备战2023中考英语语法知识梳理——专题一名词（河北）(共66张PPT)

(共66张PPT)
专题一 名词
专题一 名词
栏目导航
数据纵览 考情分析
1
数据链接 真题试做
2
数据共享 考点聚集
3
知识导图
名词
名词词义辨析
名词的词形变化
名词的数
名词所有格
2013—2022年河北中考命题分析
数据纵览 考情分析
1
河北省近年中考对名词的考查主要集中在名词词义辨析上, 重点考查考生在具体且有意义的语境中运用目标词汇的能力 考生在备考过程中要熟记《义务教育英语课程标准(2022年版)》中的名词; 在日常学习中注意积累词义或拼写相近的名词;注意一词多义现象;训练审题能力,培养根据题干设置情境提取信息的能力
考点综述
满分攻略
2023预测 (★★☆) 预测2023年河北中考的单选题中有一道名词词义辨析题,与语境紧密结合。完形填空中也会有1—2道名词辨析题。词语运用中考查名词变复数及与其他词性的相关词汇之间的转化可能性较大
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2022 48 cities, countries, towns, villages 环境居所 —
49 choices, reports, reasons, lessons 抽象名词
72 friend — friendly
76 kind — kinds
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2021 41 rules, excuses, facts, examples 日常生活 77 match — matches —
43 doctors, parents, teachers, students 身份职业
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2020 35 book, menu, newspaper, magazine 日常生活 75 step — steps —
41 way, reason, habit, result 抽象名词
43 joke, sport, task, lesson 学习生活
49 worry, pity, surprise, pain 情绪情感
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2019 27 singers, dancers, painters, writers 身份职业 78 note — notes —
37 parent, teacher, inventor, engineer 身份职业
39 lights, projects, suggestions, inventions 学习生活
45 habit, story, interest, plan 日常生活
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2018 27 advice, news, praise, choice 抽象名词 79 classmate — classmates —
36 salt, air, gold, sugar 物质名词 — —
38 forms, secrets, uses, skills 抽象名词
45 money, medicine, earth, food 日常生活
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2017 38 park, garden, forest, field 地点场所 72 Monday —
39 smile, sign, fear, mark 抽象名词 76 class(classes)
42 arm, leg, hand, foot 身体部位
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2016 29 secret, advice, promise, purpose 抽象名词 77 place —
41 experience, success, friendship, teamwork 抽象名词 — —
47 rest, sleep, excuse, result 日常活动
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2015 29 printer, radio, player, camera 日常用品 79 river —
43 glass, weight, water, height 日常生活
44 minute, night, day, week 时间 80 wish — wishes
45 mother, teacher, doctor, friend 身份职业 84 activity — activities
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2014 30 ice, soup, salt, sugar 日常饮食 81 win — winner —
46 boys, girls, men, women 群体身份
50 town, market, garden, school 公共场所 89 flower — flowers
55 pay, time, advice, love 抽象名词
续表
考点 年份 名词词义辨析 名词的数&词形变化 名词所有格
题号 选项设置 所属话题 题号 考查词汇
2013 29 color, size, smell, shape 物体属性 81 foot — feet —
49 fear, trouble, surprise, danger 情绪情感
50 titles, orders, stories, questions 日常活动 sun — sunny
51 discussion, practice, meeting, review 日常活动
续表
数据链接 真题试做
2
一、单项选择
1. (2019·河北)I like this song. It’s by one of my favorite .
A. singers B. dancers C. painters D. writers
2. (2015·河北) Could you please take my picture Here is my .
A. printer B. radio C. player D. camera
3. (2014·河北) I want sweet milk. Put some in my cup, please.
A. ice B. soup C. salt D. sugar
A
D
1
2
6
D
3
4
5
二、词语运用
4. (2018·河北) Mr. Du said I could be a good example to my __________ (classmate).
5. (2017·河北) We have different ________(class) every day.
