Unit8 Natural disasters 教案
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| 名称 | Unit8 Natural disasters 教案 |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 牛津译林版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2014-08-01 11:00:29 | ||
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Unit 8 Natural disasters
Comic strip & Welcome to the unit
Teaching aims:
1.To introduce the topic of disasters.
2. To identify vocabulary related to disasters.
3. To identify weath ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er conditions and label pictures with correct words.
Teaching difficulty :
To recognize the weather conditions and natural disaster.
Teaching procedures:
Step one :Warm-up activities
1 Read the conversati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on between Eddie and Hobo. Allow Ss enough time to make sense of the comic strip: heavy rain—Hobo is wet and cold.—His house is wet. Try to elicit from Ss what might happened to Hobo’s house.
2 Ask some open questions about each picture.
* What’s the weather like
* What happened to Hobo
* What do you think happened o Hobo’s house
* How does he fell at Eddie’s home
* Why doesn’t he want to go home alone
* Will Eddie help him
Ask two more able students to role-play the conversation.
3 Elicit from Ss other bad weather conditions.
Step two : Presentation
1 Prepare Part A by p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )roviding more vocabulary to help Ss understand headlines in English.
2 Ask studen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts to consider whether the disasters are natural and tick the appropriate boxes. Ss can do it individually and then compare their answers with a partner. Check the correct answers with the whole class and elicit a definition for a natural disaster. 4 Read the words in Part B and ask more able students to describe each weather condition only with simple phrases and words.
5 Ask Ss to complet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e the task on their own and check the correct answers with the class as a whole.
Language points
Natural disasters ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), really warm, for too long, mop it up, lose the game, kill thousands of people, a car accident, crash into a tree, wash the village away, start a big fire
Homework :
1 Learn the language points by heart.
2 Preview the Reading Part.
重点短语和句型
natural disasters 自然灾害
start to do sth. 开始做某事
mop up 用拖把擦干净
lose final 输掉决赛
thousands of 数千，成千上万
crash into 撞到……
wash away 冲走
fall from…… 从……跌落
hear about 听说
catch fire 着火
语言点
1.I was sleeping when it started to rain. 天开始下雨时，我正在睡觉。
start to do sth.= begin to do sth. 开始做某事
你什么时候开始读书的？
When did you start to read
现在天气开始变了。
The weather is now starting to change.
慢慢地，我开始了解他了。
Gradually，I started to understand him.
天开始下雨了。
It started to rain.
用所给动词的适当形式填空
She is starting_______ (cook) the dinner.
2．Didn't you hear the rain 难道你没有听见下雨（的声音）吗？
否定疑问句，即否定形式的疑问句，意思为 “难道……不……吗？”
Can he drive 他会开车吗？
→Can't he drive 难道他不会开车吗？
Do you think so 你这样认为吗？
→Don't you think so 难道你不这么认为吗？
[注意] 对否定疑问句的回答，要根据实际情况来回答。
- Isn't the boy very clever 这个男孩难道不是很聪明吗？
- Yes，he is． 不，他很聪明。
- No，he isn't. 是的，他不是很聪明。
其中的“Yes，he is．”实为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“Yes，he is very clever.”的省略形式；而“No，he isn't.”则为“No，he isn't very clever.”的省略形式。在英语中Yes后习惯上要用肯定式，而No的后面则习惯上要跟否定式。
( )①- Don't you know him -_______.I never see him.
A. Yes, I do B. No, I do C. Yes, I don't D. No, I don't
listen (to)与hear的区别：
listen (to) 集中注意力尽量听清楚，强调听的过程
listen后面不紧跟听的内容，listen to后面紧跟听的内容
hear 强调听的结果
请听我说。
Listen to me，please.
我听得很认真，但什么也没听见。
I listened carefully，but could hear nothing.
( )If yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u_______ the teacher carefully, you can_______ every word clearly.
A. listen; hear B. listen to; hear.
C. hear; hear D. listen to; listen to
3.Earthquake kills thousands of people． 地震杀死了成千上万的人。
thousand与thousands of的区别：
thousand常和具体数字连用，thousand只能用单数形式
thousands of意为“成千上万”，后接复数名词
three thousand students 三千名学生
thousands of students 成千上万的学生
( ) _______trees will be planted on that mountain next spring.
A. Thousands of B. Two thousands
C. Two thousand of D. Thousand of
Reading(1)
Teaching aims :
To infer main ideas of a passage from keywords and context
2. To talk about a natural disaster
Teaching difficulty :
1. To talk about a natural disaster and remember the key points
2. To use the vocabulary and sentences related to natural disasters
Teaching procedures
Step one : Before - reading
1. Different kinds of bad weather conditions and natural disasters.
Ask students to tell the name one by one.
2. Tell stud ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ents that an earthquake is a natural disaster that can cause great damage or loss of life. Ask if they know what will happen when an earthquake takes place.
Elicit any information about an earthquake they know.
3. Show pictures ab ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out an earthquake and present some new words about it, e.g. shaking, bomb, fear, scream, direction, wildly. Then ask students to read the new words together.
4. Talk to students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) about the context of Timmy’s story. Elicit any information about the Taiwan earthquake in 1999 from students. E.g. The earthquake took place on 21st September 1999. More than 2,300 people died and about 12,000 buildings fell down. It’s believed to be the strongest earthquake to have hit Taiwan last century.
Step two : While-reading
Tell students tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t Timmy is a lucky boy. He survived the earthquake and wrote a story about it. Ask them to read through Timmy’s story silently and try to answer the two questions.
No.1, What was Timmy doing when the earthquake started
No. 2, Did Timmy giv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e up or try his best to survive when he was in danger during the earthquake
2. Discuss the two questions with students to check understanding.
3. Ask students to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) do Part B1on page 96 and help Sandy match the words on the left with the meanings on the right..
4. Then ask student ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s to read Para 1 and 2, and try to complete the table to find out : when the earthquake came, what did Timmy feel/hear/see and do
5. Ask what hap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pened to Timmy then Tell them to read Para 3 and 4 to find the answer. Present: Timmy was trapped. Explain ‘be trapped’.
6. Ask what Timmy d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )id to save himself after he was trapped He did five things to help himself. Ask students to read the rest part of the story to find out the answers.
7. Ask students to do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) part B2 on page96. Help Sandy complete her diary.
8. Students listen to the tape and read after it together.
9. Tell studen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts Timmy put some pictures he draw about the earthquake on his home page. Ask students to complete Part C to put them into the correct order and write the captions in the blanks.
10. Ask them to com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )plete Part D on page 97. Write a T if the sentence is true, write an F if it is false.
Step 3 Post-reading
1 Present some lang ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uage points: e.g. shaking, shake; try to do sth.; run in all directions; calm down; be in a great hurry to do sth. in different ways.
2 Do a quiz to check understanding
Assignment
1.Recite the new words
2.Recite the passage
3.Find out useful words and phrases in Reading
Reading(2)
Teaching aims :
1. To read the text again and again and deal with language points
2. To learn the language points by heart.
Teaching difficulty :
To retell the story about Timmy
Teaching process :
Step one : Presentation
1 Talk to Ss about t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he context of surviving an earthquake. Elicit any information about the earthquakes in Taiwan or in other parts of the world. Bring some newspaper articles about earthquakes.
2 Ask Ss to quickly s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kim the text on their own. Ask them to highlight the words they do not know. Then ask Ss to discuss them in pairs and try to work out their meaning from the context.
3 Ask Ss to make l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ist of words and phrases used in the text which describe noise and movement/destruction, fear and hope.
* noise: big noise, thunder, screamed, real noise, bombs, shouted
* movement/destru ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ction: slight shaking, earth started to shake, ran (wildly), pieces of glass and bricks fell down, walls began to come down
* fear: screamed, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )frightened, dark, could not at all, a moment of fear
* hope: calm down, still alive, bright daylight, safe
4 Read Timmy’s story aloud. Ask Ss to listen carefully.
5 Check general u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nderstanding of the different paragraphs by asking some ‘ wh-‘ questions.
Para 1: Where was Timmy
What happened in the shopping centre
Para 2: What happened to the building
How did people react
What did Timmy do
Para 3: Where was Timmy when the shaking stopped
How did Ti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mmy feel Para 4: What did Timmy do while he was waiting for help
Para 5: How was he rescued
Step two : Exercises
1 Explain the conte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xt of Part B. Ask students to do Part B1 on their own. Encourage students to check their answer with a partner.
