
2.Is it true _____ the scientist will give us a lecture next week
that
[解析] 句意为：下周那位科学家将给我们作一次讲座，这是真的吗？
3.It is uncertain __________ really concerns her.
what/who
[解析] 句意为：真正使她忧虑的是什么/是谁尚不明确。设空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语。
二、根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.很遗憾我们不能一起走。
_______________ we can't go together.
It is a pity that
2.我们应当对彼此友善，这对拥有和谐的生活是极为重要的。
_______________________________________ we should be kind to one another to enjoy a harmonious
life.
It is essential/important/significant/vital that
2
【句意】最后他无计可施，居然把一些生肉藏在坐在旁边的一位女士的钱包里，还把一些塞进餐厅小提琴手的裤子里!
教材P15
&18& so/such… that… 引导结果状语从句
该结构表示“如此……以至于……”,具体用法如下：
①so+adj./adv.+that…
so+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+that…
so+many/few+可数名词复数+that…
so+much/little （意为“少的”）+不可数名词+that…
②such+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+that…=so+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+that…
such+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+that…
Everything happened. .so quickly that. .I didn't have time to think. 一切发生得如此快以至于我来不及去思考。
He came to so sudden a stop that we almost hit him.= He came to such a sudden stop that we almost hit him.他突然停下来，我们差点撞上他。
There was such astonishing scenery that we all held our breath.风景如此之美以至于我们都屏住了呼吸。
特别注意 在该句式中，so… /such… 放在句首时，主句部分要用倒装。
So well did she orginise these activities. .that all of us appreciated her abilities.她把这些活动组织得如此好，以至于我们都欣赏她的能力。
Such a nice man is our monitor that. .we all believe him.我们班长是如此好的一个人,我们都相信他。
定向练2
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.He improved his English ____ greatly _____ he began to talk freely with foreigners.
so
that
[解析] so修饰形容词和副词，greatly是副词，故用so 来修饰。
2.He has ____ little education _____ it was not easy for him to solve the embarrassing problem.
so
that
[解析] 句意为：他所接受的教育很少，以至于对他来说，解决这个令人尴尬的问题不容易。little在此处是“少的”的意思，应用so来修饰。
3.It was _____ a serious accident _____ he was kept in hospital for a month.
such
that
[解析] 考查“such+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+that…”结构。
4.____ carelessly did he drive that he almost ran into another car on the way home.
So
[解析] 设空处位于句首，修饰空后的副词carelessly，且主句使用了部分倒装，故填So。
5.He made _____ basic mistakes in his maths exercises _____ he had to do them all over again.
such
that
[解析] 考查“such+adj.+可数名词复数+that…”结构。
二、一句多译。
1.他发表了一个这么精彩的演讲，以至于出席会议的人都钦佩他。
①He made so __________ ___ _______ that everyone present at the conference admired him.
②He made such ___ __________ _______ that everyone present at the conference admired him.
wonderful
a
speech
a
wonderful
speech
[解析] 用so 来修饰形容词
2.天气太热了，我们不想出去。
①It's ____ ____ that we don't want to go out.
② ____ ____ ___ ___that we don't want to go out.（倒装）
so
hot
So
hot
is
it
[解析] 是So放在句首，主句用倒装结构。
3
【句意】这可能是他所塑造的一些角色讲话方式与众不同的原因。
教材P15
&19& This/That is why… 句型
This/That is why… 意为“这/那是……的原因”，why引导表语从句，其后常接已经出现的结果。
That's why we see the colours spread out like a rainbow.那就是我们看到颜色像彩虹一样扩散开的原因。
&20& This/That is because… 意为“这/那是因为……”，because引导表语从句，其后接原因。
The reason why… is that… 意为“……的原因是……”，The reason作主语，why引导定语从句修饰The reason，that引导表语从句。
? I come here.That's because the spring water here is famous.我来到此地，那是因为这里的泉水很出名。
? The reason why he was successful is that he had worked hard.他成功的原因是他工作努力。
定向练3
一、根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.老板责骂了他，那是因为他迟到了。
The boss scolded him._____ _____ ________ he came late.
