北京高考英语阅读理解专项训练（含解析）

阅读理解
Do you know forests are one of our planet’s greatest carbon sinks This means that they absorb an enormous amount of carbon released into the atmosphere, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and the earth’s rising temperature.
The poplar tree, standing tall and regal, is known for its fast-growing nature and its gray, white, or black bark. A biotechnology firm in San Francisco, CA, genetically modified poplar trees. According to a four-month study conducted in their greenhouse, the engineered trees grew 53% larger than their normal counterparts and stored 27% more CO2. In February 2023, the company also planted modified poplar trees in southern Georgia. This marks the first time in the United States that engineered trees have been planted outside of a controlled lab setting!
All plants experience photosynthesis (光合作用), where sunlight, water, and CO2 are transformed into glucose and oxygen. However, almost all trees release a poisonous substance in the process. To remove this substance, trees must use up newly-produced energy in another step known as photo-respiration (光呼吸作用), which does not produce any energy and releases CO2 back into the atmosphere. To prevent plants from wasting their energy, the biotechnology firm engineered their poplar trees with genes found in green algae. First tested in tobacco plants, the foreign genes change the poisonous substance produced by trees into sugars, so that more energy can be used for removing carbon and tree growth.
Researchers from the company are planting their poplar trees on private land that has been previously disturbed, such as abandoned coal mines in Pennsylvania. The modified trees will be planted between natives like sweet gum and bald cypress to boost biodiversity and maintain soil fertility (肥沃).
Plant biologist Norberto Martinez from the University of Illinois suggests the engineered poplar trees may not thrive outdoors or will require more water and fertilizer to maintain their fast growth. Many sustainable forestry organizations have also banned engineered trees from being planted in forests. The Global Justice Ecology Project argued that these trees could interfere with efforts to protect and regenerate forests.
Though there may be opposing opinions regarding genetically modified poplar trees, one thing is for sure: they hold the potential to lower greenhouse gases in our environment at a faster rate. This company’s attempt is certainly an innovative approach to the ongoing climate crisis.
1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The necessity to absorb CO2. B．The basic idea behind engineered trees.
C．The effect of photosynthesis on plants. D．The importance of energy transformation.
2．What does the underlined phrase “interfere with” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Save. B．Measure. C．Interrupt. D．Strengthen.
3．What can we infer about the engineered poplar trees
A．Their first planting state was Pennsylvania.
B．Their potential to absorb CO2 outweighs concerns.
C．They can release more oxygen than normal poplar trees.
D．They will grow better if planted away from normal plants.
4．The main purpose of the passage is to ________.
A．inform and argue B．analyse and advise
C．argue and discuss D．examine and assess
How Much Exercise Do I Need
When it comes to exercise, less is not more — but it’s certainly better than none. Physical inactivity account for (占比) as many as 23% of all deaths from major chronic (慢性的) diseases, yet almost one of every three Americans is sedentary (spending a lot of time sitting down). According to the Centers for Disease Control, 29.4% of those surveyed say they have no free-time physical activity at all. City people tend to be more active than country people, with 27.4% saying they are sedentary, compared with 36.6% of those in the country.
Light activity can increase physical and mental health. While light activity is good, moderate (not very large or very small) activity is even better, and health experts encourage everyone to have at least 30 minutes a day of moderate physical activity. But you don’t have to go to a gym. As recent studies show, “lifestyle” activities, such as walking, house cleaning and gardening, work as well as a structured (特意制定的) exercise program in improving heart function, lowering blood pressure and keeping or losing weight.
In one study, overweight, sedentary middle-aged men and women who are trying to make them more physically active by walking around reduced their body fat and improved their blood pressure and heart function as much as those going to structured programs at a gym. In another study, fat women aged from 21 to 60 who chose a more active lifestyle lost as much weight as women in a low-impact aerobics (有氧健身) program —and got fewer pounds back again in the following year.
Noticing the value of different levels and types of activity, the American College of Sports Medicine accept that several short periods of exercise during the day are nearly as good as one long period of exercise.
5．By saying that almost one third of Americans are sedentary, the author means ________.
A．they take proper exercise to be healthy B．they know nothing about light activity
C．they are very fond of physical activity D．they take little free-time physical activity
6．According to the passage, which of the following belongs to moderate activity
A．Long-distance running. B．Playing tennis at a gym.
C．House cleaning. D．Playing football.
7．We can learn from the passage that ________.
A．light activity is especially good for the middle-aged people
B．light activity is more helpful in losing weight than moderate activity
C．long period of exercise is better than several short periods of exercise
D．moderate activity can better improve health physically and mentally
8．What do health experts suggest about moderate activity
A．No less than half an hour’s moderate activity daily can do us good.
B．Taking moderate activity is no better than taking light activity.
C．“Lifestyle” activities are better than moderate activity.
D．People may go to the gym to take moderate activity.
I was on a tour of Italy with my friends. Our car pulled to a stop at the beach. I got out and saw the blue sea. I shuddered (颤抖). Nothing scared me as much as water. Thirteen years earlier, I dropped into water and was nearly drowned at a city pool. Since then, I stayed away from water.
Just then I heard shouting in Italian. That was a little boy out there in the sea! His head popped up, then a wave crashed over him and he disappeared. I was the only one who was on the fastest way to reach the drowning boy. Yet I was as frightened as he. I forced myself to move.
I looked around, hoping that some strong-armed swimmer would come to help the boy. No one was there. Taking a deep breath, I threw myself into the water. As soon as I went under it, I felt like I was back in that city pool, breathless, struggling (挣扎). Calm down, I shouted in my head. Where is he Then I saw it — a thin arm waving weakly a few yards away. I tried to think of how I’d seen real swimmers do it. I threw my arms out in front of me one after the other.
