北师大版 （2019）选择性必修第一册 Unit 3 ConservationTopic Talk & Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction 词句 重难点 课件(共67张PPT

(共67张PPT)
Unit 3
Conservation
Topic Talk & Lesson 1
The Sixth Extinction
A funeral （葬礼） usually takes place after a person's death, but in
August, 2019, Iceland witnessed a special funeral—for a glacier. About 100
Icelanders gathered to say their farewells to the Okj?kull glacier, the country's
first glacier to “die”.
According to China Daily, as the world's climate changes rapidly, about
400 glaciers will disappear from Iceland. This funeral is aimed at raising public
awareness of the decline of glaciers and the effects of climate change. Mourners
installed （树立） a plaque （纪念匾） at the site of the former glacier. It
reads: “Ok is the first Icelandic glacier to lose its status as a glacier. In the
next 200 years all our glaciers are expected to follow the same path. This monument is to acknowledge that we know what is happening and what needs to be done. Only you know if we did it. ”
必刷词汇
Topic Talk
1.plastic adj. __________
塑料制的
2.item n. ____________
一项，一条
3.rhino n. ______
犀牛
4.horn n. ______________________
（牛、羊等头上的）角
5.conservation n. ______联想 conserve vt. __________________
保护
保护；保存；节约
6.destroy vt. ____________ 派 ___________ n. 破坏；毁坏
破坏；毁掉
destruction
7.mining n. ________ 联想 ①mine vt. & vi. ____________②miner n. ______________
采矿业
开采；采矿
矿工；采矿者
8.recycle vi. & vt. __________________派 recyclable adj. ______________ 联想 ①unrecyclable adj.
________________ ②______ vi. & vt. （使）循环 n. 循环
再利用，回收利用
可回收利用的
不可回收利用的
cycle
9.informative adj. __________________________ 联想 ①information n. ______②inform vt. ____________
有教育意义的；知识性强的
信息
通知；告知
10.______ n. 威胁；（灾难等坏事）发生的可能 派________ vt. 威胁；危及 vi. & vt. （不利的事）可能
发生
threat
threaten
11.illegally adv. ________________联想 ①illegal adj. ________________②legal adj. ________
非法地，违法地
非法的；违法的
合法的
12.hunt vi. & vt. ____________ 派 hunter n. ____________
猎取，猎杀
猎人；猎兽
13._______ adj. 灭绝的，绝种的 派 __________ n. 灭绝，绝种
extinct
extinction
14.incredibly adv. ________________ 联想 incredible adj. _____________________________________
非常地，极端地
难以置信的;不可思议的;极好的；极大的
15.urgent adj. ________________ 联想 _____ vt. 催促；竭力主张；驱赶
紧急的，急迫的
urge
16.switch vi. & vt. ____________搭配 switch on/off __________
转换，改变
打开/关上
17.have a role ____________
起某种作用
18.do one's part ______________
尽自己的职责
Lesson 1
1.species n. __________ （注意：单复数同形）
物种，种
2.asteroid n. ________
小行星
3.hatch vi. & vt. ____________
（使）孵化
4.restore vt. ____________
（使）恢复
5.______ adj. 太阳光（能）的
solar
6.unusual adj. __________________反义 usual adj. ________
异常的；不平常的
平常的
7.mass adj. ________ n. __________________ 搭配 a mass of… ____________
大量的
团；块；堆；大量
大量的……
8.varied adj. ________________________ 联想 ①vary vi. ______________________________②________
adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的 ③_______ n. 品种；种类；多样化
各种各样的，形形色色的
（根据情况）变化;存在不同之处
various
variety
9._________ n. 减少；减少的量 vi. & vt. 减少 搭配 _________ ___… 减少到……
decrease
decrease
to
10.affect vt. ______________ 派 affection n. __________
辨 effect n.__________________
影响；使感动
喜爱;钟爱
效应；影响；结果
11.endangered adj. ________联想 ①_______ n. 危险②__________ adj. 危险的
濒危的
danger
dangerous
12.wipe vt. ________搭配 wipe out __________
擦；拭
彻底毁灭
13.blame vt. ____________ 搭配 be to blame ____________________
责怪，指责
（对某事）负有责任
14.die out __________________
消失；绝迹，灭绝
15.____ ___ _____ 处境危险，受到威胁
be
at
risk
核心词汇
We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible. 我们确实需要尽快转向（使用）不同形式的能源。 教材P110
1 switch
① vi. & vt. 转换，改变 vt. 调换
Someone must have switched the suitcases at the airport. 一定有人在飞机场把手提箱调了包。
释义·理解
switch
vi. & vt.
to change or make sth change from one thing to anothervt.
to replace one thing with another n.