That
was
because
2.我很快睡着的原因是我累了。
_____ _______ _____ I fell asleep so quickly is that I was tired.
The
reason
why
二、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.My car broke down halfway.This is _____ I was late.
why
[解析] 句意为：我的车在中途抛锚了，这就是我迟到的原因。
2.I missed the flight.That was ________ I got stuck in the traffic jam on the way.
because
[解析] 句意为：我错过了航班。那是因为我在路上堵车了。
3.The reason he gave for his absence was made up. In fact, the reason why he was absent is _____ he
went to the zoo.
that
[解析] 句意为：他给出的缺席的理由是编造的。事实上，他缺席的原因是他去了动物园。
4
【句意】……但直到大学毕业，他才决定当一名演员。
教材P15
&21& It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他
强调句型常用结构：It is/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语、表语、状语）+that/who（强调部分指人时）+其他。
It was I who/that caught sight of the actor yesterday in the hotel where I stayed.昨天是我在我入住的旅馆里看到了那个演员。（强调主语）
It was the actor that/who. .I caught sight of yesterday in the hotel where I stayed.昨天我在入住的旅馆里看到的是那个演员。（强调宾语）
It was yesterday that I caught sight of the actor in the hotel where I stayed.我是昨天在我入住的旅馆里看到那个演员的。（强调时间状语，不用when）
It was in the hotel where I stayed that I caught sight of the actor yesterday.昨天我正是在我入住的旅馆里看到那个演员的。（强调地点状语，不用where; where I stayed为定语从句，修饰先行词the hotel）
特别注意 去掉It is/was和that/who后句子结构仍然完整，是强调句区别于从句的重要特征。强调句型和从句的对比：?
It was at 4 o'clock in the afternoon that I arrived in New York.我是在下午4点到达纽约的。（强调句型）?
It was 4 o'clock in the afternoon when I arrived in New York. =When I arrived in New York, it was 4 o'clock in the afternoon. 我到达纽约时是下午4点。（时间状语从句）
It was the city that I used to live in.这是我曾经居住过的城市。（定语从句）
定向练4
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.It was in the village twenty miles away from our city _____ the accident happened.
that
[解析] 强调地点状语。
2.___ is the computer that is doing many jobs.
It
[解析] 强调主语。
3.It is they _________ have finished cleaning the classroom.
that/who
[解析] 强调主语且主语指人。
4.It was the street _______ they quarrelled.
where
[解析] 设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the street，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。
5.It was they that ______ （be） talking and laughing.
were
[解析] 强调主语，且原句的主语they为复数形式，再由句中的was可知，此处应填were。
副词
副词（adverb）是指在句子中表示行为或特征状态的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、句中的某一部分或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、频率等。
1 地点副词
地点副词是表示地点与位置关系的副词，用来说明动作是在什么地方发生的。常见的地点副词有：here, there, up, down, off, in, out, away, behind, inside,outside,nearby, home, ahead, aboard, indoors, overseas, halfway, upstairs等。
The three boys were reading quietly over there all the time. 那三个男孩一直在那儿安静地看书。
特别注意 ①home意为“到家，在家”时，为副词；意为“家，住宅”时，为名词。
The young man ran all the way home, hoping to share the news at once.那个年轻人一路跑回家，想立刻分享这个消息。
She missed the comforts of home.她怀念家中的舒适。②表示地点位移的副词置于句首时，句子常使用倒装结构。但若主语为代词，不用倒装。
Upstairs stepped slowly the exhausted lawyer after a whole day's work.一整天的工作结束后，那位筋疲力尽的律师慢步上了楼。
Outside he rushed.他冲了出去。
2 时间副词
时间副词是用来说明动作是在什么时间发生的。常见的时间副词有：now, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, immediately等。
I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow.我发现了一小片空地，立刻注意到了枯黄的草地映衬着新雪。［2021全国甲］
3 频率副词
频率副词表示动作发生的频率。常见的频率副词有：seldom, always， often， frequently， continually， constantly， usually， sometimes， rarely， barely， never等。频率副词一般位于实义动词之前，be动词之后。