6. (2015·河北) Mom and Dad send their best ________(wish).
classmates
classes
wishes
1
2
6
3
4
5
数据共享 考点聚焦
3
Ⅰ 近义名词辨析
Ⅱ 同类名词辨析
Ⅲ 不同类名词辨析
Ⅰ 可数名词的复数
Ⅱ 不可数名词的量化表达
Ⅲ 名词的转化
考点 一
名词词义辨析
考点 二
名词的数与词形变化
考点 三
名词所有格
在中考中,关于名词的辨析多侧重词义的理解,重点考查具体语境中名词的含义和用法,通常包括以下几种情况:
Ⅰ 近义名词辨析
考点考法强化
1. (原创)— Listen! Who is singing
— It’s Betty. She has a sweet .
A. sound B. voice C. noise D. speech
B
1
2
3
4
考点 一
名词词义辨析
2. (2022·秦皇岛山海关区二模) The math is so difficult, could you give me some
A. advice B. suggestion C. information D. message
3. (2022·保定师范附中二模) — Mr. Li, could you help me work out the math
— Of course.
A. question B. trouble C. problem D. matter
4. (原创)The bus is so crowded that we can’t find any for more people.
A. place B. rooms C. area D. room
A
1
2
3
4
C
D
学法方法点拨
近义名词辨析在中考中时有涉及,以下列举了几组考题中常见的近义名词:
1. voice、noise与 sound 辨析
2. family、house与 home 辨析
3. news、message与information 辨析
4. problem、 question、trouble 与 matter辨析
5. work与job辨析
6. trip、journey、travel与 tour 辨析
7. place、space与room辨析
8. custom、culture与habit辨析
9. speech、talk与lecture辨析
10. lesson、course与subject辨析
Ⅱ 同类名词辨析
考点考法强化
1. (2022·武威) The rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
telephone B. doorbell C. clock D. bike
2. (2022·威县模拟) My favorite is summer because I can swim in rivers.
A. year B. month C. week D. season
A
1
2
3
4
5
D
3. (2022·连云港) The hat is not the right for me. I'd like a smaller one.
A. size B. style C. colour D. material
4. (2022·抚顺顺城区模拟) Sam and Tom are good friends. Their began ten years ago.
A. success B. health C. friendship D. wealth
A
C
1
2
3
4
5
5. (2022·厦门翔安区模拟) — Mars probe (火星探测器) Tianwen-I has been doing a wonderful job.
— Yeah. And I dream of being a to find out the mystery of Mars.
A. performer B. pianist C. scientist D. doctor
C
1
2
3
4
5
学法方法点拨
食品类名词 bread 面包; rice米饭; noodles面条; banana香蕉; orange橙子,橙汁; juice果汁等
职业类名词 doctor医生; teacher老师; policeman警察; scientist科学家; actor演员; farmer农民等
疾病类名词 cold感冒; cough咳嗽; headache头痛; fever发烧; flu流感; stomachache胃痛; toothache牙痛等
学习类名词 letter字母; note笔记; rule规则; word单词; story故事; conversation对话; discussion讨论; lesson课程; mark分数; part部分; passage文章; practice练习; phrase短语; review复习; sentence句子; subject科目; title标题等
地点处所类名词 place地方; country农村; market市场; field田野; bank银行; city城市; factory工厂; garden花园; hospital医院; hotel旅馆; office办公室; school学校等
情绪情感类名词 trouble麻烦; anger生气; cry哭; danger危险; fear恐慌; joy喜悦; pride自豪; pity遗憾; pleasure愉快; regret后悔; sadness伤心; smile微笑; surprise惊奇; worry担心等
抽象类名词 courage勇气; description描述; excuse借口; dream梦想; friendship友谊; progress进步; thought想法等
续表
Ⅲ 不同类名词辨析
考点考法强化
1. (2022·扬州)We youths do our best for our dreams and together a small success can give us a sense of .
A. achievement B. department C. treatment D. entertainment
2. (2022·丹阳市二模) — Why do Chinese people like red
— Because the colour red is the of good luck in China.
A. cause B. example C. symbol D. dream
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
A
C
3. (2022·启东市二模) At 2 p.m. on March 27, 2022, people from the search and rescue team stood in to mourn the 132 victims of the crashed MU5735 aircraft.
A. spirit B. silence C. service D. surprise
4. (2022·温州鹿城区三模) Be positive, and you will always find something good in a bad .
A. situation B. instruction C. direction D. conversation
B
A
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
5. (2022·莆田荔城区一模·改编) Su Bingtian set a new Asian of 9.83 seconds in the Tokyo Olympics Men’s 100 m semifinal (半决赛).