①a device to turn a light, machine etc on and off;
②a sudden and complete change
&1& switch on/off 开/关（电灯、机器等）
switch （from…） to… （由……）转
向……/转变为……
switch over （to） 转换（电视频道或电台）；改变（方法、产品等）
At night, I usually watch films and switch off the TV at about ten o'clock. 在晚上，我通常看电影，大约十点关电视。
The country is switching to a market economy. 这个国家正在向市场经济转变。
An increasing number of people switch over to public transportation. 越来越多的人改乘公共交通工具。
② n. 开关；转换器；（尤指突然彻底的）改变
a light switch 电灯开关
She made the switch from full-time to part-time work after her first child was born. 在她的第一个孩子出生后，她将全职工作改为了兼职工作。
定向练1
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.I parked the car and switched____ the engine.
off
[解析] 句意为：我把车停好，并关掉了发动机。
2.The moment she came into the dark room, she switched ____ the light.
on
[解析] 句意为：她一进那间黑暗的屋子就把灯打开了。
3.We've switched _____ to telephone banking.
over
[解析] 句意为：我们已经改用电话银行服务了。
4.Don't switch _____ from the channel to another. The programme is attractive.
over
[解析] 句意为：不要换台，这个节目很好看。
5.The school has switched ___ a system of block scheduling for their classes.
to
[解析] 句意为：这所学校转向了对课堂采取封闭式日程安排的制度。
二、翻译句子。
1.The law would encourage companies to switch from coal to cleaner fuels.
____________________________________________________
这项法规将鼓励企业由使用煤转向使用更加清洁的燃料。
2.There was something wrong with the switch and I got a shock.
______________________________
开关出了问题，我被电了一下。
Yes, many animals are illegally hunted for something they have. 是的，许多动物因它们身上的某种东西而被非法猎杀。 教材P110
2 hunt
① vi. & vt. 猎取，猎杀；追踪；追捕 vi. 搜寻；搜索
Whales are still being hunted and killed in the Arctic Ocean. 北冰洋的鲸类仍在遭到猎杀。
&2& hunt for sb/sth 追捕某人/搜寻某物
Detectives are busy hunting for clues. 侦探们正在忙着寻找线索。
② n. ［C，常用单数］搜寻;寻找 ［C］打猎
&3& a/the hunt for sb/sth搜寻/寻找某人/某物
I am on the hunt for the perfect summer sandals. 我在寻找最合适的夏日凉鞋。
&4& hunter n. ［C］猎人；猎兽；（通常构成复合词）搜集某种东西的人
定向练2
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.They pay close attention to personal preferences and interests when ________ （hunt） for a job.
hunting
2.The fox ran away before the ____________ （hunt） shot it.
hunter（s）
3.The police have launched a nationwide hunt ____ the killer.
for
That's an incredibly urgent matter… 那是一件非常紧急的事…… 教材P110
3 urgent adj.紧急的，急迫的
&5& in urgent need of… 急需……
The area is in urgent need of qualified teachers. 这个地区急需有执业资格的老师。
&6& ①urge vt. 催促；极力主张；驱策 n. 强烈的欲望；冲动；迫切的要求
urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事
urge+that从句极力主张……（从句用虚拟语气，即谓语用should do形式,should可省略）
an urge to do sth 做某事的冲动
Parents should actively urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams. 家长应积极督促他们的孩子利用这次机会加入运动队。
He urged that we （should） take immediate action to protect the forest. 他极力主张我们立刻采取行动来保护森林。
②urgently adv. 迫切地；紧急地
③urgency n. 紧急；急迫
a matter of great urgency 一个极为迫切的问题
定向练3
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.The flooded area is ___ urgent need of clean water, medicine and food.
in
[解析] 句意为：洪灾地区急需干净的水、药品和食物。
2.They urged us ________ （give） our support.
to give
[解析] 句意为：他们催促我们给予支持。
3.I had a sudden urge ________ （help） him.
to help
[解析] 句意为：我突然有想帮助他的冲动。
4.Population ageing is a hard problem, and it needs to be solved ________ （urgent）.
urgently
[解析] 句意为：人口老龄化是个难题，亟待解决。此处修饰动词，表示“迫切地；急切地”，应用副词。
5.The report urged that all children ____________________ （teach） to swim.