3 Ask students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to study the words in the box for one minute, then cover them and complete the diary entry in Part B2.
Step three : Presentation
1 Explain the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) context and point out to Ss the idea of telling a story with pictures. Divide the class into teams of 4-5 students to study each picture first.
2 Ss write the captio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ns in the blanks individually. Check answers with the whole class.
3 Ask Ss to arrange the pictures in the right order.
Step four : Retelling the story
1 Explain the context ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and remind them about story telling from memory. Ss work in pairs to complete the task.
2 Check the answers with the whole class.
Step five : Language points (Part A)
Feel a slight shaking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )through my body, a big noise like thunder, in fear, be frightened, start to shake, run in all directions, know where to go, run wildly, fall down, calm down, be over, could not see at all, be trapped, say to oneself, a moment of fear, go through my mind, since, hear excited shouts, in a great hurry, move away, see the bright daylight.
Language points (Part C)
Be very good at telling jokes, vote
Assignment
1、 Learn the language points by heart.
2 、 Preview the Grammar Part.
一、重点短语和句型
1. feel a slight shake 感到轻微的晃动
2. a loud noise like thunder 雷鸣般巨大的响声
3. start to shake 开始晃动
4. scream in fear 惊恐地尖叫
5. try one’s best to do sth. 竭尽全力做某事
6. run out 跑出去 / run out of… 从……跑出去
7. run in all directions 四处逃散
8. fall down 往下掉
9. come down 倒塌
10. not … at all 根本不，一点也不
11. beat fast 快速跳动
12. be trapped 被困住
13. say to oneself 自言自语
14. calm down 冷静
15. shout for help / scream for help 喊救命
16. pull myself slowly through 慢慢地向前移动身体
17. find one’s way out 找出路
18. hear shouts from excited people 听到激动的人们的喊话
19. move away the bricks 搬走砖块
20. at last 最后
21. I was sleeping when the earthquake started. 地震发生时我正在睡觉。
22. People wer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down. 人们在四处逃散，此时，碎玻璃片和砖块在往下掉落。
23. I felt nervous and my hear was beating fast. 我感到紧张，我的心脏快速跳动。
24. As I was try ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing to find my way out, I suddenly heard some noise above me.
当我正在尽力找出路时，我突然听到上面有声音。
二、语言点
1. I was sleeping when the earthquake started. 开始地震时我正在睡觉。
本句是一个复合句，I was sleepi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng是主句，运用了过去进行时；when the earthquake started是时间状语从句，运用了一般过去时。
“过去进行时＋when＋一般过去时”是过去进行时中常用的一种结构。
当米莉的一个朋友来看望她时，她正在看一本书。
Milie was reading a book when one of her friends came to see her.
电话响时李女士正在做晚饭。
Mrs Li was cooking dinner when the telephone rang.
( ) My father_ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______ TV in the living room when someone_______ him.
A. watched; called B. was watching; called
C. watched; was calling D. was watching; was calling
2. People screamed in fear. 人们恐惧地尖叫着。
scream vi.尖叫、惊呼
当她看到劫匪时，她尖声喊救命。
When she saw the robber, she screamed for help.
那个女孩经常在梦里尖叫。
That girl often____________________________.
in fear 惊恐地；恐惧地；处于惊恐之中
我总是生活在恐惧当中。
I was always living in fear.
那个女孩看到面前有一条蛇时惊恐地大叫起来。
The girl cried out in fear when she saw a .snake in front of her.
你为什么感到惊恐？
Why are you in fear
be in fear of…= be afraid of… 害怕……
我害怕输掉这场比赛。
I'm in fear of losing the game,
( ) We are_________ the typhoon.
A. in danger B. in trouble C. in fear of D. afraid
3. Outside, peopl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e were running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down. 当玻璃碎片和砖块纷纷落下的时候，外面的人正在四处逃跑。
in all directions 四面八方；向各个方向
当我们说话时，声波就开始传播，并向四面八方扩散。
When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions.
你不可能同时向各个方向前进。
You can't go in all directions at one time.
( ) When the earthquake came, people ran off_______.
A. in danger B. in trouble
C. in direction D. in all directions
while 当……的时候，强调主句的动作和从句的动作同时进行。
莉莉写信的时候露西在叠纸船。
Lucy is making a paper boat while Lily is writing a letter.
while也可以表示在某事进行的过程中发生了另一件事。
她听着MP3的时候睡着了。
While she was listening to the MP3 player, she fell asleep.
While l was read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing the newspaper, my mother_______ (wash) the dishes.
4. I could not see anything at all. 我根本什么都看不见。
not anything = nothing。
夜里我什么也看不见。
I cannot see anything at night. ＝ I can see nothing at night.
同义句转换
I cannot do anything on rainy days.
I_______ do_______ on rainy days.
5．“I'm trapped，”I said to myself. 我自言自语道：“我被困住了。”
be trapped 被困住
一些人被暴风雪困住了。
Some people were trapped in the snowstorm.
大约100名工人被困在了地铁里。
About 100 workers were trapped in theunderground.
( ) Three firemen_______ when the house fell down.
A. trap B. trapped C. are trapped D. were trapped
say to oneself 心里暗想；自言自语
那个女孩经常对着镜子自言自语。
That girl often says to herself in the mirror.
我心里暗想：“发生什么事了？”
“What happened ”I said to myself.
“Oh, what's wrong with my stomach ” he said to_______(he).
6. A moment of fear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) went through my mind, but I told myself to calm down since l was still alive. 片刻的恐惧闪过我的脑海，但我告诉自己既然我还活着就要冷静下来。
go through my mind 闪过我的脑海
许多我弟弟的照片闪过我的脑海。
Many photos of my brother went through my mind.
( ) Just then, a good idea went_______ my mind.
A. in B. out C. through D. by
since 既然，由于
既然你在这儿，就和我们一起踢足球吧。
Since you are here, come and play football with us.
既然大家都到了，我们就开始上课吧。
Let's begin our lesson______________.
7. Hours later, a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s I was trying to find my way out, I suddenly heard some noise above me. 数小时后，当我努力找出路时，我突然听到上面有响声。
try to do sth. 努力做某事
他设法准时完成这项工作。
He tried to finish the work on time.
我们必须尽力学好英语。
We must______________ English well.
find my way out 找到我的出路
我们怎样才能找到出路呢？
How can we find a way out
我想我们很快就能找到出路。
I think we ______________soon.
sound，noise，voice的区别
(1) sound 声音、响声，可以指人或动物发出的声音或物体碰撞的声音，使用范围很大。
半夜里他听到一种奇怪的声音。
At midnight he heard a strange sound.
光的传播速度比声音快得多。
Light travels much faster than sound．
(2) noise 噪音，喧闹声，常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声。
别吵闹！
Don't make any noise!
车辆的喧闹声使他睡不着。
The noise of traffic kept him awake.
(3) voice 一般指人的声音(说话、唱歌、谈笑等)
那女孩嗓音很美。
The girl has a beautiful voice.
他们正小声交谈。
They are talking with a low voice.
Grammar
Teaching aims :
1. To understand when to use the past continuous tense.
2. To recognize and use the past continuous tense.
Teaching difficulty :
To learn when to use the past continuous tense.
Teaching process :
Step one : Questioning
Say, ‘Now, I am teaching you. You are listening to me carefully.’
(ask A)What are you doing
(ask B)What did A do just now
(ask B)What were you doing when A answered my question
(ask C)What were you doing when I came in
(ask A)What was C doing at that time
Step two : presentation :
As the students ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e talking about the things they do, write the structure of past continuous tense ‘was/were +doing’ on the board.
Design a scene: Las ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t night at 8:00 there was a blackout in your block. The lights went out all over the block. First, show some pictures, then let the students describe.
Step three : Paying attention to uses of words
During the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudents describing the pictures, pay attention to use ‘was’ and ‘were’ to consolidate the past continuous tense.
Step foru : Describing the picture
Describe the pict ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ure in general questions and give them positive and negative answers. Practice in pairs. Write the two kinds of answers on the Bb.
Was David co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oking at eight yesterday Yes, he was. Was David having dinner at 8 last night No, he wasn’t.
Step five : Practicing the dialogue
After finishing d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )escribing the nine pictures, practice the dialogue like this.
T: What was David doing last night at eight last night
Ss: He was doing some cooking.
Practice in pairs. Let them choose any picture they want.
Step six : Completing Part A1
Get the students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to complete Part A1, Page 99. Check the answers in pairs and in class. Explain the main phrases in the dialogue e.g. ‘discuss … with…’ and ‘plan a trip to’. Get them to read the dialogue aloud. Ask the students some question to offer them more chance for practice.