I reached the boy and caught his arms just as he went down below the surface. I pulled as hard as I could, and he popped back up, coughing, eyes wide with fear. Only one Italian word came to mind. “Riposo.” I told the boy. If he struggled, I’d never get him to safety. “Riposo.” I said again. He relaxed.
I held him and fought to get us back to land. And I realized that I was no longer afraid. Not at all. I knew how terrified I got at the sight of water. Yet the disappearing of fear was absolutely amazing.
9．Thirteen years earlier, the author ________.
A．travelled to Italy with friends B．fell in love with diving
C．suffered a flood D．nearly drowned
10．When the author jumped into the water, he felt ________.
A．frightened B．powerful C．disappointed D．regretful
11．What does the Italian word “Riposo” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．close your eyes B．hold your breath C．keep awake D．stop moving
12．Which would be the best title for this passage
A．With Hope B．Beyond Fear C．In Return D．Under Pressure
A poem competition has been started for pupils aged 4 to 18 around UK. It invites young people to focus on (关注) the “many ways we are connected to the universe”. The competition is part of a national celebration of creativity in the UK.
The winning entries (参赛作品) will be presented in a projection show, which will visit some places around the UK from March to May 2023. This outdoor show will include entries from the competition and run for a week in each place. Winners will also receive other prizes, including books and chocolate, plus continued development.
The rules are as follows:
The competition is free to enter. If you are aged 4-12, your parent will need to allow for you to enter.
Your entry must be original (原创的). Your work is accepted only if this will be its first appearance anywhere in the world.
Poems must be written in English or Welsh and not be longer than 20 lines. You are free to write in any style or form.
You may enter either online through the website or by post to the Poetry Society, 22 Betterton Street, London. All online entries must be received by 23:59 GMT on 19 December 2022. All poems entered by post must be post-dated on or before 19 December 2022.
If you would like to enter online, please continue through the online system on this website. Email AboutUs@poetrysociety. Org if you have any problem.
13．The competition centers on ________.
A．National celebration B．Outdoor show around the UK
C．Young people’s talents D．Connectivity to the universe
14．What will be awarded to the winners
A．A free tour around the UK. B．A chance to present their works.
C．Books, chocolate and prize money. D．Membership of the Poetry Society.
15．What can we know from the passage
A．Poems can be written in any language.
B．The show will last a month in each place.
C．All poems entered by post must be posted by 19 Dec. 2022.
D．People need to pay to enter the competition.
16．According to the rules, people who take part in it ________.
A．must write poems no more than 20 lines B．may enter their published poems
C．should be aged 4-12 D．can email entries
When my daughter Sara was in the fifth grade, she came to me with a problem. “Marcy hates me!” she cried. “Because Kathy is my friend, too. She wants me to be her friend and nobody else’s. You talk to Marcy. You tell her that I want to be her friend, but I can have other friends, too!”
Oh! I looked at her for a few moments, wondering how I got into this mess (困境), when suddenly an idea came to me.
Picking up two baskets from the living room, I explained, “When everyone is born, he or she has a little basket. This little one here is yours. The big one is mine. As you grow, so does the basket. You can see your little basket is inside mine because when you were born, there were too many things you couldn’t do for yourself. I did everything you couldn’t do on your own.”
She nodded.
“Well, as you grew older and began to do some things on your own, I began placing a few more things in your basket. When you learned to tie your shoes, that went in your basket.”
She said softly, “I can tie my own shoes.”
“Right. As you grow older, there will be more and more things you must do on your own.” As I spoke, I gradually took her basket out of mine and handed it to her. “You will finally carry your own basket with things only you can do.”
She looked up at me and said, “I understand. There are some things that I have to do for myself because they are in my basket.”
17．What was Sara’s problem
A．She didn’t have a basket.
B．She didn’t want her own basket.
C．She couldn’t deal with her friendship.
D．Her mother was too hard on her.
18．What did the author think of Sara’s problem at first
A．Interesting. B．Exciting. C．Moving. D．Challenging.
19．We can infer that Sara ________.
A．would talk to Marcy herself
B．wouldn’t make friends with Kathy
C．was too young to deal with anything
D．managed to persuade her mother to help her
20．The baskets mentioned in the passage refer to ________.
A．gifts given by God when everyone is born
B．something that people use to keep vegetables
C．growing abilities as you grow up
D．friendship that needs repairing
Have you ever been indecisive in the decision of what color car you like Last November, a magazine with great influence revealed its annual list of the Best Inventions, which are changing how we live, work, play, and think about what’s possible. One of these inventions was the “color changing car”.
At the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show, a famous car company showcased a concept car that can change colors. The surface coating of this car features e-ink that is most well-known from the displays of e-readers. It contains many millions of micro-capsules, each of which contains negatively charged white pigments (颜料) and positively charged black pigments. Depending on the chosen setting, stimulation by means of an electrical field causes either the white or the black pigments to collect at the surface of the micro-capsule, giving the car body the desired shade.
The color chosen for a car is an expression of the driver’s personalities. It offers a completely new way of changing the vehicle’s appearance in line with the driver’s preferences, the environmental conditions or even functional requirements.
A variable exterior color can contribute to energy saving and wellness in the interior. This is done by taking into account the different abilities of light and dark colors when it comes to reflecting sunlight and the associated absorption of thermal energy. Heating of the vehicle as a result of strong sunlight and high outside temperatures can be reduced by changing the exterior to a light color. In cooler weather, a dark outer skin will help the vehicle to absorb noticeably more warmth from the sun. This would reduce the amount of energy the vehicle electrical system needs, lowering the fuel or electricity consumption. In the interior, the technology could, for example, prevent the dashboard from heating up too much. In electric cars, changing the color with the weather would thus increase the range of the car. Considering the recent push for electric vehicles, this color changing technology could be a game-changer.