（should） be taught
[解析] 此处考查“urge+that从句”，从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用should do, should可省略。all children与teach之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。
How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out 迄今为止，地球上的生命有多少次几乎灭绝 教材P52
4 die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝
&7& 与die有关的其他常用短语
die of/from死于 die down减弱；平息
die away （声音、风或光）逐渐消失，逐渐减弱
be dying for sth/to do sth 极想要某物/渴望做某事
Nowadays many people died of/from cancer. 如今很多人死于癌症。
The flames finally died down. 火焰终于减弱了。
Their laughter died away. 他们的笑声渐渐消失了。
I'm dying for a cup of tea. 我很想喝杯茶。
定向练4
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.The rumours will die ______.
down
[解析] 句意为：谣言会平息的。
2.Many old customs are gradually dying ____.
out
[解析] 句意为：很多旧习俗在逐渐消失。
3.Some kinds of animals are dying ____ in the world because of human activity.
out
[解析] 句意为： 由于人类活动，世界上一些种类的动物正走向灭绝。
4.The animals died ________ starvation in the heavy snow.
of/from
[解析] 句意为：这些动物在大雪中饿死了。
5.She waited until the footsteps died ______.
away
[解析] 句意为：她一直等到脚步声消失。
6.I'm dying ____ a bottle of water after a long walk.
for
[解析] 句意为：走了这么远的路，我很想喝瓶水。
These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species. 这其中包括被称为“大灭绝”的第三次大规模灭绝，这次大灭绝导致了90%到96%的物种的灭亡。 教材P52
5 mass
① adj. （仅用于名词前）大量的；广泛的；民众的
mass unemployment/production 大批人失业/批量生产
② n. 块，堆，团；许多，大量；（the masses）群众
It's a TV programme that brings science to the masses. 这是一档向群众普及科学知识的电视节目。
&8& a mass of=masses of 许多；大量
the mass of 大多数
The page was covered with a mass of figures. 纸上写满了密密麻麻的数字。
&9& massive adj. 大而重的；厚重的；结实的；巨大的；强烈的
定向练5
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.There were _______ （mass） of people in the shops yesterday.
masses
[解析] 句意为：昨天商店里人如潮涌。masses of意为“大量”。
2.We cannot shut our eyes to the things that harm the interests of the _______ （mass）.
masses
[解析] 句意为：对于损害群众利益的事情，我们不能视而不见。the masses意为“群众”。
3.A mass ___ people crowd into big cities in search of highly-paid jobs and good opportunities.
of
[解析] 句意为：许多人涌入大城市寻找高薪工作和良机。
4.The forest is ___ mass of colours in autumn.
a
[解析] 句意为：秋季的森林色彩斑斓。
The reasons for extinctions are varied. 物种灭绝的原因多种多样。教材P52
6 varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
&10& ①vary vi. 存在不同之处；（根据情况）变化
vary from… to… ……和……之间存在不同；在……和……之间变化
The number of the added flights varies from year to year according to the demand shown by flight ticket booking systems. 机票预订系统显示，新增航班的数量每年都在根据需求而变化。［China Daily］
②various adj. 各种各样的
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. 在参与者完成创造性思维测试的时候，研究人员对他们进行了不同程度的噪音测试。［2021全国乙］
③variety n. 品种；种类；多样化；变种
a variety of sth 各种各样的某事/物
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. 热带雨林是丰富多样的药用植物、食物、鸟类和（其他）动物的家园。［2020全国新高考Ⅱ］
定向练6
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.The quality of their products never _______ （vary）; it is always excellent.