A. rule B. record C. message D. medal
6. Being tall is usually a(n) in basketball. Why not consider joining our school basketball team
A. decision B. inspiration C. advantage D. reason
B
C
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
7. (2022·沈河区二模) In order to protect the environment, we need to take proper .
A. break B. breath C. action D. notes
8. (2022·常州模拟) — To tell you the truth — I don’t want to join in the speech competition.
— Come on. You need more practice to build up your .
A. challenge B. confidence C. instruction D. personality
C
B
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
9. (2022·昆明) — Do you know March 21st is World Sleep Day Sleep is important to us.
— Yes. A good sleep gives us and makes us happy.
A. truth B. fame C. energy D. culture
10. (2022·云南) Miss Li has lots of teaching . She has her own ways to make classes lively and interesting.
A. exercise B. excitement C. experience D. environment
C
C
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
学法方法点拨
综合分析近年来的中考真题,名词词义的辨析也会打破类别的限制混合出现在一道题目之中。现总结一些高频词汇,具体如下:
1. activity(活动), ability(能力), address(地址), advertisement(广告), advantage(优势), advice(建议), answer(回答), attention(注意)
2. balance(平衡), background(背景), beach(沙滩), bottom(底部), building(建筑物), business(商业;生意)
3. camera(照相机), challenge(挑战), chance(机会), change(变化), collection(收集物), choice(选择), competition(比赛;竞争), cause(原因), custom(风俗)
4. danger(危险), decision(决定), design(设计), difference(不同), discussion(讨论), duty(责任), director(导演;主任), direction(方向)
5. education(教育), energy(能量;精力), experiment(实验), expression(表达), environment(环境), experience(经验;经历), explanation(解释说明), European(欧洲人)
6. feeling(感觉), festival(节日), fun(乐趣), future(未来)
7. habit(习惯), health(健康), hobby(业余爱好), hometown(家乡), honor(荣誉)
8. illness(疾病), information(信息), interest(兴趣), instruction(说明), importance(重要性), invention(发明), invitation(邀请)
9. machine(机器), match(比赛;火柴), meaning(意思,意义), medicine(药;医学), method(方法), musician(音乐家)
10. nature(自然), newspaper(报纸), noise(噪音)
11. offer(提议), opinion(意见;看法), opportunity(机会), organization(机构;组织)
12. patient(病人), protection(保护), praise(表扬), promise(承诺), problem(问题), pronunciation(发音), purpose(目的;意图)
13. reason(理由;原因), relation(关系), result(结果), research(研究;调查), report(报告)
14. service(服务), shape(形状;外形), stranger(陌生人), sight(视力;景象), style(样式;款式), subject(学科), support(支持), success(成功), suggestion(建议), sense(感觉)
15. technology(技术), tourist(游客), tradition(传统), traffic(车辆;交通), trouble(困难)
16. value(价值), voice(嗓音), volunteer(志愿者), visitor(游客)
17. waste(浪费), wealth(财富), weight(重量)
Ⅰ 可数名词的复数
考点考法强化
1. (2022·齐齐哈尔富拉尔基区三模) Space , astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu safely came back to the earth from the Tiangong space station last month.
A. hero B. heros C. heroes D. soldiers
C
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
考点 二
名词的数与词形变化
2. (2022·岳阳模拟改编) There are a lot of beautiful lying on the street after the storm.
A. ice B. leaf C. leaves D. snow
3. (2022·北海模拟) Americans use and forks to eat.
A. knives B. knife C. a knife D. knifes
4. (2022·贺州八步区模拟) These were sent to the villages to help the farmers.
A. women doctors B. women doctor. C. woman doctors D. woman doctor
C
A
A
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
5. He is a man with rich . He often tells us many of his exciting _____　　in Africa.
A. experience; experience B. experience; experiences
C. experiences; experience D. experiences; experiences
6. (原创) Look! Some are on the farm.
A. horse and cows B. monkey and cow
C. sheep and cows D. sheep and cow
B
C
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
7. (原创)Tom is a running star. He likes for breakfast.
A. eggs, tomato and milks B. eggs, tomatoes and milk
C. egg, tomato and milk D. eggs, tomatos and milk
8. — Mary, who are these in the family photo
— This is my and these are my .
