单元四 非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词的概述
1. 非谓语动词的形式
For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying connected.
对那些同家庭成员相隔甚远的人来说,个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面起着重要的作用。
The actor wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without being recognized.
这位演员戴着太阳镜。因此,他可以在购物的时候不被别人认出来。
2. 非谓语动词的时态和语态
①不定式、动词-ing形式的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前,就用完成式,否则,用一般式。不定式、动词-ing形式与其逻辑主语之间若是主动关系,就用主动式,否则,用被动式。要注意此处的完成式并不等同于谓语动词的现在完成时,现在完成时强调相对于现在已经完成,非谓语动词的完成式只强调动作的先后关系。
They worked day and night, sending supplies to the flood areas.
他们夜以继日地工作,为洪灾地区发送物资。(虽然send动作已经完成,但相对于work来说却是同时发生的,不是发生在它之前,因此不能用having sent)
Having spent the past year as an exchange student in China, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
作为交换生在中国待了一年,琳达看上去要比她的同龄人更成熟。(先在中国待过一年,然后才有看起来成熟的状态)
②being done所表示的时间概念并非全是正在进行。
Being exposed to the sun for so long will do harm to our skin.
暴露在阳光下很长时间会对我们的皮肤有害。(只强调动作是被动,并不表示动作正在进行)
③判断语态时学会找非谓语的逻辑主语:做定语时,被修饰的词是其逻辑主语;做状语时,句子的主语是其逻辑主语;做补足语时,句子的宾语或主语是其逻辑主语。若是系动词则一定用主动式,非谓语形式后面接宾语也多为主动式。
The teacher came in, following our monitor.
老师进来了,跟在我们班长后面。
二、非谓语动词作宾语
After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, she went on to thank all the people who had helped in her career.
获得奥斯卡最佳女配角奖之后,她接下来感谢了所有在事业上帮助过她的人。
注意:动词不定式和动词-ing形式做主语或宾语时,可以用it做形式主语或者形式宾语。
It's no use arguing with him.
与他争吵没有用。
I think it easy to have done so much in only one day.
我认为仅在一天之内做这么多很容易。
三、非谓语动词作定语
1. 不定式作定语
不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作
①不定式一般式的主动形式(to do)作定语,表示将要发生的主动动作。不定式一般式的被动形式(to be done)作定语,表示将要发生的被动动作。
例:
I have a lot of things to do.
我有许多事要做。
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。
②不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需要加相应的介词。
例:
I'm not sure which restaurant to eat.
我不确定要在哪家餐馆吃饭。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
【特别注意】
如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后的介词习惯上会被省略掉。
例:
He had no place to live(in).
他没有安身之处。
③不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,a,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
例:
He is always the first one to arrive at the school and the last one to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
④被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有:ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。
例:
And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.
增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
【特别注意】
不定式作定语时,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。
例:
Do you have anything to take to your son?
你有什么东西要(自己)带给你儿子吗?(you是take的逻辑主语)
Do you have anything to be taken to your son?
你有什么东西要(让别人)带给你儿子吗?(you不是take的逻辑主语)
【易混辨析】
done,being done,to be done都表示被动,都可作后置定语,区别在于:过去分词所表示的动作具有完成意义;现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的动作;不定式的被动式表示未来的动作。
2. 分词作定语
①及物动词分词形式作定语
形式 用法 例句
v.ing 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系,v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征 I have never seen a more moving movie.我从未看过更动人的电影了。
being done 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行 The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。
done 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系,表示动作已经完成或表状态 “Things lost never come again!”I couldn't help talking to myself.我不禁自言自语道:“失去的东西不会再来!”
②不及物动词分词形式作定语
v.ing 表示动作正在进行
过去分词 表示动作已经完成
例:
boiling water正沸腾的水 VS boiled water白开水
falling leaves正在下落的叶子 VS fallen leaves落叶
developing countries发展中国家 VS developed countries发达国家
③英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示“令人……的”,过去分词形式表示“感到……的”。
an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音 VS an excited voice兴奋的声音
a puzzling expression令人困惑的表情 VS a puzzled expression困惑的表情
3. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语,用来说明被修饰词的用途。
例:
a fishing net渔网(= a net for fishing)
a swimming pool游泳池(=a pool for swimming)
reading room 阅览室
a sleeping car 卧铺车厢
4. to be done, being done和done作定语的区别
to be done 表被动、将来
例:
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.
明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
being done 表被动、正在进行
例:
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
听!正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。
done 表被动、完成
例:Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗?
四、非谓语动词作主语、表语
1. 不定式、动名词作主语、表语的区别
①不定式:表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作。
常见表达:
It+be+名词 to do sth
It takes/took sb.+some time to do sth
It be difficult/easy/importanty/ impossible/necessary…+for sb. to do sth
It+be+careless/clever/foolish/honest/ kind/lazy/silly/stupid/wise...+of sb. to do sth
例:
To complete the program needs much effort.