Step seven : Finishing the dialogue
Finish the dialog ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ue in Part A2, and then check the answers. Explain some the main phrases like ‘see…doing’ and ‘as usual’. Ask the students to close the book. Ask them some questions about this dialogue.
Homework
Make a summar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y to what we learned today. (Emphasize the adverbial of time.)Finish off the exercises in the Evaluation Handbook and Learning English.
一、重点短语和句型
1. on the side of the road 在路边
2. break down 出故障，坏掉
3. because of + 名词 / doing 因为
4. I was (not) sleeping at 10 p.m. last nigtht. 昨晚十点时我（不）在睡觉。
5. I was sleeping when the earthquake started. 地震发生时我正在睡觉。
6. People were ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down. 当碎玻璃片和砖块往下掉落时，人们在四处逃散。
7. As I was trying to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )find my way out, I suddenly heard some noise above me.
当我在尽力找出路时，突然听到我上面有响声。
8. When / While / ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )As Millie was watching TV, Andy came into the room.
当MiIlie在看电视时，Andy进入了房间。
9. Millie was watching TV when Andy came into the room.
当Andy进入房间时，Millie正在看电视。
二、语言点
1．Past continuous tense过去进行时
(1)过去进行时的概念：过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或存在的状态（不强调动作是否已经完成）。
(2)过去进行时的构成：was/were＋动词的现在分词
was用于第一人称和第三人称单数，were用于其他各人称。
过去进行时常和表示过去具体时间的词或短语连用或通过上下文来提示。
昨晚六点半时我正在洗衣服。
I was washing my clothes at 6:30 yesterday evening.
(3)过去进行时的用法：
①表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
昨晚八点钟的时候米莉在打扫她的卧室。
Millie was cleaning her bedroom at 8 p.m. yesterday.
②表示在过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。
那些天我们正在农场上劳动。
We were working on the farm those days.
③表示过去某一动作发生时，另一动作也在同时进行。
我们看书的时候他们正在记笔记。
They were making notes while we were reading.
④表示过去不断重复的动作。
约翰在这儿工作时总是犯错。
When he worked here, John was always making mistakes.
(4)过去进行时的句型结构：
肯定句：主语＋ was/were＋doing＋其他成分。
昨天的这个时候我正在打篮球。
I was playing basketball this time yesterday.
否定句：主语＋ was/were＋not＋doing＋其他成分。
昨天的这个时候我不在打篮球。
I wasn't playing basketball this' time yesterday.
一般疑问句及其答语：- Was/Were＋主语＋doing＋其他成分？
- Yes，主语＋was/were.／No，主语＋wasn't/weren't.
昨天的这个时候你在打篮球吗？
- Were you playing basketball this time yesterday
- Yes，I was. /No，I wasn't.是的，我在。／不，我不在。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋ was/were＋主语＋doing＋其他成分？
昨天的这个时候你在做什么？
What were you doing this time yesterday
( ) -I called you at 4:00 yesterday afternoon, but no one answered.
- Sorry, I_______ with my friends at that time.'
A. swim B. swam C. will swim D. was swimming
过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：
(1)过去进行时强调动作在过去正在进行或持续，不一定完成；一般过去时表示在过去做了某事，强调动作的完成。
He was making a model plane last night.
他昨晚在制作一个飞机模型。（不一定完成）
He made a model plane last night.
他昨晚制作了一个飞机模型。（已经完成）
(2)表示过去的状态、感 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )觉及心理活动的静态动词（be，like，love，hate, fear，own，hear，see，know，want，notice等）可以用于一般过去时，通常不用于进行时。
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food.
我讨厌一个人说话时嘴里满是食物。
昨晚米莉写了一封信。
Millie______________ last night. .
昨晚这个时候米莉正在写一封信。
Millie_________ at this time last night.
2. My dad's car broke down because of the cold weather.
由于天气寒冷，我父亲的车坏了。
because of 因为；由于，后面跟名词、代词或动名词
因为这场大雨，他们停止了踢足球。
They stopped playing football because of the heavy rain.
because后面接原因状语从句，一般可以和because of结构进行转换。
They stopped playing football because the rain was heavy.
同义句转换
He missed the early bus because of getting up late.
He missed the early bus_______ he_______．
3. when, while, as
when，while，as意思为“当……的时候”时，都可以引导时间状语从句。
我父亲来看我时我正在踢足球。
I was playing football when my father came to see me.
他在看书时我在上网。
He was reading while l was surfing on the Internet.
我正要离开市场时遇到了我的朋友们。
As l was leaving the market, I met my friends.
当一个瞬间动作发生时一个持续性动作正在进行之中，持续性动作用过去进行时，瞬间动作用一般过去时。
(1)如果瞬间动作是主句，用when，while或as引导从句。
当他在工作时我给了他一份报告。
When/While/As he was working, I gave him a report.
(2)如果持续性动作是主句，用when引导从句。
They were walking when I saw them.当我看到他们时他们在散步。
[拓展] (1) while 然而，主从句形成对比
他喜欢住在城市，而我喜欢住在农村。
He likes living in the city while I like living in the countryside.
(2) when 就在此时，相当于at that time
我正要出去，就在此时我的朋友杰克过来和我下棋。
I was going out when my friend Jack came to play chess with me.
( ) Eddie was sleeping_______ Millie was reading a magazine.
A. until B. while C. before D. after
( ) _______I was reading, the teacher came into the classroom.
A. When B. While" C. As D. A, B and C
( ) He was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )walking in the street_______ - I happened to see him.
A. as B. when C. while D. for
Integrated Skills
Teaching aims :
1.To understand the process of producing an accident report form .
2.To recognize the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )key expressions involved in an emergency call and an accident report
Teaching difficulty :
1.To recognize the k ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ey expressions involved in an emergency call and an accident report
2.To think more about what to do when there is an accident
Teaching process:
Step one : Talking about the weather
First, get the students to talk about the weather today.
Step two: Showing a picture of snowy days
Show a picture of s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nowy days and then get the students to talk about the weather conditions. Encourage the students to discuss what will happen to cars and people.
Picture A: It’s snowy. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) The snow is heavy. The heavy snow covers the ground. It covers everything. (Teach the word ‘cover’.)
Picture B: It i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s difficult to walk. It is easy for people to fall over.
Picture C: It is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dangerous to drive a car. Look at the picture there is car accident.
Two people are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) trapped in the car. They can’t get out. They are victims. (Teach the word ‘victim’.)
Step three : Discussing about what the victims can do
Get the students to di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scuss about what the victims can do to get someone to help them.
Step four : Looking at the two reports on Page 102
Explain that Mr. and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Mrs. Su had a car accident during the snowstorm. Ask students to look at the two reports on Page 102 and explain that the report form in Part A1 is from the 110 hotline where as the report in Part A2 is made by the policemen after they rescued Mr. and Mrs. Su.
Explain the items in t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he report form and make sure that they can understand it.
Step five: Playing the tape twice.
Play the tape f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or the students to find as much information as possible. And then fill in the report form. And of course, it is impossible for them to complete the table by listening.
Get them to read the repot below and find more information.
Step six : Checking the answers
After completing the r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eport form, invite the student to check the answers in pairs.
Step seven : Making up a new dialogue
Get the stude ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts to work in pairs and make up a new dialogue between an interviewer and Mr. or Mrs. Su.
Say, ‘An inte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rviewer went to see Mr. Su and Mrs. Su in the hospital, he/she interviewed them about the accident.’ Invite the students to talk about the information in the report form or they can add something.
Step eight : Completing Sandy’s e-mail
Homework
1. Finish off the relative exercises.
2.Recite the useful words and expressions.
Study skills
Teaching aims :
1. To identify a n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )atural disaster, describe it and explain the results
2. To identify the intonation pattern of statements
Teaching difficulty :
1. To identify the intonation pattern of statements
2. To identify the intonation pattern of statements
Teaching process :
Step one : Talking about pictures
Show pictures of dif ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ferent kinds of bad weather and disasters. Get the students to talk about the results of them. They can also talk about what other people do to help.
(It will be bette ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r if the teacher can collect some reports on disasters or bad weather from newspapers or magazines. In this step, the teacher may try to input more information about the disasters and help students to talk about it.)
Step two : Listen to the tape
Explain that Sand ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y and Amy are talking about a natural disaster. Invite them to listen to the tape and try to answer the questions.