He never made such a mistake. 他从来没有犯过这样的错。
He was rarely active in after-school activities, which was bad for all-round development. 他很少积极参与课外活动，这对他的全面发展不利。
特别注意 ①频率副词位于句首时，多为强调或加强对比。
Sometimes he drove out for camping with his wife at weekends.他周末有时会和妻子开车出去野营。
②表示否定意义的频率副词位于句首时，句子使用倒装。
Never did he lose his temper like that. 他从来没有像那样发过火。
4 程度副词
程度副词表示动作或状态的程度，常见的有：so， rather， fairly， quite， very， much， too， greatly， highly， deeply， awfully等。程度副词主要修饰形容词、副词，有些程度副词可以直接修饰动词，如quite， rather， almost；有些则不能直接修饰动词，如so, too, very， pretty；个别程度副词可修饰名词，如quite, rather。
He is much mature now. 他现在成熟多了。（修饰形容词）
I quite appreciate it when my children help with some housework. 我很欣赏孩子们帮忙做些家务这一点。（修饰动词，不用so, too， pretty或very）
特别注意 当程度副词修饰名词短语时，必须置于冠词之前。
It was. .quite/rather a great success that all the trapped workers were rescued in the end. 最终所有被困的工人都得救了，这真是相当大的成功。
定向练
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.[浙江2022年1月·改编] Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative （叙述） ____ lively
that at times it reads like a novel.
so
[解析] 考查程度副词。此处为so… that引导的结果状语从句，设空处修饰形容词lively，应填so。
2.[全国新高考Ⅰ2022·改编] The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate
populations and homes of giant pandas, and __________ （eventual） achieve a desired level of
population in the wild.
eventually
[解析] 考查时间副词。设空处修饰空后的动词achieve，应用副词形式，故填eventually。
3.［课标全国Ⅲ2020］As the small boat moved _______ （gentle） along the river he was left
speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
gently
[解析] 考查方式副词。句意为：当小船顺着江水缓缓前行，他对静静地倒映在江水中的群山有种难以言表的感觉。此处修饰动词moved，应用副词，故填gently。
4.［课标全国Ⅰ2020］ Landing on the moon's far side is __________ （extreme） challenging.
extremely
[解析] 考查程度副词。句意为：着陆在月球的背面是极具挑战性的。设空处修饰形容词challenging，应用副词，故填extremely。
5.I ____________ （occasional） go to the supermarket to purchase daily necessities, for it is far away
from my house.
occasionally
[解析] 考查频率副词。句意为：我偶尔会去超市买日用品，因为超市离我家很远。修饰动词go应用副词。
6.The public are __________ （anxious） waiting for the result of the election.
anxiously
[解析] 考查方式副词。句意为：公众正在焦急地等待选举结果。此处修饰are waiting for，应用副词作状语，故填anxiously。
7.The conflicts, if not ____________ （appropriate） solved, can cause disastrous consequences in daily
life.
appropriately
[解析] 考查方式副词。句意为：这些冲突如果不妥善地解决，可能会在日常生活中造成灾难性的后果。分析句子成分可知，此处应用副词修饰非谓语动词solved，作状语。故填appropriately。
8.The medicine has a ________ （slight） bitter taste but it works well on your toothache.
slightly
[解析] 考查程度副词。句意为：这药有点苦，但对你的牙痛很有效。修饰形容词bitter应用副词。故填slightly。
9.With a good command of English, I can communicate _________ （smooth） with British painting
lovers.
smoothly
[解析] 考查方式副词。句意为：我精通英语，可以与英国绘画爱好者顺畅地进行交流。设空处修饰谓语can communicate，应用副词，再结合语境，此处表示“顺畅地”，故填smoothly。
10.The film The Croods takes us back to a __________ （previous） undiscovered age known as the
Croodaceous Period.
previously
[解析] 考查时间副词。句意为：电影《疯狂原始人》将我们带回到一个之前未被发现的时期，即“原始时期”。修饰形容词undiscovered应用副词。故填previously。
5 方式副词
方式副词表示一件事情是如何做的，多以-ly结尾，如desperately，deliberately， cautiously， slowly等。方式副词一般位于谓语及其宾语之后，但如果宾语过长，则可以置于谓语动词和宾语之间，或置于谓语之前。
The man rushed to the falling cup desperately, hoping to rescue it in time. 那个男人不顾一切地冲向下落的杯子，想及时接住它。
We have stated clearly our opinions on how to cooperate in the project.对于在这一项目上如何合作，我们已经清晰地阐明了我们的观点。
特别注意 有时，方式副词在句中位置不同，会造成句意上的差别。?