A. sisters; parents B. sister; parent
C. sisters; parent D. sister; parents
B
D
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
9. They need many electric 　　　　(brush) to wash the wine bottles.
10. Leaving the windows open is just inviting 　　　　 (thief) to enter.
brushes
thieves
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
学法方法点拨
情况 构成方法 示例
一般情况 加-s cap→caps　dog→dogs
bike→bikes　driver→drivers
以字母s、sh、ch、x等结尾 加-es bus→buses　wish→wishes
watch→watches　box→boxes
续表
情况 构成方法 示例
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i,再加-es lady→ladies century→centuries
family→families story→stories
以f或fe结尾 一般变f或fe为v,再加-es leaf→leaves　life→lives
half→halves　knife→knives
续表
情况 构成方法 示例
以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加-es, o前为元音音素时加-s tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes
potato→potatoes radio→radios
zoo→zoos (例外:photo→photos　piano→pianos)
复合名词 将主体名词变为复数 tooth-brush→tooth-brushes
film-goer→film-goers
两部分都变复数 man doctor→men doctors
woman teacher→women teachers
续表
情况 构成方法 示例
特殊名词 改变内部元音字母 foot→feet　tooth→teeth
man→men　mouse→mice
词尾加-ren child→children
单复数同形 sheep→sheep　deer→deer
Chinese→Chinese
“各国人”名词变复数 中日是一致,英法a改e,其他一律加-s Chinese→Chinese Japanese→Japanese
Englishman→Englishmen
Frenchman→Frenchmen German→Germans
Ⅱ 不可数名词的量化表达
考点考法强化
1. I need some on how to learn English well.
A. suggestions B. advices C. suggestion D. advise
2. — Tony, do you want some milk for breakfast
— Yes, Mom. Can I have some pieces of , too
A. bread B. chickens C. hamburgers D. vegetables
4
1
2
3
A
A
3. (原创) — May I help you, sir
— Yes, I’d like two salt.
A. bags B. bag of C. bags of D. kilos
4. (原创) Look! Some are on the table.
A.breads B. pieces of breads C. piece of bread D. pieces of bread
4
1
2
3
C
D
学法方法点拨
不可数名词一般不可以用数词来修饰,没有词形变化。当不可数名词要计量时,要用“数词或冠词+表示量的名词+of+不可数名词”的结构来表示,表示量的名词可以有单复数的变化。
a piece of bread 一片面包
some pieces of bread 几片面包
a kilo of meat一千克肉
three kilos of meat三千克肉
若为概数表达则可用some、much、a lot of/lots of、plenty of等来修饰。
常考的不可数名词:
advice(建议),furniture(家具),clothing(衣服),fun(乐趣),homework(家庭作业),information(信息),paper(纸),sugar(糖),work(工作),news(新闻),traffic(交通),weather(天气),wealth(财富)
Ⅲ 名词的转化
考点考法强化
1. (2022·秦皇岛海港区二模) She made the house filled with __________ (happy) and laughter.
2. (2022·邯郸武安一模) Robert is an 　　 　　(America) writer.
3. (2022·衡水市景县一模) I wanted to be a fireman,but I found I was a little afraid of 　　　 (high).
happiness
American
height
16
20
17
18
19
11
15
12
13
14
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
4. (2022·石家庄二十八中一模) Its 　　　　(succeed) is important because we need it.
5. Next week, we’ll have our final 　 　　　(examine).
6. I don’t understand the 　　　　(mean) of this sentence.
7. (原创) Thank you for sharing your 　　 　　(happy) with me.
8. (原创) Physics is a headache for me. Can you give me some __________ (suggest)
success
examination
meaning
happiness
suggestions
16
20
17
18
19
11
15
12
13
14
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
9. (原创) The teacher was rather angry with Tom’s 　　　　(absent).
10. (原创) Eating too much meat is bad for your 　　　(healthy).
11. (原创) It’s quite 　　　　(nature) for you to succeed.
12. (原创) Eating 　　　　(health) food is good for you.
13. (原创) With the rapid 　 　　　(develop) of modern science, our life is becoming better and better.
14. (原创) My uncle is a famous 　　　　(piano). I love his music.
absence
health
natural
healthy
development
pianist
16
20
17
18
19
11
15
12
13
14
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
15. (原创) Having a good 　　 　　(educate) is necessary for us all.
