课件42张PPT。【美文阅读】
你对大海了解多少？阳光照耀下她妩媚多姿；狂风暴雨下她凶猛狂暴，除此以外还有什么呢？
The first thing to remember is that the sea is very big.When you look at the map of the world you will find there is more water than land.The sea covers three quarters of the world.If you have swum in the sea，you know that it is salty.You can taste the salt.Rivers，which flow into the sea，carry salt from the land into the sea.Some parts of the sea are saltier than other parts.There is one sea，called the Dead Sea，which is very salty.It is so salty that swimmers cannot sink！Fish cannot live in the Dead Sea!In most parts of the sea，there are plenty of fishes and plants.Some live near the top of the sea.Others live deep down.There are also millions of tiny living things that float in the sea.These floating things are so small that it is hard to see them.Many fish live by eating these.The sea can be very cold.Divers who go deep down in the sea know this.On the top the water may be warm.When the diver goes downwards，the sea becomes colder and colder.Another thing happens.When the diver goes deeper，the water above presses down on him.It squeezes (挤)him.Then the diver has to wear clothes made of metal.But he cannot go very deep.Some people who wanted to go very deep used a very strong diving ship！They went down to the deepest part of the sea in it.They went down to a depth of eleven kilometers!【诱思导学】
1．Why does the author mention the sea somewhere near Japan?
____________________________________________
2．Are there any fishes living in the Dead Sea?
____________________________________________
3．Why can't people go very deep in the sea?
____________________________________________【答案】 1.To show that the sea in some places is very deep.
2．No ，there aren't.
3．Because the pressure of the water at great depths is great.教师用书独具演示●课标解读
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给内容的学习，了解下一课时即将出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，将对下一节课内容的全面理解起到了铺垫作用。●教学地位
此部分内容是是对下一课时的感悟和预习，合理利用本学案，能大大提升下一课时的课堂效率，有效提升学生学习英语的热情，促进课堂的积极活跃程度，并能在课上能与老师形成较为默契的配合。●新课导入建议
让学生讨论个人与大海的联系，直接导入新课。在设计这堂课时，要从激发学生的对大自然的热爱出发，介绍有关的背景知识，给学生布置具有一定挑战性的任务，让学生以大海人类共同的生存空间为题进行讨论或口头描述。演示结束 Ⅰ.篇章结构
根据P8的Reading部分，在表格中填入恰当的单词或短语，每空不超过3个单词【答案】 1.Europeans 2.Northern Europe 3.982
4．Iceland 5.Not long after 6.set sail 7.unknown 8.1002 9.present-day 10.the AmericasⅡ.语篇理解
阅读P8的Reading部分，从每题所给的3个选项中选择最佳答案
1．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．How the Vikings discovered America.
B．The life of Vikings in Scandinavia.
C．Eric the Red's life story.2．It's said that Eric the Red got into trouble ________.
A．when he left Iceland
B．when he reached Greenland
C．when he committed a murder3．After Eric the Red discovered Greenland，________.
A．people started to live on that island
B．some people went to the island with him
C．some people went back with him to Greenland4．Who does “he” in Line 23 refer to?
A．Eric the Red.
B．Biarni.
C．Biarni's father.5．Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Biarni sailed to Newfoundland with Leif.
B．Newfoundland lies north to Canada.
C．Biarni's directions were of great use to Leif.
【答案】 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.CⅢ.课文缩写
从方框中选择恰当的单词或短语，完成下列短文
set sail；get into trouble；in search of；eventually；sailing；present-day；unknown；make it to；ancestor；according to
The Vikings，whose 1.________ came from Scandinavia，reached America long before Columbus ever 2.________.3．________ the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red committed a murder，for which he 4.______.He reached Greenland and returned to Iceland.He persuaded some people to go back with him to Greenland and 14 ships 5.________ Greenland with him.