With the help ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of these questions, it will be easier for students to focus on the key information e.g. in Britain, last week, heavy storm, thunder and lightening, terrible, school caught fire, no one was hurt, students on holiday. They will also help them to organize their own dialogue.
Step three : Reading the dialogue again
Get the students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to read the dialogue aloud. Direct the students attention to the intonation of different sentences. We use a rising tone for general questions. We use falling tones for ‘wh-’ questions or statements.
Get the students t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o read the dialogue again. Pay special attention to the intonation patterns used here. Then give the students several minutes for the students to practice and act.
Step four : Reading more statements on Page 103
Get the students t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o read more statements on Page 103. Remind them of the intonation patterns.
Play the tape for the students to follow.
Do chain work and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) get the students to read the sentences one by one. Pay special attention to the intonation patterns.
Students also shou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld be reminded of the importance of these sentences, especially, the following sentences:
Step five : Reading the dialogue on Page 104
Get the students to read the dialogue on Page 104.
Get them to read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the dialogue. Pay attention to the intonations patterns. Give the students 3-4 minute for them to read the dialogue to their partners. Ask them to focus on what sandy said about the fire and try to get the main points.
Homework
1. Finish off the relative exercises.
2.Recite the useful words and expressions.
一、重点短语和句型
1. as…as possible 尽可能……
2. protect oneself from 保护自己以防……
3. stay low to the ground 待在靠近地面的地方
4. follow traffic rules 遵守交通规则
5. learn from 从……中学习
6. keep oneself safe from 在……中使自己安全
7. be on fire 着火
8. try to get out as soon as possible 努力尽可能快地逃出去
9. stay away from 远离……
10. cover … with… 用……盖住……
二、语言点
1．Try to get out as soon as possible．尽快想办法出去。
as soon as possible 尽快
as…as possible = as…as sb. can/could 尽可能……
我将尽早到达这儿。
I will get here as early as possible.
＝I will get here as early as I can,
同义句转换
He answered my letter as quickly as possible.
He answered my letter as quickly_______ _______ _______.
2. Cover you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r mouth and nose with a wet towel to protect yourself from thick smoke.
用湿毛巾掩住你的口鼻来保护自己不受浓烟的侵袭。
cover vt. 盖；覆盖
大雪很快就会把道路覆盖。
The heavy snow will soon cover the road.
cover…with… 用……覆盖……
她微笑时常用手遮住嘴。
She often covers her mouth with her hand when she smiles.
be covered with… 被……覆盖着
看！河面被冰覆盖着。
Look! The river is covered with ice.
地震之后，砖块和石头覆盖了整条公路。
Bricks and stones _____________ after the earthquake.
3. What did you learn from yesterday's talk, Simon
从昨天的报告中你了解了什么，西蒙？
learn from 从……中了解到……；向……学习……
从这篇课文中你了解到了什么？
What did you learn from the text
我们应该向雷锋同志学习。
We should learn from Lei Feng.
4. What should we do if our building is on fire 如果大楼着火了，我们该怎么办？
be on fire 着火(状态)
房子着火了。咱们快去把它扑灭。
The house is on fire. Let's put it out quickly.
catch a fire 着火（动词短语）
你知道房子是什么时候着火的吗？
Do you know when the house caught a fire
( ) He found his flat_______ fire when he got home.
A. in B．on C．at D. with
5. Do you know what to do first when we burn ourselves
当我们烧伤时，你知道首先怎么做吗？
what to do 疑问词十不定式
我想知道我们什么时候开会。
I want to know when to begin our meeting.
他们不知道去哪里买这本书。
They don't know where to buy the book.
同义句转换
Can you tell me how can I get to the park
Can you tell me_______ _______ get to the park
6．You should go and see the doctor. 你应该去看医生。
see the doctor看医生，看病。
我病了。我将去看医生。
I am ill. I will see the doctor.
他生病了。咱们带他去看医生吧。
He is ill. Let's take him to______________.
Task
Teaching aims :
To learn to o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rganize ideas for writing an article for the school newsletter
To write an article about natural disasters.
Teaching difficulty :
1. To learn to o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rganize ideas for writing an article for the school newsletter
2. To write an article about natural disasters.
Teaching process :
Step one : Lead-in
1. Explain the co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntext. Sandy wants to write an article about a natural disaster for the school newsletter. She wants to write about the snowstorm that hit Beijing this week. Let’s help her, OK
2. Show some pictu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )res about the snowstorm. Talk about them with the whole class and encourage students to make some sentences according to these pictures and key words provided beside each picture.
Step two :Writing structure
1. Ask students t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o think about how we can organize these ideas to describe the snowstorm. Tell them planning ahead carefully is very important to create a powerful piece of writing. We can make flow charts to help organize our ideas before we start writing.
2. Point out when w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e want to write an article, first of all, we should choose a topic, we should decide what to write about. This time we are going to write about a snowstorm. There should be three main parts in such an article: Introduction, during the snowstorm, and after the snowstorm.
3. Students talk ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) about what should be written about in each part in groups.
4. Show them ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) some questions and say these questions can help them organize their ideas.
5. Do a pair work. A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sk students to turn to Page 105 ,read through the questions in Part B carefully and try to find out the answers in Part A.
They should fini ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sh two tasks. Task 1, ask and answer these questions orally with their partner. For example, A: When and where did the snowstorm happen B: It hit Beijing on Friday, 28th January.
Task 2, write th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e correct letters in the boxes to complete the flow chart.
Then invite ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )some pairs to ask and answer these questions in front of the class.
6. Say we have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )helped Sandy complete her flow chart. Now let’s help her complete her article for the school newsletter. Ask students to complete Part C on page 106.
7. Analyze the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )structure of this article with the whole class. Ask them to match the four paragraphs with the three main parts of this article.
Then make a concl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )usion: Para 1 is the introduction of the snowstorm. Para2 and 3 describe what happened during the snowstorm. And Para 4 describes what happened after the snowstorm.
Step three : Practice
1. Say we have helpe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d Sandy complete an article about a snowstorm. Ask students to write an article about a natural disaster by themselves
2. Show some pic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tures about different natural disasters. Ask students to choose any one they would like to write about.
3. Ask some individ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uals to show his/her flow chart and talk about it with the whole class.
4. Students complete their articles.
Homework
1.Collect all the useful phrases in this unit.
2.Go over the new words in this unit
3.Finish the relative exercises.
一、重点词组和句型
1. share sth. with sb. 和某人分享某物
2. keep falling 不停地下
3. near fall over 差点跌倒
4.clear the snow 清除积雪
5. come from behind 来自背后
二、语言点
1．I shared an umbrella with Millie. 我和米莉合撑一把伞。
share sth. with sb. 和某人共用某物；和某人共享某物
我和我的朋友们分享我的玩具和书。
I share my toys and books with my friends.
桑迪经常和同学们分享她的快乐。
Sandy often_______ her joy_______ her classmates.
2．The snow kept falling． 雪在不停地下。
keep doing sth. 一直不停地做某事
那男孩连续做了三个小时的作业。
The boy kept doing his homework for three hours.
他让我等了半小时。
He ______________for half an hour.
3．I could hear the wind blowing． 我能听见风在刮。
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人在做某事
当我路过他的房间时，我听到他在唱歌。
I heard him singing when l was passing his room.
hear sb. do sth. 听到某人做某事
早上我经常听到他读英语。
I often hear him read English in the morning.
昨晚八点我听到他在打电话。
I______________ at eight last night.
4．I nearly fell over. 我几乎摔倒了。
fall over 摔倒
我们都在风中摔倒了。
We all fell over in the wind.
[辨析] fall off，fall down与fall from的区别：
(1) fall off从……掉下，强调整个过程。
(2) fall down掉了下来，倒地。
(3) fall from从……掉下来，强调“地方”。
我碰到了石头几乎摔倒了。
I hit the stone and______________．
5. I heard the noise of traffic the next morning. 第二天早晨我听到了车辆的声音。
hear the noise of…的意思是“听见……的声音”。
从这儿我能听到雨声。
I can hear the noise of the rain from here.
你能听到风声吗？
Can you______________ the wind
the next morning 第二天早上
the next week第二周
the next month第二个月
the next year第二年
第二天早上我到达了北京城。
I got to the city of Beijing______________.
6．Suddenly，a strong wind came from behind. 突然，一阵强风从后面吹来。
come from behind 从后面来
快点！他们从后面赶上来了。
Come on! They are coming from behind.
我不相信他们能从后面赶上来。
I don't believe they can_____________________.