“Digital experiences won’t just be limited to displays in the future. There will be more and more connection between the real and virtual. With this concept car, we are bringing the car body to life, ”says Frank Weber, a member of the board of this company.
21．The concept car can change colors mainly because of ________.
A．the reflection of sunlight B．the stability of electrical field
C．the area of white and black e-ink D．the gathering of charged pigments
22．As for the color changing car, which would the author agree with
A．It will be put into mass production in the near future.
B．It can change colors automatically according to weather.
C．It can show personalities and improve car performance.
D．It will save energy by transforming heat into electrical energy.
23．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Car Design: New Challenges B．The Development of Car Exterior
C．Magical E-ink in Car Design D．New Invention of Cars: Tailored Exterior
Ever wonder what happens to spacecraft after they get launched to space Well, that is where my job as an instrument operations engineer comes in. My job consists of planning, generating, and operating scientific instruments in-flight. I am grateful for having worked on missions at Saturn, the Moon, and our own planet Earth.
When I was a high-schooler, I was unsure of what college I wanted to attend, or what major I wanted to choose. After receiving an email from a college called Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), I decided to apply to a summer program they were offering with the encouragement of my mom. After participating in that program, I knew that MIT was the right university for me. The passionate students and boundless opportunities developed a feeling of belonging in me that led me to apply and eventually get accepted.
The most exciting and fulfilling part of being an engineer is that I am able to work on projects that benefit humanity. When people think of the space industry, they picture the outer reaches of our solar system. What they may not imagine is the great body of work being done to study our own home-Earth. I am thankful to have a career that allows me to commit myself to that responsibility.
The highlight of my career has been witnessing the end of the Cassini mission to Saturn. Some of the people on the team had been working on the mission for longer than I had been alive, but they still treated me as one of their own. I was given the opportunity to operate the cameras that would catch breathtaking images of the planet. And when the Cassini spacecraft had run out of fuel, I quickly learned that it was not just the end of the mission, but the end of a team. The night we watched with bittersweet longing as its signal faded to nothing is something that I will always keep in my memories. And while Cassini will be remembered for its historic contributions, what I will remember it for is the team it brought together.
My friends often ask why a girl could achieve all these. I always grew up a big fan of fiction. I read the Harry Potter books and loved anything fantasy. I realized that a common theme of hero stories is that the hero must always make a choice to start their adventure. If you don’t pick up the sword in your own story because you are afraid of what may happen next, you risk not having a story at all.
24．Why did the author apply to MIT
A．The majors in MIT interested her. B．Her mother urged her to go to MIT.
C．She set this goal as a high-schooler. D．A summer program made her love MIT.
25．What does the author think about her occupation
A．It’s easy to predict what she does. B．It’s hard for a girl to have such a career.
C．She is annoyed by being misunderstood. D．She is proud to work for human well-being.
26．What does the author value most in the Cassini mission
A．Its historic contributions. B．The team it brought together.
C．Breathtaking images of the planet. D．The opportunity to operate the cameras.
27．What can we learn from the story
A．Practice makes perfect. B．No way is impossible to courage.
C．Well begun is half done. D．Time lost cannot be won again.
Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.
Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.
Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.
It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
28．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well
A．When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”.
B．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”.
C．When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it.
D．When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder.
29．The author believes that .
A．humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect
B．humans limit AI’s theory of mind to an extent
C．we should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI
D．shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI
30．As for AIs, what does the author value most
A．Reliability. B．Practicability.
C．Reasoning capability. D．Communication ability.
31．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future
C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
Summer Courses 2022San Diego Seaside College is offering one and two-week English summer courses for high school students from all over the world who want to improve their English. Classes are offered at five levels, from basic to advanced. Students will be tested when they arrive and placed in the level appropriate to their language ability. Each class has a maximum of 14 students. Tuition Fees (学费) One-week Course (July 26–August 1): $310 Two-week Course (July 26–August 8): $620 The full payment must be received before the beginning of the courses. Accommodations (食宿) We provide housing, including breakfast & dinner, 7 days a week. Single room: $250 per week Twin room: $160 per person, per week You should reserve your accommodations before May 15 and all the accommodation fees must be paid in full before June 15. How to Apply Fill out an application form and send it to us at esc@sdc.e to our college this summer and make yourself shine at English.
32．The aim of the courses is to help the high school students ________.
A．learn English B．attend college
C．visit some high schools D．travel to other countries
33．What are the tuition fees for the One-week Course
A．$160. B．$250.
C．$310. D．$620.
34．When must the accommodation fees be paid
A．Before May 15. B．Before June 15.
C．Before July 26. D．Before August 1.
35．If you want to apply for the course, you should ________.
A．choose a college
B．reserve a hotel room
C．check with the teachers
D．fill out a form and email it
The personal grievance provisions (个人申诉条款) of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary (随意的) conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure, between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary worker may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly-paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36．The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to __________ .
A．free employers from certain duties
B．improve traditional hiring procedures
C．protect the rights of ordinary workers
D．punish questionable corporate practices
37．It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may ___________ .
A．slow down business development
B．weaken managers’ authority
C．affect the firms’ public image
D．worsen labor-management relations
38．Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support
A．Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
B．Enforcing employment protection laws.
C．Limiting the powers of business owners.
D．Dismissing poorly performing managers
39．What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures
A．Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
B．Employees suffer from salary cuts
C．Society sees a rise in overall well-being
D．Employers need to hire new staff.
