高考复习英语语法专题（北师大版闽粤皖京甘豫）教案( 12份打包)

第1讲　冠词
My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②，and we both drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
[规则感悟]　不定冠词的用法
①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一，相同”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per/each/every。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He misses the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2．不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr White with some big bags is waiting to see you at the school gate.
一位拿着几个大袋子的怀特先生正在学校门口等着见你。
3．不定冠词与物质名词或抽象名词连用。
抽象名词和物质名词在表示“概念”时，其前常用零冠词；但在表示具体的人或事物时变成了可数名词，需要与不定冠词连用，表示“一个、一种、一场、一阵”等。具有此用法的名词有物质名词——rain，snow，fog，wind，drink，coffee，beer，fire，paper等；抽象名词——success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，wonder，comfort，danger，shock等。
After we prepared all the equipment for an outdoor photography，suddenly a heavy rain came.
我们为户外摄影准备好所有设备后，突然下起了大雨。
Tony is a famous pianist.I’m absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家。我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
4．有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of时，前面需要用不定冠词。如：have a knowledge of...“了解……”；have a good understanding of...“对……有很好的了解”。
Only by reading the latest issue of this magazine can you have a knowledge of the astronauts’ life in space.
只有读了这本杂志的最新一期，你才能了解宇航员在太空的生活。
5．“a＋most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”，most在此不表示最高级含义，相当于very，而“the＋most＋多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式，表示“最……”。
For a great many men and women，romance can be a most important part of marriage.
对许多男人和女人来说，爱情是婚姻中非常重要的一部分。
It is one of the most original works of imagination in the English language.
它是英语中最具原创性的想象作品之一。
6．不定冠词常见的固定搭配。
have a gift for有……的天赋
get a lift/ride搭便车
pay a visit to参观
lend sb a hand帮助某人
as a result因此
at a distance离一段距离
a waste of ……的浪费
be/go on a diet节食
make a living谋生
as a matter of fact事实上
in a sense/way在某种意义上
all of a sudden突然
对点练习
1．In Chinese culture，each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.
2．He not only is the best student in our class，but also has an excellent sense of humour.
3．He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for a long time.
4．One thing we can do to help solve this problem is walk or use a bicycle when possible.
　　
Mr Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④ when a ship was wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
[规则感悟]　定冠词的用法
①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在朝代、世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江、河、湖、海、山、岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩特指上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the，但是球类、棋类之前却没有冠词。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是在抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配：
at the moment此刻；目前
in the end最后，最终
to tell the truth说实话
on the other hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下
in the middle of在……中间
at the same time同时
on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说
in the distance在远处
to the point中肯；切题
make the most/best of充分利用
对点练习
1．She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.
2．Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in the 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English then.
3．Smoking is one of the biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.
4．The Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.
5．The injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④ and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches her students⑤ to play volleyball and chess⑥.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑦，she raises money① for the children’s meals.
[规则感悟]　常用零冠词的几种情况
①表泛指的可数名词复数或不可数名词前。②表示独一无二的头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤名词前已有this，that，my，her，some，each等限定词时不再用冠词。⑥表示球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑦一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词。
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2．no与such连用时放在such之前，而such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.俗话说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配。
on purpose故意地　　　　 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面 out of date过时的
make room for给……让位　 in debt负债
in shape状况良好 on foot步行
in danger在危险中 side by side肩并肩
from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地
heart and soul全心全意地
1．While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must to visit！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)第1讲　定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self，not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which/that④ matter most to us.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which/that④ we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
[规则感悟]　①关系词指人作主语，可以用who，that引导。若先行词为someone，anyone，one等时，关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用who，whom，that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which，that引导。
1．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。
(1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
(2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。
I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to.
我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。
My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。
2．that和which引导的定语从句
that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点：
(1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。
①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，the one等不定代词时。
②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。
③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。
④先行词被the only，the very (正是，恰是), the last修饰时。
⑤先行词既有人又有物时。
⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。
(2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。
①引导非限制性定语从句时。
②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
③先行词本身是that时。
④关系代词后有插入语时。
3．as引导的定语从句
as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。
4．引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别
关系词 位置不同 表意不同
as 既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等
which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。
The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。
She married again，which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
5．定语从句中的主谓一致
(1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。
(2)“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、the only、the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who has made great progress.
他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。
对点练习
1．BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool which/that gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.(2021·浙江1月)
2．Dr Rowan，whose secretary resigned two weeks ago，has had to do all his own typing.
3．The lady who is(be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
4．As is widely accepted，in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
5．When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons that they could remember in the school.
6．Then Mr Green read some reviews of the play，which said it was a terrible one.
A recent survey has found that many people suffer from sleep problems.Some are unable to fall asleep，some wake up in the middle of the night，and others simply do not get enough sleep.One of the reasons why① people fail to get a good night’s sleep is pressure from school or work.Noise pollution and light pollution in big cities may also contribute to sleep problems.In the short term，people with sleep problems often feel tired and have trouble concentrating.In the long term，they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory，being overweight and suffering a heart attack.Sleep problems are especially dangerous for teenagers.They are still growing，and night is the time when② their bodies grow faster.Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where③ body development slows down，and their health suffers.
So，if you have trouble getting a good night’s sleep，it might be time to make some changes in your lifestyle.
[规则感悟]　①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。 ②先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。
1．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。
先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time，day，year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which
表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which
表示原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which
We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。
The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3 000米远。
The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.
他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。
2．有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
3．先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge.
在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。
4．当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，in which或省略关系词。
It’s not what you say；it’s the way(that/in which) you say it.
问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。
5．关系副词与关系代词的选择。
选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。如：
　The factory he once worked is closed now.
　work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语。
　The factory he set up last year is operating well.
　该题从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
对点练习
1．In the spring，a season when we are learning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world.(2021·天津6月)
2．They are now in a situation where they need to make a practical plan.
3．That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
4．One day，mentally exhausted，I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved.
As is universally known，high school life is an important turning point and high school campus is an important place in which① students study and live.Here there are many kind teachers to whom② we can turn for help when we are in trouble.My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion，we agreed on making a video with which③ we could record our experiences at school.
Material collecting took us a whole week，during which④ we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.Some compromises were unavoidable，but the video turned out perfect.That day on which⑤ the video was played，it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time，which surely gave us a great sense of achievement.
[规则感悟]　“介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom，如：②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，如：①③④⑤，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择，如：②。
1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。
2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved.
我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。
3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。
The newly built cafe，the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
特别提醒　定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别
(一)定语从句与并列句的区别
两个句子之间若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。
1．She has written many novels，some of are interesting.
分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of which”在从句中作主语。]
2．She has written many novels，and some of are interesting.
分析　them　[此句为and连接的并列句。]
(二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。
1．She has collected many old stamps，most of are worth thousands of dollars.
分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“most of which”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。]
2．She has collected many old stamps，most of worth thousands of dollars.
分析　them　[逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。]
(三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
1．We young people should go to the place is in need of help.
分析　which/that　[关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。]
2．We young people should go we’re most needed.
分析　where　[where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。]
(四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。
1．I will always remember the days I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.
分析　when　[when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。]
2．I always remember the days in the countryside I see the photo of my grandparents.
分析　when　[when引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。]
(五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
在the same...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。
1．This is such an interesting work of art all of us like.
分析　as　[as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。]
2．This is such an interesting work of art all of us like it.
分析　that　[such...that...引导结果状语从句。]
(六)定语从句与主语从句的区别
定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。
1． is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
分析　As　[as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。]
2． is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
分析　It　[it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。]
3． is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
分析　What　[what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。]
(七)定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。
1．It was on the morning of May 1st I met Liang Wei at the airport.
分析　that　[将句子改为： I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。]
2．It is the factory Mr Wang works.
分析　where　[此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前少介词in，故填where。]
对点练习
1．William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from which we can learn without repeating them.(2021·天津3月)
2．Hua Mulan，the story of whom has been told by generations in China，is a fighter from the Northern Wei Dynasty (386－534)．
3．The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies，all of them over 600 years old.
4．I have a new book，the cover of which is very nice.
1．I decided that if I learned of a company which/that used a lot of plastic，I’d send it an email urging it to cut back.(2021·新高考全国Ⅱ)
2．At the Chinese art festival，there are different stands where artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.(2021·天津3月)
3．Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)
4．But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The old man turned his business over to his younger son，which made his elder son discouraged.
2．I will never forget such a beautiful village where I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
3．There they met people from other parts of the country，who had also volunteered to help.
4．There are many good websites where you can check out the latest in the science world.
5．He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people who/that wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
6．His interest started a few years ago，when he was in college and studying wildlife science.
7．Over the years，I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice，whose way of talking about people inspired me.
8．As the saying goes，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
9．The reason why Tom looks angry is that he has quarreled with his sister.
10．Yesterday I came across the man about whom you talked last time.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．Kim Cobb，a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta，is one of a small but growing minority of academics who/that are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.(2022·浙江1月)
2．On the 1,100-kilometer journey，the man Cao Shengkang，who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident，crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全国甲)
3．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
4．When you sleep，your brain sorts through everything that happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories.(2021·北京)
5．Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
6．In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
7．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
8．They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
9．The students benefiting most from college are those who are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)．(2019·北京)
10．Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
(2019·天津6月)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
There was a time 1. I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2. my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,3._____ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face.He，from 5. I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6. we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,7. encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9. I can memorize a large number of new words.10.________ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
1．答案　when
解析　先行词是time，指时间，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。
2．答案　why
解析　先行词是reason，指原因，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。
3．答案　where
解析　先行词是club，指地点，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。
4．答案　whose
解析　先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。
5．答案　whom
解析　此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。
6．答案　that/which
解析　此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。
7．答案　who
解析　此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故填who。
8．答案　which
解析　此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指物，并在定语从句中作宾语，故填which。
9．答案　which
解析　此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，故填which。
10．答案　As
解析　此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”并位于句首，意为“正如”，故填As。
1．关系代词引导的定语从句运用于写作
　(2022·浙江1月)最重要的是，我希望他不要把我分配给那个好胜心强、极其严肃的家伙，他总是穿着深色衣服，显然他的个性与之相配。
Above all，I hoped he wouldn’t assign me to work with the fiercely competitive and extremely serious fellow who always wore dark clothes and apparently had a personality to match.
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)我环顾四周，终于看到了大卫，他正独自站在篱笆边。
I looked around and finally spotted David，who was standing by himself off to the side by a fence.
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)大卫患有一种脑部疾病，使他不能像其他孩子一样走路和跑步，但是在学校里，他的同学都认为他是一个正常的孩子。
David had a brain disease which prevented him from walking or running like other children，but at school his classmates thought of him as a regular kid.
　(2022·全国甲)6月8号的世界海洋日旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。
World Ocean Day which/that falls on June 8th is aimed at raising people’s awareness of ocean conservation.
2．关系副词引导的定语从句运用于写作
　(2022·浙江1月)我还记得两年前我们在中爱文化节上见面的那一天。
I still remember the very day when we met at China-Ireland Cultural Festival two years ago.
　(2021·浙江1月)首先，我们会带你们参观我们的学校，然后在当地的一家餐馆吃饭，在那里你们可以尝尝地道的中国菜。
First，you’ll be shown around our school and have lunch at a local restaurant，where you can have a taste of authentic Chinese food.
3．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句运用于写作
　(2022·浙江1月)在那个文化节上，你分享了很多关于你们国家的有趣的事情，通过它们我了解了很多关于你们国家的食物、文化和历史。
At that cultural festival you shared so many interesting things about your country，through which I learned a lot about your food，culture and history.
　(2022·全国乙)对于学生们来说，使他们学习受益最大的就是读英语书，他们可以从中学习在课堂上学不到的东西。
For students，what is most beneficial to their study is reading English books，from which they can learn what they can’t in class.
4．非限制性定语从句运用于写作
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)我写这封信是想邀请你做客我们学校广播站英语节目《说说话》的访谈。
I am writing the letter to invite you to an interview held by “Talk and Talk”，which is an English programme in our school broadcast station.
　(2021·上海)你提到你有两门选修课，以下是一些建议，希望能对你有帮助。
You have mentioned that you have two optional courses.Here are some suggestions，which I hope will be beneficial to you.第2讲　名词性从句
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，它的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
Many students don’t know what they should do①，but what Xiao Meng wants to do② is earn money.The reason is that she wants to lessen her parents’ burden③.It is said that many small companies need graduates to do part-time jobs②.Xiao Meng has applied for two jobs but she is not sure whether she will be employed①.She also wonders when she will be admitted to a college① and which city she will go①.She is anxious for the news that she is admitted to a good university④.
[规则感悟]　①位于及物动词或形容词之后的从句是宾语从句。②谓语动词之前的从句为主语从句。此外，该从句可以用it作形式主语。③位于be动词之后的从句是表语从句。④位于抽象名词之后，解释该名词内容的从句为同位语从句。
1．名词性从句的引导词如下表所示
引导词 功能
从属 连词 that 在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义
whether，if 在从句中不作任何成分，意为“是否”
because，as if/though 在从句中不作任何成分，分别意为“因为”“好像”
连接代词 who(ever)，whom(ever)，what(ever)，whose，which(ever) who(ever)和what(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语或表语； whom(ever)在从句中作宾语； which(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语； whose在从句中作定语
连接副词 when(ever)，where，wherever，why，how(ever) 在从句中作状语
2．名词性从句的语序是陈述语序
Do you know where will the party be held？(×)
Do you know where the party will be held？(√)
3．名词性从句的时态
(1)当主句是现在时态(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)时， 从句可根据实际情况使用各种时态。
It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase.
他打碎了我最喜欢的花瓶，这令我很生气。
Do you know when and where he bought the book
你知道他什么时候在哪里买的这本书吗？
I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow.
我听说我们的老师明天就回来了。
(2)当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。
I asked her if she would allow me to interview her，and she readily agreed.
我问她是否允许我采访她，她欣然同意了。
My teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
老师说太阳从东方升起西方落下。 (客观真理)
4．what与that的用法
that是从属连词，在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意义。而what是连接代词，在名词性从句中充当成分，通常充当主语、宾语或表语。
I believe that I will succeed if I study hard.
我相信如果我努力学习我会成功的。
I believe what he said because he is an honest man.我相信他说的话，因为他是个诚实的人。
5．whether与if的用法
(1)用whether或if均可的情况
①引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可使用。
②it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。
(2)用whether而不用if的情况
①引导主语从句置于句首时；
②引导表语从句和同位语从句时；
③引导介词的宾语从句时；
④引导词与or not连用时；
⑤引导词后接to do时；
⑥有些动词如discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。
6．what，who，which与whatever，whoever，whichever 引导名词性从句的区别
(1)what引导名词性从句意为“什么”，带有疑问意味；意为“……的事情”，表示肯定的意思。who意思是“谁”，带有疑问意味；which意思是“哪一个”，带有疑问意味。
Do you know who broke the window
你知道是谁打坏的窗子吗？
(2)whatever，whoever，whichever意思分别为“所……的一切事或东西”，“任何……的人”“……的任何一种东西”等，并且充当成分，相当于anything that，anyone who等。
She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.＝She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do anything that it takes to save her life.