我们从后面赶上来赢得了这场比赛。
We ______________and won this game.
Comic strip & Welcome to the unit
Teaching aims:
1.To introduce the topic of disasters.
2. To identify vocabulary related to disasters.
3. To identify weath ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er conditions and label pictures with correct words.
Teaching difficulty :
To recognize the weather conditions and natural disaster.
Teaching procedures:
Step one :Warm-up activities
1 Read the conversati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on between Eddie and Hobo. Allow Ss enough time to make sense of the comic strip: heavy rain—Hobo is wet and cold.—His house is wet. Try to elicit from Ss what might happened to Hobo’s house.
2 Ask some open questions about each picture.
* What’s the weather like
* What happened to Hobo
* What do you think happened o Hobo’s house
* How does he fell at Eddie’s home
* Why doesn’t he want to go home alone
* Will Eddie help him
Ask two more able students to role-play the conversation.
3 Elicit from Ss other bad weather conditions.
Step two : Presentation
1 Prepare Part A by p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )roviding more vocabulary to help Ss understand headlines in English.
2 Ask studen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts to consider whether the disasters are natural and tick the appropriate boxes. Ss can do it individually and then compare their answers with a partner. Check the correct answers with the whole class and elicit a definition for a natural disaster. 4 Read the words in Part B and ask more able students to describe each weather condition only with simple phrases and words.
5 Ask Ss to complet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e the task on their own and check the correct answers with the class as a whole.
Language points
Natural disasters ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), really warm, for too long, mop it up, lose the game, kill thousands of people, a car accident, crash into a tree, wash the village away, start a big fire
Homework :
1 Learn the language points by heart.
2 Preview the Reading Part.
重点短语和句型
natural disasters 自然灾害
start to do sth. 开始做某事
mop up 用拖把擦干净
lose final 输掉决赛
thousands of 数千，成千上万
crash into 撞到……
wash away 冲走
fall from…… 从……跌落
hear about 听说
catch fire 着火
语言点
1.I was sleeping when it started to rain. 天开始下雨时，我正在睡觉。
start to do sth.= begin to do sth. 开始做某事
你什么时候开始读书的？
When did you start to read
现在天气开始变了。
The weather is now starting to change.
慢慢地，我开始了解他了。
Gradually，I started to understand him.
天开始下雨了。
It started to rain.
用所给动词的适当形式填空
She is starting_______ (cook) the dinner.
2．Didn't you hear the rain 难道你没有听见下雨（的声音）吗？
否定疑问句，即否定形式的疑问句，意思为 “难道……不……吗？”
Can he drive 他会开车吗？
→Can't he drive 难道他不会开车吗？
Do you think so 你这样认为吗？
→Don't you think so 难道你不这么认为吗？
[注意] 对否定疑问句的回答，要根据实际情况来回答。
- Isn't the boy very clever 这个男孩难道不是很聪明吗？
- Yes，he is． 不，他很聪明。
- No，he isn't. 是的，他不是很聪明。
其中的“Yes，he is．”实为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“Yes，he is very clever.”的省略形式；而“No，he isn't.”则为“No，he isn't very clever.”的省略形式。在英语中Yes后习惯上要用肯定式，而No的后面则习惯上要跟否定式。
( )①- Don't you know him -_______.I never see him.
A. Yes, I do B. No, I do C. Yes, I don't D. No, I don't
listen (to)与hear的区别：
listen (to) 集中注意力尽量听清楚，强调听的过程
listen后面不紧跟听的内容，listen to后面紧跟听的内容
hear 强调听的结果
请听我说。
Listen to me，please.
我听得很认真，但什么也没听见。
I listened carefully，but could hear nothing.
( )If yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u_______ the teacher carefully, you can_______ every word clearly.
A. listen; hear B. listen to; hear.
C. hear; hear D. listen to; listen to
3.Earthquake kills thousands of people． 地震杀死了成千上万的人。
thousand与thousands of的区别：
thousand常和具体数字连用，thousand只能用单数形式
thousands of意为“成千上万”，后接复数名词
three thousand students 三千名学生
thousands of students 成千上万的学生
( ) _______trees will be planted on that mountain next spring.
A. Thousands of B. Two thousands
C. Two thousand of D. Thousand of
Reading(1)
Teaching aims :
To infer main ideas of a passage from keywords and context
2. To talk about a natural disaster
Teaching difficulty :
1. To talk about a natural disaster and remember the key points
2. To use the vocabulary and sentences related to natural disasters
Teaching procedures
Step one : Before - reading
1. Different kinds of bad weather conditions and natural disasters.
Ask students to tell the name one by one.
2. Tell stud ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ents that an earthquake is a natural disaster that can cause great damage or loss of life. Ask if they know what will happen when an earthquake takes place.
Elicit any information about an earthquake they know.
3. Show pictures ab ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out an earthquake and present some new words about it, e.g. shaking, bomb, fear, scream, direction, wildly. Then ask students to read the new words together.
4. Talk to students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) about the context of Timmy’s story. Elicit any information about the Taiwan earthquake in 1999 from students. E.g. The earthquake took place on 21st September 1999. More than 2,300 people died and about 12,000 buildings fell down. It’s believed to be the strongest earthquake to have hit Taiwan last century.
Step two : While-reading
Tell students tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t Timmy is a lucky boy. He survived the earthquake and wrote a story about it. Ask them to read through Timmy’s story silently and try to answer the two questions.
No.1, What was Timmy doing when the earthquake started
No. 2, Did Timmy giv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e up or try his best to survive when he was in danger during the earthquake
2. Discuss the two questions with students to check understanding.
3. Ask students to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) do Part B1on page 96 and help Sandy match the words on the left with the meanings on the right..
4. Then ask student ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s to read Para 1 and 2, and try to complete the table to find out : when the earthquake came, what did Timmy feel/hear/see and do
5. Ask what hap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pened to Timmy then Tell them to read Para 3 and 4 to find the answer. Present: Timmy was trapped. Explain ‘be trapped’.
6. Ask what Timmy d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )id to save himself after he was trapped He did five things to help himself. Ask students to read the rest part of the story to find out the answers.
7. Ask students to do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) part B2 on page96. Help Sandy complete her diary.
8. Students listen to the tape and read after it together.
9. Tell studen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts Timmy put some pictures he draw about the earthquake on his home page. Ask students to complete Part C to put them into the correct order and write the captions in the blanks.
10. Ask them to com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )plete Part D on page 97. Write a T if the sentence is true, write an F if it is false.
Step 3 Post-reading
1 Present some lang ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uage points: e.g. shaking, shake; try to do sth.; run in all directions; calm down; be in a great hurry to do sth. in different ways.
2 Do a quiz to check understanding
Assignment
1.Recite the new words
2.Recite the passage
3.Find out useful words and phrases in Reading
Reading(2)
Teaching aims :
1. To read the text again and again and deal with language points
2. To learn the language points by heart.
Teaching difficulty :
To retell the story about Timmy
Teaching process :
Step one : Presentation
1 Talk to Ss about t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he context of surviving an earthquake. Elicit any information about the earthquakes in Taiwan or in other parts of the world. Bring some newspaper articles about earthquakes.
2 Ask Ss to quickly s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kim the text on their own. Ask them to highlight the words they do not know. Then ask Ss to discuss them in pairs and try to work out their meaning from the context.
3 Ask Ss to make l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ist of words and phrases used in the text which describe noise and movement/destruction, fear and hope.
* noise: big noise, thunder, screamed, real noise, bombs, shouted
* movement/destru ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ction: slight shaking, earth started to shake, ran (wildly), pieces of glass and bricks fell down, walls began to come down
* fear: screamed, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )frightened, dark, could not at all, a moment of fear
* hope: calm down, still alive, bright daylight, safe
4 Read Timmy’s story aloud. Ask Ss to listen carefully.
5 Check general u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nderstanding of the different paragraphs by asking some ‘ wh-‘ questions.
Para 1: Where was Timmy
What happened in the shopping centre
Para 2: What happened to the building
How did people react
What did Timmy do
Para 3: Where was Timmy when the shaking stopped
How did Ti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mmy feel Para 4: What did Timmy do while he was waiting for help
Para 5: How was he rescued
Step two : Exercises
1 Explain the conte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xt of Part B. Ask students to do Part B1 on their own. Encourage students to check their answer with a partner.
3 Ask students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to study the words in the box for one minute, then cover them and complete the diary entry in Part B2.
