2023届高考英语作文备考读后续写：无灵主语学案（无答案）

如何运用“无灵主语”
非人称作主语，即“无灵主语”，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”，表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，往往带有拟人化修辞色彩，语气含蓄，令人回味。
例1: I cannot express how I feel.
转为: Words fail me!
例2: She tried to be brave, but she couldn’t gather up her courage.
转为: She tried to be brave, but her courage failed/disappointed her.
一、“无灵主语”句的分类
无灵主语句式，根据主语的不同，具体可分为：
①时间和地点名词
②具体或者抽象事物的名词
③身心和情感状态的名词
④具有行为或动作意义的名词
⑤it作形式主语、there作引导词等
时间和地点名词作无灵主语
谓语通常是see, witness, find, tell等有灵动词，有时可引申为“显示”“表明”“产生”等意义。
请根据中文意思补全英文句子
（在）上海发生了许多重大历史事件。
______________ witnessed many great historical events.
过去三十年人们生活水平稳步提高。
_________________ saw the steady improvement in people’s living standard.
过了一会儿他们来到一所村舍门口，主人敲了敲门。
_________________ brought them to a cottage door, at which the owner knocked.血迹斑斑的手套就是匪徒的罪证。
The blood-stained ______________ told of the bandit’s crime.在这体育场里举办过很多精彩的足球赛。
________________ has seen many exciting football matches.
具体或者抽象事物的名词作无灵主语
作谓语的有灵动词大致分为两类：得失型动词和情感型使动词。
得失型动词: lost, get, gain, seize, take, come over, grip (gripped), reach, fail, save, win, desert, release, deprive (deprive of), rob sb. of ..., visit, face, escape, elude, slip (slipped), invite, bring sb. to ..., linger, creep, oppress, take (entire) possession of, fill sb. with ..., etc.
情感型使动词: surprise, disappoint, excite, disturb, determine, inspire, puzzle, annoy, trouble, irritate, shock, tear ... into pieces, depress, etc.
请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。
____________________ killed the sound of my footsteps.
我忘了她的名字。
____________________ escaped/ eluded me/ slipped my mind.
美景使这个地方颇有名气。
__________________ gained the place quite a reputation.
他面临困难的抉择。
__________________ now faces him.
她咬指甲的习惯使我生气
__________________ her nails irritates me.
身心和情感状态的抽象名词作无灵主语
作谓语的有灵动词大致分为两类：得失型动词和情感型使动词。
请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
当他不得不说话时，他突然失去了信心。
When he had to speak, _________________ suddenly deserted/ escaped him.他忽然怒从心头起。
Then __________________ seized/ came over/ oppressed him.我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。
__________________ deprived me of all power of utterance.
她焦虑不安，全身崩溃了。
___________________ tore her into pieces.
恐惧慢慢向他袭来。
___________________ slowly creeps upon her.
具有行为或动作意义的名词作无灵主语
通常是本身具有名词词性（如visit, interview等），或者动词的名词形式（如arrival, survival等），或者具有动词意味的名词（idea, thought, sight, sense等），与其他修饰词一起构成无灵主语句的主语，并且与其后的修饰词构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。作谓语的有灵动词，以使令动词为主，如remind, make, let, lead, send, leave, drive等。
注：无灵主语与其前后的修饰词构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
eg. 1: the president’s arrival （主谓）
eg. 2: the sight of the flowers（动宾）
请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
感觉身后全是男女生，我大脑一片空白。
__________________ of the boys and girls behind me made me forget everything (my mind go blank/ my mind is a blank).
一见到那个孤儿，我就想起了她的父母。
__________________ of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.
一想到要出国深造，他就兴奋不已。
__________________ that he will go abroad for further study made him excited.
他心不在焉，差点儿出了车祸。
__________________ during the driving nearly caused an accident.
他重游故居，不禁回忆起许多美好的回忆。
__________________ to the places where he had lived brought back many fond memories.It作为无灵主语的形式主语/ there作引导词
此类句子真正的主语是后面的词或从句，“it”作形式主语泛指一切事物 (情况) 或发挥某种句法功能，使句子语法完整，或者起强调作用，以增强语气。请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