她是我的至亲，我们已经准备好了不惜一切代价救她的命。
7．that不可省略的情况
(1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时；that引导表语从句时；that引导同位语从句时；当it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语时。
(2)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其他的that不可省略。
She said (that) her ambition was to enter a key university，that she would study hard to make her dream come true，and that she would live up to her parents’ expectations.
她说她的志向是考上一所重点大学，她会努力学习，实现自己的梦想，不辜负父母的期望。
8．同位语从句位于表示概念或思维的抽象名词之后，对该抽象名词起解释说明的作用
常见的抽象名词有news，idea，fact，promise，conclusion，theory，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word(消息)，possibility，decision等。
At first many people were astonished at the conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the universe.
起初很多人对地球不是宇宙中心这一结论感到惊讶。
9．why与because 引导表语从句的区别
why与because 引导表语从句时，前者强调结果，后者强调原因。
I had a cold.That was why I didn’t attend school.
我感冒了，因此我没去上学。
I didn’t attend school. That was because I had a cold.我没去上学，那是因为我感冒了。
注意：(1)句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.
她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
(2)由why引导的从句作主语时，表语从句用that引导。
Why we decided to put off the match was that the weather was too terrible.
我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。
10．as if/though引导的表语从句
as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面，从句中既可以用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。
It sounds as if somebody is knocking at/on the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
She treats him as if he were a stranger.
她待他如陌生人。
11．同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句是用于解释说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，而定语从句是对作先行词的名词的限制、描绘或说明。that在同位语从句中只是连接主从句，没有任何意义，不在从句中充当句子成分；that在定语从句中是关系代词，不但连接主从句，而且指代被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
I had no idea that Brisbane has so many people! (that引导同位语从句，不能省略)
The idea (that) he put forward at the meeting is very reasonable.(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略)
对点练习
1．People wonder why Qizai is brown，given that his mother is black and white.Scientists guess that it’s due to some genetic mutation(基因突变)．
2．Asian elephants are among the most highly protected animals in China and what drove the elephants to make their long trip is still unknown.
3．They interacted with students from five classrooms across China and showed viewers how they live and work inside the space station.
4．The reason why he was late was that he was caught in a traffic jam.
5．He expressed his hope that he would visit China again.
6．I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention to whether or not the milk was hot.
1．What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．By boat is the only way to get here，which is how we arrived.(2018·江苏)
3．Every year，whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
(2017·北京)
4．You have to know where you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
(2015·福建)
5．She asked me whether/if I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn’t.(2017·天津6月)
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．He was not looking for others’ smiles，or worrying about whether someone was watching or not.
2．Helen McCarthy，an author and expert on Japanese Cartoons，explained why the character is so popular.“Because Hello Kitty is all about happiness，friendship and fun.”
3．My first task was to decide where to go and how to get there.
4．Students can choose what/whatever they want to do and register online.
5．Mr White is opposed to repairing the old building，and that’s where I don’t agree.
6．The problem is that one less hour of sleep is not equal to an extra hour of achievement.
7．Twenty-five years later the traveler returned to the same place.What he saw amazed him.He could not believe his own eyes.
8．Therefore，it is advisable that you should value and treat them with care.
9．The issue whether the measure will be in effect is still under discussion.
10．I asked him what his father had done so that he became such a good person.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．Cobb，for her part，started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak whether/if she could do so remotely.(2022·浙江1月)
2．“He saved my son’s life，” said Mrs Brown.“I don’t know how to thank him.”
(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
3．The poor woman wasn’t able to give him any information about where she lived.(2021·北京)
4．It seemed that I had become what my parents had wanted me to be.(2021·天津6月)
5．What puzzles Lily’s friends is why/that she always has so many crazy ideas.(2021·天津3月)
6．Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on what could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.(2020·浙江7月)
7．It is not a problem whether/if we can win the battle；it’s just a matter of time.(2020·江苏)
8．The student completed this experiment to make come true what Professor Joseph had said.(2020·天津7月)
9．While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
10．The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race.
(2018·天津6月)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
1． worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2. she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts 3. she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can’t sleep well these days.Maybe this is 4. she becomes fatter these days，she thinks.5. she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But where she can get better suggestions and 6. will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents’ suggestion 7.____ she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests 8._____ she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein.What’s more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang 9. she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.That is 10. she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的同学玛丽因为最近胖了很多而且经常生病而烦恼，她的父母建议她向王教授咨询。在王教授的帮助下，她通过均衡饮食和运动变得越来越健康。
1．答案　What
解析　考查主语从句。分析句子可知，第一个空引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语，表示“什么，所……的”，故用what。位于句首，注意首字母大写。故填What。
2．答案　that
解析　考查表语从句。分析句子可知，is后面为表语从句，从句成分完整，因此用that引导，that无实际意义，在句中不作任何成分。故填that。
3．答案　whether
解析　考查同位语从句。分析句子可知，doubt后接的是同位语从句，从句说的是doubt的内容，从句中不缺少成分，缺少“是否”的意思，故填whether。
4．答案　why
解析　考查表语从句。分析句子可知，is后接的是表语从句，从句中不缺少成分，表示“……的原因”，故填why。
5．答案　How
解析　考查主语从句。分析句子可知，has been前为主语从句，根据句意，表示“如何，怎样”，需用how。位于句首，注意首字母大写。故填How。
6．答案　who
解析　考查主语从句。分析句子可知，空格处为主语从句，从句中缺少主语，表示“谁”，故填who。
7．答案　that
解析　考查主语从句。分析句子可知，It为形式主语，真正的主语为空后的从句，从句中不缺少成分，且意义完整，故填that。
8．答案　that
解析　考查宾语从句。分析句子可知，suggests后接的是宾语从句，从句中不缺少成分，且意义完整，故填that。
9．答案　when
解析　考查宾语从句。分析句子可知，ask接双宾语，空后为宾语从句，从句中缺少状语，根据下文可知此处表示“什么时间”，故填when。
10．答案　because
解析　考查表语从句。分析句子可知，is后接的是表语从句，从句中不缺少成分，表示“原因”，故填because。
1．what引导的名词性从句最显眼
　(2022·浙江1月)更重要的是从那以后我们成了好朋友。
What’s far more important is that we have become good friends since then.
　(2021·浙江6月)令我惊讶的是，我爸爸允许我按照我的意愿使用这笔钱。
What surprised me was that my dad allowed me to use the money as I wished.
2．同位语从句放在开头实力开篇
　(2022·浙江1月)有一天，我听说他因患重病而住院了。
One day I got word that he was admitted to hospital for a serious disease.
　(2021·全国乙)没有人能否认在线学习正变得越来越流行这一事实。
No one can deny the fact that online learning is becoming more and more popular.
3．表语从句之前的连词要考虑周全
　(2022·全国甲)我们必须采取措施来保护海洋的原因是它的污染正变得越来越严重。
The reason why we must take measures to protect the ocean is that its pollution is becoming more and more serious.
　(2021·北京)很抱歉，我不能按计划和你出去。原因是我弟弟前几天摔断了腿，我必须照顾他。
I’m sorry that I can’t go out with you as planned.The reason is that my younger brother broke his leg the other day and I must look after him.
4．That/This is because/why...灵活简练
　(2022·全国乙)他们更容易沉迷于网上聊天或玩游戏，那是因为他们缺乏自律。
They’re more easily addicted to chatting online or playing games.That’s because they lack self-discipline.
　(2021·浙江6月)这个展览非常精彩，展示了中国文化的魅力。这就是为什么我想推荐我的同学们也来参加这个艺术展。
The exhibition is fantastic and shows the charm of Chinese culture.This is why I would like to recommend my fellow students to attend this art show as well.
5．注意名词性从句与虚拟语气的结合
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)我强烈建议你去参加校广播站英语节目《说说话》举办的访谈。
I strongly recommend that you should take part in an interview held by “Talk and Talk”，which is an English programme in our school broadcast station.
　(2021·上海)我建议你选择听说课程，因为这门课程完全是用中文教授的，这会对你有很大的好处。
I recommend that you (should) choose the Listening and Speaking course，because the course is entirely taught in Chinese，which will benefit you a lot.第3讲　并列句和状语从句
Xiao Ming took his cellphone to school and① played cellphone in class，so② his head teacher was very angry.He said to Xiao Ming，“Others are studying hard while③ you are playing hard.You either quit school or break the cellphone.④” Xiao Ming didn’t want to break his cellphone but⑤ he couldn’t quit school either.He thought to himself，“ Break it，or I will be dismissed.⑥” If he was dismissed，not only would his mother cry but also his father would give him a spanking①.
[规则感悟]　①and，not only...but (also)．..，both...and...，neither...nor...等表并列、顺承或递进关系。②for，so表因果关系。③while作为并列连词，强调两种情况的对比。④or，either...or...，not...but...等表选择关系。⑤but，yet，whereas等表转折关系。⑥and，or 表条件或结果关系，常用于句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中。
上述所有连词在使用时，一定要注意连词所连接的成分都是同样的结构。如果连接单词则两边都是单词，如果连接句子则两边都是句子，如果连接短语则两边都是短语。不能出现一边是连接名词，另一边连接句子或动词短语等其他情况。如：
Not only can it help you improve your English，but also can help you find more friends.(×)
Not only can it help you improve your English，but also it can help you find more friends.(√)
1．not only...but also...连接的两个并列分句，可使用部分倒装，但只倒装not only 引导的分句。
Not only does she treat us with consideration but also she teaches in a humorous way.
她不但对我们体贴，而且还用一种幽默的方式教学。
2．使用“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”结构时，一定要注意连词的使用，不能遗漏。
Walk straight down the road for about 300 meters，and you will see the hotel on the right.
沿着这条路直走大约三百米，你会发现那个旅馆就在你右手边。
3．when构成的句型。
when引导并列句，意为“这时，那时”，表示某件事正在发生或刚要发生或刚刚完成时，突然发生另一件事。
(1)sb be doing sth when...
某人正在做某事，这时……
(2)sb be about to do sth when...＝sb be on the point of doing sth when...
某人正要做某事，这时……
(3)sb had just done sth when...某人刚做完某事，这时……
Last Monday，I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
上周一，我正在街上散步，这时我突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.
＝We were on the point of setting off when it suddenly began to rain.
我们正打算动身，这时突然下起雨来了。
He had just finished writing a report when the boss let him type a letter.
他刚写完一篇报告，老板就让他打印一封信件。
对点练习
1．At school，some students are active while some are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another.
2．He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
3．Follow your doctor’s advice，or your cough will get worse.
4．John plays basketball well，but/yet his favorite sport is badminton.
5．Henry is very smart，so many of his classmates like him.
One Saturday morning，when I was listening to my favorite songs①，my mother asked me to do my homework first.However，as soon as she left②，I turned on my MP3 again.I didn’t start to do my homework until I heard somebody opening the door.③Hardly had I taken out my pen when my mother came back.④ My mum said angrily，“Every time I go out⑤，you will do other things instead of doing your homework.It has been two hours since I left⑥.How much homework had you finished by the time I entered the room⑦？ You began to do other things the moment I stepped out of the room⑧，didn’t you？” It was half an hour before she stopped scolding me⑨.I hope I will get rid of the bad habits as time goes by⑩.I promise I will not do the same thing when she goes out next time①.
[规则感悟]　①when当……时候
②as soon as 一……就……
③not...until...直到……才……
④一……就……
⑤every time后面直接跟句子，相同用法的还有the first time，next time等
⑥since 自从……起，主句用现在完成时
⑦by the time 到……时候为止，主句常常与完成时连用
⑧the moment 后面直接跟句子，意为“一……就……”，相同用法的还有the minute，the instant，directly，immediately，instantly
⑨before到……为止，在……之前
⑩as随着
1．“by＋过去的时间”引导的时间状语从句：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；主句用将来完成时，从句用一般现在时或现在完成时。
I had remembered about 2,000 words by the time I graduated from junior high school.
到初中毕业为止，我已经记了大约两千个单词了。
By the time you come back，we will have finished the job.
到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。
2．before的特殊用法。
(1)It will be＋时间段＋before从句(一般现在时)
It will be four hours before his flight arrives.
要过四个小时之后，他的航班才会抵达。
(2)It＋was＋时间段＋before从句(一般过去时)
It was ten years before the couple met again.
十年之后，这对夫妇才再次相见。
3．since引导时间状语从句，表示“自从……以来”，常用结构为“It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...”(从句用一般过去时)。
It is four years since the war broke out.
自战争爆发以来已有四年了。
4．till/until的用法。
till/until用于肯定句，表示“直到……为止”，其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词；not...until/till...表示“直到……才……”，not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。until 可用于句首，而till 不能用于句首。
If you don’t understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people until you figure it out.如果你有不懂的东西，你可以研究、学习以及和其他人进行交谈，直到你把它弄明白。
She didn’t start the lesson until the pupils settled down.直到学生们安静下来后，她才开始上课。
5．表示“一……就……”的连词(短语)。
(1)as soon as，the moment，the minute，the instant，immediately，directly，instantly等。
The moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work，she was filled with joy.
我姑姑苦读四年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。
(2)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...结构中，主句用过去完成时，when或than所在的从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
我一到办公室，妻子就打电话让我马上回家。
对点练习
1．Not until we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace can we smile in relief.
2．Air pollution is getting more and more serious，so we must take action before it is too late.
3．He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.
4．The shopkeeper informs us that it will be a week before our package is delivered.
5．It has been ages since Jack became a member of the famous club.
I failed to pass the exam yesterday because I was careless①.I was so sad that tears came out of my eyes.② My teacher noticed this and called me to her office.“Though you’re clever③，you didn’t perform as well as your deskmate did this time④.Why He will make a mark where he makes a mistake⑤ and figure it out in his notebook.If you correct your mistakes⑥ as he does⑦ after the exam，you will make great progress next time.” I must learn from my deskmate so that I can pass the exam next time.⑧
[规则感悟]　①为原因状语从句
②为结果状语从句
③为让步状语从句
④为比较状语从句
⑤为地点状语从句
⑥为条件状语从句
⑦为方式状语从句
⑧为目的状语从句
1．让步状语从句
(1)although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序；though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即将从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Although/Though he may be troubled，he always presents a calm smiling face.
尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的笑脸。
Child as/though he is，he has helped me a lot.
尽管他是个孩子，他却帮了我很多忙。
(2)although与though都可以与yet，still，nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。
Although/Though it was raining hard，yet they went on playing football.
虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。
(3)while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。
While I admit that there are problems，I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意这些问题不能解决。
(4)no matter who(what，when，which，how等)引导让步状语从句时，相当于“who(what，when，which，how等)＋-ever”，表示“无论何人(什么，何时，哪个/些，怎样等)”。
He keeps taking exercise no matter how cold it is.不管天气有多冷，他都坚持锻炼。
Whatever work we do，we should do our best.
不管做什么工作，我们都应尽全力。
(5)whether...or...引导让步状语从句时，意为“不管……，还是……”。
Whether he comes here or we go there，the topic of the discussion will remain unchanged.