Step three : Presentation
1 Explain the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) context and point out to Ss the idea of telling a story with pictures. Divide the class into teams of 4-5 students to study each picture first.
2 Ss write the captio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ns in the blanks individually. Check answers with the whole class.
3 Ask Ss to arrange the pictures in the right order.
Step four : Retelling the story
1 Explain the context ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and remind them about story telling from memory. Ss work in pairs to complete the task.
2 Check the answers with the whole class.
Step five : Language points (Part A)
Feel a slight shaking ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )through my body, a big noise like thunder, in fear, be frightened, start to shake, run in all directions, know where to go, run wildly, fall down, calm down, be over, could not see at all, be trapped, say to oneself, a moment of fear, go through my mind, since, hear excited shouts, in a great hurry, move away, see the bright daylight.
Language points (Part C)
Be very good at telling jokes, vote
Assignment
1、 Learn the language points by heart.
2 、 Preview the Grammar Part.
一、重点短语和句型
1. feel a slight shake 感到轻微的晃动
2. a loud noise like thunder 雷鸣般巨大的响声
3. start to shake 开始晃动
4. scream in fear 惊恐地尖叫
5. try one’s best to do sth. 竭尽全力做某事
6. run out 跑出去 / run out of… 从……跑出去
7. run in all directions 四处逃散
8. fall down 往下掉
9. come down 倒塌
10. not … at all 根本不，一点也不
11. beat fast 快速跳动
12. be trapped 被困住
13. say to oneself 自言自语
14. calm down 冷静
15. shout for help / scream for help 喊救命
16. pull myself slowly through 慢慢地向前移动身体
17. find one’s way out 找出路
18. hear shouts from excited people 听到激动的人们的喊话
19. move away the bricks 搬走砖块
20. at last 最后
21. I was sleeping when the earthquake started. 地震发生时我正在睡觉。
22. People wer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down. 人们在四处逃散，此时，碎玻璃片和砖块在往下掉落。
23. I felt nervous and my hear was beating fast. 我感到紧张，我的心脏快速跳动。
24. As I was try ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing to find my way out, I suddenly heard some noise above me.
当我正在尽力找出路时，我突然听到上面有声音。
二、语言点
1. I was sleeping when the earthquake started. 开始地震时我正在睡觉。
本句是一个复合句，I was sleepi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng是主句，运用了过去进行时；when the earthquake started是时间状语从句，运用了一般过去时。
“过去进行时＋when＋一般过去时”是过去进行时中常用的一种结构。
当米莉的一个朋友来看望她时，她正在看一本书。
Milie was reading a book when one of her friends came to see her.
电话响时李女士正在做晚饭。
Mrs Li was cooking dinner when the telephone rang.
( ) My father_ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______ TV in the living room when someone_______ him.
A. watched; called B. was watching; called
C. watched; was calling D. was watching; was calling
2. People screamed in fear. 人们恐惧地尖叫着。
scream vi.尖叫、惊呼
当她看到劫匪时，她尖声喊救命。
When she saw the robber, she screamed for help.
那个女孩经常在梦里尖叫。
That girl often____________________________.
in fear 惊恐地；恐惧地；处于惊恐之中
我总是生活在恐惧当中。
I was always living in fear.
那个女孩看到面前有一条蛇时惊恐地大叫起来。
The girl cried out in fear when she saw a .snake in front of her.
你为什么感到惊恐？
Why are you in fear
be in fear of…= be afraid of… 害怕……
我害怕输掉这场比赛。
I'm in fear of losing the game,
( ) We are_________ the typhoon.
A. in danger B. in trouble C. in fear of D. afraid
3. Outside, peopl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e were running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down. 当玻璃碎片和砖块纷纷落下的时候，外面的人正在四处逃跑。
in all directions 四面八方；向各个方向
当我们说话时，声波就开始传播，并向四面八方扩散。
When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions.
你不可能同时向各个方向前进。
You can't go in all directions at one time.
( ) When the earthquake came, people ran off_______.
A. in danger B. in trouble
C. in direction D. in all directions
while 当……的时候，强调主句的动作和从句的动作同时进行。
莉莉写信的时候露西在叠纸船。
Lucy is making a paper boat while Lily is writing a letter.
while也可以表示在某事进行的过程中发生了另一件事。
她听着MP3的时候睡着了。
While she was listening to the MP3 player, she fell asleep.
While l was read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing the newspaper, my mother_______ (wash) the dishes.
4. I could not see anything at all. 我根本什么都看不见。
not anything = nothing。
夜里我什么也看不见。
I cannot see anything at night. ＝ I can see nothing at night.
同义句转换
I cannot do anything on rainy days.
I_______ do_______ on rainy days.
5．“I'm trapped，”I said to myself. 我自言自语道：“我被困住了。”
be trapped 被困住
一些人被暴风雪困住了。
Some people were trapped in the snowstorm.
大约100名工人被困在了地铁里。
About 100 workers were trapped in theunderground.
( ) Three firemen_______ when the house fell down.
A. trap B. trapped C. are trapped D. were trapped
say to oneself 心里暗想；自言自语
那个女孩经常对着镜子自言自语。
That girl often says to herself in the mirror.
我心里暗想：“发生什么事了？”
“What happened ”I said to myself.
“Oh, what's wrong with my stomach ” he said to_______(he).
6. A moment of fear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) went through my mind, but I told myself to calm down since l was still alive. 片刻的恐惧闪过我的脑海，但我告诉自己既然我还活着就要冷静下来。
go through my mind 闪过我的脑海
许多我弟弟的照片闪过我的脑海。
Many photos of my brother went through my mind.
( ) Just then, a good idea went_______ my mind.
A. in B. out C. through D. by
since 既然，由于
既然你在这儿，就和我们一起踢足球吧。
Since you are here, come and play football with us.
既然大家都到了，我们就开始上课吧。
Let's begin our lesson______________.
7. Hours later, a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s I was trying to find my way out, I suddenly heard some noise above me. 数小时后，当我努力找出路时，我突然听到上面有响声。
try to do sth. 努力做某事
他设法准时完成这项工作。
He tried to finish the work on time.
我们必须尽力学好英语。
We must______________ English well.
find my way out 找到我的出路
我们怎样才能找到出路呢？
How can we find a way out
我想我们很快就能找到出路。
I think we ______________soon.
sound，noise，voice的区别
(1) sound 声音、响声，可以指人或动物发出的声音或物体碰撞的声音，使用范围很大。
半夜里他听到一种奇怪的声音。
At midnight he heard a strange sound.
光的传播速度比声音快得多。
Light travels much faster than sound．
(2) noise 噪音，喧闹声，常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声。
别吵闹！
Don't make any noise!
车辆的喧闹声使他睡不着。
The noise of traffic kept him awake.
(3) voice 一般指人的声音(说话、唱歌、谈笑等)
那女孩嗓音很美。
The girl has a beautiful voice.
他们正小声交谈。
They are talking with a low voice.
Grammar
Teaching aims :
1. To understand when to use the past continuous tense.
2. To recognize and use the past continuous tense.
Teaching difficulty :
To learn when to use the past continuous tense.
Teaching process :
Step one : Questioning
Say, ‘Now, I am teaching you. You are listening to me carefully.’
(ask A)What are you doing
(ask B)What did A do just now
(ask B)What were you doing when A answered my question
(ask C)What were you doing when I came in
(ask A)What was C doing at that time
Step two : presentation :
As the students ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e talking about the things they do, write the structure of past continuous tense ‘was/were +doing’ on the board.
Design a scene: Las ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t night at 8:00 there was a blackout in your block. The lights went out all over the block. First, show some pictures, then let the students describe.
Step three : Paying attention to uses of words
During the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudents describing the pictures, pay attention to use ‘was’ and ‘were’ to consolidate the past continuous tense.
Step foru : Describing the picture
Describe the pict ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ure in general questions and give them positive and negative answers. Practice in pairs. Write the two kinds of answers on the Bb.
Was David co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oking at eight yesterday Yes, he was. Was David having dinner at 8 last night No, he wasn’t.
Step five : Practicing the dialogue
After finishing d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )escribing the nine pictures, practice the dialogue like this.
T: What was David doing last night at eight last night
Ss: He was doing some cooking.
Practice in pairs. Let them choose any picture they want.
Step six : Completing Part A1
Get the students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to complete Part A1, Page 99. Check the answers in pairs and in class. Explain the main phrases in the dialogue e.g. ‘discuss … with…’ and ‘plan a trip to’. Get them to read the dialogue aloud. Ask the students some question to offer them more chance for practice.