我从没有想到她会这样的不诚实。
__________ never occurred to / hit / struck me that she was so dishonest.
她带了雨伞，真是明智。
__________ was very wise of her to bring an umbrella.
现在，大家都觉得当时对他的任命是个严重的错误。
__________ is generally felt that his appointment was a serious mistake.
有人敲门。
__________ comes a knock at the door.
有位女士给你打来好几次电话。
__________ has been a lady calling you several times.
如何运用“无灵主语”句
运用“无灵主语”，突出人物的心理描写
采用无灵主语句来描写抽象的内在心理，使其更具象化，人物形象跃然纸上。
案例1
What if his ghost should rise up, angry at the way I was treated The thought of it brought me no comfort, but only a growing terror.
写作句式：“事物或行为名词+有灵动词+sb. (因果关系)”，译为“某事使某人怎么了”。
汉译：如果他的鬼魂出来对我的遭遇感到愤怒，会怎么样呢？一想到这，我不但没有得到安慰，反而更加恐惧。
案例2
Horror and grief gave way to a desire to see her, but the nurse would not let me.
写作句式：“情绪名词+有灵动词+sb.”，译为“某人觉得怎么了”。
汉译：恐惧和悲痛也无法抑制想见她的强烈渴望，但护士就是不让我去。
小练
请运用无灵主语和有灵动词填空，突显人物的心理描写。天越来越黑，越来越黑，我的勇气沉下去了。
It grew darker and colder, and my _________ __________.如此静谧的生活中，这真是一个令人兴奋的下午。一想到要和费尔法斯太太一起回到桑菲尔德过夜，我就厌烦了，于是我一路沿着墙久久徘徊。
It had been an exciting afternoon in such a quiet life. The ________ of going back to Thornfield for an evening with Mrs Fairfax _________ me, and I lingered over the wall home.
痛苦和绝望击垮了我，我倒在门阶上哭泣。我既没有希望，也没有勇气了。
__________ and _________ __________ me, and I fell sobbing on the doorstep. I had neither hope nor courage any more.
我实在无法形容我的耻辱，站在全校师生面前，我几乎要哭了。几近崩溃时，海伦·布姆斯走了过来，抬眼看我，脸上露出真诚善良和善解人意的微笑，这给了我勇气。
I have no words to tell you of the shame I felt, standing on high before the whole school and near to tears. Just as I thought I would break down, Helen Bums came past. She lifted her eyes, and there was _____________________________ that ___________ me courage.
运用“无灵主语”，烘托主题的场景描写
场景描写就是描写人物所处的场景或社会环境，包括时间、地点、天气、环境或背景等方面，正面或侧面刻画人物，渲染气氛或深化主题。“拟人化”的无灵主语句无疑赋予了场景或环境生命力，使场景更加翔实，事件更加具体，矛盾更加突出，人物更加形象，主题也就更能深入人心。
案例1
Night fell, the wind grew strong, and the tree creaked and groaned. A storm was gathering, but we stayed there until thunder and lightning crashed. It was midnight when we reached the house.
汉译：夜幕降临，风刮得更大了，树嘎吱作响，不止地呻吟着。暴风雨即将来临，但我们一直待在那里，直到电闪雷鸣。我们到家时已是半夜了。
案例2
Flames were creeping along the bed curtains as I ran in. Wake up! I cried, shaking him, but the smoke had dulled his senses so I took the water jug and flung the water over him. As it quenched the flames, it woke him.
汉译：当我跑进去的时候，火焰沿着床罩蔓延。醒醒啊！我边叫边摇晃他，但烟熏得他神志不清，于是我拿起水罐，把水泼在他身上。当火焰被扑灭时，他也被唤醒了。
小练
请运用无灵主语和有灵主语填空，进行烘托主题的场景描写。天啊！什么叫声！极其可怕的尖叫声响彻夜空。
Great heavens! What a try! The most appalling __________ ___________ through the night.第二天，大雪席卷山谷，厚积成堆。黄昏时分，我点了火，坐着看书。
All the following day, ___________ ____________ into the valley and _____________ in drift. In the evening twilight, I lit the fire and sat reading.