不管他来这儿还是我们去那儿，讨论的话题都会保持不变。
(6)even if/though引导的让步状语从句
even if/though引导让步状语从句时，表示语气更强的让步，意为“即使，即便”。
Tim is in good shape physically even though/if he doesn’t get much exercise.
即使蒂姆不怎么锻炼，他的身体状况也很好。
2．目的状语从句
(1)in order that与so that引导的目的状语从句
in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后；而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
Speak louder so that/in order that the people in the hall can all hear you.
大点声讲，以便大厅里的人都能听见。
In order that we get there on time，we should set out early.
为了准时赶到那里，我们应该早点出发。
(2)for fear that与in case引导的目的状语从句
for fear that表示“唯恐；生怕”；in case表示“以免，以防”。
Leave your key with your neighbor in case you lock yourself out one day.
留一把钥匙给你的邻居，以防哪天你把自己锁在门外。
3．结果状语从句
(1) so＋＋that从句
He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family.
他挣如此少的钱，以至于养不起家。
(2) such＋＋that从句
He is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.＝He is so learned a person that we all admire him very much.
他是如此知识渊博的一个人，以至于我们都非常欣赏他。
注意：当“so＋adj./adv.”或“such＋n.”置于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
So anxious am I that I can’t sleep until deep into the night.
我是如此焦虑以至于直到深夜我才能睡着。
(3)so that也可以引导结果状语从句，从句中往往没有情态动词，而且主从句之间常用逗号隔开。
He didn’t obey the contract，so that he was fined.
他没有遵守合约，因此他被罚了款。
4．条件状语从句
if，unless，so/as long as，in case，on condition that，supposing/suppose (that)等都可以引导条件状语从句。条件状语从句要注意“主将从现”的用法。
unless意义上等于if not，在应用时如果不把握可以用if not 替换一下，讲得通的话，才能使用unless。
You’ll fail the exam unless you study hard.
除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。
5．地点状语从句
where意为“在某个地方”；wherever意为“无论在哪里”。
You can sit wherever you like.
你喜欢坐哪儿都可以。
6．原因状语从句
because意为“因为”，语气强烈，表示事情发生的直接原因，常用来回答why的提问；since意为“既然，由于”，语气较弱，通常置于句首，表示说话双方都知道的原因；as表示双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，含义与since相同，但语气更弱；now that意为“既然，由于”，用已成事实的原因作为前提。
Now that you’ve grown up，you must learn to stand on your own feet.
你既然已经长大成人，就得学会独立生活。
对点练习
1．Well，I’m working on a huge assignment and if I don’t do well，it will ruin my reputation as an excellent accountant!
2．Wherever she goes，there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
3．Ugly as/though the dog is，it is quite gentle and friendly.
4．If guests are seated at the table，hosts may serve the food，or it may be passed so that each person may help himself.
5．Enjoying a fresh morning is important because/as it can set the mood for the rest of the day.
6．He speaks so slowly and strangely that it takes patience to understand what he is saying.
7．They treat her as though/if she were their daughter.
8．As long as insects happen to touch the webs，no matter how hard they try，they can’t escape.
1．In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index(体重指数) across 200 countries，the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier and that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.(2021·浙江1月)
2．While some people are motivated by a need for success，others are motivated by a fear of failure.(2016·江苏)
3．I really enjoy listening to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.(2016·北京)
4．We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.(2015·天津)
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The explosion rocked the lake with such a force that dead fish immediately began to surface.
2．In addition，forests have been decreasing rapidly because/as too many trees have been cut down.
3．Most importantly，remember the following old rule：try to eat different foods，but/yet not too much.
4．Never lose heart and you’ll make a quick advance in your project.
5．I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate when an old man with huge bags sat down across from me.
6．If you visit Nepal，you will find Nepalese often greet each other with the hands pressed together instead of shaking hands，while in North America and the U．K.，people greet one another by shaking hands.
7．In the state of Iowa，if you live more than a mile away from school you can get a school permit.
8．Ten years later I still keep in touch with my classmates，though/although I’ve never met them after graduation.
9．But for now，they all have to postpone their plans until/till the winter storms pass.
10．Do remember that it is unwise to trust him，whatever he says.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．He hung on for a few minutes and screamed for his father，but his father didn’t hear him.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
2．Feeling fearful is healthy because it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly.
(2021·天津6月)
3．We all need to get involved in saving energy whether it’s at work，at home，or at school.(2021·天津3月)
4．We hired our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job.It took us about 3 hours to go all the way around the Xi’an City Wall.(2021·全国甲)
5．It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until/till the late 1980s.(2021·全国乙)
6．They kept their collection at home until it got too big or until they died，and then it was given to a museum.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．When/As he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的) artist，they smiled and pointed down the river.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
8．—Why do people like pop music I hate it so much.
—Even if/though it is not your style，that doesn’t mean it is bad.(2020·天津7月)
9．Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents’ opinion unless he wants their support.(2019·天津6月)
10．If we don’t stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
(2018·北京)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese dishes is seen as especially troublesome.Many westerners 1. come to China cook much less 2.______ in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.I still remember 3._____ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked 4. I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
5． regularly eating out seems to have become common for many young people in recent years，it’s not without a cost.The obvious one is money；eating out once or twice a week may be affordable 6. doing this most days adds up.There could be an even 7.______(high) cost on your health.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in weight problems.
8． you are not going to suffer this problem，then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home 9. dinner，get a few cooking tips from her.Cooking food can be fun.You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your health 10. in your pocket.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。作者分析了外出就餐的代价，并建议我们要尝试自己做饭，这样做不仅对自身健康有好处还能节约开支。
1．答案　who/that
解析　考查定语从句的关系词。先行词是westerners(西方人)，用who或that引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。
2．答案　than
解析　考查介词。根据句意可知，此处为比较级，故填than。
3．答案　visiting
解析　考查动名词作宾语。remember doing sth记得做过某事。
4．答案　when
解析　考查连词。此处为时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”，故用when。
5．答案　While/Though/Although
解析　考查连词。此处引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然，尽管”；句首单词首字母需大写，故填While/Though/Although。
6．答案　but
解析　考查连词。前后语义为转折关系，故填but。
7．答案　higher
解析　考查形容词的比较级。“副词even＋比较级”表示“更……”，强调程度。
8．答案　If
解析　考查条件状语从句。根据句意可知填if，且位于句首，首字母需大写。故填If。
9．答案　for
解析　考查介词。go to your mum’s home for dinner去你妈妈家吃饭。for表示目的，意为“为了要，为了得到”。
10．答案　but
解析　考查连词。not only...but (also)...不但……而且……，为固定搭配，also可省略。故填but。
1．not only...but (also)...
　(2022·全国甲)海洋不仅给我们提供了充足的食物，而且它还保持了自然的平衡。
Not only does the ocean offer us sufficient food，but it also maintains the balance of nature.
　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)Youth的专栏Cultures Around the World不仅拓宽了我的视野，也让我有机会体验不同的文化。
Not only does Cultures Around the World，a column of Youth，broaden my horizons，but it (also) gives me an opportunity to experience different cultures.
2．祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句
　(2019·北京)提前从网上预订票和房间，你会有更多的时间去观光。
Book tickets and rooms online in advance，and you will have more time to go sightseeing.
　(2021·浙江6月)来参观展览吧，你将会享受一场视觉盛宴。
Come to the exhibition，and you will enjoy a visual feast.
3．so...that...引导结果状语从句
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)你在英语口语方面如此精通，我们都将从你的演讲中受益匪浅。
You are so expert at spoken English that we all will benefit much from your speech.
　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)惊喜是如此甜蜜，她兴奋地摇了摇正假装打鼾的丈夫。
The surprise was so sweet that she excitedly shook her husband，who was pretending to snore.
4．be doing...when...
　(2017·浙江6月)马克正在想接下来该怎么办，正在那时，一只手把他拉进了车里。
Mac was wondering what to do next when a hand pulled him into the car.
　(2017·浙江11月)我们正在找地方搭帐篷，这时妈妈告诉我们她忘了带帐篷。
We were looking for a place to put up the tent when Mother told us that she had forgotten to take it.
5．not until...
　(2020·浙江7月)直到似乎过了半个世纪之后，我们才听到了直升机的声音。
Not until what seemed like half a century later did we hear the roar of the helicopter.
　(2021·北京)直到昨天我才得知我们班这个周末要开一个重要的会议——正好是我们将要见面的时间。
Not until yesterday was I informed that our class was going to hold an important meeting this weekend—exactly the time when we shall meet.第2讲　代词
I① am a senior high school student and I① want to join our② school football team，but the person in charge has rejected me③.I have to spend my② spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.
[规则感悟]　①为人称代词的主格形式作主语。②为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。③为人称代词的宾格形式作宾语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
(一)代词的形式
类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
第一人称 I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
(二)反身代词的习惯用法
与介词搭配 by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自；为自己 of oneself自动地 in oneself本质上；本身
与动词搭配 apply oneself to专心致志于 behave oneself举止得体；行为检点 dress oneself打扮；自己穿衣 devote oneself to致力于；献身于 help oneself to随便吃/用 enjoy oneself玩得开心 seat oneself就座；入席 make yourself at home别客气 teach oneself自学
(三)it的用法
1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等。
It is early spring，but it is already very hot.
现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词。
Although he doesn’t like it，I decide to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)。
What will you call it if it is a boy
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb＋不定式
It is important for students to learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。
It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.
他离开办公室之后没关门，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句
It is a pity that you can’t go with her.
很遗憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊动词(短语)(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb...)＋that从句
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
It is reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.
据报道有20人死于这次地震。
⑥It takes sb time/patience/effort/energy to do sth
It took him much energy to write the novel.
写这部小说耗费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb) to do sth/宾语从句
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示“喜欢、憎恶”等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。
I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
5．it的常用短语或句型。
(1)When it comes to learning English，reading widely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
(2)I can’t help it if he is always complaining.
若他总是抱怨，我也没办法。
(3)We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨了，但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。
(4)As someone puts it，practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
(5)I take it that you don’t agree with the manager.我想你不同意经理的意见。
(6)It is/has been three years since he joined the army.他参军已经三年了。
(7)It was three years before he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
对点练习
1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us(we) up.
4．I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.
5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.
6．There is a knock on the door.It might be the postman.
1．all/every/both/each/neither/none
There are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don’t③ want to enter a music academy.Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However，my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
[规则感悟]　①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything/nothing/something/everything
—Do you have anything① to say about your exam
—No，I have nothing② to say about it.
—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.
—I have told you that I don’t have anything① to say about it.Everything④ has gone wrong.
[规则感悟]　①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，
用于肯定句中。②nothing表示“什么也没有”，用于否定句中。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others与the others
—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one Some others② say it doesn’t fit me well.
—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.
—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to the others④.
[规则感悟]　①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the ones
I found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ of high quality.
[规则感悟]　①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the ones替代复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤those 替代复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥ones替代复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1.another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.
另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.
我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。
Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
对点练习
1．Success is just on the other side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.
2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else.
3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.
4．Both teams were in hard training；neither was willing to lose the game.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，one that I have never seen.
1．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in mine(I)．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether its(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
3．It was sweet and fresh.Mary loved it.She was extremely pretty，and her house was a reflection of herself(she)，everything in good taste and in perfect order.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)第1讲　名词
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating tomatoes④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his⑨，who raises some cows⑥ and goats⑥.
[规则感悟]　1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。
2．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
foot—feet脚　goose—geese鹅
tooth—teeth牙齿　mouse—mice老鼠
man—men男人　woman—women女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊　deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法　series—series系列
species—species物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子　ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
policeman—policemen男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German，human的复数形式为Germans，humans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析　
basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机　
thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如：
birthday—birthdays生日　
blackboard—blackboards黑板　
bookshelf—bookshelves书架　
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
book worm—book worms　
son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on　
passer-by—passers-by　
story-teller—story-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-up—grown-ups　
standby—standbys
(4)“man/woman＋名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman和名词均变为复数。
women singers女歌手　
men servants 男仆人
(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。
(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do等。
3．名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room
凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rooms
凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
对点练习
1．The team who won the three world championships(championship) would always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities(activity)．
3．The best solution might be to find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.
4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers-by(passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hollywood heroes(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He goes to the barber’s(barber) to have his hair cut every month.
To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time① to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
[规则感悟]　①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。
表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。
1．不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的有：
fun乐趣 homework 作业 bread面包 wealth 财富
progress 进步 equipment 设备 room空间 weather 天气
work工作 music音乐 news新闻 meat肉
word消息 traffic交通 luck运气 housework 家务
milk牛奶 advice建议 man人类 orange 橙汁
knowledge 知识 furniture 家具 baggage/ luggage 行李 information 信息
2.抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
读这种小说就是浪费时间。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
3．有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。
如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯。
对点练习
1．The far side of the moon is of particular interest(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)，more so than the familiar near side.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
2．Filled with curiosity(curious) and hope for the future，the young man packed his bags and left for a big city.
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-al approve赞成→approval 赞成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存 arrive到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝 propose提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/ -ence appear出现→appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演→performance 表演 guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在→existence 存在 prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱 refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅 depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
-ion/ -tion/ -ation direct指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导 expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望 invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决→solution 解决 compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述→description 描写 repeat 重复→repetition 重复 explain 解释→explanation 解释 pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion discuss讨论→discussion 讨论 admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入 decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing hear听→hearing 听力；听觉 listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment achieve达到；完成→achievement 成就 develop 发展→development 发展 argue争论→argument 争论；论据 punish惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/ -ture fail失败→failure 失败 press 压；挤→pressure 压力 mix 混合→mixture 混合物 expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y recover恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or teach教→teacher 老师 announce播报→announcer 播音员 conduct指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常 见变化 choose选择→choice 选择 vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种 tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势，grow 生长→growth 生长 marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package包；盒
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性) private 私有的→privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom free自由的→freedom 自由 wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱 kind 友好的→kindness 善良 cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠 aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
-th warm温暖的→warmth 温暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深(度) strong 强壮的→strength 力量 long 长的→length 长度 wide 宽的→width 宽度
-y/-ty/ -ity difficult困难的→difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实 safe 安全的→safety 安全 cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的→responsibility责任
-ce different不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静 patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席 present 出席的→presence 出席 confident 自信的→confidence 信心 convenient 方便的→convenience 便利 important 重要的→importance 重要(性) significant重要的，意义重大的→significance重要性，重大意义
对点练习
1．When the answer was no，she declined the invitation(invite)．(2022·浙江1月)
2．China has a responsibility(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.(2022·全国乙)
3．In 1844，they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their marriage(marry) ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Historical accuracy(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
5．My teacher tells me that the key to success is honesty(honest).
6．She’s a great performer(perform) and she always performs great.