varies
[解析] 句意为：他们产品的质量始终不变，一直非常好。根据never和it is always excellent可知，句子应用一般现在时；由The quality of their products可知，谓语应用第三人称单数形式，故填varies。
2.The temperature changes with time, and varies ______ place to place.
from
[解析] 句意为：气温会随着时间而改变，因地而异。vary from… to… 表示“……和……之间存在不同”。
3.The supermarket offers _____________ （vary） goods to choose from, so more and more people
prefer to shop there.
various/varied
[解析] 句意为：那家超市有多种商品可供选择，因此越来越多的人更喜欢在那里购物。
二、翻译句子。
1.人们对这部新电视剧发表了各种各样的意见。（varied;被动语态）
__________________________________________________
Varied opinions were expressed about the new TV play.
2.大学所学的课程往往与当今工作所需要的各种知识和技能不匹配。（varied）
____________________________________________________________________________________________
__________
The courses studied in universities often do not match the varied knowledge and skills required for work today.
According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. 据科学家所说，原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降以及全球变暖。
教材P52
7 decrease
① n. 减少；减少的量
There has been a steady decrease. .of temperature. 气温在持续下降。
②vi. & vt. 减少；降低
The number of people who have the disease has decreased. .significantly in recent years. 近年来，这种病的患者人数明显下降。
&11& decrease by… 减少/降低了……
decrease （from…） to… （从……）减少到……
Average house prices decreased by 13% last year. 去年房屋均价下降了13%。［《朗文当代》］
&12& ①decline vi. & n. 下降；减少
②drop vi. （水平）降低；（数量）减少 n. 下跌；下降；减少
③fall vi. & n. 下降
④reduction n. 减少；降低 reduce vt. 减少；降低
&13& increase vi. & vt. 增长；增加 n. 增长；增加
定向练7
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.Our coal output is four-fifths of that of last year—that is, it has decreased ____ 20%.
by
[解析] 句意为：我们的煤产量是去年的五分之四，也就是说，减少了百分之二十。decrease by… 意为“减少了……”，故填by。
2.The number of new students decreased ______ 210 ___ 160 this year.
from
to
[解析] 句意为：今年的新生人数从210减少到了160。根据句意可知，此处是指“从……减少到……”，应用decrease from… to…。
二、根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.科学家们正设法充分利用自然能源来减少空气污染。（decrease）
The scientists are trying to make full use of natural energy ___________ air pollution.
to decrease
2.由于全球变暖，在过去的几十年里，北极的冰一直在减少。（decrease）
Over the past decades, the ice in the Arctic ___________________ as a result of global warming.
has been decreasing
3.今年由交通事故导致的死亡人数和去年相比，已经减少了30%。（decrease）
The number of the deaths caused by traffic accidents this year ________________ 30%, compared with
that of last year.
has decreased by
This time, human activity will be to blame. 这一次，人类活动将成为罪魁祸首。教材P52
8 blame
①vt. 责怪；指责；把……归咎于
A bad workman blames his tools. 拙匠埋怨工具差。［谚语］
&14& be to blame （for sth） （对某事）负有责任；该（为某事）受责备（主动形式表被动含义）
blame sb/sth for sth 为某事责怪某人/某事物；把某事归咎于某人/某事物
blame sth on sb/sth把某事归咎于某人/某事物
only have oneself to blame只能怪某人自己
We went 10-1 and I was named the most valuable player, but I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller's accident. 我们以10比1获胜，我也被评为最有价值球员，但是我经常做荒唐的梦，梦见我对米勒的事故负有责任。
He blames his mother for his lack of confidence. 他将自己缺乏自信归咎于他的母亲。
Whenever something goes wrong, everyone blames it on me. 每回出了问题，大家都把责任归咎于我。
②n. ［U］（对错误或坏事应负的）责任
&15& take/accept/shoulder the blame承担责任
put/lay/place the blame on sb for sth把某事归咎于某人
The judge put the blame for the accident on the driver of the car. 法官把事故归咎于汽车司机。
定向练8
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.She blamed him ____ the failure of their marriage.
for
[解析] blame sb for sth 意为“为某事责怪某人；把某事归咎于某人”。句意为：她把他们婚姻的失败归咎于他。
2.If you fail the exam, you will only have yourself _________ （blame）.
to blame
[解析] only have oneself to blame意为“只能怪某人自己”。句意为：如果你考试不及格，只能怪你自己。
3.Which driver was _________ （blame） for the accident
to blame
[解析] be to blame for sth意为“对某事负有责任”。句意为：哪个司机应该对这起事故负责？
4.They put the blame ____ us for the abortion （中途失败） of the project.
on
[解析] put the blame on sb for sth意为“把某事归咎于某人”。句意为：他们把计划的失败归咎于我们。
5.________ （blame） for the broken vase, the boy hung his head.
