【每周一讲，个个击破】2015《三维设计》高考英语（江苏专用）大一轮语法专题：第一周　名　词（语法要点精析+高频考点领悟+专题过关检测）

第一周　名　词
一、名词词义辨析
1．形近词的词义辨析
①symptom(症状)　　　　　　 similarity(类似)
sample(样本) shadow(影子)
②sympathy(同情) symbol(象征，符号)
symptom(症状) system(系统)
③commitment(承诺，奉献) competition(竞争)
ambition(野心) company(陪伴)
It is important to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any symptom.(2012· 湖北高考)
定期去医院检查眼睛，看有没有出现没有任何症状的那些眼病，是重要的。
2．相同词缀的名词辨析
①expression(表达；表情) attention(注意)
satisfaction(满意) impression(印象)
②expectation(期望) reputation(声誉)
contribution(贡献) civilization (文明)
③accommodation(住宿) occupation(职业)
adaptation(适应，改编) appreciation(欣赏)
④equipment(设备) arrangement(安排)
assessment(评估，估算) entertainment(娱乐)
My first impression o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.(2012·山东高考)
我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良且有思想的年轻人。
3．意义相近词的辨析
①strength(长处) talent(天赋)
ability(能力) skill(技能)
②advice question
offer idea
③anger rudeness
regret panic(惊慌)
“Tommy, run！Be quick！ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )The house is on fire！”the mother shouted, with panic clearly in her voice.
“汤米，跑！快跑！房子着火了！”妈妈大声喊道。她的声音里显然带着恐慌。
4．无一定关联性的名词词义辨析
①curiosity(好奇) satisfaction(满意)
envy(羡慕) patience(耐心)
②difference comparison(比较)
connection barrier(屏障，障碍)
③luck value
time fact
It shows that you have no curiosity or interest in the organization.
这意味着你对该公司没有什么好奇心或兴趣。
二、名词的固定搭配
1．动词have, take, make, pay, play, put, give, get等加名词构成的短语
have a good reputation　　　　 有个好名声
have a feeling of 有……感觉
have access to 可以获得
take advantage of 利用，趁……之机
take a turn 转变
get relief 得到缓解
The doctor is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good reputation.(2010·江苏高考)
这位医生在治疗心脏病上技术高超而且从来不收病人任何礼物，因此享有较高声誉。
2．介词后加名词构成的短语
in great demand 　　　　　　 需求量很大
in progress 在进行中
out of touch 与……无联系
beyond recognition 辨认不出来
As the football mat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ch was in progress, we kept cheering on both teams.
足球赛进行时，我们不断地喊叫，为双方加油。
三、抽象名词具体化
1．表示具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有
单词 抽象名词 具体化名词意义
success 成功 成功的人或事
pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事
comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger 危险 危险的人或因素
failure 失败 失败的人或事物
surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情
shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情
It's a good feeli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.(2012·福建高考)
对于人们来说，欣赏带给他们快乐的上海世博会是一种美好的感觉。
2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词
物质名词 可数名词 物质名词 可数名词
drink饮料 two drinks两杯饮料 sugar糖 a sugar一块糖
coffee咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 paper纸 a paper一张报纸；一篇论文
tea茶 two teas两杯茶 hair头发 a hair一根头发
—I knocked over the tea cup and it fell on the mobile phone.
—You should never put drinks near a phone.
——我把茶杯碰倒了，它落在了那部手机上。
——你永远都不应该把饮料放到手机附近。
考点一 名词词义辨析，包括形近、同缀、意近和无关联词
1．(2013·湖北高考)Poet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry written from the ________ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.
A．perspective　　　　　　　 B．priority
C．participation D．privilege
解析：选A　句意：从都市年轻人的视角写的诗歌 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )往往显示出了他们因为缺少归属感而带来的焦虑。perspective“视角，观点”；priority“优先(权)，优先事项”；participation“参加，参与”；privilege“特权，优惠”。根据句意可知，A项正确。
2．(2013·江西高考) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ________.
A．curiosity B．satisfaction
C．envy D．patience
解析：选D　句意：无论什 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )么时候我犯了错误，老师总是耐心地把它们指出来。patience“耐心”，符合句意。curiosity“好奇心”；satisfaction“满意，满足”；envy“嫉妒”。
考点二 名词构成的固定搭配，尤其是高频的“动词＋名词”与“介词＋名词”的短语搭配
3．(2013·江苏高考)With i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a ________ for the better.
A．share B．chance
C．turn D．lead
解析：选C　根据句中的for the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )better可知，美国的饮食文化将向更好的方面转变，因此选turn。share“份额”；chance“机会”；lead“榜样”。
4．(2011·江苏高考)Teac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ______.