40．It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia __________ .
A．has secured managers’ earnings
B．has produced undesired results
C．is beneficial to business owners
D．is difficult to put into practice
Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. We are capable of outstanding feats of technology and engineering. Then why are we so prone to making mistakes And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.
In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys. Monkeys were selected for the test because, as distant relatives of humans, they are intelligent and have the capacity to learn. However, they are not influenced by any of the technological or cultural environments which affect human decision-making. The team wanted to test whether the capuchin monkeys, when put into similar situations as humans, would make the same mistakes.
[A] Of particular interest to the scientists was whether monkeys would make the same mistakes when making financial decisions. [B] In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money. [C] The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish “bargains” — If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option. [D] Interestingly, when the data about the monkey’s purchasing strategies was compared with economist’s data on human behavior, there was a perfect match.
So, after establishing that the monkey market was operating effectively, the team decided to introduce some problems which humans generally get wrong. One of these issues is risk-taking. Imagine that someone gave you $1000. In addition to this $1000, you can receive either A) an additional $500 or B) someone tosses a coin and if it lands “heads”, you receive an additional $1000, but if it lands “tails”, you receive no more money. Of these options, most people tend to choose option A．They prefer guaranteed earnings, rather than running the risk of receiving nothing. Now imagine a second situation in which you are given $2000. Now, you can choose to either A) lose $500, leaving you with a total of $1500, or B) toss a coin; if it lands “heads” you lose nothing, but if it lands “tails” you lose $1000, leaving you with only $1000. Interestingly, when we stand to lose money, we tend to choose the more risky choice, option B．And as we know from the experience of financial investors and gamblers, it is unwise to take risks when we are on a losing streak.
So would the monkeys make the same basic error of judgement The team put them to the test by giving them similar options. In the first test, monkeys had the option of exchanging their disc for one grape and receiving one bonus grape, or exchanging the disc for one grape and sometimes receiving two bonus grapes and sometimes receiving no bonus. It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty. Then the experiment was reversed. Monkeys were offered three grapes, but in option A were only actually given two grapes. In option B, they had a fifty-fifty chance of receiving all three grapes or one grape only. The results were that monkeys, like humans, take more risks in times of loss.
The implications of this experiment are that because monkeys make the same irrational judgements that humans do, maybe human error is not a result of the complexity of our financial institutions, but is imbedded in our evolutionary history. If this is the case, our errors of judgement will be very difficult to overcome. On a more optimistic note however humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognizing them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.
41．What was the aim of the experiment outlined above
A．To investigate where human mistakes come from.
B．To study whether monkeys could learn to use money
C．To find out whether it is better to take risks in times of loss.
D．To determine whether monkeys make more mistakes than humans
42．Where in Paragraph 3 could the sentence below be best placed
The team distributed metal discs to the monkeys, and taught them that the discs could be exchanged with team-members for food.
A．[A] B．[B] C．[C] D．[D]
43．The underlined words “cottoned on” are closest in meaning to __________ .
A．learnt B．knew C．completed D．concluded
44．Which of the following statements is the best paraphrase of the underlined sentence
On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them.
A．Hopefully, humans will soon be able to solve these problems.
B．Fortunately, humans can solve problems that we know about.
C．Luckily, humans do not have many limitations which have been identified.
D．We are happy to note that we can solve the problem which we’ve identified.
45．What can we learn from the passage
A．Monkeys were chosen for the test as they adapted to new surroundings quickly
B．The purchasing strategies of humans and those of the monkeys vary greatly.
C．The complexity of financial institutions causes humans to make mistakes.
D．Humans opt for the less risky alternative when resources are abundant.
About a quarter of the world drives on the left, and the countries that do so are mostly old British colonies (殖民地) like Australia, and Ireland. But Thailand, Indonesia and Japan have also developed this habit.
This strange phenomenon puzzles the rest of the world; however, there is a perfectly good reason. Up to the late 1700s, everybody travelled on the left side of the road because it was the sensible option for violent, feudal societies of mostly right-handed people. Soldiers with their swords under their right arms naturally passed on each other’s right, and if you passed a stranger on the road, you walked on the left to ensure that your protective sword arm was between you and him.
Revolutionary France, however, got rid of this practice as part of its sweeping social rethink, and thanks to Napoleon, this change was carried out all over continental Europe. Since he was left-handed, his armies had to march on the right so he could keep his sword arm between him and any opponent. From then on, any country colonized by the French took to driving on the right.
After the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), the US became independent and decided to make traffic drive on the right in order to cut all remaining links to its British colonial past. Once America became the center of the car industry, if you wanted a good reliable vehicle, you bought an American car with right-hand drive. From then on, many countries changed out of necessity.
Today, the EU would like Britain to fall into line with the rest of Europe, but this would cost billions of pounds to change everything round. The last European country to convert to driving on the right was Sweden in 1967. This ironically caused a reduction in car accidents because everyone drove carefully while getting used to the new system.
46．Why did people travel on the left before the late 18th century
A．They were required to do so.
B．They were mostly left-landed.
C．It was easier to cross the street.
D．They could feel safer from attacks.
47．What was Napoleon’s attitude about walking on the left
A．Supportive. B．Indifferent. C．Doubtful. D．Disapproving.
48．For Americans, driving on the right was a way to show _________ .
A．the connection with France was broken
B．the US was no longer ruled by the UK
C．the American Revolution War had ended
D．America was the center of the car industry
49．What is the main reason for UK’s resistance to the European system
A．It would cost too much to change.
B．Its increasing traffic accidents.
C．Its influence on the colonies
D．Its fast-developing car industry.
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers... Nearly 40％of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll (民意调查) said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them to communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning,” one respondent said.