1．Also，technological know-how has become a requirement(require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world，as the computer has become a common tool in most professions(profession)．(2020·新高考全国Ⅱ)
2．This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3．My name is Mireya Mayor.I’m a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
4．Other American studies showed no connection(s)(connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019·浙江)第3讲　形容词和副词
I bought an interesting① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting② that I can hardly let go of it.Worried③ about my study，my mother took it away.However，I found my mother absorbed④ in it.
My mother is reading the novel attentively⑤ now and she is quite⑤ moved by it.Obviously⑥，she won’t return the book to me soon.
[规则感悟]　①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。⑤副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。⑥副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。
1．形容词的构词规则
类别 例词
加-y cloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，fog→foggy
加-(e)d gift→gifted，talent→talented，advance→advanced，excite→excited
加-ing surprise→surprising，convince→convincing，frighten→frightening，appeal→appealing，reward→rewarding，invite→inviting
加-ful/ -less meaning→meaningful/meaningless，care→careful/careless，help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，use→useful/useless，thank→thankful/thankless
加-able comfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，accept→acceptable，respect→respectable
加-ous danger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humour→humorous
-ce变 为-t confidence→confident，difference→different
加-al music→musical，person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional
加-ly friend→friendly，week→weekly，love→lovely
加-en wood→wooden，wool→woolen
加-ive/ -ative attract→attractive，talk→talkative，prevent→preventive，protect→protective
其他常 见变化 energy→energetic，fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific
注意　以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀-y变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。以-e结尾的名词加-y变形容词时要去掉e再加-y，如：noise→noisy，ice→icy，taste→tasty等。
2．形容词变副词的规则
类别 例词
(1)一般形容词变副词直接在其后加-ly。 quick→quickly，anxious→anxiously
(2)以辅音字母＋e结尾的形容词直接加-ly，以元音字母＋e结尾的形容词去掉e再加-ly。 immediate→immediately，polite→politely，true→truly
(3)以辅音字母＋le结尾的形容词要去掉e再加-y。 possible→possibly，probable→probably
(4)以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词要变y为i再加-ly。 happy→happily，healthy→healthily
(5)以ic结尾的形容词要在其后加-ally。 economic→economically，basic→basically
(6)以ll结尾的形容词要在其后加-y。 full→fully，dull→dully
注意　下面这两个单词是特殊的形式：whole→wholly　public→publicly
3．常见的以-ly结尾的形容词
(1)表示时间的形容词：hourly每小时的；daily 每天的；weekly 每周的；monthly 每月的；yearly 每年的；timely及时的，适时的。
(2)表示人的形容词：manly有男子气概的；womanly 女性特有的；motherly慈母般的；fatherly 慈父般的；comradely 同志般的。
(3)表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容词：lovely可爱的；friendly 友好的；ugly 难看的；lively 活泼的；lonely 孤独的；unfriendly 不友好的；kindly 亲切的；sickly多病的；elderly 年长的。
(4)表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词：likely可能的；orderly 整齐的；deadly 致命的；chilly 寒冷的；disorderly 乱七八糟的；unlikely 不大可能发生的。
4．如何区分-ed结尾的形容词与-ing结尾的形容词
(1)-ing结尾的形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质或特征，常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，也可以修饰事物，多修饰smile(微笑)，appearance(外貌)，face(面部表情)，voice(声音)，look(表情)，expression(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile on his face.
他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice.
他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。
5．常考的连接性副词
though然而，可是；meanwhile 在此期间；therefore/thus/consequently因此，所以；moreover/furthermore而且，此外；besides而且，另外，还有；however然而；instead相反，代替；anyway/anyhow尽管，即使这样；otherwise否则。
The young man couldn’t afford a new car.Instead，he bought a used one.
那个年轻人买不起新车，便买了一辆二手的。
The house was too expensive and too big.Besides，I’d grown fond of our little rented house.
这个房子太贵、太大了。而且，我已经越来越喜欢我们租的小屋了。
6．意义不同的同根副词
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
对点练习
1．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal(person) stories cheerfully.
2．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed(disappoint)．
3．I’ll never forget the amazing(amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hope to go there next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry(hunger)．
5．In the study，GBS was used to provide a highly(high) efficient way of demonstrating quantum computational speedup in solving some tasks.
6．The title will be officially(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
7．Luckily(lucky)，he also has a cow which produces milk every day.
8．I am terribly(terrible) sorry that I can’t go to the bookstore with you at the appointed time.
In my family，my mother is the thinnest①.My father is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavy as③ my mother，and becoming fatter and fatter④.He is quite worried because the fatter⑤ he is，the more likely⑤ he is to be ill.
[规则感悟]　①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est；以e结尾的直接加-r或-st；以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词注意双写结尾辅音字母；以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，将y变为i再加-er或-est；多音节词前面加more或most。
两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。
②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，a little，a bit，even，far，still 等词修饰。
③倍数表达法：
A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B
A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B
A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋of＋B
④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。
⑤“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”表示“越……，就越……”。
1．少数以-er，-ow，-y或-le结尾的双音节词，可以加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级。
clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest
easy→easier→easiest
simple→simpler→simplest
2．有些形容词没有程度可分或其本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。
这类形容词有right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wooden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。
3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。
good/well→better→best
bad/ill→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
far→farther→farthest(指具体空间上)
far→further→furthest(指抽象程度上)
4．比较级的基本用法
(1)同级比较
①as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...“和……一样”；not as/so＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...“不如……”
Since people are fond of humour，it is as welcome in conversation as anywhere else.
因为人们喜欢幽默，所以在谈话中或其他任何地方它都是受欢迎的。
②当as...as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：
as＋形容词原级＋a(n)＋n.＋as...
as＋many＋可数名词复数＋as...
as＋much＋不可数名词＋as...
I’m not a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have never had as tiring a day as today.
今天对房间进行了大扫除之后我非常累，我从来没有过比今天更累的一天了。
(2)比较级比较
“形容词/副词比较级＋than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less＋形容词/副词原级＋than”表示“一方不及另一方……”。
I know my sister better than anyone else.Once she has made up her mind，nothing can change it.
我比其他任何人更了解我姐姐。她一旦下定决心，没有什么能够改变。
5．比较级的特殊用法
①“more＋原级＋than＋原级”表示“与其说……不如说……”。
The girl was more frightened than hurt.
与其说这个女孩是受了伤，不如说是受到了惊吓。
②“more than＋主语＋can＋谓语”表示“非……所能；……不能”。
The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.
这座城市的美是我所不能描述的。
③形容词比较级前一般不用冠词，但如果出现表示范围的短语时，就需要加定冠词。
Of the two sisters，Mary is the cleverer.
这两姐妹中，玛丽更聪明。
6．比较级形式表示最高级含义
在某个特定范围内，同类事物对比，可用以下比较级结构表示最高级含义。
①比较级＋than＋any other＋可数名词单数
②比较级＋than＋the other＋可数名词复数
③比较级＋than＋anyone/anything else
④比较级＋than＋any of the other＋可数名词复数
⑤“否定词＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。
China is the largest country in Asia.That is，it is larger than any other country in Asia.
中国是亚洲最大的国家。即中国比亚洲其他任何国家都要大。
No man is better than you in the world.
人世间没有人比你好。
I haven’t read a more interesting novel.
这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。
7．最高级的基本用法
(1)形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的状语
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。
(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
对点练习
1．The more(much) we do for those in need，the happier we’ll be.
2．Road safety has aroused wider(wide) attention of the public than before.
3．During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century，Beijing Opera finally formed and became the biggest(big) of all operas in China.
4．I have never met a kinder(kind) teacher than Mrs Smith before.
5．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster(fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.
6．When you study the local map，you’ll find this town is twice the size of that one.
7．I have seldom seen my mother as/so pleased with my progress as she is now.
1．When the house was built，it was much smaller(small) than it is today.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Local people were provided with financial(finance) aid and other benefits.
3．One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest(fine) work，so that he could choose the best.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
4．As the small boat moved gently(gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small carrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.
2．Handle the most important tasks first，and you’ll feel a real sense of achievement(achieve)．
3．Although he researches cloning，his intention(intend) has never been to create copies of humans.
4．In the early fifties(fifty)，researchers found that people scored higher on intelligence tests if they spoke more than one language.
5．She is the twelfth(twelve) tutor，who has come to look after his children since their mother died.
6．The old man goes to the park every third(three) day，jogging with his fellows.
7．But the successful test drilling for fire ice does not mean it can be extracted for industrial(industry) use.
8．The world’s population is increasing at a surprising(surprise) rate and our environment is facing great pressure.
9．Nowadays it’s the second largest(large) city in Bulgaria and it’s a significant economic，educational and cultural center.
10．Indians start practicing yoga at a very young age，so their bodies are even stronger(strong)．
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．John Olson，a former photographer (photograph) and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.(2022·浙江6月)
2．Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road，in order to promote environmental protection(protect)．(2022·全国甲)
3．Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful (meaning)．The two of them collected more than 1,000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.(2022·全国甲)
4．In the last five years，Cao has walked through 34 countries in six continents，and in 2016，he reached the top of Kilimanjaro，Africa’s highest(high) mountain.(2022·全国甲)
5．The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations(population) and homes of giant pandas，and eventually(eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
6．On the day of the accident，Mrs Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father.They both fell asleep(sleep) while watching TV.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
7．When he looked down，he accidentally(accidental)slipped and fell over the edge.
(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
8．This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside，including lower(low) levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.
(2021·浙江1月)
9．It is calculated by dividing a person’s(person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.(2021·浙江1月)
10．Filled with curiosity(curious)，the artist packed his bags and left.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
(2022·浙江1月改编)
Kim Cobb，a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta，is one of a small but growing minority of 1. (academic) who are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.Travelling to conferences，lectures，workshops，and the like—2. (frequent) by plane—3. (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.But Cobb and others are now questioning that idea—pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely and changing their 4. (person) behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.On a website called No Fly Climate Sci，for example,5. (rough) 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—have promised to fly as little 6. possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb，for her part，started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 7.______ she could do so remotely；about two-8. (three) of the time，they agreed.When the answer was no，she declined the 9. (invite)．That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%，and she plans to continue the practice.“It has been fairly rewarding，”she says—“10. really positive change.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个由学者团体发起的实践，目的是减少学术飞行以应对气候变化危机。
1．答案　academics
解析　考查名词复数。此句话中前面有one of，所以后面名词应该用复数形式，故填academics。
2．答案　frequently
解析　考查副词。此处所填单词应该修饰前面的动名词travelling，所以应用副词，故填frequently。
3．答案　is viewed/has been viewed
解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与view之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。
4．答案　personal
解析　考查形容词。此处所填的单词应该修饰后面的名词behavior，所以应用形容词形式，故填personal。
5．答案　roughly
解析　考查副词。此处修饰数字用副词roughly“大约”，故填roughly。
6．答案　as
解析　考查原级比较。“as＋形容词/副词原级＋as”为固定用法，故填as。
7．答案　whether/if
解析　考查宾语从句。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，此处引导宾语从句作ask的宾语，意为“是否”，故填whether/if。
8．答案　thirds
解析　考查数词。此处是分数2/3的表达方式，分子如果大于1，分母要用复数形式，故填thirds。
9．答案　invitation
解析　考查名词。此处需填入名词作动词declined的宾语，故填invitation。
10．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。此处表示一个积极的改变，表泛指，且really的发音为辅音音素开头，所以应该用不定冠词a。
1．形容词的名词化表达
某些形容词可以用“be of＋抽象名词”来表达。例如：be important＝be of importance　be beneficial＝be of benefit　be valuable＝be of value　be helpful＝be of help　be useful＝be of use
　(2022·全国甲)说到海洋，它对世界非常重要，然而，它的污染正变得越来越严重。
When it comes to ocean，it’s of great importance to the world；however，its pollution is becoming more and more serious.
　(2021·全国甲)毫无疑问，故宫提供了一个进入中国木构建筑的窗口，这有助于外国人更多地了解中国文化。
There’s no doubt that the Palace Museum offers a window into Chinese wooden architecture，which is of help for foreigners to know more about Chinese culture.
2．副词的名词化表达
某些表示情绪的副词可以用“介词＋名词”短语表达。例如：angrily＝with anger　anxiously＝with anxiety　curiously＝with curiosity　comfortably＝in comfort　peacefully＝in peace　hurriedly＝in a hurry　joyfully＝with joy
　(2022·浙江1月)亨德森博士很高兴看到我们完成的项目并满意地对我们说：“一个人可以走得很远，但一群人可以走得更远。”
Dr Henderson was very glad to see our completed project and said to us with satisfaction，“One person can go far，but a group of persons can travel farther.”
　(2020·浙江7月)我们万分焦急地等待获救。
We waited for being rescued with great anxiety.
3．活用带有比较级的句型
(1)the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..
　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)我听到的鼓励越多，我就越感到精力充沛。
The more encouragement I heard，the more energetic I felt.
　(2022·全国甲)正如你们所知，参与的人越多，海洋环境就越好。
As you know，the more people are involved，the better the ocean environment is.
(2)“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义
　(2022·全国乙)我认为，在英语学习中，没有比自律更重要的了。
As far as I’m concerned，nothing is more important than self-discipline in English learning.
　(2021·浙江6月)我意识到没有什么比把这119美元给我的家人更有意义了。直到我把钱交给爸爸的时候，我才知道了成长的真正意义。
I realized nothing was more meaningful than contributing the 119 dollars to my family.Not until I handed my Dad the money did I know the true meaning of growing up.第1讲　谓语动词
At first，Jack wasn’t fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went① to his room，she found that he was playing② computer games.His father had condemned③ him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study④ hard and quit computer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jack’s performance at school，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He has been making⑦ progress.”He is making⑧ preparations for the college entrance exam.
There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
[规则感悟]　①是一般过去时，结构为谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为would＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为will＋be＋现在分词。
1．一般现在时
(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时)。
The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于go，arrive，leave，start，return，begin，come，take off 等动词(短语)。
The flight takes off at 8∶30 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五8∶30 起飞。
(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ago，the other day等时间状语连用。
He arrived at school at 9∶00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到学校。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
3．一般将来时
(1)“shall/will＋动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下个月退休。
—What time is it？——几点了？
—I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.
——我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云，要下雨了。
(3)“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
I am to meet Mr Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.
今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。
(4)“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。
Work is about to start on a new factory building.新厂房即将动工。
对点练习1
1．The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell(tell) you the story.
2．While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.
3．We hired(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job.(2021·全国甲)
4．现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
He is playing basketball on the playground.
他正在操场上打篮球。
(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，often，constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感彩。感彩可褒可贬。
The girl is always talking aloud in public.
这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话。
5．过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.今天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。
(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有go，come，leave，start，arrive。
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.
她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
6．将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.
不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。
对点练习2
1．She was playing(play) with the cellphone when her boss walked into the office.
2．Next Friday I will go to another concert.They will be playing(play) something by Mozart at that time.
3．—Hi，let’s go skating.
—Sorry，I’m busy right now.I am filling(fill) in an application form for a new job.
7．现在完成时
(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。
He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)
他已经关灯了。
(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有lately，recently，until now，ever since，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，so far等。
In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次做演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8．过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by＋过去时间点，by the end of＋过去时间点，by the time＋从句，until/before/since＋过去时间点或从句。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的手机收起来了。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.