房子被熏黑了，没了屋顶和窗户。曾经的前门出现了一道黑黑的裂缝，烟囱塌了，杂草在倒下的椽子间蔓生。花园也被践踏和破坏。炭化和煤烟显示它已被烧毁。难道，他它也毁了生命吗？
The house was blackened, roofless, and windowless. A darkened ___________ __________ where the front door had been, the chimneys had crashed in, weeds grew between fallen rafters. The gardens were trampled and wrecked. Charring and soot __________ that it had burned to destruction. Had it destroyed life, too
运用“无灵主语”，推动故事情节发展
无灵主语句式的细节描写，以客观事物为主语，配上带有人物特有的动作描写，使事件描述具有动态性，细腻生动地交代了事情发生的前因后果和呈现细节，从而使情节过渡自然，得到发展。
案例1
The typhoid finally wore itself out but news of it, and of the deaths at the school, had traveled.
汉译：伤寒终于过去了，但是关于它和学校里死亡人员的消息已经传开了。
案例2
Still hoping to be unnoticed, I kept my head down, but the slate slipped treacherously from my hand and fell with a terrible smash on the floor。
汉译：我仍希望不被注意，低着头，可是石板却背叛地从我手中滑落，重重地摔在地板上。
小练
请运用无灵主语和有灵动词进行填空，进行推动情节的细节描写。
我气得手指发抖，没法继续缝了。
My fingers _______________ with anger, so that I could not go on sewing.
他追问我从哪里来，我的朋友和家人是谁，尽管这个话题让我差点落泪，但我觉得我欠他们一些解释。
He persistently asked about where I was from and who my friends and family were, even though the subject _____________ me close to tears. But I felt I owed them some explanation.他的紧张使我感到不安。一个清亮甜美的声音打断了我们，我松了一口气。His ____________ ___________ me. I was relieved when a bright, sweet voice ________ us.
就在姐妹俩要走的时候，来了一封信，使全家人都很失望。黛安娜告诉我发生了什么事。
小试牛刀
【选词填空】请选用以下表格中的有灵动词填空（个别答案不唯一）。
puzzle oppress desert refuse please see grip chip fail drive slip release visit make show take escape occur to remind ... of ... fill ... with ... lead ... to ...
门关不上。
The door _____________ to close.
2. 这可怜的家庭遇到许多麻烦事。
A lot of troubles ______________ the poor family.
时间一分一分地溜走了。
The minutes ______________ by quickly.
一见到那个孤儿，我就想到了她的父母。
The sight of the orphan always _____________ me of her parents for the moment.
顺着小路，我们来到一个小村庄。
The path _____________ us __________ a tiny village.
我因公去了镇里。
Business _____________ me to town.
他妈妈在一年后去世了。
The following year ________________ the death of his mother.
那个男演员的名字我一时想不起来了。
It was an actor whose name ____________ me for the moment.
当他第一次见到他女朋友时，他说不出话来。
When he met his girlfriend for the first time, words ____________ him.
由于天气寒冷，大家都躲进了室内。The bitter weather had ____________ everyone indoors.
在黑暗中，他就再也没有什么顾忌。Darkness _____________ him from his last restraints (限制).
一见到鲜血，她就感到紧张。
The very sight of blood _______________ her feel nervous.
仔细比较，你就会发现不同。
Careful comparison will _______________ you the difference.
我突然有了个好主意。
A splendid idea suddenly _______________ me.
这些图引起了我的想象。
The pictures _______________ my imagination.
当他不得不和她说话时，他突然失去了勇气。
When he had to speak to her, his courage suddenly ______________ him.
她感到惊讶甚至恐惧。
Astonishment and even horror _______________ her.
一想到面试，我就担心害怕。
Thought of the interview ____________ me ____________ fear.
他由于失去财产而发疯。
Losing his fortune _______________ him mad.
老师因为她出色的工作和服从感到高兴。
Her good work and obedience have ______________ her teacher.
她因照顾生病的孩子而瘦了好多。
Taking care of the sick child has already _______________ a few kilos off her.
这位卡车司机因为复杂的道路交通图而不知所措。
The complexity of the road map ________________ the truck driver.