Blamed
[解析] blame和句子主语the boy之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作原因状语。句意为：那个男孩因为打碎花瓶受到了责备而低着头。
6.While we can't change the body shape we are born with, we can't blame our genes ____ making us
fat.
for
[解析] blame sth for sth 意为“为某事责怪某物；把某事归咎于某物”。句意为：尽管我们无法改变与生俱来的体形，但也不能把肥胖归咎于我们的基因。
7.Mr Black stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _________
（blame）.
to blame
[解析] 此处应用不定式to blame作后置定语，用主动形式表示被动含义。句意为：布莱克先生站起来为那个16岁的男孩辩护，说他不应该受责备。
Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. 当然，因为我们人类依赖如此多的物种来生存，所以我们也将面临灭绝的风险。 教材P53
9 be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁
The whole future of the company is at risk. 公司的整个未来都处于危险之中。
&16& risk的用法
①n. ［C,U］危险；风险 ［C］危险的事物/人；冒险行为
put… at risk 使……遭受威胁；将……置于危险之中
at the risk of doing sth 冒着做某事的风险
take the risk of doing sth 冒险做某事
take a risk/risks 冒险
Polluted water supplies are a risk to public health. 受污染的水源对公众健康是一个威胁。［《朗文当代》］
I couldn't take the risk of leaving him alone even for a short time. 我不能冒险留下他独自一人，哪怕是一会儿也不行。
He felt he had to decide on every step instead of taking risks. 他觉得他每一步都必须认真作决定而不是冒险。
②vt. 冒险做；使冒……的危险
risk doing sth 冒险做某事
risk… to do sth 冒着……的危险去做某事
If you live abroad for some time, you will risk losing old friends in your homeland. 如果你在国外住一段时间，你就有失去家乡的老朋友们的风险。
He risked his life to save the children from drowning. 他冒着生命危险去救溺水儿童。
定向练9
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.He couldn't risk ________ （miss） the good opportunity; thus he was well-prepared for the job
interview.
missing
[解析] 句意为：他不能冒险失去这个好机会，因此，他为这次求职面试做了充分的准备。
2.He is prepared to risk everything _________ （avoid） this war.
to avoid
[解析] 句意为：他愿意不惜一切来避免这场战争。risk… to do sth为固定短语，意为“冒着……的危险去做某事”。
3.We will put the innocent lives ___ risk if we start the war.
at
[解析] 句意为：如果我们发动战争，我们将会把无辜的生命置于危险之中。
4.You have no right to take ______ （risk） with other people's lives.
risks
[解析] 句意为：你没有权利拿别人的生命去冒险。take risks意为“冒险”。
5.____ the risk of offending （冒犯） you, I must tell you that I disapprove of your behaviour.
At
[解析] 句意为：冒着得罪你的风险，我必须告诉你，我不赞成你的行为。at the risk of doing sth意为“冒着做某事的风险”。
Every second spent explaining things puts more innocent civilians at risk. 每多花一秒解释都会让更多无辜的百姓处于危险之中。
——《源代码》
1
【句意】尽管物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但目前物种灭绝的速度令人担忧。
教材P52
&17& “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
（1）引导定语从句的关系代词不仅可以作动词的宾语，还可以作介词的宾语。若将介词提至关系代词之前，便形成了“介词+关系代词”结构，
该结构可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句；此结构中的关系代词可为which（先行词指物）和whom（先行词指人）。
The official to whom we applied for a permit was very kind. 给我们申请许可证的那位官员非常友好。
Have you found the book on which I spent ￡10 你找到那本我花了10英镑买的书了吗？
特别注意 listen to, look at, look for, look after等固定短语中的介词一般不放在关系代词前。This is the girl whom/who/that he will look after. 这就是他将照料的女孩。
（2）“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的确定
在“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句中，介词的选用有以下三种方式：
①根据定语从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配确定
He was the man to whom I sent gifts. 他就是我送去礼物的那个人。（send sth to sb）
The two things of which they felt proud were Jim's gold watch and Della's hair. 他们感到骄傲的两样东西是吉姆的金表和德拉的头发。（be proud of）
②根据先行词的习惯搭配确定
I will never forget the day. .on which I first met him. 我永远也忘不了第一次见他的那一天。（on the day）
③根据主从句的逻辑关系而定（通常与with/without连用）
Rose helped me a lot, without whom I would not have passed the exam. 罗丝帮助了我很多，没有她我不会通过考试。
定向练1
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.The fellow, _______ whom I spoke made no answer at first.