他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to go home from work ahead of time.
我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
对点练习3
1．Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned/learnt(learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he had said(say) to me altogether.
2．Being raised in a family of teachers，I have got(get) plenty of chances to connect myself with literature since a young age.
3．I had expected(expect) to get the first prize in the contest but the result made me disappointed.
9．过去将来时
(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.
我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were going to＋动词原形；was/were to＋动词原形；was/were about to＋动词原形。
was/were going to＋动词原形表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。
He told me he was going to get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。
was/were about to＋动词原形表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were about to do...when...
She was about to say something more，and then checked herself.
她还想说几句，接着又克制住了自己。
10．现在完成进行时
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。
对点练习4
1．—Where is Peter I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing(write) his essay there ever since.
2．Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he would be(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change(change) the world.
注意　除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb...，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should＋动词原形。
1．Silk had become(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BCE.(2016·浙江)
2．It’s high time that we took/should take(take) urgent measures to protect water resources.
3．—Is Peter coming
—No，he changed(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
4．If you give up in winter，you will miss(miss) the hope of spring，the beauty of summer，and the harvest of autumn in your life.
Xiao Ming’s Cellphone
Xiao Ming’s cellphone was broken①.I couldn’t get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired②.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted③ to the basketball club.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ so frequently that people have been controlled⑥ by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted⑦ on some occasions.
Xiao Ming’s cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ again.
[规则感悟]　①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋being＋过去分词。
1．被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
—The window is dirty.
—I know.It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
——窗户脏了。
——我知道。好几周没擦了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.
除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态： have有；cost花费；lack 缺少；suit 适合；belong to 属于；suffer from 遭受；date from/back to 追溯到；consist of 由……组成；take part in参加。
I bought a book from Xinhua bookshop，which cost 15 yuan.
我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。
She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.
她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.
狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；run out用完。
An accident happened on the road last night and five people were killed.
昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。
A big fire broke out in the area last week.
上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
(5)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2．主动形式表示被动意义的结构
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，cook，draw等，常与well，easily，smoothly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
The sign reads as follows.告示如下。
The shirt doesn’t wash well.
这件衬衫不好洗。
Her new book is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2)系动词如smell，taste，feel，look，sound，prove等后接形容词作表语。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(3)open，close，lock，move，keep等动词常与won’t，can’t，wouldn’t 连用。
No matter what he did to the door，it wouldn’t open.
不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。
(4)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
The film is really worth seeing.
这部电影的确值得一看。
(5)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
这道题很难计算。
Do you think the water is safe to drink
你认为这水喝着安全吗？
(6)be to blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
这个错误应该归咎于谁？
对点练习
1．Travelling to conferences，lectures，workshops，and the like—frequently by plane—is viewed/has been viewed (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
(2022·浙江1月)
2．My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
3．Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
4．If you leave the club，you won’t be allowed(not，allow) back in.
1．After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be officially set up next year.The GPNP is designed(design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems...”(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．It’s a pity that few students nowadays are keen on reading classics which I think are really worth reading(read).
3．The medical team which consists(consist) of three doctors and five nurses has set off for Shanghai.
4．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past two years.
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle object to④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.Many a person thinks⑦ it not wise to leave the city I am living in.
[规则感悟]　该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：
①根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数。
②主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。
③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。
④主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。
⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
⑦“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．意义一致原则
I have been on a diet for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t② understand me，the majority of people around me support③ me.The old consider④ it unwise to go on a diet，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they think I can choose to do this as long as it doesn’t harm my health.
[规则感悟]　①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
②“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
③the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。
④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。
⑤family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．就近一致原则
There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.
[规则感悟]　①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
②or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)
注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Nations(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
3．“no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
4．all，the remaining，the part等加主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的第一部分很生动，但其余部分非常枯燥。
5．“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。
6．people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The police say they have arrested twenty people following the disturbances.
警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。
7．一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods，stairs，arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A number of people rushed into the supermarket when the goods were sold at a discount.
当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。
8．单复数同形的名词，如means，deer，sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。
Every means has been tried to complete the project ahead of time.
为了提前完成这个项目所有的方法都尝试了。
Many deer are dying out in our country so we must take effective measures to preserve them.
在我国很多鹿快灭绝了，因此我们必须采取有效的措施来保护它们。
9．what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he said is far from the truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的教师。
10．a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
11．在倒装句中谓语动词常与后面最接近的主语一致。
In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.
远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
12．就近原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。
Is either Tom or you to be sent to work there
是你还是汤姆要被派去那里工作？
对点练习
1．The teacher and poet often gives(give) lectures around the city.
2．I think Tom，rather than you，is(be) to blame for the incident；that is to say，you are innocent.
3．Nobody but Jim and Mike is(be) on the playground now.
4．As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.(be)
5．The poor were(be) looked down upon in the old days.
6．Neither his parents nor I am(be) able to persuade him to change his mind.
7．Listening to loud music and rock concerts has caused(cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far.
8．There is(be) an old man and two boys waiting for you in the doorway.
1．The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were(be) previously unprotected...(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Going to Mount Huangshan reminds(remind) me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection is(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
1．can/could
Mary—M　Nancy—N
M：Can① you pronounce this word
N：Sorry，I can’t①.
M：Can/Could② I use your dictionary
N：Of course you can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictionary
M：Can④ it be in your dormitory
N：No，it can’t④ be.I never study in my dormitory.
M：Could you have lent⑤ it to your deskmate
N：No，my deskmate couldn’t have borrowed⑤ a dictionary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ touch her books without permission.
M：An organized person can⑦ forget things.
[规则感悟]　can/could的意义及用法
①can表示能力，意为“能够”。②can表示请求，could 表示委婉语气。③can表示许可。④can/can’t表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤could sb have done...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”，couldn’t have done意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2．may/might
Mike—M　Teacher—T
M：May/Might① I come in
T：Yes，you may②.You’re almost late，and where is your deskmate
M：Hmm，I don’t know.He may/might③ be on the way to school.
T：He might③ be；that is，he might not③ be on his way to school.Mike，you may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he come yet
M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might not have set⑤ the alarm clock.
[规则感悟]　may/might的意义及用法
①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have done表示对过去的推测，意为“可能做了某事”。might not have done意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3．must
Jane—J　Mother—M
J：Mom，must① I take this medicine
M：Yes，you must①.
J：Must① I take it right now
M：No，you needn’t②.You can take it later.
J：But it must be③ bitter.
M：I’ve told you to wear your coat，but you must④ wear your T-shirt.Besides，you must have played⑤outdoors.You mustn’t⑥ do it again.
[规则感悟]　must的意义及用法
①must表示必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句，意为“一定”。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have done表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推测。
4．should
Boss—B　Jane—J　Steven—S
B：It’s nine now and everyone should① be here.Where is Steven He should have arrived② ten minutes ago.
J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual should③ be late for work.
B：Here he comes.Why are you late，Steven
S：I’m terribly sorry，sir.I shouldn’t have drunk② too much coffee last night.I kept my eyes open until four o’clock in the morning.
B：A person like you shouldn’t drink④ too much coffee.
S：Yes，I ought to be punctual as usual.
[规则感悟]　should的意义及用法
①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②should have done 意为“本应做而没做”，shouldn’t have done表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④should (not) do sth＝ought (not) to do sth(不)应该做某事。
5．shall
Man—M　Woman—W
M：Hi，where are you going
W：I shall① go to New York.
M：Me too！Oh，your suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it for you，Miss？(carrying the suitcase to the woman’s seat and sitting beside the woman)
W：Thank you for helping me，but it’s required that everyone shall③ sit on his own seat.
M：It doesn’t matter.
W：Stay away from me，or I will call the police.You shall④ be sorry for what you do.Sir，I need your help.(waving to a policeman)
[规则感悟]　shall的意义及用法
①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人向对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6．need/dare
Mike—M　Jack—J
M：Do you dare to take① your cellphone to the examination room
J：No，I dare not do② that；I needn’t do③ that，either.
M：You study well，so you don’t need to cheat④.I am different.
J：Stop thinking about cheating，and you can’t get away with it.You need to⑤ study hard.No pains，no gains.
[规则感悟]　need/dare的意义及用法
dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not，如用法②和③。
dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词do/does，且其后要加(to) do，如用法①④⑤。
其用法简单总结为：有助有to，无助无to。
7．will/would
Tom—T　Mary—M
M：How about the new watch
T：I will① never use it any more.It just won’t② give the correct time.
M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.
T：At nine o’clock in the morning？She would/used to④ have a nap in the afternoon.
M：The phone is ringing，but I am busy with my work.
T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
[规则感悟]　will/would 的意义及用法
①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④would/used to表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1.用于固定习语中
can’t/can never...too/enough (无论……也不过分；越……越好)
You can’t be too careful when crossing a busy street.
＝You can’t be careful enough when crossing a busy street.
你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2．can与be able to的区别
(1)can只有一般现在时和一般过去时；be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
今天下午我不能来。
(2)当表示“经过努力才得以做成某事”时应用be able to，不能用can。
He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
尽管下大雨，昨天晚上他去参加了聚会。
3．must和have to 的区别
must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have to 有更多的时态形式。
I really must go now.我真的必须现在就走。
I had to work when I was your age.
我像你这么大的时候不得不工作。
4．ought to的用法
ought to意为“应该，应当”，没有人称和数的变化。ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtn’t to，其一般疑问句形式是将ought置于主语前。多数情况下，ought to可与should互换使用。
You should/ought to be listening.
你应该倾听。
5．would与used to的区别
(1)would表示过去的某种倾向或习惯性动作，常译为“过去常常”。可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，后面接表示动作的动词，不能接表示状态的词。
When he worked there，he would have a walk along the river every morning.
当他在那儿工作的时候，每天早晨他总是沿着小河散步。
(2)used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。
He would sit in the park which used to be a factory reading for hours.
他过去常坐在公园里读几个小时的书，这个公园过去曾经是一个工厂。
6．“情态动词＋have done”的用法
对过去发生的事情或存在的状态进行推测 (1)must have done sth“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may(might) have done sth“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句或否定句中
(3)can(could) not have done sth“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句或疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定
表示与过去事实相反 (1)could have done sth(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做
(2)needn’t have done sth(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了
(3)ought to/should have done sth(过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做
(4)oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done sth(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了
(5)might have done sth(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做
Since nobody gave him any help，he must have done the research on his own.
既然没有人帮助他，他一定是独自做的研究。
Could he have left the work unfinished
他可能没有把工作做完吗？
—The taxi driver is to blame for the serious accident.
—I can’t agree more.He shouldn’t have drunk.
——出租车司机应为这起严重的事故负责。
——我非常赞同。他本不应该喝酒的。(事实上已经喝了)
You needn’t have watered the flowers because it would rain soon.你本不必浇花的，因为很快会下雨的。(事实上已经浇了)
I could have helped you but I was busy at that time.我本来可以帮你但是我当时很忙。(事实上没有帮)
对点练习
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)
1．—I don’t really like James.Why did you invite him
—Don’t worry.He might not come.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
2．I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
3．He can’t be our manager.Our manager has gone to Beijing.
4．You could have done better，but you didn’t try your best.
5．I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning.She couldn’t have spoken at the meeting.
6．Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman should do that.
7．You mustn’t play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.
8．You shall be punished for what you have done.
9．It must have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.
10．I needn’t have taken the umbrella，for the weather is fine.
1．It used to be that you could drive for miles here without seeing another person，but now there are houses and people everywhere.(2021·天津3月)
2．You shouldn’t have scolded (scold) him for his poor performance.After all，he had done his best.
1．wish/would rather/as if/if only从句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z　Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)
Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.
W：I would rather I hadn’t invited② you to go out.
Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.
W：If only you hadn’t fallen② into the river！If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn’t blame③ this on me.
[规则感悟]　as if好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，if only要是……就好了，这四个词汇后的从句往往用虚拟语气。
①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might/should＋动词原形，would rather从句中用一般过去时。
2．条件句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z　Wife—W
(in the hospital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①
W：If you hadn’t gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn’t have caught a cold.②
Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn’t have forgotten to wear warm coats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn’t have fallen into the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦
[规则感悟]　
①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done...，主语＋would/could/should/might have done...
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结构：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would/could/might have done...
③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，用法如下：
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for要不是，otherwise/or否则，but但是等。句子结构同上面if条件句中的虚拟语气的结构。
3．名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he (should) not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he (should) take out the cellphone and commanded that he (should) phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher (should) not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (should) give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (should) not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike (should) study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
[规则感悟]　
某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，
“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。
上述动词用于“It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形，如②。
上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion，advice等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形，如③。
It is (high/about) time that sb did/should do sth也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4．It is/was＋adj.＋that sb (should) do...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb (should) do...
English teacher：It is important/essential/necessary that you (should) learn English well.
Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I (should) learn English well.
[规则感悟]　在It is/was＋形容词(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”。
1.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
if条件句中有were，had或should时，可以省略if，并把were，had或should放在主语前，构成倒装结构。
If I were in your position，I would do the same.
→Were I in your position，I would do the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。
If you had come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
→Had you come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。
If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.
如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
2．错综时间虚拟条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
3．当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital.
这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
对点练习
1．The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people.If only I had been(be) there before!
2．Our only request is that this (should) be settled(settle) as soon as possible.
3．I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he would have arrived(arrive) on time.
4．If it should rain/were to rain/rained(rain) tomorrow，they would not go out for a picnic.
5．If you had taken(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.
6．How I wish every student had(have) a scientific and systematic study method！
1．If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I wouldn’t be(not，be) where I am.(2020·江苏)
2．I wish my mother would stop(stop) interfering and let me make my own decisions.
3．My father suggests that I (should) get (get) enough sleep before the final examination.
4．My husband is always talking about the economy，but I’d rather he focused(focus) more on our children’s education.
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．It is the first time that my son has met(meet) Zhong Nanshan，the renowned Chinese hero，face to face.
2．The girl shook(shake) her head happily，and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground.
3．The father，as well as his kids，is discussing(discuss) where to spend the weekend now.
4．When fat and salt are removed(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.
5．By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated(graduate) from college.
6．Either the beautiful views of this modern city or its local custom has attracted(attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.
7．The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which were(be) saved for other purposes.
8．That big house belongs(belong) to Mr Smith，who is a manager in a big company.
9．Jenny should have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
10．Jack was working(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．On a website called No Fly Climate Sci，for example，roughly 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—have promised(promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.(2022·浙江1月)
2．Henry was fixing(fix) his car when he heard the screams.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
3．He quickly threw(throw) his tools aside，and started running，arms out.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
4．The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history.It was built(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．(2021·全国甲)
5．As it connects(connect) things，your brain turns them into a story，and you get a dream.(2021·北京)
6．Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated，he had been offered(offer) jobs by a dozen computer companies.(2021·天津)
7．Good evening，everybody.Professor King will deliver/will be delivering(deliver) his lecture in a moment，but let me introduce him first.(2021·天津)
8．Currently，about 35,000 works are being displayed(display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre，and it would take a lifetime to see everything.(2021·天津)
9．Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it means(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed(construct)．”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
10．Amy，as well as her brothers，was given(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.(2019·天津6月)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
Passage 1　时态与主谓一致篇
The first zoo 1. (establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2. (build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos 3. (consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7. (try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8. (save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10. (play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.