完成这项计划需要很大的努力。
②动名词:多指抽象的、概念性的动作,可以是多次的、经常性的行为
常见表达:
It is/was + no use/good + doing sth
It is/was + not any use/good+ doing sth
It is/was + of little use/good+ doing sth
It is/was + worth+ doing sth
例:
His favorite sport is swimming.
他最喜欢的运动是游泳。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火会很危险。
2.现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
①现在分词表特征,意为“令人……的”
例:The film is exciting.
这部电影激动人心。
②过去分词表心理状态,意为“(人)感到……的”
例:He was excited at the news.
听到这则消息,他激动不已。
3. 非谓语动词作remain的表语
主语+remain done doing/done意为:仍然是(remain = be still…)
主语+remain be done意为:仍需被做
例:
She remained standing(= was still standing)though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下,但她还是站着。
The true author of the book remains unknown(= is still unknown)
这本书真正的作者依然不详。
Much remains to be done.许多事仍需去做。
五、非谓语动词作状语
1. 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则
不定式、分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式、分词作状语,必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。
2. 不定式作状语
①不定式作目的状语
不定式作目的状语,可用 so as to/in order to替换,意为“为了;想要”,但 so as to一般不可置于句首。
例:
In order to answer this question, we must first ensure that people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area.
为了回答这个问题,我们必须首先确保人们是真正想保护一个地区的历史感。
②不定式作结果状语
不定式用于so…as to…(如此…以至于……),such...as to...(如此……以至于……),enough to do…(足够做……),too…to do...(太……而不能……),only to do(表示意外结果或事与愿违的结果)等结构中常用来表结果。
例:
How often do you have something you want to achieve—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress
你多久会遇到你想得到一些东西,结果却被摆在你面前的选择所困惑然后停滞不前这样的情况?
③作原因状语
不定式作原因状语,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit,comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed等,表示主语的特征、性质或说明产生这种情感的原因。
The book is very hard to understand.
这本书很难理解。
They were surprised to find that he'd already left.
他们惊奇地发现他已经走了。
【特别注意】
在“主语+系动词+形容词+ to do sth.”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,此时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
例:
When I told her the air would be hard to breathe(=the air would be hard for us to breathe)and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.
当我告诉她会难以呼吸而且天气会非常寒冷时,她说那将是一次有趣的经历。
④不定式的主动形式表被动意义
用法:在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
常用词:easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting , pleasant, nice , comfortable, safe, dangerous
例:This question is easy to answer.
这个问题容易回答。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
3.分词作状语时其形式的选择
①分词作状语时其形式的选择
形式 意义
v.ing(doing) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生
having+v.ed(having done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生
v.ed(done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成
being+v.ed(being done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生
having been +v.ed(having been done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生
②分词作状语的句法功能
句法功能 例句
时间状语 When offered help, one often says "Thank you" or "It's kind of you".当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说"Thank you"或"It's kind of you".
原因状语 Having been separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.和其他大陆分离了数百万年,澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。
条件状语 Generally speaking, if taken according to the instructions, the drug has no side effects.一股来说,如果按照用法说明服用,这种药没有副作用。
结果状语 He glanced at her, noticing that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.他匆匆看了一下她,注意到她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。
让步状语 Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
伴随状语 The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。
4. 独立成分作状语
定义:有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,被称为独立成分。
常见独立成分:generally speaking一般来说
frankly speaking坦白地说
judging from/by… 根据……来判断
considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到…….
to tell you the truth说实话
compared to/with与……相比
seeing… 考虑到
given… 考虑到
5. 独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。其中的名词或代词与其后的成分等构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。该结构位置相当灵活,可置于句前、句末或句中,常由逗号将其与句子主体分开,在句中通常作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等,还可以作定语。
其构成形式主要有:
①名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语。
例:
Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天去海滨郊游。(表条件)
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。(表伴随)
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的花草树木后,我们新建的校园看上去将会更美。(表原因)
②with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语
with/without+宾语+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。第①条中讲到的独立主格结构的情况都适用于此结构。
例:
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可以参观,小孩很激动。
【特别注意】
在with/without的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但 without不能省略。
例:
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。
1.______ to creating his new work, the famous composer has forgotten food and sleep recently.
A. Devoting B. Devoted C. Being devoted D. Having devoted
2. European football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
3. I've worked with children before, so I know what _________ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
4. Tony was very unhappy for ______ to the party.
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
5._____more time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
6. All the parents ________ to attend students' graduation ceremony, the school successfully made the event emotional and educational
A. had been invited B. being invited
C. inviting D. having been invited
7. Tu Youyou has ________traditional Chinese medical science.
A. applied to study B. been applied to study
C. been applied herself to study D. been applying herself to studying
8. It was his assistant that was ________ for the big mistakes.
A. to be blamed B. to blame C. blaming D. have blamed
9. I don't fancy ______in the rain.
A. to walk B. walking C. walked D. to walked
10. Would you like ______shopping with us tomorrow
A. to go B. goes C. going D. go
11.______ in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
A. Having completed B. Being completed
C. Completed D. Completing
12. I prefer to read rather than ________ games on the Internet.
A. to play B. playing C. played D. play
13. The play ________ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A. will be produced B. to produce
C. to be produced D. produced
14._________several times by the publishers, Charlottee still kept on writing and eventually had her novel published.