to/with
[解析] 表示“与某人交谈”应用speak to/with sb。
2.The West Lake, ____ which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
for
[解析] 表示“以……而闻名” 应用be famous for…。
3.In his room, I saw a big desk ____ which there were all kinds of books.
on
[解析] 表示“在桌上”应用on the desk。
4.Yesterday we had a meeting _____ which we discussed many problems.
at/in
[解析] 表示“在会上”应用at/in the meeting。
5.Air, ________ which man couldn't live, is really important.
without
[解析] 根据语境可知，此处表示“没有空气人类就不能生存”，故填without。
6.This book has opened a window, ____________ which we can see a wonderful world.
through/from
[解析] 表示“透过窗口”需用介词through；此处也可表示“从窗口”，故也可用介词from。
7.Yesterday we paid a visit to the house ___ which Lu Xun once lived.
in
[解析] 表示“住在这所房子里”应用live in the house。
8.Who is the person with_______ you shook hands just now
whom
[解析] 句意为：刚才和你握手的那个人是谁？shake hands with sb意为“跟某人握手”。先行词person指人，故填whom。
9.Mr Li has two sons, both of _______ are college students.
whom
[解析] 句意为：李先生有两个儿子，他们都是大学生。先行词为sons，指人，所以介词of后用关系代词whom。
二、根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.这就是我们熟悉的那位经济学家。（familiar）
This is the economist _____ _______ ____ ____ ________.
with
whom
we
are
familiar
2.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。
I saw a man, ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ stood a bird.
on the head of whom/on top of whose head
2
【句意】很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
教材P53
&18& it作形式主语，从句作真正的主语
从句充当主语时，为使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置，主语从句可用that、 what、 who、 whether、 why等词引导。常见的此类句式有：
①It+be+名词（短语）+从句
It+be+a pity/a shame that… 遗憾的是……
It+be+no wonder that… 难怪……
It+be+no surprise that… ……不足为奇
It is a pity/a shame that you have missed such a wonderful lecture. 你错过了这么精彩的演讲，真遗憾。
She is hard-working, so it is no surprise that she has won first prize. 她学习努力，所以她获得一等奖不足为奇。
②It+be+形容词+从句
It+be+likely that… 可能……
It+be+clear/obvious that… 显而易见的是……
It is obvious that artificial intelligence affects many aspects of life. 很明显，人工智能影响了生活的很多方面。
③It+动词的被动语态+从句
It+be said/reported/believed that… 据说/据报道/人们相信……
It+be suggested/decided that… （should） do… 人们建议/决定…… （从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用should do, should可省略）
It is. .generally believed that a balanced diet is the key to people's health. 人们普遍认为均衡的饮食是人们健康的关键。
It is suggested by my violin teacher that I （should） practise playing the violin every day. 我的小提琴老师建议我每天练习拉琴。
④It+某些特殊动词（短语）+从句
It occurs to sb that… 某人突然想到……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It doesn't matter who/why/what… ……无所谓/没关系
It occurred to him that his farm had much potential. 他突然想到他的农场还是很有潜力的。
定向练2
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.It doesn't matter ______ he says.
what
[解析] 句意为：他说什么并不重要。
2.It is not clear _____ will attend to this matter.
who
[解析] 句意为：谁来处理这件事还不清楚。
3.It doesn't interest me ________ or not you succeed.
whether
[解析] 句意为：你成功与否，我并不感兴趣。
二、用it作形式主语翻译句子。
1.显然，地球是圆的。（obvious）
__________________________________
It is obvious that the earth is round.