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons.They reimagined the 300-year-old score (乐谱总谱) by integrating the latest climate prediction data for each season — provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll. However, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements; nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result powerful art.
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light — hence the ”visual studies“ in the name. Light was something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the center was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but to make a collaboration work,both sides need to invest time and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science collaborations needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention; challenge and critique are essential to both, too.
50．According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have __________ .
A．caught the attention of critics
B．received favorable responses
C．promoted academic publishing
D．sparked heated public disputes
51．The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that __________ .
A．art can offer audiences easy access to science
B．science can help with the expression of emotions
C．art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
D．public participation in science has a promising future
52．Some artists seem to worry about the possibility that in the art-science partnership, _________
A．their role may be underestimated
B．their reputation may be damaged
C．their creativity may be restricted
D．their work may misguided
53．As for CAVS, which would the author agree with
A．Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
B．Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
C．It demonstrates valuable art-science cooperation.
D．It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
When I was growing up, my family kept chickens. We always had about a dozen of them at any given time and whenever one died—taken away by hawks or foxes or by some obscure chicken illness—my father would replace the lost chicken.
He’d drive to a nearby poultry farm and return with a new chicken in a bag. The thing is, you must be very careful when introducing a new chicken to the general flock. You can’t just throw it in there with the old chickens, or they will see it as an invader. What you must do instead is to slip the new bird into the chicken house in the middle of the night while the others are asleep. Place her beside the flock and walked away quietly. In the morning, when the chickens wake up, they don’t notice the newcomer, thinking only, “She must have been here all the time since I didn’t see her arrive.”The clincher of it is, awaking within this flock, the newcomer herself doesn’t even remember that she’s a newcomer, thinking only, “I must have been here the whole time...”
My arrival in India does likewise.
My plane landed in Mumbai around 1:30 AM. It was December 30. I found my luggage, and then found the taxi that would take me hours hours out of the city to the Ashram, located in a remote rural village. I fell asleep on the drive through nighttime India, sometimes waking up to look out the window, where I could see thin women in saris walking alongside the road with bundles of firewood on their heads. Buses with no headlights passed us, and we passed cattle carts.The banyan trees spread their elegant roots throughout the ditches.
54．The author writes Paragraph 1 to __________ .
A．make a summary of his childhood
B．tell readers about his family members
C．arouse readers’ interest in the passage
D．To introduce the following paragraphs
55．What does the underlined word “flock” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．house B．group C．farm D．chicken
56．What is the author most probably going to talk about next
A．His working plans in the new place
B．The uniqueness of the village culture.
C．How he quickly adjusted to local life.
D．Why he traveled to Ashram in India.
In a natural disaster—a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, or other catastrophes—minutes and even seconds of warming can make the difference between life and death. Because of this, scientists are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen. They are also studying how best to analyze and communicate this information once it is obtained.
On September 29, 1998, Hurricane Georges made landfall in Bilxi, Mississippi, after damaging Haiti, Dominic Repubic, PueroRico, and several islands of the Caribbean badly with per hour. Few people lost their lives along the Gulf Coast of the United States, although hundreds died in the Caribbean.
This was a very different outcome from 1900, when a powerful Gulf Coast hurricane made an unexpected direct hit on Galveston, Texas, killing at east 6,000 people.
Vastly improved hurricane warnings explain the different circumstances at either end of the 20th century-residents of Galveston had no advance warning that a storm was approaching, while residents of Biloxi had been warned days in advance, allowing for extensive safety precautions.
At the same time that people in Biloxi were thankful for the advance warning, some residents of New Orleans, Louisiana were less satisfied.A day before Georges made landfall, forecasters were predicting that the hurricane had a good chance of striking New Orleans. Because much of New Orleans lies below sea level, the city is at risk for flooding. Emergency management officials must begin evacuations well before a storm strikes. But evacuation costs money: businesses close, tourists leave, and citizens take precautionary measures.The mayor of New Orleans estimated that his city’s preparations for Georges cost more than 50 million. After Georges missed New Orleans, some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.
The different views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges show some of the complexities related to predicting disasters. Disaster prediction is a process of providing scientific information to the government officials and other decision makers who must respond to those predictions.
57．What is the purpose of disaster prediction according to the passage
A．To identify the cause of disasters.
B．To save people’s lives and property.
C．To prevent natural disasters from happening.
D．To apply advanced technology to disaster prediction.
58．The city residents of New Orleans were unsatisfied because ________ .
A．their preparations were made in vain
B．the hurricane warning arrived rather late
C．the forecast hurricane did not hit the city
D．they suffered from a heavy hurricane attack
59．What does the passage mainly talk about
A．The different ways of disaster prediction.
B．Technological advances in disaster prediction.
C．The benefits and preparations of disaster prediction.
D．The importance and uncertainty of disaster prediction.