1．答案　was established
解析　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“around 3,500 years ago”可知是过去时态，主语“The first zoo”和谓语动词establish之间是被动关系，且主语为单数，谓语用单数形式，故填 was established。
2．答案　built
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词需要用过去式，故填 built。
3．答案　consisted
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，此处描述过去的情况，谓语动词用过去式，故填 consisted。
4．答案　were replaced
解析　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语“the zoos”和谓语动词replace之间为被动关系，并且是描述过去发生的事，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填were replaced。
5．答案　(were) kept
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。animals与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
6．答案　understood
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词要用过去式，故填 understood。
7．答案　have tried/have been trying
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填have tried/have been trying。
8．答案　to save
解析　考查非谓语动词。rely on sb to do sth依靠某人做某事，故填to save。
9．答案　(are) watched
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。 主语animals和谓语动词watch之间是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。
10．答案　are playing
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语now可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且主语programs是复数，故填are playing。
Passage 2　情态动词与虚拟语气篇
I 1. have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.No one 3.______ be compared with her in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6. (not，allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7. obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student 8. (not，wear) school uniform，he would be punished immediately.According to the rules，students 9. get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10. be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.
1．答案　needn’t
解析　句意：因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。所以用needn’t。
2．答案　danced
解析　句意：我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在事实相反，所以用danced。
3．答案　can
解析　句意：没有人能跳得和她一样好，表示“能力”用can。
4．答案　did/should do
解析　It is high time that sb should do/did sth到了某人该做某事的时候了。
5．答案　will
解析　句意：每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will表示意愿。
6．答案　(should) not allow
解析　recommend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
7．答案　must
解析　句意：学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。
8．答案　didn’t wear
解析　因为主句谓语用would do，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件状语从句中谓语用过去式。
9．答案　shall
解析　shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应该，必须”。
10．答案　should
解析　句意：我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷于《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 should在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。
1．时态的交叉使用
　(2021·浙江6月)艺术展览将于本周在报告厅举行。更具体地说，它从周一开始，将持续至少五天。
The art exhibition falls this week in the lecture hall.To be more specific，it starts on Monday and will last 5 days at least.
　(2022·浙江1月)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴知道你在家乡过着幸福的生活。
Though I felt a little sorry that you left China last year，I am pleased to know you are leading a happy life in your hometown.
2．利用“主将从现”的规律
　(2019·全国Ⅰ)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。
If I am accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can help them know more about Chinese culture.
　(2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。
If you are available next Sunday，I will wait for you at the school gate and I’m sure we will have a good time together.
3．被动语态的适当运用
　(2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。
A fantastic students’ Chinese painting show was organized in our school art gallery yesterday.
　(2022·全国乙)很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电影的学生的比例分别是65%和50%。
It can easily be seen that the percentage of students who choose listening to English songs and watching English movies is respectively 65% and 50%.
4．虚拟语气巧利用
(1)if条件句的虚拟
　(2018·浙江6月)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。
If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wouldn’t have lost our way.
　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Youth，I wouldn’t have made such great progress in English.
(2)利用“It’s high time that...”表虚拟
　(2022·全国甲)总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
　总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。
In a word，it is high time that we should raise/raised our awareness of environmental protection.
(3)should的适当运用
　(2021·上海)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。
I recommend that you should take the Listening and Speaking course first for the following reasons.
　(2018·全国Ⅱ)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。
It is required that anyone who wants to participate should arrive at the lecture hall on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句
　(2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
But for/Without her help and professional instruction，I couldn’t have made such great progress in English study.
　(2020·全国Ⅱ)我们有幸参加了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。
We were fortunate to take part in the picking activity，otherwise we wouldn’t have known how sweet the fruits of labour were.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子
　(2018·浙江6月)我们正在努力寻找回去的路时听到了叔叔的大声呼喊。
We were trying to look for the way back when we heard my uncle shouting loudly.
　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)Bernard正在街上忧心忡忡地徘徊，这时John来帮他了。
Bernard was wandering worriedly in the street when John came to his assistance.第2讲　非谓语动词
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
1．不定式的用法
Xiao Ming wants to become① a basketball star and his dream is to play② basketball in the NBA.But he has so much homework to do③.In order to have④ more time to play③ basketball，Xiao Ming decides to study① hard to get④ a high score.He really hopes that his father will allow him to play⑤ basketball every day.To make his dream come true⑥ is not easy.
[规则感悟]　动词的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作宾语　②作表语　③作定语　④作状语　⑤作宾补　⑥作主语
2．动词-ing形式的用法
Reading① is one of Xiao Meng’s hobbies.Since she was a child，she has been dreaming of becoming② a writer.Last month，she read a book describing③ love between a prince and a sleeping④beauty—a girl whose gift was solving⑤ difficult problems in her dreams.The girl often found herself solving⑥ problems while sleeping⑦ soundly，making⑧ her partners shocked.The book is very interesting⑤.Xiao Meng really enjoys reading② the novel and imagines solving② difficult problems in her own dreams.
[规则感悟]　动词-ing形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作主语　②作宾语　③作后置定语　④作前置定语　⑤作表语　⑥作宾补　⑦⑧作状语
3．过去分词的用法
Praised① by my teacher，I felt pleased②.The reason why I was praised was that I picked up a lost③ cellphone and returned it to the owner.The incident made my parents amazed④.
[规则感悟]　动词的过去分词形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作状语　②作表语　③作定语　④作宾补
种类 形式 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing ×
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been done
分词 现在分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 done(vi.) 表完成 done(vt.)表被动 与完成 × × √ √ √ √
Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。
It’s time I got down to thinking about that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
Asked what had happened，he lowered his head.
问他发生了什么事的时候，他低下了头。
Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
Having been ignored for a long time，the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.
因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。
对点练习
1．Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have (have) a low impact on the natural environment.(2021·全国乙)
2．After spending (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! (2021·全国甲)
3．They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
4．According to the study，when faced (face) with the new challenges，fast walkers are more likely to be active while quiet people tend to walk more slowly.
5．Most high school students want to get into famous universities and they spend most of their time reviewing(review) lessons.
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.
戒烟是正确的。
注意　
在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.
他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.
过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
(2)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火会很危险。
注意　下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth
It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
It is no good coming before that.
在那之前来没有用。
2．非谓语动词作表语
(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
我的梦想是考入北京大学。
My job is to clean the rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打扫房间。
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
(3)现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语，现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”；而过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。
It’s well known that a tiger looks very frightening.
众所周知，老虎看起来令人很害怕。
We were moved at the news that he had died for the motherland.
听到他为国捐躯的消息，我们都很感动。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式作宾语
①常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish，refuse，manage，volunteer，pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer，promise，choose，plan，agree，ask/beg，help
My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.
我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。
We agreed to meet at the school gate.
我们一致同意在校门口见面。
②动词tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
Please tell me when to start the project.
请告诉我何时开始这个项目。
③在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
(2)动名词作宾语
①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid，miss，go on/keep on，practise，deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免 forbid，imagine，risk，can’t help，mind，allow/permit，escape
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。
My mother couldn’t help smiling when she heard the good news.
听到那个好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。
②介词后要跟动名词作宾语，但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。
In 1993，China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and generating electricity.
1993年，中国烧掉了12亿吨煤用于供热和发电。
After eating in her restaurant people would become tired very quickly.
人们在她的餐馆里吃过饭以后，很快就会感到疲乏。
They had no choice but to wait here.
他们别无选择只有在这儿等待。
③由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始)，devote...to...(致力于……)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。
With many reference materials in hand，he got down to writing his graduation thesis.
手头有许多参考资料，他开始写毕业论文。
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
I meant to give you this book today，but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着得再等一小时。
4．在need，want，require等后表示被动意义，不定式要用被动语态，动名词不需要。
My bike needs to be repaired.＝My bike needs repairing.
我的自行车需要修理。
对点练习
1．It is possible to walk (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.(2021·全国甲)
2．It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated (educate) about the areas.(2021·全国乙)
3．It is widely believed that forming(form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
4．When Peter speaks in public，he always has trouble thinking(think) of the right things to say.
5．We paced around to avoid getting(get) frostbite(冻伤) as the temperature stayed close to －30 ℃ and our drill batteries became too cold to work.
6．The experts all agree that the present economic situation is encouraging(encourage).
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式to be done作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.
你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He had no pen to write with so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
他没有钢笔写字，不得不从邻居那儿借了一支。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2．分词作定语
(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成或状态时，用过去分词。
The park was full of people enjoying themselves in the sunshine.
公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)
The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。
falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(表完成)
3．动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick拐杖
a reading room阅览室
a sleeping car卧铺车
对点练习
1．The matter being discussed(discuss) now is so important that it will attract everyone’s attention.
2．Having a large family to support(support)，he took up two part-time jobs in his spare time.
3．Earth Day，marked(mark) on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
4．Actually，it is quite normal for an average person living(live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single day.
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard.
为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。
The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：only to(不料……)、enough to(足够……)、too...to...(太……而不能……)、so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
Tom hurried back only to find that his mother had left.
汤姆匆忙赶回来，结果却发现他的母亲已经离开了。
He is clever enough to work out the difficult maths problem.
他足够聪明，能解决这道数学难题。
I’m too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了，不能再熬夜了。
(3)作原因状语
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
注意　还有一类形容词如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The morning air is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day.
早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
2．分词作状语
分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。
(1)作时间状语相当于when，while，before，since，as引导的时间状语从句。
Translated into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
＝When the sentence was translated into English，it was found to have an entirely different word order.
当这个句子被译成英语时，人们发现它有一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because，since，as引导的原因状语从句。
①Not understanding this problem，he asked the teacher about it.
＝Because he didn’t understand this problem，he asked the teacher about it.
因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。
②Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour，I can also work out this problem.
＝If I’m given another hour，I can also work out the problem.
如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。
(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me，asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
＝One evening Harry phoned me，and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于though，although，even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
＝Though he was warned of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.
虽然被警告有危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
注意　某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lost(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(隐瞒的)、lost/absorbed(沉迷于……的)、dressed(穿着……的)、tired(对……感到厌倦的)、excited(兴奋的)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
3．独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
独立成分 含义
generally speaking 一般来说
frankly/honestly speaking 坦白地/老实说
judging from/by... 根据……来判断
considering.../taking...into consideration/account 考虑到……
to tell you the truth 说实话
seeing... 考虑到……
given... 考虑到……
compared to/with... 与……相比
Generally speaking，the rule is very easy to understand.
一般来说，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.
说实话，我有点累。
4．独立主格结构
(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
(2)特点：
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；
③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
Much work to do tonight(＝As there will be much work to do tonight)，we can’t go to see the film.
今晚有很多活要干，我们不能去看电影。
Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们明天将去海滩郊游。
He was lying on the grass，his hands crossed under his head(＝and his hands were crossed under his head)．
他头枕着交叉的双手躺在草地上。
对点练习
1．Later，they learned to work with the seasons，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making (make) use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.
2．Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments on-board Chang’e-4 to find(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
3．Time permitting (permit)，you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou.
4．Completed(complete) in 1931，the Empire State Building，the highest skyscraper until 1954，inspired the imagination of the world.
5．I love to go sightseeing worldwide，always absorbed(absorb) in the culture of every country I visit.
6. Seeing(see) the Great Wall wind its way over the mountains，all of us felt really amazed.
1．后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词及动词短语
(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议　allow 允许　ask 询问；要求　beg恳求　cause 导致　encourage 鼓励　permit准许　forbid 禁止　force 强迫　intend打算　invite 邀请　order 命令；要求　persuade说服　prefer 更喜欢　require 需要；要求　teach教　remind 提醒　tell 告诉　want想要　warn 警告　wish 希望；想要　wait for等待　call on 号召；要求　depend on 依靠　urge 催促；力劝
She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.
她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则并要求每个人都遵守这些规则。
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：
sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
据说，他在大街上被骗了。
The accident is reported to have killed two people.据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。
2．非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补
(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：
see＋宾语＋
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
As I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
从非洲医疗服务两年回来后，李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
[注意]　“感官动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加to。
The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)
有人看见小偷进了银行。
(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：
①make＋宾语＋
The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.
老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。
He tried to make himself understood.
他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚。
②let＋宾语＋
Don’t let your child play with matches.
别让你的孩子玩火柴。
Let the work be done immediately.
立刻把工作做完。
③have＋宾语＋
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.
他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
My car broke down on my way to work and I will have it repaired tomorrow.
我的车在上班的路上坏了，明天要找人修一下。
注意　(1)“使役动词＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时也需加to。
He was made to work day and night，so he was very tired of the job.
他被迫日夜工作，所以他非常厌倦这项工作。
(2)have sb doing sth用于否定句中，常与can’t，won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
④get＋宾语＋
She got her bike running very fast.
她把自行车骑得飞快。
I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
3．动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况
(1)leave
(2)keep
(3)find
(4)catch sb doing sth撞见某人正在做某事
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
大部分的菜客人们都没有动，因为它们不可口。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
The hall was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
人们发现礼堂彻底地被打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。
I caught him smoking in the bathroom.
我撞见他在浴室里抽烟。
4．“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构
(1)with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行
He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky.
他躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。
(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
理了发，他看起来年轻多了。
(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生
With a lot of homework to do，I can’t go skating with you.
因为有很多作业要做，我不能和你一起去滑冰。
对点练习
1．And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding(surround) the mountain tops，he was reduced to tears.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
2．It’s typical of him to leave the water running(run) while he is brushing his teeth.
3．The median(中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected to increase(increase) to 42 by 2050.
4．At the party，the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself noticed(notice)．
5．The park was full of beauty，with the sun shining and birds singing(sing).
1．Knowing(know) that you are coming to visit one of your Chinese friends，I’m writing to inform you of some customs you should pay attention to.
2．Being offered(offer) the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
3．He was reported to have received(receive) 80,000 yuan for offering a four-Chinese-character answer on a pay-for-knowledge platform.
4．Having been shown(show) around the classrooms，we were taken to see the library.
5．The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake，making(make) us awake all night.
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The Qinling Mountains have become the easiest place on Earth to encounter(encounter) wild pandas.
2．Despite being two goals behind South Korea in the first half，the Chinese women’s national football team got three in the second half with two goals scored (score) in just five minutes.
3．Getting up early in the morning，putting(put) on warm clothes and waiting in a long line outside a store to buy newly-made yuanxiao is a ceremony for me and ensures I will have another sweet year.
4．Scientists from Madagascar invested up to 12 years in the forest to record(record) songs of the 20 indri groups，and found the presence of rhythms featuring in human songs.
5．In recent years，biang biang noodles and its associated custom have become more widely known across China，driven(drive) in part by social media interest in the made-up “biang” character.