Not long after this，Biarni set sail from Iceland 6.________ Eric's party.Unfortunately he was blown off course and found himself in an 7.________ land，from where he 8.________ reached Greenland.In 1002，Eric the Red's son Leif sailed to what is believed to be the coast of 9.________ Canada.Eric the Red and Leif's deeds are the first records we have of Europeans 10.________ to the Americas.
【答案】 1.ancestors 2.set sail 3.According to 4.got into trouble 5.made it to 6.in search of 7.unknown 8．eventually 9.present-day 10.sailingⅠ.词义搭配
1．voyage A．at last，in the end
2．persuade B．not known before
3．eventually C．to say sorry for doing sth.wrong
4．apologise D．an act of traveling by water
5．unknown E．someone who travels into little known regions6．explorer F．to make sb.believe or do sth.by talking to him
【答案】 1.D 2.F 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.EⅡ.短语填空
according to；set sail；in search of；get into trouble；make it to；long before；be forced to；apologise for
1．Can't you stop your son from ________________？
2．I knew Tom ________________ I knew you.
3．He ________________ face up to the situation.
4．________________ the weather forecast it will rain tomorrow.5．We ____________ at dawn and headed for New York.
6．I wondered if I would ______________ the other side.
【答案】 1.getting into trouble 2.long before 3.was forced to 4.According to 5.set sail 6.make it toⅢ.句型背诵
1．By around 900 AD，there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live.
大约到公元900年，北欧很多地方都有海盗居住。
2．Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric，but he was blown off course and found himself in an unknown land，from where he eventually reached Greenland.
比阿尼希望找到和埃里克在一起的父亲，但是他被吹离了航线，结果发现自己在一个未知的地方，从那里他最终抵达格陵兰岛。3．Leif followed Biarni's directions and sailed to what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada.
赖伊夫依照比阿尼的指点，航行到据说是现在的加拿大海岸所在地。课件122张PPT。教师用书独具演示●教学目标
1．熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
2．通过对学案中重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，并能够运用这些词语造句。3．通过对这些词汇的理解能够更深层次地理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练地运用这些词汇。
4．通过对定语从句关系副词及介词加关系代词的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识。
●教学地位
词汇是英语学习的一个重要环节，在课堂教学中起至关重要的作用，所以理解和记忆英语单词和短语是英语学习的重点所在。本课时的语法是定语从句关系副词及介词加关系代词，里面有很多易混易错的地方，应根据学生的实际情况做耐心细致的讲解。 ●新课导入建议
可以尝试用学生日常生活的话题互动式引入本课：
T：I think most of us like going swimming in the sea. The sea is part of people’s life, do you think so?
S：
T：We know about all kinds of sea animals in the daily life. What are your favorite sea animals?Tell the class. Use some key words to help you. (Show some slides about sea animals)
S：
T：Why do you like these animals?
S：演示结束 1．frightening adj.令人惊恐的；骇人的(教材P7)
It's frightening to think it could happen again.
想到此事可能再发生就使人不寒而栗。①frighten vt.使惊恐，吓唬
frighten sb.into/out of (doing) sth.恐吓某人做/不做某事
②frightened adj.受惊的，害怕的
be frightened of sb./(doing) sth.害怕某人/某事；对……感到害怕
be frightened at sth.因……而害怕I got quite frightened when he lost his temper.