【中译英】请运用无灵主语句（无灵主语+作谓语的有灵动词）翻译以下句子。
到了秋季，许多年轻人穿上了精心裁制的 (smartly tailored) 衣服。(see)
________________________________________________________________________2. 镇上有个美丽的湖，人人以此自豪。(boast 吹嘘)________________________________________________________________________
从他的办公室窗口可以看到城镇的全景。(offer a panoramic view of)
________________________________________________________________________
我们步行十分钟就到了旅馆。(bring ... to ...)
________________________________________________________________________
我完全丧失了勇气。(desert)
________________________________________________________________________
看到我们的飞机，听到飞机隆隆的声音，令我特别神往。(fill ... with ...)
________________________________________________________________________
因下雨，我不能来。(prevent ... from ...)
________________________________________________________________________
这个城市刚下过一场大雨。(visit)
________________________________________________________________________
走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声都没有。(kill)
________________________________________________________________________
黄昏 (nightfall) 时候，小男孩还在离家很远的地方。(find)
________________________________________________________________________
【微写作】请运用无灵主语句来展开细节描写，聚焦人物心理、场景铺设和情节发展。
1. 几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种情感上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。（anger and bitterness, prey upon (掠夺，折磨), languor (疲倦；无精打采), succeed）
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看到她儿子和听到她儿子的声音，她既开心又幸福。（the sight and the sound, fill ... with ...）
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她疾病缠身，没信心挑起这副重担 (carry the load)。她突然感到非常难过。（sickness, rob ... of ..., sorrow, seize）
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当我们到达山顶时，我们看到了一片壮丽的 (magnificent) 海景。然后，一条蜿蜒的小路 (a winding path) 把我们引向一个小亭子 (pavilion)。（view, greet, path, lead ... to ...）
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去年这个可怜的老人碰到了不少麻烦。他一踏入房间，就受到这个家庭的关怀和照顾。（trouble, visit, care and kindness, surround）
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星期一早晨，汤姆显得很难过 (miserable)。他因病未能参加爬山。（Monday morning, find, illness, prevent ... from ...）
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东方欲晓的时候，他已骑了一大段路，这次骑车旅行是很愉快的。但是他已疲惫不堪，决定一有机会就找个阴凉的地方坐下来。（dawn, meet, weariness (疲惫), determine, in the first convenient shade）
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【高考链接·多元创作】故事情节：儿子和父亲野外骑马，途遇小兔，不慎迷路，偏离了Uncle Paul提醒的路线，天色已晚，最终他们能否安全回到叔叔的农场？写作要求：请续写补全第二段（Paragraph 2: We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark ...），关于心理描写、场景描写或细节描写，使用无灵主语句，至少1句。
Step 1：自由表达
We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Step 2：读写模仿
Version 1: We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. Wandering around, we were still stuck in the dilemma. Much to our delight, ____________________________________
________________________________________________.（远处的水声引起了我们的注意，把我们带到了河岸）Dad proposed that we should walk along ____________________________（可以把我们带到农舍的河）and nothing seemed better than that. Time appeared to be merrier and shorter when I stayed together with Dad and before long, _____________________________.
（农舍映入眼帘）What a thrilling but memorable experience it was!
Version 2: We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. _____________________
___________________________________________.（想到我们可能在这样的黑暗中迷路，我的脊梁骨直打颤。）_________________________________________________（恐惧和遗憾的泪水充满了我的眼睛。）Fortunately, Dad was not so panicked as I was. He kept silent and listened very carefully as he took my horse rein and led the way. We had wandered for what seemed like ages when suddenly a river came into sight. Hopefully, we could find our way back to the farm house if we follow the river. Finally, we arrived home safely just in time for supper, but what an experience! It turns out there’s always a way out of any plight as long as we stay clam.
Version 3: We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. ___________________
___________________________________________（月亮破云而出，银色的月光洒在潮湿的大地上。）We wandered slowly on our horses, feeling at a loss what to do. Suddenly, __________
_______________________.（流水声引起了我的注意）“Dad, maybe we can find the farm house down the river.” Dad nodded with approval. With great care, we rode our horses along the river. Shortly afterwards, ___________________________________________________.（毫无疑问，我们看到了保罗叔叔的农场。）Finally, we got to the farm, safe and sound. What a trip like never before!