The couple secretly decided to help their neighbour out of trouble. 夫妻俩秘密地决定帮助邻居摆脱困境。The couple decided to help their neighbour out of trouble secretly. 夫妻俩决定秘密地帮助邻居摆脱困境。
—We're gonna capture Maul, finally. I thought you would be more excited about this. 我们终于要抓住摩尔了。我以为你会更兴奋。
—I am cautiously optimistic. 我是谨慎乐观的。——《星球大战：克隆人战争》(共33张PPT)
Unit 4
Humour
Lesson 2
Why Do We Need Humour
必刷词汇
1.muscle n.______
肌肉
2.blood vessel ______
血管
3.far-reaching adj.____________
影响深远的
4.immune adj.____________拓展 immune system __________
有免疫力的
免疫系统
5.cell n.______
细胞
6.incorporate vt.__________________
把……并入；包含
7.blush vi.______
脸红
8.embarrassment n.____________
窘迫，尴尬
9.mood n.____________派 moody adj.____________辨 mode n.____________
心情，情绪
喜怒无常的
模式；状态
10.tension n.__________________联想 ______ adj.（人）神经紧张的；（形势等）令人紧张的；（肌肉或
身体部位）绷紧的
紧张；焦虑；焦急
tense
11.physical adj.________________ 派 __________ adv.身体上；肉体上
身体的，肉体的
physically
12._____________ adj.心理的，精神的 联想 psychology n.______________
psychological
心理学；心理
13.energise vt.________________________ 联想 ①_______ n.精力②_________ adj.精力充沛的
使充满活力；使增强决心
energy
energetic
14.infection n.____________联想 ①______ vt.使感染；传染②__________ adj.感染的；传染性的 ③
________ adj.受感染的
感染；传染
infect
infectious
infected
15.accidentally adv.________________联想 ①accidental adj.________________②__________ n.事故
偶然地，意外地
偶然的，意外的
accident
16.whisper vi.& vt.____________________ n.________________________搭配 ①whisper （sth） ___ sb
低声对某人说（某事）②speak ___ _________ /___ ________ 低声说
悄声说，低语，耳语
低语（声）；耳语（声）
to
in
whispers
a
whisper
17.expense n.____________ 派 __________ adj.昂贵的 搭配 at sb's expense _________________________
费用，花费
expensive
嘲笑某人；由某人负担费用
核心词汇
If we are in a bad mood, we are likely to express negative attitudes and feelings… 如果我们心情不好，我们可能会表露出消极的态度和感受…… 教材P12
1 mood n.心情，情绪
Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity.而且，有大量研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。［2022年6月浙江］
&1& （be） in a（n）… mood 心情……
be in no mood for （doing） sth/to do sth 没心情/不想做某事
be/feel in the mood （for/to do sth） 有心情/兴致（做某事）
be in a good/bad mood 心情好/不好
be in a mood 心情不好
The sunny morning put me in an unusual light-hearted mood.阳光明媚的早晨使我心情异常轻松。
She was very tired, and in no mood to dance.她累极了，无心跳舞。
We really felt in the mood for a party.我们非常想开场派对。［《朗文当代》］
She was obviously in a mood.她显然情绪不佳。
&2& moody adj.喜怒无常的；脾气坏的；令人感伤的
定向练1
根据汉语提示补全句子。
1.I am ___ ___ ______ ______ （心情好） today, for I have passed the driving test.
in
a
good
mood
2.Sorry, but I really don't feel ___ ____ ______ ____（有……的心情） action movies.
in
the
mood
for
3.He was ___ ____ ______ ____ （没心情） a chat.
in
no
mood
for
4.________ （喜怒无常的） people are very difficult to deal with.