他发起脾气来我觉得挺害怕的。
Don't be frightened of making mistakes when you speak English.讲英语时别害怕犯错误。【教师备课资源】
由过去分词或现在分词转化来的形容词，是分词形容词。这些词已失去了动词的性质，大多数可被副词very或too修饰，有的还有比较级和最高级，故称为分词形容词。v.-ing形式，意为“令人……的”，多指事物；v.-ed形式，意为“感到……的”，多用于指人。常见的分词形容词有：surprised/surprising；excited/exciting；interested/interesting；bored/boring；tired/tiring; pleased/pleasing；puzzled/puzzling；astonished/astonishing；shocked/shocking等。【答案】 ①frightened；frightening ②to be frightened of ③frightened the old lady into signing ④was frightened at2．voyage n．(长途的)航海；航行；航程；旅行
Viking Voyages to America(教材P8)
北欧海盗的美洲之行
The explorer accomplished the voyage to Australia in 3 weeks.探险家在3周内完成去澳大利亚的航行。
The plane touched at several airports on the return voyage.飞机在返回途中曾在好几个飞机场停靠。voyage/journey/trip/travel/tourIf you are going on a long car journey，make sure the vehicle is in good condition.如果你准备驾驶小汽车作长途旅行，一定要确保车辆运转状况良好。
I forgot to buy milk so I had to make another trip to the shop.我忘了买牛奶，只得再去一趟商店。
He described some of the things he'd seen on/during his travels.他描述了一些他在旅行中的见闻。④I go to work by train, and the takes 40 minutes.
⑤They began a world with four concerts in Britain.
【答案】 ①voyage ②travel ③journey ④trip ⑤tour3．The Vikings were the first Europeans to reach America.(教材P8)北欧海盗是第一批到达美洲的欧洲人。
句中不定式短语to reach America作后置定语，修饰the first Europeans。当中心词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，常用不定式(短语)作后置定语。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个来，最后一个走。英语中常用不定式作后置定语的情况：
①被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时；
②不定代词something，nothing，little等后常用不定式作定语；
③抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，ability，courage，opportunity，wish等后常用不定式作定语；
④被修饰词前有the only，the very，the next等词对其进行修饰时；⑤表示将要发生的动作时(既有主动形式，也有被动形式)；
⑥there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接不定式作定语。Get him something to eat.给他拿点东西吃。
I have no courage to try it again after failure.
失败后我没有勇气再去尝试一次。
She is the only woman to have been elected to such a post.她是唯一一位当选该职位的女性。
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。【对接高考】
(2013·北京高考)Volunteering gives you a chance
lives, including your own.
A．change B．changing
C．changed D．to change【解析】 句意：志愿者工作给了你改变生活的机会，包括你自己的。a chance to do sth.“做某事的机会”。如果用动词的-ing形式作定语，需借助于介词of，a chance of doing sth.“做某事的机会”，所以正确答案为D项。要注意常见的接动词不定式作定语的名词，如chance，ability，way等。
【答案】 D4．long before很久以前
They achieved this long before Columbus ever set sail.(教材P8)早在哥伦布起航之前，他们就已经到达那里了。
He said he had read the book long before.
他说他很久之前就读过这本书。It was long before...过了很久才……
It was not long before...没过多久就……
It will not be long before...要不了多久就会……
It will be long before...要过很久才……It was long before I fell asleep.过了很久我才睡着。
It was not long before my mother came back.
没过多久妈妈就回来了。
It will not be long before my brother goes abroad.
要不了多久我哥哥就会出国。5．In 982 AD，when a man called Eric the Red decided to set sail further west，there were as many as 10,000 Vikings living in Iceland.(教材P8)
公元982年，冰岛生活着多达一万的纳维亚人，就在此时，一个叫埃里克·雷德的人决定向西远航。
(1)set sail起航
The light faded as we set sail from the harbor.
当我们从海港起航时，天色逐渐变暗。
The ship will set sail for London at once.
船马上要起航去伦敦了。set about着手，开始做(doing sth.)
set out出发，开始做(to do sth.)
set off出发，启程；引起
set aside节省；保留
set up建立；树立
set down写下；放下
set free释放You must set about your work at once.
你必须立即开始工作。
She set off on a trip across Europe.
她出发去作横越欧洲的旅行。【对接高考】
(2013·湖北高考)In much of the animal world, night is the time for sleep—pure and simple.