A. Rejecting B. Being rejected
C. Having rejected D. Having been rejected
15.—Did you get your pay
—Yes, I remember __________. But I forget the exact amount.
A. paying B. to be paid C. being paid D. having paid
答案以及解析
1.答案:B
解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:这位著名的作曲家最近一直致力于创作他的新作品,忘记了吃饭和睡觉。分析可知,逗号前的内容在句中为状语,结合搭配:devote oneself to doing sth.“致力于某事”,可知句子主语the famous composer与动词devote为动宾关系,所以此处用过去分词,结合选项,选项B符合题意,故选B。
2.答案:A
解析:本题考查-ing形式作状语。因为题目中有逗号,故不可能选D项,因不定式表目的时其前不用逗号。B、C两项用了限定谓语形式是错误的,因句中没有并列连词,所以make和is played不可能是并列关系。故A为正确答案。此题意为:80个国家都玩欧式足球,这使得欧式足球成为世界上最受欢迎的运动。
3.答案:B
解析:该句后半句句意为:所以我知道在我的新工作中什么东西被希望获得。考生很容易误选expected,表示被动语态,实际上我们可以将后半句看成sol know what for me to expect 的省略形式。显然,这里的不定式既有被动关系(什么东西被希望获得),又有主谓关系(我去获得),不定式应用主动语态代替被动语态。故正确答案为B。
4.答案:D
解析:本题考查动名词的时态和语态变化。空格处为动名词作介词for的宾语。动名词根据语境也有时态和语态的变化,invite的动作发生在was unhappy之前,因此用完成时。根据句意,Tony与invite 之间是被动关系,排除B、C项。having been invited的否定形式是not having been invited,故正确答案为D。
5.答案:D
解析:此题主语是he,和前句的give的关系是被动的关系,因为他是被给时间的对象,因此是动词的过去分词。此题可以理解成If he was given time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.根据句意:给他多点时间,他会变成一流的网球选手。故选D。
6.答案:D
解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:所有的家长都被邀请参加学生的毕业典礼,学校成功地使这次活动充满感情和教育意义。分析句子结构可知,这里为独立主格结构,动词invite与All the parents为被动关系,且从句动作发生在主句动作made之前,应用现在分词完成式的被动语态。故选D。
7.答案:D
解析:考查非谓语动词和谓语动词。句意:屠呦呦一直致力于中医研究。结合句意,表示“致力于……”用apply oneself to...,此处谓语应该用主动语态,且to是介词,后面跟动词需用动名词形式作宾语。故选D项。
8.答案:B
解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:他的助手应该为这些重大错误受到责备。分析句子结构可知,本句已有谓语动词was,所以blame应该用非谓语动词,此句是强调句型,强调的是主语,谓语动词是was,所以空处需要填非谓语的形式作表语,即不定式to do或动名词doing的形式。不定式作表语通常表示一个特定动作或未发生的动作,动名词作表语表示已经发生的或经常性发生的动作。结合句意可知,"受到责备"并不属于经常发生或已经发生的动作,而是一个特定的动作,所以用to do形式。故选B。
9.答案:B
解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:我不喜欢在雨中散步。fancy doing sth.喜欢做某事,动名词在句中作宾语。故选B。
10.答案:A
解析:考查动词不定式。句意:明天你想和我们去购物吗 would like to do sth.,想要做某事。故选A。
11.答案:C
解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:1931年完工的帝国大厦是1954年之前最高的摩天大楼,它激发了全世界的想象力。根据句意,in 1931在1931年完工,在句中作状语,主语the Empire State Building和动词complete是被动关系,用过去分词作状语。故选C。
12.答案:D
解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:比起在网上打游戏,我宁愿看书。根据句意可知,此处意为宁愿……而不愿……,表达为prefer to do... rather than do...,故此处应填play,故选D。
13.答案:C
解析:本题考查非谓语动词;题干中缺少的是the play的定语,A项过去分词做定语表示“被动和完成”;B项现在分词的被动语态做定语表示"被动和进行";C项动词不定式的被动语态表示"被动,将来";D项是现在分词完成式不做定语;根据题干中的next month可知表示“将被制作”,所以C选项是正确的。
14.答案:D
解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:虽然被出版商拒绝了几次,夏洛蒂仍然坚持写作,最终她的小说出版了。分析句子,句中kept为谓语动词,设空处应该使用非谓语动词。reject 意为“拒绝”,Charlottee与其之间是被动关系,同时该动作发生于谓语动词kept on writing之前,应该使用现在分词完成被动式结构即having been done.故选D。
15.答案:C
解析:本题考查非谓语动词。句意:—你拿到工资了吗?一是的,我记得付给我了。但是我忘了准确的钱数了。remember后面既可以用动词不定式也可以用动名词作宾语,其区别为:动词不定式作宾语表示“记得要去做”而动名词作宾语表示“记得做过了”,根据句意可知,应是“工资已经付过了”,要用动名词的被动形式,故答案选C。
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