Moody
… even if we don't feel like it, it can also make us feel happy.……即使我们不想笑，它（即微笑）也能使我们感到开心。 教材P110
2 feel like 想要；感到好似；觉得；摸上去如同
&3& ①feel like sth意为“想要某物”。
I feel like a rest after the long journey.长途旅行后我想休息一下。
②feel like doing sth意为“想做某事”。
She really feels like having a talk with him about his study at school.她真想和他谈谈他在学校的学习情况。
③“feel like+n.”表示“摸起来像某物；感觉像某物”，主语一般为物。
This new type of cloth feels like silk.这种新型面料摸起来就像丝绸。
Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like talks with an old friend.重读一本你已经读过很多遍的书感觉就像和老朋友交谈一样。
④“feel like+宾语从句”意为“觉得……”。
He feels like he has never been to such a place.他觉得他从未去过这样一个地方。
Sometimes I just feel like I'm living with a stranger.有时我只是觉得我和一个陌生人住在一起。
定向练2
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Let it go, he thought.He just didn't feel like ________ （argue）.
arguing
二、翻译句子。
1.当你微笑时，你让我觉得我可以一起唱。（feel like+从句）
_______________________________________________________
When you smiled, you made me feel like I could sing along.
2.你想不想改变一下呢？（feel like+n.）
__________________________
Do you feel like a change
3.我不知道答案时感觉自己就像一个傻瓜。（idiot）
______________________________________________
I feel like an idiot when I don't know the answer.
After a while, somebody whispered in my ear: “His name is Cliff, not Richard.” 过了一会儿，有人在我耳边小声说:“他叫克利夫，不叫理查德。” 教材P111
3 whisper
① vi.& vt.悄声说，低语，耳语
&4& whisper in one's ear对某人耳语
whisper about sth 低声说某事
whisper （sth） to sb低声地对某人说（某事）
? Even though it was only October, my students were already whispering about holiday plans.尽管才到10月，我的学生们已经在小声讨论假期计划了。
? In order not to let others hear what he said, he whispered the news to me.为了不让别人听到他的话，他低声地把消息告诉了我。
② n.低语（声）；耳语（声）
Her voice dropped to a whisper.她压低声音小声说话。
&5& in a whisper/in whispers 低声地
We spoke in whispers for fear of waking the sleeping baby.我们小声说话，生怕吵醒正在睡觉的婴儿。
定向练3
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.Mum whispered ___ us, “Be quiet! Your little sister's sleeping.”
to
2.Speaking quickly and almost ___ a whisper, she informed everyone that the pilot had fainted.
in
3.—What are you two whispering ______ over there
—Oh, nothing. Just small talk.
about
For instance, if you accidentally pour coffee all over yourself, you can laugh at yourself or make a joke about it.例如，如果你不小心把咖啡洒了一身，你可以自嘲或开个玩笑。 教材P111
4 accidentally adv.偶然地，意外地
She accidentally stepped on his foot on a crowded train.她在拥挤的列车上不小心踩到了他的脚。
&6& ①accident n.［C］事故；意外事件
by accident （=by chance=accidentally） 偶然；意外地 （反：on purpose/by design 故意地）
The card dropped off into a lake by accident.卡片不小心掉到湖里了。
I didn't do anything on purpose to make myself noticed.我没有故意做任何事来让自己引人注目。
②accidental adj.偶然的；意外的
The site was located after the accidental discovery of bones in a field.这个遗址的位置是在田野里偶然发现骨头后才被确定的。
定向练4
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.The greatest pleasure I know is to do a good deed quietly, and to have it found out ____ accident.
by
[解析] 句意为：我所知道的最大的乐趣就是静静地做一件好事，然后被人偶然发现。
2.According to the report, this virus was never known until it was ___________ （accident） found by a
doctor.