A．set aside B．set down
C．set off D．set up【解析】 这里pure and simple表示“完全，不折不扣”，用来指某事只有唯一的原因。这里用set aside表示“留出，拨出(时间等)”，表示这段时间就是用来睡觉的。set down“写下”；set off“出发，引起”；set up“建立”。句意：在大多数动物世界里，夜晚就是完全用来睡觉的时间。
【答案】 A(2)further adv.更远；较远
We had walked further than I realized.
我们已走了比我意识到的距离更长的路。
I was too tired to go further so I stopped.
我太累了，不能再往前走，所以停了下来。6．According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder，for which he got into trouble.(教材P8)
根据冰岛和挪威的传说，埃里克·雷德因一起谋杀案而惹上麻烦，并被迫离开冰岛。
(1)according to根据；依据
According to these figures，the company is doing well.
从这些数字来看，这家公司经营得不错。According to George，she's a really good teacher.
按照乔治的说法，她是一位真正的好教师。
【提示】 (1)according to表示“根据；按照”时，主要用来引出状语，一般不用来引出表语。
(2)according to后一般不接view(看法)和opinion(观点，意见)等词，也不接表示第一人称的代词(me，us)。(2)get into trouble陷入麻烦；陷入困境
Even an experienced climber can get into trouble.
哪怕是个有经验的登山者也可能陷入困境。
If you break law again，you will get into trouble.
若再违反法律，你会出麻烦的。in trouble处于困境或险境
take the trouble to do sth.不厌其烦地干某事
have trouble (in) doing/with sth.做……有困难
look/ask for trouble找麻烦
make trouble制造麻烦
get sb.into trouble使某人陷入困境You are always getting yourself in trouble.
你总是给自己找麻烦。
The naughty boys often came to make trouble.
那些淘气的男孩子经常来捣乱。7．persuade vt.说服；劝说
He persuaded some people to go back with him to Greenland.(教材P8)
他说服一些人与他一起回到了格陵兰岛。
The salesman persuaded us to buy his product.
那个推销员说服了我们买他的产品。
She persuaded me into buying it.
她说服我买下了它。【提示】 persuade表示结果说服了；若表示“劝说”的动作，常用：try to persuade sb.to do sth.或advise sb.to do sth.。
Can you persuade her out of her foolish plan?
你能劝她放弃她那个愚蠢的计划吗？
How can I persuade you that I am sincere?
怎样才能使你相信我是真心实意的呢？8．make it to到达
Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland.(教材P8)
埃里克再次起航，这次有25艘船与他同行，但其中只有14艘最终抵达格陵兰岛。
Can you make it to Lily's birthday party tomorrow?
你明天可以去莉莉的生日派对吗？
All I have to do is make it to the dock on the north side.我必须做的事是到达在北边的码头。make it成功做到；出席；到场
make up编造；构成；打扮；弥补
make sense(使)有意义；讲得通
make use of利用I'm really sorry，but I won't be able to make it on Sunday after all.
我真的很抱歉，星期天我根本不可能到场。
He tried hard to make up for the lost time.
他竭力试图弥补损失的时间。【教师备课资源】
make out(勉强地)看出；听出；理解
make it big大获成功；走红
make one's way去，前往【对接高考】
(2013·陕西高考)—Shall we go for a drink at one o'clock this afternoon?
— .Will two o'clock be OK?
A．Sure，it's up to you
B．Sure, no problem
C．Sorry, I can't make it
D．Sorry, I'm not available today【解析】 从答语后一句“Will two o'clock be OK？”可知回答者是无法做到在下午一点钟去喝酒的。A项“当然，由你决定”；B项“当然，没问题”；C项“对不起，我去不了”；D项“对不起，我今天没空”。所以C项符合当时的对话情景。make it为固定搭配，意为“准时到达；获得成功；能参加，能出席；渡过难关”。句意：——咱们今天下午一点去喝点酒吧？——对不起，那个时候我去不了。两点可以吗？
【答案】 C9．in search of寻找；寻求
Not long after Eric the Red had landed in Greenland，a man called Biarni set sail from Iceland in search of Eric's party.(教材P8)
埃里克·雷德登上格陵兰岛后不久，一个叫比阿尼的人也从冰岛起航来寻找埃里克一伙人。
The scientists are in search of a new element.