6．By July，it’s estimated that Shennongjia will be linked to a newly built high-speed railway，making (make) the mountainous region more accessible.
7．People can simply download apps that allow them to make(make) free video calls and send messages to other people around the world.
8．She felt very glad as the testing program in the venue，known(know) as the “Ice Ribbon”，was going as smoothly as the athletes skated on the gleaming ice.
9．The powerful and natural springs associated(associate) with Yellowstone’s identity and picture landscape brought Yellowstone its fame.
10．After taking the lesson，I now understand the difficulty of calligraphy and that it will take efforts and commitment to master(master) this art form.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%，and she plans to continue (continue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)
2．A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi’an，as a first step to journey (journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by foot.(2022·全国甲)
3．Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held (hold) in Beijing，Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.(2022·全国甲)
4．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)
5. To strengthen(strengthen) the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media，inviting(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.(2022·全国乙)
6. Covering(cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony，and climbed up to see(see) them.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
8．There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years，caused(cause) largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations.(2021·北京)
9．This may be due to some disadvantages for people living(live) in the countryside，including lower levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.(2021·浙江1月)
10．China’s National Highway 318，extending(extend) over 5,000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu，Tibet，is known as the “heavenly road” for its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
1． (go) to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”．What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans 2. (be)．
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb.It will undoubtedly help you get 3. (refresh)! The 4. (amaze) thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature 5. (get)，the hotter the spring! Strange，isn’t it But that’s how nature is—always leaving us 6. (astonish)．
What comes next is the endless series of steps.You can’t help 7. (wonder) how hard it was for the people then 8. (put) all those rocks into place.Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain，still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 9. (ache) legs.
As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in mine.While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must 10. (visit)!
1．答案　Going
解析　考查非谓语动词作主语。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，本空为主语且表示主动的、一般性的动作，故应用动词的-ing形式作主语。
2．答案　are
解析　考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知用一般现在时，且主语we humans是复数，谓语用are。
3．答案　refreshed
解析　考查非谓语动词作表语。get refreshed构成系表结构。
4．答案　amazing
解析　考查非谓语动词作定语。修饰thing表示“令人惊奇的”，故用-ing形式作定语。
5．答案　gets
解析　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句意以及上下文时态可知，此处用一般现在时，且主语the temperature为第三人称单数，故填gets。
6．答案　astonished
解析　考查非谓语动词作宾补。本空在“leave＋复合宾语”结构中作宾补，且根据语境可知，这里指的是使我们“感到惊讶”，故填astonished。
7．答案　wondering
解析　考查非谓语动词作宾语。can’t help doing sth忍不住做某事。
8．答案　to put
解析　考查不定式作主语。此处为 it is/was＋adj.＋for sb＋to do sth的变式，it为形式主语，to do 为真正的主语。
9．答案　aching
解析　考查非谓语动词作定语。本空在句中作定语，ache与中心词legs之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词aching。
10．答案　to visit
解析　考查非谓语动词作定语。此处must用作名词，指“必须要做的一件事”，需用动词不定式作定语。
1．作主语或介宾用doing——不犯简单错误
　(2022·浙江1月)说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我不想浪费时间来讨论。
Persuading him into accepting my views was impossible，so I didn’t want to waste my time discussing.
　(2021·天津3月)在蒙古草原和那里的人一起体验生活将是一个很好的选择，以开阔我的视野。
Experiencing life on the Mongolia grassland with people there will be a good choice to broaden my horizons.
2．作状语用分词生动简练
(1)doing作状语，表示句子主语和该动词为主谓(主动)关系。
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)大卫听了我的话，露出了灿烂的笑容，站起来朝起跑线走去。
Hearing my words，David beamed a big smile，stood up and moved towards the starting line.
　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)父亲轻轻地拍着他们的肩膀，用温柔的声音说：“亲爱的，爱才是最重要的。让我们一起做吧。”
Patting them gently on the shoulders，the father said in a warm voice，“Darling，it is love that counts.Let’s do this together.”
(2)done作状语，表示句子主语和该动词为动宾(被动)关系，或者表示主语所处的某种状态。
　(2020·浙江7月)被这只熊不停地用力推，篱笆很快就散架了。
Pushed hard constantly by the bear，the fence soon fell apart.
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)虽然筋疲力尽，但是大卫到达了终点线，所有的学生都为他欢呼。
Worn out，David reached the finishing line and all the students cheered for him.
3．表目的，不定式适当提前
　(2022·全国甲)而且，为了呼吁更多的人来保护海洋，我们还可以发传单。
What’s more，to call on more people to protect the ocean，we can also hand out leaflets.
　(2021·上海)为了更高效地学习英语，你最好选择听说课程。
To learn English more efficiently，you had better choose the Listening and Speaking course.
4．having done比after从句光鲜靓丽
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)在确认了大卫想跑就跑的情况后，我转过身发现他朝我走来，他瘦小的身体随着他的双脚向前摆动而左右摇晃。
Having made sure that David could run if he wanted to，I turned around to find him coming towards me，his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet forward.
　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)卖完爆米花之后，他们决定收工回家。
Having sold out all the popcorn，they decided to call it a day and go home.第4讲　特殊句式
“What a beautiful garden！① How beautiful the flowers are！①”The kids shouted.“Can we go into the garden，Mrs Green？” “Yes.But don’t pick or harm the flowers while appreciating them②.It was with great patience that the gardener grew them.③” “Yes，Mrs Green. Let’s explore the garden.②”
[规则感悟]　①为感叹句，结构为What (＋a/an)＋adj.＋n.(＋主语＋谓语)或How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语。
②为祈使句，结构为Do sth/Don’t do sth，有时后面会跟“and/or＋句子”。
③为强调句，结构为It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分。
1．感叹句
(1)what引导的感叹句
①What＋a/an＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！
②What＋adj.＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！
What lovely children they are!
他们是多么可爱的孩子啊！
(2)how引导的感叹句
①How＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！
②How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！
③How＋主语＋谓语！
How interesting a story it is!
＝What an interesting story it is!
这是多么有趣的一个故事啊！
2．祈使句
祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)，有时也可用everybody，someone，anybody等不定代词。
祈使句的4种形式：①动词原形(＋宾语)＋其他成分；②Be＋表语(＋其他成分)，如Be honest.；③Let’s/Let us do/not do sth；④祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句(陈述句谓语用一般将来时)。
3．强调句型
(1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人，且作主语时，可用who或that，其他情况下一律用that。
It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.只有通过相互倾听和理解，父母和孩子之间的问题才能得到解决。
注意：
①强调主语时，that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上要和被强调的主语保持一致。
It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.
是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进步。
②由疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序。
She doesn’t know who it was that saved her son.她不知道是谁救了她儿子。
(2)强调句型的疑问句结构：
一般疑问句：Is/Was＋it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分？
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋其他部分？
Was it in the park that he met our new teacher
他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course？他是什么时候决定修这门课的？
(3)not...until的强调句型结构：It is/was not until...＋that＋其他部分。
It was not until yesterday that I was told that he was ill in hospital.
直到昨天我才被告知他生病住院了。
(4)强调谓语动词
It is/was...who/that...结构不能强调谓语动词。可用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句中，do还可以用于祈使句。
She did tell me her address，but I forgot all about it.她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。
对点练习
1．Work hard，and you will make progress in English.
2．What a beautiful picture you are showing to us!
3．It wasn’t until 1706 that Thomas Twining founded the world’s first dry tea and coffee shop in London.
倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装。部分倒装只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词、情态动词、be动词)置于主语之前，而完全倒装是把谓语全部放在主语之前。
1．部分倒装
Never will my mother go to the amusement park again.① Not only was it dirty①，but it also was noisy.So noisy was it that I couldn’t hear my mother.②Only when she shouted at me at the top of her voice could I hear what she was saying.③What’s worse，no sooner had we come out of the park than it began to rain①.We got wet.Had we left a bit earlier，we would not have been trapped in the rain.④ If Mother won’t go，neither will I⑤.Near as it is⑥，I won’t choose to go there again because I am not interested in anything in the park now.
[规则感悟]　①never，seldom，hardly，rarely，little，not only...but (also)．..，no sooner...than...，hardly...when...等含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装。注意：not only置于句首时，所在的分句要部分倒装，but also所在的分句不倒装。②so/such...that...结构中的so，such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装，that引导的从句不倒装。③“only＋状语(从句)”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
④在含有were/had/should的虚拟条件句中可以省略if，将were/had/should提前，构成部分倒装。⑤表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/be动词/情态动词＋主语”(so表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义)。⑥在as引导的让步状语从句中，从句的表语/状语/动词原形要位于句首，构成倒装结构。
2．全部倒装
On the platform was a student giving a speech.① In the corner sat a shy boy，Tom.① Then came the boy’s turn.②“Come onto the platform，” said the teacher③.There went the boy.④Seated in the front were the leaders of the school.⑤ Though his hands were trembling，he began his speech.Such was Tom，a shy boy who was determined to face challenges.⑥
[规则感悟]　①表地点的介词短语位于句首，引起句子全部倒装。②表示时间的副词then，now等位于句首，引起句子全部倒装。③直接引语位于句首，引起句子全部倒装。④表示方位的副词here，there，out，in，up，down，away位于句首，引起句子全部倒装。口诀：方位方向加时间，地点介短直引(提)前。⑤分词/形容词＋地点状语＋be＋主语。⑥such置于句首时用完全倒装。
1．在as/though引导的部分倒装结构中，如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，则其前不加冠词。
Child as he was，he finished his task with great courage and determination.
尽管他只是一个孩子，他还是满怀着决心和勇气完成了任务。
2．在全部倒装结构中，主语只能是名词而不能是代词。谓语也只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。
Look！Here comes the bus.
看！汽车来了。
不能说Look！Here comes it.
要说Look！Here it comes.
对点练习
1．Next door to ours live(live) a black couple，who seem to have settled in this community for quite a long time.
2．Absurd as/though it might sound，everyone present was amused by his adventure story in Africa.
3．Not until recently did(do) they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
4．Here are(be) some suggestions，which I hope will be of benefit to you.
5．Only then did(do) he realize that he had fallen behind.
—You shouldn’t read books while having lunch①. If so②，you will make the book you read③ dirty.Would you like to put your book aside now
—I’d like to④，but the book is so interesting that I can’t tear myself away from it.
—Do you want to have a stomachache
—No，I hope not⑤.I will put it away right now.
[规则感悟]　①在while，when，where，as if，if，though，no matter what，until等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而从句主语又与主句主语一致或从句主语是it时，主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。②if ever如果曾发生过的话；if busy 如果忙的话；if any如果有的话；if possible如果可能的话；if so如果这样的话；if not如果不的话；if necessary如果必要的话。③限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom常可以省略。④在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。⑤英语中还常常用so/not等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容，so/not多跟在以I’m afraid，I hope，I think，I guess，I believe等开头的答句中。
1．在状语从句的省略中，若省略，则主语和be动词一起省略，若保留则一起保留。
You can’t be careful enough while (you are) crossing a busy street.
在横穿繁忙街道的时候，你再怎么小心也不为过。
2．在状语从句的省略中，要注意连词之后的非谓语动词与主句主语之间的关系。
Though lacking money，his parents managed to send him to college.
尽管缺钱，他的父母还是设法让他去上大学。
He always keeps silent unless asked.
除非被问到，他总是保持沉默。
3．动词不定式的省略
在主动语态中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略；在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动词而保留不定式符号to。
The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.
司机想把车停在路边，但被警察要求不要停。
注意：当动词不定式是由be或have构成时，to后必须保留be或have。
—Are you fond of classic music
—No，but I used to be.
——你喜欢古典音乐吗？
——不，但我曾经喜欢。
—Have you told Ann about her failure in the test
—Yes，but I oughtn’t to have.
——你告诉安她考试不及格的事了吗？
——告诉了，但我不应该那样做。
对点练习
1．We finished the task two days earlier than expected(expect)．
2．—Do you have any idea what Paul does all day
—As I know，he spends at least as much time playing as he does writing(write)．
3．We all know that，if not carefully dealt(deal) with，the situation will get worse.
4．He suddenly turned around as if to make(make) sure that nobody was following him.
1．Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are(be) stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
2．It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
(2018·天津6月)
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．Professor Salovery，who invented the term EQ，gives the following description：At work，it is IQ that gets you promoted.
2．Sitting(sit) in the first row is my head teacher，who will deliver a speech on the stage.
3．Although warned(warn) several times，the boy still went swimming in the river.
4．Present at the party last night were(be) Mr Green and many other guests.
5．—What did she want to know，Tom
—She wondered when it was that we could complete the experiment.
6．Some of you may have finished the text.If so，you can go on to the next.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．It was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.
(2017·天津6月)
2．Were(be) it not for the support of the teachers，the student could not overcome her difficulty.(2017·江苏)
3．But like so many other things，it is only too much stress that does you harm.(2016·上海)
4．Only when Lily walked into the office did (do) she realize that she had left the contract at home.(2015·天津)
5．Into the complete silence of the waiting class came(come) the teacher’s sweet voice，“Good morning，children.”(2015·湖北)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
Disha Florence never thought she would become a web novel writer.The lady from Bangladesh，was trying to find a way to free herself from the restrictions faced by a woman,1.______ wish she has had since she was 8.It was then 2. she observed that being a girl meant she couldn’t play in the park like boys，and that she needed to learn to do housework.
As she grew up，she realized that 3. experience and knowledge，it’s impossible to be free.Therefore，while 4. (continue) her study，Florence worked as a volunteer，going to places and meeting people with or without her parents’ 5. (permit). Her father told her，“You need to make your own money to do as you wish.” Florence found this advice 6._______(logic)，but didn’t know what to do.
At 22，she noticed on the Chinese reading app Webnovel that the website was hiring authors who 7. (say) to be able to make much money.
Without thinking 8. (far)，Florence started writing and became a professional web novelist.9. (inspire) by popular Chinese “CEO novels” on the app，Florence wrote her first book.This story about self-respect and self-love，10. characters are Chinese，is set in Europe.
Now Florence has about 164,200 readers on Webnovel and is working on another two books.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了孟加拉国网络作家Disha Florence在成长过程中追求自我价值，并在中国的阅读应用程序上创作网络小说获得成功的故事。
1．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。设空处应用不定冠词，表泛指，此处的“a wish”是前面提到的“从对女性的约束中解放出来”的解释。故填a。
2．答案　that
解析　考查强调句。分析句子可知，此句为强调句，强调副词then。故填that。
3．答案　without
解析　考查介词。根据句意可知，此处应填介词without，意为“没有，缺乏”。故填without。
4．答案　continuing
解析　考查状语从句的省略。设空处在连词while之后，且continue与逻辑主语Florence之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词，句子补充完整为：while she was continuing her study。故填continuing。
5．答案　permission
解析　考查名词。设空处在her parents’之后，应用名词形式，with/without one’s permission意为“经/未经某人允许”。故填permission。
6．答案　logical
解析　考查形容词。此处为“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构，补足语可用形容词，logic的形容词为logical，意为“合情合理的，合乎逻辑的”。故填logical。
7．答案　were said
解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。设空处为be said to do结构，根据主句中的noticed，可知此处也用一般过去时；say与逻辑主语authors为动宾关系，应用被动语态；主语authors为复数，助动词用were。故填were said。
8．答案　further
解析　考查副词。根据句意可知，应用far的比较级further，意为“更远地，进一步”，作think的状语。故填further。
9．答案　Inspired
解析　考查非谓语动词。设空处应用非谓语动词，inspire与逻辑主语Florence之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词；设空处在句首，首字母应大写。故填Inspired。
10．答案　whose
解析　考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为This story，先行词与characters为所属关系，设空处应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
1．感叹句
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)在英语节目“Talk and Talk”中与你交流对我们来说是多么有意义的经历啊！
What a meaningful experience it is for us to communicate with you in the English programme “Talk and Talk”！
　(2021·浙江6月)这是一场多么精彩的中国画展啊！
What a fantastic Chinese painting show it is!