Step seven : Finishing the dialogue
Finish the dialog ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ue in Part A2, and then check the answers. Explain some the main phrases like ‘see…doing’ and ‘as usual’. Ask the students to close the book. Ask them some questions about this dialogue.
Homework
Make a summar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y to what we learned today. (Emphasize the adverbial of time.)Finish off the exercises in the Evaluation Handbook and Learning English.
一、重点短语和句型
1. on the side of the road 在路边
2. break down 出故障，坏掉
3. because of + 名词 / doing 因为
4. I was (not) sleeping at 10 p.m. last nigtht. 昨晚十点时我（不）在睡觉。
5. I was sleeping when the earthquake started. 地震发生时我正在睡觉。
6. People were ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down. 当碎玻璃片和砖块往下掉落时，人们在四处逃散。
7. As I was trying to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )find my way out, I suddenly heard some noise above me.
当我在尽力找出路时，突然听到我上面有响声。
8. When / While / ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )As Millie was watching TV, Andy came into the room.
当MiIlie在看电视时，Andy进入了房间。
9. Millie was watching TV when Andy came into the room.
当Andy进入房间时，Millie正在看电视。
二、语言点
1．Past continuous tense过去进行时
(1)过去进行时的概念：过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或存在的状态（不强调动作是否已经完成）。
(2)过去进行时的构成：was/were＋动词的现在分词
was用于第一人称和第三人称单数，were用于其他各人称。
过去进行时常和表示过去具体时间的词或短语连用或通过上下文来提示。
昨晚六点半时我正在洗衣服。
I was washing my clothes at 6:30 yesterday evening.
(3)过去进行时的用法：
①表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
昨晚八点钟的时候米莉在打扫她的卧室。
Millie was cleaning her bedroom at 8 p.m. yesterday.
②表示在过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。
那些天我们正在农场上劳动。
We were working on the farm those days.
③表示过去某一动作发生时，另一动作也在同时进行。
我们看书的时候他们正在记笔记。
They were making notes while we were reading.
④表示过去不断重复的动作。
约翰在这儿工作时总是犯错。
When he worked here, John was always making mistakes.
(4)过去进行时的句型结构：
肯定句：主语＋ was/were＋doing＋其他成分。
昨天的这个时候我正在打篮球。
I was playing basketball this time yesterday.
否定句：主语＋ was/were＋not＋doing＋其他成分。
昨天的这个时候我不在打篮球。
I wasn't playing basketball this' time yesterday.
一般疑问句及其答语：- Was/Were＋主语＋doing＋其他成分？
- Yes，主语＋was/were.／No，主语＋wasn't/weren't.
昨天的这个时候你在打篮球吗？
- Were you playing basketball this time yesterday
- Yes，I was. /No，I wasn't.是的，我在。／不，我不在。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋ was/were＋主语＋doing＋其他成分？
昨天的这个时候你在做什么？
What were you doing this time yesterday
( ) -I called you at 4:00 yesterday afternoon, but no one answered.
- Sorry, I_______ with my friends at that time.'
A. swim B. swam C. will swim D. was swimming
过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：
(1)过去进行时强调动作在过去正在进行或持续，不一定完成；一般过去时表示在过去做了某事，强调动作的完成。
He was making a model plane last night.
他昨晚在制作一个飞机模型。（不一定完成）
He made a model plane last night.
他昨晚制作了一个飞机模型。（已经完成）
(2)表示过去的状态、感 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )觉及心理活动的静态动词（be，like，love，hate, fear，own，hear，see，know，want，notice等）可以用于一般过去时，通常不用于进行时。
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food.
我讨厌一个人说话时嘴里满是食物。
昨晚米莉写了一封信。
Millie______________ last night. .
昨晚这个时候米莉正在写一封信。
Millie_________ at this time last night.
2. My dad's car broke down because of the cold weather.
由于天气寒冷，我父亲的车坏了。
because of 因为；由于，后面跟名词、代词或动名词
因为这场大雨，他们停止了踢足球。
They stopped playing football because of the heavy rain.
because后面接原因状语从句，一般可以和because of结构进行转换。
They stopped playing football because the rain was heavy.
同义句转换
He missed the early bus because of getting up late.
He missed the early bus_______ he_______．
3. when, while, as
when，while，as意思为“当……的时候”时，都可以引导时间状语从句。
我父亲来看我时我正在踢足球。
I was playing football when my father came to see me.
他在看书时我在上网。
He was reading while l was surfing on the Internet.
我正要离开市场时遇到了我的朋友们。
As l was leaving the market, I met my friends.
当一个瞬间动作发生时一个持续性动作正在进行之中，持续性动作用过去进行时，瞬间动作用一般过去时。
(1)如果瞬间动作是主句，用when，while或as引导从句。
当他在工作时我给了他一份报告。
When/While/As he was working, I gave him a report.
(2)如果持续性动作是主句，用when引导从句。
They were walking when I saw them.当我看到他们时他们在散步。
[拓展] (1) while 然而，主从句形成对比
他喜欢住在城市，而我喜欢住在农村。
He likes living in the city while I like living in the countryside.
(2) when 就在此时，相当于at that time
我正要出去，就在此时我的朋友杰克过来和我下棋。
I was going out when my friend Jack came to play chess with me.
( ) Eddie was sleeping_______ Millie was reading a magazine.
A. until B. while C. before D. after
( ) _______I was reading, the teacher came into the classroom.
A. When B. While" C. As D. A, B and C
( ) He was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )walking in the street_______ - I happened to see him.
A. as B. when C. while D. for
Integrated Skills
Teaching aims :
1.To understand the process of producing an accident report form .
2.To recognize the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )key expressions involved in an emergency call and an accident report
Teaching difficulty :
1.To recognize the k ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ey expressions involved in an emergency call and an accident report
2.To think more about what to do when there is an accident
Teaching process:
Step one : Talking about the weather
First, get the students to talk about the weather today.
Step two: Showing a picture of snowy days
Show a picture of s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nowy days and then get the students to talk about the weather conditions. Encourage the students to discuss what will happen to cars and people.
Picture A: It’s snowy. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) The snow is heavy. The heavy snow covers the ground. It covers everything. (Teach the word ‘cover’.)
Picture B: It i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s difficult to walk. It is easy for people to fall over.
Picture C: It is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dangerous to drive a car. Look at the picture there is car accident.
Two people are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) trapped in the car. They can’t get out. They are victims. (Teach the word ‘victim’.)
Step three : Discussing about what the victims can do
Get the students to di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scuss about what the victims can do to get someone to help them.
Step four : Looking at the two reports on Page 102
Explain that Mr. and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Mrs. Su had a car accident during the snowstorm. Ask students to look at the two reports on Page 102 and explain that the report form in Part A1 is from the 110 hotline where as the report in Part A2 is made by the policemen after they rescued Mr. and Mrs. Su.
Explain the items in t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he report form and make sure that they can understand it.
Step five: Playing the tape twice.
Play the tape f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or the students to find as much information as possible. And then fill in the report form. And of course, it is impossible for them to complete the table by listening.
Get them to read the repot below and find more information.
Step six : Checking the answers
After completing the r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eport form, invite the student to check the answers in pairs.
Step seven : Making up a new dialogue
Get the stude ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts to work in pairs and make up a new dialogue between an interviewer and Mr. or Mrs. Su.
Say, ‘An inte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rviewer went to see Mr. Su and Mrs. Su in the hospital, he/she interviewed them about the accident.’ Invite the students to talk about the information in the report form or they can add something.
Step eight : Completing Sandy’s e-mail
Homework
1. Finish off the relative exercises.
2.Recite the useful words and expressions.
Study skills
Teaching aims :
1. To identify a n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )atural disaster, describe it and explain the results
2. To identify the intonation pattern of statements
Teaching difficulty :
1. To identify the intonation pattern of statements
2. To identify the intonation pattern of statements
Teaching process :
Step one : Talking about pictures
Show pictures of dif ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ferent kinds of bad weather and disasters. Get the students to talk about the results of them. They can also talk about what other people do to help.
(It will be bette ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r if the teacher can collect some reports on disasters or bad weather from newspapers or magazines. In this step, the teacher may try to input more information about the disasters and help students to talk about it.)
Step two : Listen to the tape
Explain that Sand ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y and Amy are talking about a natural disaster. Invite them to listen to the tape and try to answer the questions.