科学家们正在寻找一种新元素。in one's/the search for寻找；寻求；在寻找……的过程中
search sb.for sth.搜查某人寻找某物
search somewhere(for sb./sth.)
在某地搜寻(某人或某物)
search for sb./sth.寻找某人/物
search into调查，追究
search through把……仔细搜查一遍They searched the whole cave thoroughly but didn't find anything except an empty trunk.他们彻底搜索了整个洞穴，但是，除了一只空的皮箱以外什么也没找到。10．Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric，but he was blown off course and found himself in an unknown land，from where he eventually reached Greenland.(教材P8)
比阿尼希望找到和埃里克在一起的父亲，但是他被吹离了航线，结果发现自己在一个未知的地方，从那里他最终抵达格陵兰岛。(1)句中found himself in an unknown island是个“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的句式，其中宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、形容词、介词短语、名词等。
I find the book hard to understand.
我发现这本书很难理解。
When I reached home，I found the door locked.
当我回到家时，我发现门锁着。
We found them waiting for us at the station.
我们发现他们在车站等着我们。【对接高考】
(2011·浙江高考)Even the best writers sometimes find themselves for words.
A．lose B．lost
C．to lose D．having lost
【解析】 句意：甚至连最好的作家有时也发现自己词穷(找不到好词)。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。(be)lost for words“难以用言语表达、无以应对”。
【答案】 B(2)eventually adv.最终；终于
Eventually，after midnight，I arrived at the hotel.
我终于在午夜之后到达了那家旅馆。
He hated his stepfather and eventually ran away from home.
他恨他的继父，最终从家中逃走了。【解析】 eventually意为“最后，终于”。句意：虽然她奶奶病了很长时间，但是最后她死时，仍让人感到震惊。slightly稍稍，轻微地；approximately接近，大约；directly直接地。
【答案】 C11．Leif followed Biarni's directions and sailed to what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada.(教材P8)赖伊夫依照比阿尼的指点，航行到据说是现在的加拿大海岸所在地。
what is believed to be the coast of present?day Canada为介词to的宾语，由what引导，what在宾语从句中作主语。what作连接代词的用法：
引导名词性从句的what，可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
①具有疑问代词性质的what，意为“什么，什么样的”。
②在名词前表示感叹的what，意为“多么”。
③具有关系代词性质的what，意为“……的……”。what在此相当于“the＋名词＋that”或者all that，既包含了先行词也包含了关系代词。I don't know what he needs.
我不知道他需要什么。(what在宾语从句中作宾语)
Only then did I recognize what silly mistakes I had made.在那时我才意识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。(what在宾语从句中作定语)
What(＝The thing that)happened after that was interesting.那之后发生的事很有意思。(what在主语从句中作主语)China is no longer what(＝the China that)it used to be.
中国再也不是以前的中国了。(what在表语从句中作表语)【解析】 本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：警察找到了可能是丢失的古代雕像的物品。A项which“哪一个”；B项where“哪儿”；C项how“怎样”；D项what“什么”。结合题干，空格前面是动词，表明这里可能是一个宾语从句，同时后面的句子缺主语，因此断定选what(＝the thing that/all that)，这个词不但引导宾语从句，而且还在从句中充当主语。
【答案】 D12．apologise vt.道歉(美式英语拼写作apologize)
Mr Johnson apologised for the mistake.(教材P9)
约翰逊先生因为他犯的错误而道歉。
She insisted on apologising for her son's bad manners.
她坚持要为她儿子的不礼貌道歉。①apologise for (doing) sth.
为(做)某事表示歉意
apologise to sb.for (doing) sth.
为(做)某事向某人道歉
②apology n．道歉
make/offer an apology to sb.for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而向某人道歉He apologised to the teacher for being late.