accidentally
[解析] 句意为：据报道，直到一名医生偶然发现了这种病毒，人们才知道它的存在。修饰谓语was found应用副词。
That way, other people can laugh too, without being rude about laughing at someone else's expense.这样，其他人也会笑，不会因为嘲笑别人而显得无礼。 教材P111
5 expense n.［U］费用，花费；价钱 ［C］费用；开支（常用复数形式）
People are putting the same amount of expense into the content they're creating, but now they're getting paid only a fraction of what they did.人们将同样的费用投入到他们正在创造的东西中，但现在他们所得的报酬只是他们所做的一小部分。
Now we have earned enough money for expenses and no longer need to worry about food.现在我们已经赚到了足够的钱用于开支，再也不需要担心食物了。
&7& at sb's expense 嘲笑某人；由某人负担费用
at the expense of… 在牺牲（或损害）……的情况下
spare no expense （in doing/to do sth） 不惜费用（做某事）
He had his book printed at his own expense.他自己出钱印了自己的书。
He built up the business at the expense of his health.他以自己的健康为代价逐步建立起这个企业。［《牛津高阶》］
I have told our team that we will spare no expense in ensuring a safe supply chain.我已经告诉我们的团队，我们将不惜一切代价确保一条安全的供应链。
&8& expensive adj.昂贵的；花钱多的
Photography is an expensive hobby.摄影是一项很花钱的业余爱好。
定向练5
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.The university estimates that living _________ （expense） for international students will be around?
$10,000 a year, which can be a burden to some of them.
expenses
[解析] 句意为：那所大学估算，留学生一年的生活开销将达到约一万美元，这对于他们中的一些人来说可能是个负担。expense表示“开支”时，常用复数形式。
2.No expense ___________ （spare） to make the last night's party a success.
was spared
[解析] 句意为：为使昨晚的聚会成功，不惜一切代价。本题考查短语spare no expense to do sth的被动形式。根据last night's可知，此处应使用一般过去时。
3.He's arranged everything, no expense _______ （spare）.
spared
[解析] 句意为：他不惜代价把一切安排得井井有条。此句已经有谓语，且逗号前后无连词，故该空应填非谓语动词，spare与其逻辑主语no expense之间为被动关系，故填spared。
4.For low-income families, children's safety equipment can be very __________ （expense）.
expensive
[解析] 句意为：对低收入家庭来说，儿童安全设备十分昂贵。该空作句子的表语，故应填形容词。
二、根据汉语提示补全句子。
1.This machine is of good quality.If it should break down within the first year, we would repair it
______________ （费用由我们承担）.
at our expense
[解析] 句意为：本机器品质优良。如果机器在第一年之内发生故障，我们将予以修理，费用由我们承担。
2.She always travels first class, __________________________________ （不惜费用）.
sparing no expense/no expense spared
[解析] 句意为：她总是不惜费用乘坐头等舱旅行。
1
【句意】婴儿在会说话之前很久就会笑了。 教材P110
&9& long before的用法
long before意为“在……很久以前”，此时before为连词，引导时间状语从句，从句常用过去时，主句常用一般过去时或过去完成时。
He had worked in the factory long before I knew him.在我认识他很久以前他就在这家工厂工作了。
特别注意 ①long before除了表示“在……很久以前”之外，还常用于以下结构：It was/wasn't long before… 意为“过了很久才……/没过多久就……”。It won't be long before… 意为“用不了多久就……；很快……”。
It was/wasn't long before the two old friends met again.这两位老朋友过了很久才重逢/没过多久就重逢了。
It won't be long before the problem is solved.用不了多久这个问题就可以解决。
②long before还可用作副词短语，常用于一般过去时或过去完成时的句子里，作时间状语。 That had happened long before.那是很早以前的事了。
③before long意为“不久；很快”，是副词短语，可以用于过去时或将来时，在句中作时间状语。
We'll be home before long, so please hurry up and prepare dinner.我们很快就要到家了，所以请快些准备晚餐。
Before long a large crowd had gathered outside the building.不久大楼外面就聚集了一大群人。
Before long he came to a small island and settled down.不久之后，他来到一个小岛并定居了下来。
定向练1
选择适当的短语填空并翻译句子。
long before before long
1.We had been waiting _____ _______she came.
句意为：________________________________
long
before
在她来之前，我们已经等了很久。
2.Not _____ _______ she died, she received an award for her selfless service to the old.
句意为：__________________________________________
long
before
她去世前不久曾因对老人的无私奉献而获奖。
3.______ _______he stayed in Germany for half a year and he will go to Germany _______ _____again.
句意为：____________________________________________________
Long
before
before
long
很久以前他在德国住过半年，不久以后他将再次去德国。
4.Since the current reply is not satisfying, _______ _____ you will get another one.