参考答案：
1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了加州旧金山的一家生物技术公司正在研究转基因杨树，经过改造的树木比普通树木长了53%，储存的二氧化碳也多了27%。但不同的人对此有不同的看法，有人反对有人支持。
1．主旨大意题。根据第三段“All plants experience photosynthesis (光合作用), where sunlight, water, and CO2 are transformed into glucose and oxygen. However, almost all trees release a poisonous substance in the process. To remove this substance, trees must use up newly-produced energy in another step known as photo-respiration (光呼吸作用), which does not produce any energy and releases CO2 back into the atmosphere. To prevent plants from wasting their energy, the biotechnology firm engineered their poplar trees with genes found in green algae. First tested in tobacco plants, the foreign genes change the poisonous substance produced by trees into sugars, so that more energy can be used for removing carbon and tree growth.(所有植物都经历光合作用，在光合作用中，阳光、水和二氧化碳转化为葡萄糖和氧气。然而，几乎所有的树木都会在这个过程中释放出有毒物质。为了去除这种物质，树木必须在另一个被称为光呼吸的步骤中消耗新产生的能量，这一步骤不产生任何能量，而是将二氧化碳释放回大气中。为了防止植物浪费能量，这家生物技术公司用绿藻中的基因改造了他们的杨树。外源基因首先在烟草植物上进行了测试，将树木产生的有毒物质转化为糖，这样就可以用更多的能量来去除碳，促进树木生长)”可知，第三段的主要内容是转基因树背后的基本思想。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Plant biologist Norberto Martinez from the University of Illinois suggests the engineered poplar trees may not thrive outdoors or will require more water and fertilizer to maintain their fast growth. Many sustainable forestry organizations have also banned engineered trees from being planted in forests.(伊利诺伊大学的植物生物学家Norberto Martinez表示，经过基因改造的杨树可能无法在户外茁壮成长，或者需要更多的水和肥料来保持其快速生长。许多可持续林业组织也禁止在森林中种植转基因树木)”可知，本段主要介绍基因改造树木的劣势。由此推知，全球生态正义项目认为这些树木可能会干扰保护和再生森林的努力。故画线词意思是“干扰”。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Though there may be opposing opinions regarding genetically modified poplar trees, one thing is for sure: they hold the potential to lower greenhouse gases in our environment at a faster rate.(尽管对转基因杨树可能会有反对意见，但有一件事是肯定的：它们有可能以更快的速度减少我们环境中的温室气体)”可推知，改造过的杨树吸收二氧化碳的潜力大于担忧。故选B。
4．，推理判断题。通读全文可知，第二段介绍转基因杨树的优势，第三段介绍转基因树背后的基本思想，第四段介绍支持转基因杨树的声音，第五段介绍反对转基因杨树的声音。由此推知，这篇文章的主要目的是提供信息和辩论。故选A。
5．D 6．C 7．D 8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了近三分之一的美国人久坐不动，对此健康专家建议每天不少于半小时的适度运动对我们有好处。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段“According to the Centers for Disease Control, 29.4% of those surveyed say they have no free-time physical activity at all.(根据美国疾病控制中心的数据，29.4%的受访者表示，他们在空闲时间根本没有任何体育活动)”可知，作者说近三分之一的美国人久坐不动，意思是他们在空闲时间很少进行体育活动。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段“While light activity is good, moderate (not very large or very small) activity is even better, and health experts encourage everyone to have at least 30 minutes a day of moderate physical activity. But you don’t have to go to a gym. As recent studies show, “lifestyle” activities, such as walking, house cleaning and gardening, work as well as a structured (特意制定的) exercise program in improving heart function, lowering blood pressure and keeping or losing weight.(虽然轻度活动是好的，但适度（不是很大或很小）的活动更好，健康专家鼓励每个人每天至少有30分钟的适度体育活动。但你不必去健身房。最近的研究表明，“生活方式”活动，如散步、打扫房间和园艺，在改善心脏功能、降低血压和保持或减肥方面，与有组织的锻炼计划一样有效)”可知，房屋清洁属于适度活动。故选C。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段“Light activity can increase physical and mental health. While light activity is good, moderate (not very large or very small) activity is even better, and health experts encourage everyone to have at least 30 minutes a day of moderate physical activity.(轻度活动可以增进身心健康。虽然轻度活动是好的，但适度（不是很大或很小）的活动更好，健康专家鼓励每个人每天至少有30分钟的适度体育活动)”可知，适度运动能更好地改善身心健康。故选D。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“While light activity is good, moderate (not very large or very small) activity is even better, and health experts encourage everyone to have at least 30 minutes a day of moderate physical activity.(虽然轻度运动是好的，但适度（不是很大或很小）的运动更好，健康专家鼓励每个人每天至少进行30分钟的适度体育活动)”可知，健康专家建议每天不少于半小时的适度运动对我们有好处。故选A。
9．D 10．A 11．D 12．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经差点淹死，从此害怕水，直到遇到一个溺水的男孩，并救起了他后，作者终于克服了自己的恐惧。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Thirteen years earlier, I dropped into water and was nearly drowned at a city pool.(13年前，我掉进了水里，差点淹死在一个城市游泳池里)”可知，13年前，作者差点淹死。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“As soon as I went under it, I felt like I was back in that city pool, breathless, struggling (挣扎). (我一到水下，就觉得自己又回到了那个城市的泳池里，上气不接下气，挣扎着)”推知，当作者跳入水中时，他感到害怕。故选A。
11．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“I pulled as hard as I could, and he popped back up, coughing, eyes wide with fear. Only one Italian word came to mind.(我用尽力气拉，他又跳了起来，咳嗽着，惊恐地瞪大了眼睛。我只想到一个意大利词)”以及后文“If he struggled, I’d never get him to safety.(如果他挣扎，我永远也救不了他)”可知，男孩在水里挣扎，所以作者说“Riposo”，让男孩不要挣扎，故画线词意思是“停止移动”。故选D。
12．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“I held him and fought to get us back to land. And I realized that I was no longer afraid. Not at all. I knew how terrified I got at the sight of water. Yet the disappearing of fear was absolutely amazing.(我抱着他，努力让我们回到陆地上。我意识到我不再害怕了。一点也不。我知道我一看到水就非常害怕。然而恐惧的消失绝对是惊人的)”结合文章主要讲述作者曾经差点淹死，从此害怕水，直到遇到一个溺水的男孩，并救起了他后，作者终于克服了自己的恐惧可知，B选项“超越恐惧”最符合文章标题。故选B。