16. (原创) After class,children went out of their classroom to enjoy the 　　　　________(warm) of the sun.
17. (原创) John didn’t attend the meeting because of his 　　　　(ill).
18. (原创) For your 　　　(safe), you should drive more slowly.
19. (原创) Thanks for your 　 　　　(invite) to your eighteenth birthday party.
education
warmth
illness
safety
invitation
16
20
17
18
19
11
15
12
13
14
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
20. (原创) In our school, students have a lot of 　 　　　(active) after school.
activities
16
20
17
18
19
11
15
12
13
14
6
10
7
8
9
1
5
2
3
4
学法方法点拨
动词转名词 -ment improve → improvement
develop → development
achieve → achievement
-ion protect → protection
invent → invention
connect → connection
suggest → suggestion
动词转名词 去e,加-ion educate → education
relate → relation
congratulate → congratulation
动词转名词 -ation invite → invitation
examine → examination
imagine → imagination
续表
动词转名词 -ing warn → warning　mean → meaning
-er/or teach →teacher　invent →inventor
形容词转名词 词尾的t改为ce silent → silence
different → difference
absent → absence
续表
形容词转名词 -y/ty honest → honesty
safe → safety　active → activity
-ness happy → happiness
ill → illness　kind → kindness
-th true →truth　warm →warmth
名词转形容词 -y sun → sunny　health →healthy luck → lucky
-ful/less care → careful, careless
hope → hopeful, hopeless
use → useful, useless
续表
名词转形容词 -al或去e加al centre → central　nature → natural
person → personal
-ly friend → friendly week → weekly　day → daily
-ed balance → balanced talent → talented
-ous fame → famous　humor → humorous
名词转动词 -ize memory → memorize
名词转名词 -ist/ian science → scientist　art → artist
music → musician
续表
考点考法强化
1. (2022·重庆一模) You can see in the eyes that they are thirsty for knowledge.
A. kid B. kids C. kid’s D. kids’
2. (2022·武威模拟) This room is and they keep it clean all the time.
A. Sally and Carol B. Sally’s and Carol’s
C. Sally’s and Carol D. Sally and Carol’s
D
D
2
6
3
4
5
1
考点 三
名词所有格
3. (2022·沈阳大东区一模) Sometimes a little action can make a difference to a life.
A. person B. person’s C. persons D. persons
4. (2022·丽江二模) It’s more than from Kunming to our hometown.
A. five hour’s drive B. five-hours-drive
C. five hours’ drive D. five hours’ by car
5. (2022·连云港一模) Look at the two postmen. They are fathers.
A. Dick’s and Ken’s B. Dick and Ken’s
C. Dick’s and Ken D. Dick and Ken
B
C
A
2
6
3
4
5
1
6. (2022·盐城盐都区三模) — Do you buy your teachers presents on 　　　　Day
— Yes. And we get small presents from our teachers on Day.
A. Teachers’; Children’s
B. Teachers’; Children
C. Teacher’s; Children’s
D. Teacher’s; Children’
A
2
6
3
4
5
1
学法方法点拨
名词所有格的构成:
1.无生命的名词所有格一般由of构成
the windows of the room房间的窗户
2.有生命的名词在词尾加-’s构成所有格
Jane’s English book简的英语书
注意:①若是以-s结尾的复数名词只在词尾加“’”。
International Workers’ Day 国际劳动节
the teachers’ office 教师办公室
②表示两者共同拥有的人或物时,只需在并列名词中的后一个名词后加-’s构成所有格;表示两者各自拥有的人或物时,需要在并列的每个名词的后面加-’s构成所有格。
Lucy and Lily’s room is very clean and tidy.
露西和莉莉的房间非常干净整洁。(房间是两人共有的)
Lucy’s and Lily’s books are on the desk. 露西和莉莉的书在桌子上。(书是两人各自拥有的)
③有些表示时间、距离、国家、团体等无生命的名词也可用-’s 构成所有格。
ten minutes’ walk 步行十分钟的路程
the world’s population世界的人口
3.双重所有格的构成: … of +名词所有格/名词性物主代词
He’s a friend of Li Ming’s.
他是李明的一个朋友。
Lucy is a friend of mine.
露西是我的一个朋友。