句意为：____________________________________________________
before
long
由于当前的回复不尽如人意，你很快会得到另一个回复。
2
【句意】我们似乎天生就有幽默感。 教材P110
&10& as if引导的从句
as though/as if意为“好像”，用法基本相同，as if比as though更常见，但as though比as if正式，是书面语。二者用法如下：
①在look, seem, taste, smell, sound等连系动词之后，引导表语从句。
It looks as if they have succeeded in the experiment.看来他们好像试验成功了。
②引导方式状语从句。
She loves the boy as if she were his mother.她像母亲一样爱着这个男孩。
特别注意 （1）as if/as though引导的从句所表示的情况不是事实，而是主观想象或夸张性的比喻时，通常用虚拟语气。使用虚拟语气时，分三种情况：
①与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用一般过去时， be动词用were。
She looks as if she were ten years younger.她看起来好像年轻了十岁。
He behaves as if he owned the house.他表现得好像他拥有这座房子。
②与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
He talked about Rome as if he had been there before.他说起罗马就好像去过那里似的。
③推测将来，从句谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
He opens his mouth as if he would say something.他张开嘴，好像要说什么。
（2）as if/as though引导方式状语从句，当主从句的主语一致或从句主语为it，且从句谓语含有be动词时，可省略从句主语和be动词。
He said those touching words sadly, as though/as if （he was） to leave.他悲伤地诉说着那些动人的话语，就像他即将离去一样。
定向练2
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Check the timetable！It looks as if the expert ___________（deliver） the lecture in 10 minutes！
will deliver
[解析] as if引导表语从句。根据时间状语in 10 minutes可知，此处应用一般将来时。
2.He heard a noise, as if someone _____________ （breathe）.
was breathing
[解析] as if引导方式状语从句。此处表示过去的真实情况，表示听到噪声时正在发生的动作，故用过去进行时。
3.He lives next to me but he treats me as though I ______ （be） a stranger.
were
[解析] as though引导方式状语从句。根据语境可知，此处表示与现在事实相反，应用虚拟语气，故填were。
4.They talked and talked as if they _________ （be） friends for years.
had been
[解析] as if引导方式状语从句。根据语境可知，此处表示与过去事实相反，故使用过去完成时。
5.The young man with long hair looks as though he ______ （be） a girl.
were
[解析] as though引导表语从句。根据语境可知，此处表示与现在事实相反，故填were。
6.The master sat still with his eyes closed， as if ________ （sleep）.
sleeping
[解析] as if引导方式状语从句。此处为其省略形式，还原后为as if he was sleeping。
二、翻译句子。
1.He speaks as if he were an expert.
______________________
他说话时像一位专家。
2.The girl listened attentively as if she had been turned to stone.
________________________________________________
女孩听得专注，（一动也不动，）好像变成了石头。
3.The old worker runs very fast as if he were a young man.
______________________________________
这位老工人跑得很快，像个年轻人似的。
3
【句意】如果我们心情不好，我们可能会表露出消极的态度和感受…… 教材P12
&11& sb/sth be likely to do sth某人/某物可能会做某事
If you can find suitable learning methods, your learning efficiency is likely to improve.如果你能找到合适的学习方法，你的学习效率就可能会提高。
Studies show that people are more likely to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computers for long hours.研究表明，如果人们总是长时间坐在电脑前，他们更有可能遭受背痛的折磨。
&12& It is likely/possible/probable that… 有可能……
It is possible for sb to do sth某人有可能做某事
It is likely/possible/probable that we have met before.我们可能以前见过。
It is possible for him to accomplish the task.他有可能完成这项任务。
特别注意 likely可以直接用人或物作主语，possible和probable一般用于it作形式主语的句型中。
定向练3
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.It is likely _____ you could suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
that
2.If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you'll be less likely _________ （bring）
your work home.
to bring
3.It is possible for him ______ （go） to Peking University if he studies harder and harder.
to go
二、同义句转换。
Our headmaster is likely to go travelling with us.
→______ _____ ______/ ________/ _________ _____ our headmaster will go travelling with us.It is
likely
possible
probable
that
It
is