A.consequence B．independence
C．competence D．intelligence
解析：选C　句意：为了保持专业能力，老师 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )需要不断地更新他们的知识。competence“能力”，符合句意。consequence“结果”；independence“独立”；intelligence“智力”。
考点三 名词的一词多义与熟词新义
5．(2011·山东高考)Those ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) who suffer from headache will find they get ________ from this medicine.
A．relief B．safety
C．defense D．shelter
解析：选A　句意：那些患头痛的人，服用此药后症状会得到缓解。relief的常见含义为“安慰，宽慰”，此处表示“缓解”。
6．(2010·江西高考) What' ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s the________， in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn't make an effort to help himself
A．sympathy B．theme
C．object D．point
解析：选D　句意：依你看，如果 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )他都不努力帮他自己，那我们帮他还有什么意义呢？what's the point of ...表示“……的意义是什么？”。sympathy“同情”， theme“主题”， object“物体”，均与句意不符。
考点四 抽象名词具体化
7．(2012·山东高考)Being ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )able to afford ________ drink would be ________ comfort in those tough times.
A．the; the B．a; a
C．a; 不填 D．不填； a
解析：选B　不可数名词可以和不定冠词连用， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )表示名词的具体化。句中的a drink表示“一杯饮料”，后面的a comfort意为“一件安慰的事”。句意：在那些难熬的时光中，能买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。
1．(2014·合肥一中检测 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))Buckingham Palace is a great tourist ________， drawing millions of visitors every year.
A．attention　　　　　　　　 B．attraction
C．appointment D．arrangement
解析：选B　句意：白金汉宫是一个著名的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )旅游景点，每年都吸引上百万游客前去参观。tourist attraction“旅游景点”，是固定短语，符合句意。A项“注意，关心”；C项“任命，约定”；D项“安排”。
2．If you don't take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) away your things from the desk, there won't be enough ________ for my dictionary.
A．area B．place
C．space D．surface
解析：选C　area通常指(地方、城市、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )国家、世界的)地区或地域；place指位置、地点、场所；space常指(可利用的)空地、空间等；surface指表面、表层、外观。句意：如果你不把桌子上你的东西拿走，我的字典就没有足够的空间放了。故选C项。
3．(2014·苏南五校联考)Nowaday ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s, few people form the habit of keeping a supply of candles in the house in case of power ________.
A．drop B．failure
C．lack D．absence
解析：选B　句意：现在很少有人养成在家存放蜡烛以防停电的习惯。power failure“停电”，故选B项。
4．—Do you think I should wear a hat to the party
—It all depends on your own ________.
A．personality B．preference
C．convenience D．selection
解析：选B　A项“个性，品格”；B项 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“偏爱，优先权”；C项“方便，便利”；D项“选择，挑选”。句意：“你认为我应该戴顶帽子去参加舞会吗？”“这完全取决于你的个人喜好。”根据句意可知B项正确。
5．(2014·宿迁毕业班质量预测)T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he notes for vocabulary are very exact, which could help readers to break the language ________ directly and effectively.
A．regulation B．convention
C．pattern D．barrier
解析：选D　句意：词汇的注释非常精确，能 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )够直接有效地帮助读者打破语言障碍。regulation“规则，条例”；convention“惯例，常规”；pattern“模式，方式”；barrier“障碍”。根据句意可知D项正确。
6．(2014·皖南八校联考)Sh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e was in a ________ as to whether to tell her son the truth that he was adopted or not.
A．dilemma B．procedure
C．process D．manner
解析：选A　句意：对于是否要告诉儿子他是被收养的这个事实，她感到左右为难。dilemma“(进退两难的)窘境，困境”，符合句意。
7．—The hero bus driver in Hangzhou died yesterday.
—Yes, news came as ________ to me.
A．shock B．a shock
C．the shock D．shocks
解析：选B　shock意为“震惊”；a shock意为“一件令人震惊的事情”。
8．(2014·武汉名校调研)Fin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ding information in today's world is easy.The ________ is how you can tell whether the information you get is useful or not.
A．ability B．competition
C．challenge D．knowledge
解析：选C　句意：当今世界，获取信息很容易，难在如何判断你所获取的信息是否有用。challenge“挑战”，符合句意。
9．(2014·南师大附中模拟)—Which ________ did you participate in, Mike
—The high jump and the long jump, but I didn't win either of them.
A．affairs B．incidents
C．matters D．events
解析：选D　句意：“麦克，你参加了什么 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )项目？”“跳高和跳远，但是我一项也没赢。”affair“事务”；incident“小事；事件”；matter“事情”；event“重大事件；比赛项目”。
10．(2014·福州三中模 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )拟)After the 8.0 magnitude(八级) earthquake, a lot of people lost ________ with their relatives.
A．content B．context
C．contact D．contest
解析：选C　句意：8级地震 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后，很多人和亲属失去了联系。lose contact with“与……失去联系”，符合句意。content“内容”；context“语境”；contest“抗议”。