2．祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句
　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)我正要放弃的时候老师对我喊：“坚持，你会成功的。”
I was about to give up when my teacher shouted at me，“Keep up，and you will make it.”
　(2020·浙江7月)埃莉(Elli)说：“快点，否则熊会追上我们的。”
“Hurry up，or the bear will catch up with us，” said Elli.
3．强调句
　(2022·浙江1月)正是在那个文化节上，你分享了很多关于你们国家的有趣的事情。
It was at that festival that you shared so many interesting things about your country.
　(2021·浙江6月)在我把钱交给父母之后，我才意识到成长的意义。
It was after I handed my parents the cash that I realized the meaning of growing up.
4．“only＋状语(从句)”位于句首的倒装句
　(2022·全国甲)只有当所有人都努力保护海洋时，海洋环境才会变得越来越好。
Only when all the people make their efforts to protect the ocean will the ocean environment become better and better.
　(2021·上海)只有通过说和听，你才能不断地练习；只有把你所学的运用起来，你才能尽快地掌握汉语。
Only by speaking and listening can you keep practicing it and only by putting what you have learnt into use can you master Chinese as quickly as possible.
5．倒装句(so＋adj.＋be＋sb/sth＋that从句)
　(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)大卫如此坚定，他终于到达了终点，所有的学生都为他欢呼。
So determined was David that he finally reached the finishing line and all the students cheered for him.
　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)伯纳德(Bernard)是如此开心以至于他给了约翰一个大大的拥抱。
So happy was Bernard that he gave John a big hug.
6．全部倒装
　(2021·浙江6月)我的爸爸妈妈站在那辆旧卡车旁边，他们看起来既悲伤又焦虑。
Beside the old truck stood my dad and mom，looking sad and anxious.
　(2020·浙江1月)后院有两只在草坪上快乐打滚(tumble)的狗。
In the backyard were two happy dogs tumbling about on the grassland.第3讲　介词
1．表示方位的介词
We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，only to find nothing.My friend found something special—an empty box.Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of it.” From the window we saw another house beyond a small hill.
[规则感悟]　①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。③to指“到某处，去某处”。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。⑧around在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。⑩beside在……旁边。 out of向/在……外面。 from从……。 beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2．表示时间的介词
It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2021.My parents left home at③ 6∶00 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in② two hours.However，it wasn’t long before④ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peephole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn’t open it until⑤ my parents came back.During⑥ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn’t listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑦ two hours since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑧ the years
[规则感悟]　①on指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上；也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。④before在……之前。⑤until直到……时候。⑥during在……期间。⑦for表示延续一段时间。⑧over表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3．表示原因的介词
John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④ John’s bad behaviour.
[规则感悟]　①for表示原因，后面可以跟名词(词组)或动名词。②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面跟代词或名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不跟陈述句，跟名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4．其他重要介词
Between① the two opinions，I am for② the first one but against③ the second one.By④ wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by④ others despite⑤ the different economic backgrounds among⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.
[规则感悟]　①between表示“两者之间”。②for表示“支持”。③against表示“反对”。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示“尽管”，等于in spite of。⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示“除此之外(还)”。⑧within表示“在……范围之内”。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略
1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。
We watched an exciting football match last week.
上周我们观看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。
2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3．习惯搭配中介词的省略。
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth，waste some time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy (in) doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。
Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty (in) waking him up.
弗兰克坚持说自己没有睡觉，虽然我叫醒他费了好大劲。
二、介词不可省略的问题
1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能省略。
The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.
这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。
2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to.
这个问题很值得关注。
3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.
我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词短语
1．介词与名词构成的搭配：
(1)at＋名词
at a loss不知所措
at the cost of以……的代价
at peace处于和平状态
at the risk of冒……的危险
at war处于战争状态
at the mercy of在……支配下；由……摆布
at the same time同时
(2)on＋名词
on exhibition/show/display在展出
on account of因为
on fire着火
on average平均；一般地
on sale出售；打折
on behalf of代表
on no account/condition决不
on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation在度假
(3)by＋名词
by accident/chance偶然地
by hand手工
by mistake错误地
by the day按天算
by coincidence碰巧
by nature天生地
(4)in＋名词
in cash用现金付款
in charge of掌管
in depth在深度上
in return作为回报
in detail详细地
in danger (of) 在危险中，垂危
in height在高度上
in spite of尽管
in length在长度上
in exchange for作为交换
in favor of支持，赞成
in no time立刻
in case of万一；如果；假使
in no way决不
in support of为支持……
in place of代替
in honour of为向……表示敬意
in possession of拥有，占有
in memory of为了纪念……
in addition to另外
(5)of＋名词
of benefit有益处的
of significance有意义的
of help有帮助的
of use有用的
of importance重要的
of value有价值的
(6)out of＋名词
out of balance失去平衡
out of order发生故障
out of breath上气不接下气
out of sight看不见
out of control失去控制
out of the question不可能
out of date过期
out of work失业
out of touch失去联系
(7)under＋名词
under attack遭到袭击
under treatment在治疗中
under pressure在压力下
under control处于控制之中
under repair在修理中
under discussion在讨论中
(8)with＋名词
with delight/joy高兴地
with fear害怕地
with difficulty困难地
with pleasure乐意地
with ease轻而易举地
(9)beyond＋名词
beyond compare无与伦比
beyond description难以描述
beyond reach够不到
beyond expression/words难以表达
2．形容词与介词构成的搭配：
(1)be＋adj.＋about
be anxious about为……忧虑
be curious about对……好奇
be particular about对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about对……担心
(2)be＋adj.＋at
be angry at因/对……生气
be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊
be present at出席
(3)be＋adj.＋in
be absorbed in专注于……
be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着……
be engaged in忙于……
be rich in富含……
be occupied in忙于……
(4)be＋adj.＋for
be eager for渴望……
be famous for因……著名
be fit for适合，胜任……
be ready for准备好……
be sorry for对……感到抱歉
be prepared for为……做好准备
(5)be＋adj.＋from
be absent from缺席
be different from不同于
be far from远离
be free from不受……影响
(6)be＋adj.＋to
be close to接近……
be devoted to致力于……
be equal to等于……；胜任……
be familiar to对……熟悉
be friendly to对……友好
be harmful to对……有害
be kind to对……友好
be similar to与……相似
be grateful to对……心存感激
(7)be＋adj.＋of
be aware of意识到……
be fond of喜欢……
be proud of因……而自豪
be short of缺乏……
be critical of对……挑剔
(8)be＋adj.＋with
be busy with忙于……
be familiar with对……熟悉
be combined with与……结合
be patient with对……有耐心
be popular with受……欢迎
be pleased with对……感到满意
be angry with (sb)对(某人)生气
3．介词与其他词构成的搭配：
but for要不是
instead of代替
regardless of不管，不顾
apart from除……之外
up to直到；由……决定
according to根据
along with随着
together with连同
by means of用……办法；借助……
owing to因为
四、动词与介词构成的搭配
1．“动词＋sb＋of＋sth”结构
accuse sb of sth指责/控告某人某事
cure sb of sth治好某人的某种疾病
rid sb of sth使某人摆脱某物
cheat sb of sth骗走某人某物
remind sb of sth使某人想起某事
inform sb of sth通知某人某事
rob sb of sth抢劫某人某物
warn sb of sth警告某人某事
convince sb of sth使某人确信某事
suspect sb of sth怀疑某人某事
2．“动词＋sb＋for＋doing sth”结构
blame sb for doing sth指责某人做某事
批评某人做某事
原谅某人做某事
punish sb for doing sth因做某事而惩罚某人
thank sb for doing sth感谢某人做某事
3．“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing) sth”结构
prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing sth阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb/sth from being done保护某人/物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb/sth from doing sth禁止某人/物做某事
4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配
account for 占……(比例)；解释……(原因)
act as 充当；起作用
break away from 脱离；逃离
bring about 引起；导致；造成
call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求
carry out 履行；实施；执行
carry through 帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现
come across (偶然)遇见，碰见；发现
come to an end 终止，结束
come up with 提出
do harm to 对……有害
do without 没有……也行；没有……而设法对付过去
end up with 以……结束
get across 被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚
get around 传播；流传；各处走动
get down to 开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事
get over 解决；克服；控制
get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱
get through 正式通过；(用电话)接通，联系上；顺利通过(考试等)
give rise to使发生
give way to屈服；退让；让步
go against违反；与……不符
go in for参加考试(或竞赛)；对某事物有兴趣，爱好
go through经历
keep in touch with与……保持联系
look down on/upon轻视；瞧不起
look into调查；审查
make the best of充分利用；尽力而为
be made up of由……组成
put up with忍受，容忍
see through看穿；识破
see to照料；处理
set about着手做
show around/round领(某人)参观
show off炫耀；展示
take in吸入；理解，领会
take on承担；呈现，具有
work out计算出；制定出
对点练习
1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”
2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time，would you like to do that
3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.
5．Many times we don’t realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
1．The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.(2021·浙江1月)
2．Museums must compete for people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Some time after 10000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived in，through agriculture.(2020·浙江7月)
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．—We had a really damp September this year.
—I can’t remember an autumn when it rained so much.
2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in the last row.
3．Among the “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.
4．“As soon as he opens his(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.
5．But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan them(they)．
6．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after myself(I) and live independently.
7．When they grow older than three years old，it is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.
8．Pregnant women，for example，should limit their(they) intake of coffee.
9．This young man likes travelling—he is always on the move.
10．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，like washing machines because they use too much water.
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．The tactile(可触知的) paintings work as a way to reveal art to the blind because we don’t see with just our eyes：We see with our brains.(2022·浙江6月)
2．Luc Gandarias，who’s now thirteen，went blind suddenly at age seven.(2022·浙江6月)
3. A friend of his，Wu Fan，volunteered to be his companion during the trip.(2022·全国甲)
4．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)
5．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day，which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th,2019.(2022·全国乙)
6．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day...To celebrate the festival，a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.(2022·全国乙)
7．The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony，opening its(it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.(2022·全国乙)
8．Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)
9．It was built originally to protect the city in/during the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．(2021·全国甲)
10．Although Mary loved flowers，neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
(2021·浙江6月)
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
(2019·全国Ⅲ改编)
On our way to the house,1. was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long 2. would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 3. dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained 4. their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of 5. (they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 6. backyard.
When they were free from work，they invited 7. (we) to local events and let us know of 8. interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On 9. last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert 10._____ a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
1．答案　it
解析　考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
2．答案　it
解析　考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb) some time to do sth，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
3．答案　of
解析　考查介词。a pack of一群……。故填of。
4．答案　by
解析　考查介词。此处是被动语态，应填表示“被”的介词。故填by。
5．答案　their
解析　考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
6．答案　the
解析　考查冠词。空格处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
7．答案　us
解析　考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
8．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，且此处泛指“一场有趣的比赛”。故填an。
9．答案　the
解析　考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
10．答案　on
解析　考查介词。on a beautiful farm在一个美丽的农场上。故填on。
1．在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁
　(2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是一件乐事啊！
We picked apples while having a good taste of them.What a pleasure!
　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)因为被内容所吸引，阅读Youth成为我每天必须做的一件事。
Because I am attracted by the contents，reading Youth becomes a must for me every day.
2．使用it作形式主语可以丰富文章句式
　(2022·全国乙)学生自身迫切需要提高自律，家长和老师也迫切需要加强指导。
It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline，and it’s also urgent for parents and teachers to strengthen the guidance.
　(2021·上海)从你上一封信中得知你对学习汉语很感兴趣，真是太好了。
It’s great to learn from your last letter that you are interested in learning Chinese.
3．使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多
　(2022·浙江1月)我认为说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我不想浪费我们的时间来讨论。
I thought it impossible to persuade him into accepting my views，so I didn’t want to waste our time discussing.
　(2021·全国乙)虽然在线学习让人们获得知识更容易了，但对于缺乏自律的人来说，在线学习也是一个挑战。
Although online learning makes it easier for people to gain knowledge，being online is also a challenge for people who lack self-discipline.
4．用介词短语代替简单的状语从句
　(2022·全国乙)由于他们缺乏自律，他们更容易沉迷于网上聊天或玩游戏。
Because of their lack of self-discipline，they’re more easily addicted to chatting online or playing games.
　(2021·天津6月)因为你们的热情款待和帮助，我在英国过得很愉快。
Because of your kind hospitality and help，I enjoyed myself so much in England.第2讲　数词
Mister Smith is sixty① years old and yesterday was his 60th② birthday.He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③，he drank dozens of④ bottles of beer a day.However，he spent thousands of④ dollars in hospital.Later，two fifths⑤ of his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
[规则感悟]　①数词的基本形式为基数词。②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie再加-th。③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。“in one’s＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。④具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions of＋名词复数。⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如：1/3：one third,2/3：two thirds。
1．易错基数词
thirteen十三　fourteen十四　fifteen十五　eighteen十八　nineteen十九　twenty二十　thirty三十　forty四十　fifty五十　ninety九十
2．易错序数词
first第一　second第二　third第三　fourth第四　fifth第五　eighth第八　ninth第九　eleventh第十一　twelfth第十二
3．序数词的使用
(1)序数词在句中主要作定语，一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。
Monday is the second day of a week.
星期一是一周的第二天。
(2)序数词前有时加不定冠词，表示“又一、再一”，相当于another。
Would you like a second cup of tea
你还想再来一杯茶吗？
I had a fourth apple.
我(吃了三个苹果后)又吃了一个苹果。
(3)有时序数词作状语，不加冠词。
He came out first in the contest.
他在比赛中获得第一名。
对点练习
1．Peter got a model ship from his uncle on his thirteenth(thirteen) birthday.
2．Two thirds(three) of the students in our class have been to Disneyland.
3．Linda，there are too many mistakes in the ninth(nine) line of your passage.
4．He made quite a few friends during his twenties(twenty)．
5．It is reported that the earthquake has left thousands(thousand) of people homeless.
1．Without a second(two) thought，he agreed to join the club.
2．30% of the river has been polluted(pollute) by the water from the factory already and many fish have disappeared.
3．Then，when I was in the fifth(five) grade，I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.(2019·全国Ⅱ)