With the help ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of these questions, it will be easier for students to focus on the key information e.g. in Britain, last week, heavy storm, thunder and lightening, terrible, school caught fire, no one was hurt, students on holiday. They will also help them to organize their own dialogue.
Step three : Reading the dialogue again
Get the students ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to read the dialogue aloud. Direct the students attention to the intonation of different sentences. We use a rising tone for general questions. We use falling tones for ‘wh-’ questions or statements.
Get the students t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o read the dialogue again. Pay special attention to the intonation patterns used here. Then give the students several minutes for the students to practice and act.
Step four : Reading more statements on Page 103
Get the students t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o read more statements on Page 103. Remind them of the intonation patterns.
Play the tape for the students to follow.
Do chain work and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) get the students to read the sentences one by one. Pay special attention to the intonation patterns.
Students also shou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld be reminded of the importance of these sentences, especially, the following sentences:
Step five : Reading the dialogue on Page 104
Get the students to read the dialogue on Page 104.
Get them to read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the dialogue. Pay attention to the intonations patterns. Give the students 3-4 minute for them to read the dialogue to their partners. Ask them to focus on what sandy said about the fire and try to get the main points.
Homework
1. Finish off the relative exercises.
2.Recite the useful words and expressions.
一、重点短语和句型
1. as…as possible 尽可能……
2. protect oneself from 保护自己以防……
3. stay low to the ground 待在靠近地面的地方
4. follow traffic rules 遵守交通规则
5. learn from 从……中学习
6. keep oneself safe from 在……中使自己安全
7. be on fire 着火
8. try to get out as soon as possible 努力尽可能快地逃出去
9. stay away from 远离……
10. cover … with… 用……盖住……
二、语言点
1．Try to get out as soon as possible．尽快想办法出去。
as soon as possible 尽快
as…as possible = as…as sb. can/could 尽可能……
我将尽早到达这儿。
I will get here as early as possible.
＝I will get here as early as I can,
同义句转换
He answered my letter as quickly as possible.
He answered my letter as quickly_______ _______ _______.
2. Cover you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r mouth and nose with a wet towel to protect yourself from thick smoke.
用湿毛巾掩住你的口鼻来保护自己不受浓烟的侵袭。
cover vt. 盖；覆盖
大雪很快就会把道路覆盖。
The heavy snow will soon cover the road.
cover…with… 用……覆盖……
她微笑时常用手遮住嘴。
She often covers her mouth with her hand when she smiles.
be covered with… 被……覆盖着
看！河面被冰覆盖着。
Look! The river is covered with ice.
地震之后，砖块和石头覆盖了整条公路。
Bricks and stones _____________ after the earthquake.
3. What did you learn from yesterday's talk, Simon
从昨天的报告中你了解了什么，西蒙？
learn from 从……中了解到……；向……学习……
从这篇课文中你了解到了什么？
What did you learn from the text
我们应该向雷锋同志学习。
We should learn from Lei Feng.
4. What should we do if our building is on fire 如果大楼着火了，我们该怎么办？
be on fire 着火(状态)
房子着火了。咱们快去把它扑灭。
The house is on fire. Let's put it out quickly.
catch a fire 着火（动词短语）
你知道房子是什么时候着火的吗？
Do you know when the house caught a fire
( ) He found his flat_______ fire when he got home.
A. in B．on C．at D. with
5. Do you know what to do first when we burn ourselves
当我们烧伤时，你知道首先怎么做吗？
what to do 疑问词十不定式
我想知道我们什么时候开会。
I want to know when to begin our meeting.
他们不知道去哪里买这本书。
They don't know where to buy the book.
同义句转换
Can you tell me how can I get to the park
Can you tell me_______ _______ get to the park
6．You should go and see the doctor. 你应该去看医生。
see the doctor看医生，看病。
我病了。我将去看医生。
I am ill. I will see the doctor.
他生病了。咱们带他去看医生吧。
He is ill. Let's take him to______________.
Task
Teaching aims :
To learn to o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rganize ideas for writing an article for the school newsletter
To write an article about natural disasters.
Teaching difficulty :
1. To learn to o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rganize ideas for writing an article for the school newsletter
2. To write an article about natural disasters.
Teaching process :
Step one : Lead-in
1. Explain the co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntext. Sandy wants to write an article about a natural disaster for the school newsletter. She wants to write about the snowstorm that hit Beijing this week. Let’s help her, OK
2. Show some pictu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )res about the snowstorm. Talk about them with the whole class and encourage students to make some sentences according to these pictures and key words provided beside each picture.
Step two :Writing structure
1. Ask students t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o think about how we can organize these ideas to describe the snowstorm. Tell them planning ahead carefully is very important to create a powerful piece of writing. We can make flow charts to help organize our ideas before we start writing.
2. Point out when w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e want to write an article, first of all, we should choose a topic, we should decide what to write about. This time we are going to write about a snowstorm. There should be three main parts in such an article: Introduction, during the snowstorm, and after the snowstorm.
3. Students talk ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) about what should be written about in each part in groups.
4. Show them ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) some questions and say these questions can help them organize their ideas.
5. Do a pair work. A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sk students to turn to Page 105 ,read through the questions in Part B carefully and try to find out the answers in Part A.
They should fini ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sh two tasks. Task 1, ask and answer these questions orally with their partner. For example, A: When and where did the snowstorm happen B: It hit Beijing on Friday, 28th January.
Task 2, write th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e correct letters in the boxes to complete the flow chart.
Then invite ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )some pairs to ask and answer these questions in front of the class.
6. Say we have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )helped Sandy complete her flow chart. Now let’s help her complete her article for the school newsletter. Ask students to complete Part C on page 106.
7. Analyze the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )structure of this article with the whole class. Ask them to match the four paragraphs with the three main parts of this article.
Then make a concl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )usion: Para 1 is the introduction of the snowstorm. Para2 and 3 describe what happened during the snowstorm. And Para 4 describes what happened after the snowstorm.
Step three : Practice
1. Say we have helpe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d Sandy complete an article about a snowstorm. Ask students to write an article about a natural disaster by themselves
2. Show some pic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tures about different natural disasters. Ask students to choose any one they would like to write about.
3. Ask some individ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uals to show his/her flow chart and talk about it with the whole class.
4. Students complete their articles.
Homework
1.Collect all the useful phrases in this unit.
2.Go over the new words in this unit
3.Finish the relative exercises.
一、重点词组和句型
1. share sth. with sb. 和某人分享某物
2. keep falling 不停地下
3. near fall over 差点跌倒
4.clear the snow 清除积雪
5. come from behind 来自背后
二、语言点
1．I shared an umbrella with Millie. 我和米莉合撑一把伞。
share sth. with sb. 和某人共用某物；和某人共享某物
我和我的朋友们分享我的玩具和书。
I share my toys and books with my friends.
桑迪经常和同学们分享她的快乐。
Sandy often_______ her joy_______ her classmates.
2．The snow kept falling． 雪在不停地下。
keep doing sth. 一直不停地做某事
那男孩连续做了三个小时的作业。
The boy kept doing his homework for three hours.
他让我等了半小时。
He ______________for half an hour.
3．I could hear the wind blowing． 我能听见风在刮。
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人在做某事
当我路过他的房间时，我听到他在唱歌。
I heard him singing when l was passing his room.
hear sb. do sth. 听到某人做某事
早上我经常听到他读英语。
I often hear him read English in the morning.
昨晚八点我听到他在打电话。
I______________ at eight last night.
4．I nearly fell over. 我几乎摔倒了。
fall over 摔倒
我们都在风中摔倒了。
We all fell over in the wind.
[辨析] fall off，fall down与fall from的区别：
(1) fall off从……掉下，强调整个过程。
(2) fall down掉了下来，倒地。
(3) fall from从……掉下来，强调“地方”。
我碰到了石头几乎摔倒了。
I hit the stone and______________．
5. I heard the noise of traffic the next morning. 第二天早晨我听到了车辆的声音。
hear the noise of…的意思是“听见……的声音”。
从这儿我能听到雨声。
I can hear the noise of the rain from here.
你能听到风声吗？
Can you______________ the wind
the next morning 第二天早上
the next week第二周
the next month第二个月
the next year第二年
第二天早上我到达了北京城。
I got to the city of Beijing______________.
6．Suddenly，a strong wind came from behind. 突然，一阵强风从后面吹来。
come from behind 从后面来
快点！他们从后面赶上来了。
Come on! They are coming from behind.
我不相信他们能从后面赶上来。
I don't believe they can_____________________.
我们从后面赶上来赢得了这场比赛。
We ______________and won this game.