13．D 14．B 15．C 16．A
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章是一则布告，主要介绍了一个诗歌比赛的情况，包括比赛规则以及报名方式等。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段“It invites young people to focus on (关注) the “many ways we are connected to the universe”.(它邀请年轻人关注“我们与宇宙联系的许多方式”)”可知，比赛的中心是与宇宙的连通性。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段“The winning entries (参赛作品) will be presented in a projection show, which will visit some places around the UK from March to May 2023. This outdoor show will include entries from the competition and run for a week in each place.(参赛作品将在2023年3月至5月期间在英国的一些地方进行放映。这个户外展览将包括来自比赛的作品，并在每个地方运行一周)”可知，获胜者会得到展示他们作品的机会。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“All poems entered by post must be post-dated on or before 19 December 2022.(所有以邮寄方式参赛的诗歌必须在2022年12月19日或之前完成)”可知，所有以邮寄方式参赛的诗歌必须在2022年12月19日前寄出。故选C。
16．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Poems must be written in English or Welsh and not be longer than 20 lines.(诗歌必须用英语或威尔士语写成，不超过20行)”可知，根据规定，参加活动的人必须写不超过20行诗。故选A。
17．C 18．D 19．A 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者在女儿Sara遇到友情的问题时，巧妙地用篮子来给女儿解释随着年龄的增长，人需要自己去独立地完成更多的事情，女儿最终明白了这个道理，决定自己去解决这个问题。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段中““Marcy hates me!” she cried. “Because Kathy is my friend, too. She wants me to be her friend and nobody else’s. You talk to Marcy. You tell her that I want to be her friend, but I can have other friends, too!”（“Marcy讨厌我！”她叫道。“因为Kathy也是我的朋友。她想让我做她的朋友，不做别人的朋友。你和Marcy谈谈。你告诉她我想成为她的朋友，但我也可以有其他的朋友！”）”可知，Sara不懂得如何处理好朋友Kathy要求她只能有一个朋友的情况，所以她的问题是不知道如何处理友谊。故选C项。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段“Oh! I looked at her for a few moments, wondering how I got into this mess (困境), when suddenly an idea came to me.（哦！我看了她一会儿，想知道我是怎么陷入这种混乱的，突然我想到了一个主意。）”可知，刚开始作者面对女儿的问题愣住了，觉得很混乱。由此推知，作者觉得这个问题很有挑战性。故选D项。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Sara的话“I understand. There are some things that I have to do for myself because they are in my basket.（我明白了。有些事情我必须自己做，因为它们在我的篮子里。）”可知，Sara明白了作者想表达的意思，知道有些事必须自己做。由此推知，她会亲自去和Marcy交谈。故选A项。
20．推理判断题。根据第三段中“You can see your little basket is inside mine because when you were born, there were too many things you couldn’t do for yourself. I did everything you couldn’t do on your own.（你可以看到你的小篮子在我的篮子里，因为当你出生的时候，有太多的事情你不能为自己做。你一个人做不到的事我都做了。）”、第五段中“Well, as you grew older and began to do some things on your own, I began placing a few more things in your basket.（嗯，当你长大了，开始自己做一些事情时，我开始在你的篮子里放更多的东西。）”和第七段中“As you grow older, there will be more and more things you must do on your own.（随着年龄的增长，你必须自己做的事情会越来越多。）”可知，作者用篮子来给女儿解释，篮子的大小随着年龄的增长，随着自己可以做的事情的增多而变大，当最终长大了的时候，有些事必须自己去做。由此可知，篮子指的就是随着成长而增长的能力。故选C项。
21．D 22．C 23．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款变色车，说明了其会变色背后的原理以及这种车的好处。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“At the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show, a famous car company showcased a concept car that can change colors. The surface coating of this car features e-ink that is most well-known from the displays of e-readers. It contains many millions of micro-capsules, each of which contains negatively charged white pigments (颜料) and positively charged black pigments. Depending on the chosen setting, stimulation by means of an electrical field causes either the white or the black pigments to collect at the surface of the micro-capsule, giving the car body the desired shade.(在2022年国际消费电子展上，一家著名汽车公司展示了一款可以变色的概念车。这辆车的表面涂层具有电子墨水，这是最著名的电子阅读器显示器。它包含数百万个微胶囊，每个微胶囊都含有带负电的白色色素和带正电的黑色色素。根据所选择的设置，电场的刺激会使白色或黑色颜料聚集在微胶囊的表面，从而使车身呈现出所需的阴影)”可知，这款概念车之所以能变色，主要是因为带电颜料的聚集。故选D。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段“The color chosen for a car is an expression of the driver’s personalities. It offers a completely new way of changing the vehicle’s appearance in line with the driver’s preferences, the environmental conditions or even functional requirements.(汽车的颜色是司机个性的体现。它提供了一种全新的方式，可以根据驾驶员的喜好、环境条件甚至功能要求来改变车辆的外观)”以及第四段“A variable exterior color can contribute to energy saving and wellness in the interior.(一个可变的外部颜色可以有助于节能和健康的内部)”可知，变色车可以彰显个性，提高汽车性能。故选C。
23．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Last November, a magazine with great influence revealed its annual list of the Best Inventions, which are changing how we live, work, play, and think about what’s possible. One of these inventions was the “color changing car”.(去年11月，一家极具影响力的杂志公布了年度最佳发明名单，这些发明正在改变我们的生活、工作、娱乐和思考可能发生的事情。其中一项发明是“变色车”)”结合文章主要介绍了一款变色车，说明了其会变色背后的原理以及这种车的好处。可知，D选项“汽车的新发明：定制的外观”最符合文章标题。故选D。
24．D 25．D 26．B 27．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者是一名工程师，工作包括规划、制作和操作飞行中的科学仪器。作者认为自己从事有益于人类的项目，感到感激和满足。