2.我很荣幸受到邀请参加你的生日聚会。（an honour）
____________________________________________________
It is an honour that I was invited to your birthday party.
3.人们认为学习英语很有用。（consider）
__________________________________________
It is considered that learning English is useful.
4.他在这次坠机事件中幸免于难真是奇迹。（wonder）
___________________________________________
It is a wonder that he survived the plane crash.
5.人们常常建议生病时要多喝水。（suggest）
___________________________________________________________________________
It is often suggested that one （should） drink plenty of water when he/she is sick.
6.大家决定将会议推迟到下周一。（decide）
_________________________________________________________________
It is decided that the meeting （should） be put off until next Monday.
3
【句意】没有森林，我们就没有空气可以呼吸；没有干净的水，我们就无法存活。
&19& 含有without的含蓄条件句
without意为“如果没有”，可用于虚拟语气，相当于一个条件状语从句。表示与现在或将来事实相反的一种假设时，谓语用“would+动词原形”；表示与过去事实相反的假设时，谓语用“would+ have done”。
I wouldn't have gone through that bitter period without your generous help. 如果没有你的慷慨帮助，我不可能度过那段苦难时期。（与过去事实相反）
定向练3
根据汉语意思完成句子。
1.没有你的帮助，我考试不会通过的。
I _______ ____ in the exam without your help.
would
fail
[解析] 表示与将来事实相反的假设。
2.要不是父母允许，昨天的聚会我是去不了的。
I _________ ______ ______________ ____ at the party yesterday without my parents' permission.
wouldn't
have
turned/showed
up
[解析] 表示与过去事实相反的假设。
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限制的作用，使先行词的含义更清楚、更明确。限制性定语从句不能省略，否则整个句子意义不完整、不明确。
The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. 被选中的琥珀色彩艳丽，呈现出像蜂蜜一样的黄褐色。
A robot is a machine designed to do jobs that are usually performed by humans. 机器人是一种机器，设计它是为了让它做通常由人类完成的工作。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，与先行词的关系不是十分密切，一般去掉也不会影响主句意思的完整性。非限制性定语从句通常与主句用逗号隔开，位于句中时其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact they were. 这两位警察完全受到信任，事实上也确实如此。
Tom, who/whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. 人人都怀疑汤姆，结果证明他是无辜的。
As can be seen from the survey, smoking can cause lung cancer. 正如调查显示，吸烟能导致肺癌。
特别注意 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：
①位置
限制性定语从句通常紧接在先行词后，主从句间没有逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开；as引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前。
②先行词
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词（短语）或代词。非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词（短语）、代词、主句的部分内容或者整个主句。
③关系词的使用
that、 why只能引导限制性定语从句；引导限制性定语从句的关系词有时可以省略（在从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略）。其他的关系词可引导非限制性定语从句，但此时关系词不可以省略。
④翻译
一般把限制性定语从句译作定语，置于它所修饰的先行词之前；非限制性定语从句一般单独译成一句话，来补充说明主句。
The car which he drives was bought last month. 他开的那辆车是上个月买的。
He drives a new car, which was bought last month. 他开了一辆新车，这辆车是上个月买的。
定向练
一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill on _______ school education places emphasis.
which
2.The books on the desk，_______ covers are shiny， are prizes for us.
whose
3.It is a truly delightful place， _______ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its
winding streets and pretty cottages.
which
4.After the earthquake， people in that area were suffering， _____ badly needed shelter.
who
5.By 16：30， _______ was almost closing time， nearly all the paintings had been sold.
which
6.The little problems __________ we meet in our daily life may be inspirations for great inventions.
that/which
二、翻译句子。
1.The man who/that was there yesterday was a singer.
________________________________
昨天在那儿的那位男士是位歌手。
2.The woman （who/whom/that） I saw just now is called Lucy.
______________________________
我刚才看到的那位女士叫露西。
3.这是她第一次赢得比赛，我们所有人都对此感到惊讶。
__________________________________________________________________
It is the first time （that） she has won the race, which surprises us all.