24．细节理解题。根据第二段“After receiving an email from a college called Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), I decided to apply to a summer program they were offering with the encouragement of my mom. After participating in that program, I knew that MIT was the right university for me.(在收到一封来自麻省理工学院的电子邮件后，在我妈妈的鼓励下，我决定申请他们提供的暑期项目。在参加了这个项目之后，我知道MIT是适合我的大学)”可知，作者申请麻省理工学院是因为一个暑期项目使她爱上了麻省理工学院。故选D。
25．推理判断题。根据第三段“The most exciting and fulfilling part of being an engineer is that I am able to work on projects that benefit humanity.(作为一名工程师，最令人兴奋和满足的部分是我能够从事有益于人类的项目)”以及“What they may not imagine is the great body of work being done to study our own home-Earth. I am thankful to have a career that allows me to commit myself to that responsibility.(他们可能无法想象的是，研究我们自己的家园地球的大量工作正在进行。我很感激有这样一份工作，能让我承担起这样的责任)”可知，作者因自己为人类福祉而工作而自豪。故选D。
26．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“And while Cassini will be remembered for its historic contributions, what I will remember it for is the team it brought together.(虽然卡西尼号将因其历史性贡献而被铭记，但我将铭记的是它所凝聚的团队)”可知，在卡西尼号任务中，作者最看重的是它所凝聚的团队。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I realized that a common theme of hero stories is that the hero must always make a choice to start their adventure. If you don’t pick up the sword in your own story because you are afraid of what may happen next, you risk not having a story at all.(我意识到英雄故事的一个共同主题是，英雄必须总是做出选择，开始他们的冒险。如果你在自己的故事中因为害怕接下来可能发生的事情而不拿起剑，你就有可能根本没有故事)”可知，我们能从这个故事中学到“勇者无惧”的道理。故选B。
28．C 29．B 30．C 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。
28．推理判断题。根据第一段“But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. (但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. (人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。A项“When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”、B项“When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. (当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. (当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望。C项“When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. (当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论。故选C。
29．推理判断题。根据第三段“In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. (心理学家将推断他人精神状态的能力称为心理理论。在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。主要挑战之一是语境问题。例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，人类在一定程度上限制了人工智能的思维理论。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. (然而，我们可能仍然希望人工智能拥有一种更像人类的思维理论。人类可以用共同的语言和想法向彼此清楚地解释他们的目标和欲望。虽然让人工智能在学习过程中形成思维理论可能会导致开发出更强大的人工智能，但以共享的方式表达知识可能对人类信任人工智能和与人工智能交流至关重要)”可知，关于人工智能，作者最看重的是它的推理能力，这样才能实现人类人工智能的交流。故选C。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. (然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有思维理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是迈向人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：建造真正有自我意识的机器)”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。
32．A 33．C 34．B 35．D
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了一项一到两周的暑期英语课程，包括学费、食宿、申请方式等信息。
32．细节理解题。根据文章开头的“San Diego Seaside College is offering one and two-week English summer courses for high school students from all over the world who want to improve their English.”（圣地亚哥海滨学院为来自世界各地想要提高英语水平的高中生提供一到两周的暑期英语课程。）可知，课程的目标人群是想提高英语水平的高中生，目的是帮助他们学好英语。故选A项。
33．细节理解题。根据Tuition Fees中的“One-week Course (July 26–August 1): $310（一周课程（7月26日至8月1日）：310美元）”可知，一周的课程费用是310美元。故选C项。
34．细节理解题。根据Accommodations中的“You should reserve your accommodations before May 15 and all the accommodation fees must be paid in full before June 15.”（你必须在5月15日之前预订住宿，所有的住宿费必须在6月15日之前全额支付。）可知，住宿费需在6月15日之前支付。故选B项。
35．细节理解题。根据How to Apply中的“Fill out an application form and send it to us at esc@sdc.edu.”（请填写申请表并将其发送至esc@sdc.edu。）可知，想要申请该课程的话，需要填写表格，并将表格通过电子邮件发送到指定邮箱。故选D项。
36．C 37．A 38．D 39．B 40．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。 作者针对新西兰《雇佣关系法》的个人申诉条款禁止雇主没有正当理由的情况下解雇员工的条款发表个人观点，他认为这一条款有利于保护普通工人的利益，但是对企业和社会的发展也带来一定的阻碍作用。
36．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Personal grievance procedures were designed to protect the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. (新西兰《2000年雇佣关系法》(ERA)的个人申诉条款禁止雇主在没有正当理由的情况下解雇雇员。)”可知，个人申诉程序的目的是保护普通工人的权益。故选C。
37．推理判断题。根据第三段“But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly-paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will confirm, constraining (限制) firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers puts a brake on productivity and overall performance. (但这些条款在适用于高薪经理和高管时，给企业带来了困难。正如无数董事会和企业主所证实的那样，限制公司解雇表现不佳、收入高的经理会抑制生产率和整体业绩。)”可知，这些条款可能会减缓业务发展，故选A。
38．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in a 2014 article, the Productivity Commission single out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record. (就业保护法在一定程度上限制企业主不得解雇表现不佳的管理人员，如果不将工作置于危险之中，这些法律就会约束企业的生产率，从而约束工人的工资。事实上，Productivity Commission在2014年的一篇文章中指出，管理能力质量低下是该国生产率增长记录不佳的一个原因。)”可知，Productivity Commission会支持的措施是解雇表现不佳的经理，故选D。
39．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“And