＝He made an apology to the teacher for being late.
他因迟到而向老师道歉。观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会定语从句的用法。
①Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland.
②Eric reached Greenland and discovered that people could live in the place where he landed.
③Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans.④By around 900AD，there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live.
[自我总结] 以上四句均为复合句，每句中都含有一个 。其中①③句的 分别为25 ships；the man， 前均有介词。②④句的 分别为the place；many places， 都是where。
【答案】 定语从句；先行词；关系代词；先行词；关系副词关系副词和“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
Ⅰ.关系副词引导的定语从句
当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有where，when，why等。一、关系副词where
1．where引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place，room，house，spot，school，country等)，在从句中作地点状语。
They went into the hall where the meeting was being held.他们走进正在开会的大厅。
2．where可以引导非限制性定语从句。
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa，where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.
伽利略住在比萨城，那里有座大约180英尺高的斜塔。3．关系副词where常可用“介词＋关系代词”构成的表示地点的介词短语代替。
The office where(at which)he works is not far from here.他工作的办公室离这儿不远。
Japan is the place where (in which) earthquakes frequently happen.日本是地震频繁爆发的地方。【疑难辨析】
where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别
引导定语从句时，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前有表示地点的名词作先行词，从句修饰先行词；引导状语从句时，where是从属连词，从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的名词。
He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.(定语从句)他使自己陷入了一种危险的情况，他很可能会失去对飞机的控制。When you read the book，you'd better make a mark where you have questions.(状语从句)
读这本书的时候，你最好在有疑问的地方作一下标记。二、关系副词when
1．when引导定语从句时，先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time，day，week，month，year等)，在从句中作时间状语。
He came at a time when I least expected him.
他在我最意料不到的时候来了。
I'll never forget the day when I left for college with my father.我永远不会忘记我和父亲动身去大学的那天。2．when可以引导非限制性定语从句。
In the old days，when I was a little boy，the city had no industry to speak of.
在过去，那时我还小，这个城市没有工业可言。
3．关系副词when有时可用“介词＋关系代词”代替。
I still remember the day when(on which)I joined the Youth League.我仍然记得我加入共青团的那一天。三、关系副词why
1．why引导定语从句时，先行词往往是表示原因的名词(如reason，explanation，excuse等)，在从句中作原因状语。
Do you know the reason why she burst into tears?
你知道她突然大哭的原因吗？
This is the explanation why he changed the plan.
这是他改变计划的解释。2．关系副词why有时可用“介词＋关系代词”代替。
The reason why(for which)he succeeded in the exam is that he worked very hard.他这次考试成功的原因是他学习非常努力。【疑难辨析】
关系代词和关系副词的选择
当先行词是表示时间的time，day等或表示地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，应用关系代词that或which，如果缺少时间状语或地点状语，应用关系副词when或where。
I'll never forget the days which/that we spent together.(which/that作spent的宾语)
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.(which/that在从句中作主语)
他父亲在一家生产无线电零件的工厂里工作。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(where在从句中作地点状语)
我十年前住的房子已经被推倒了。Ⅱ.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
一、关系代词的选取
在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who或that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。
This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘的船。
This is the student for whom I bought the book.
这就是我给他买书的那个学生。二、介词的选取
1．根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配确定介词。该动词与介词搭配构成动词短语。
Is this the car for which you paid a high price?
这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay for sth.)
In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb.for help)2．根据定语从句中的形容词与介词的习惯搭配确定介词。该形容词与介词搭配构成形容词短语。
He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied.他带来了结果，老板非常满意。(be satisfied with)3．根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词之间有一定的联系。
Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time？你还记得我们第一次见面的日子吗？(on the day)
Do you still remember the days during which we worked together？你还记得我们在一起工作的那些日子吗？(during the days)4．根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，定语从句中的谓语动词与介词也不能构成固定的动词短语，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。
This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。【解析】 本题需要根据题干的意思和前后两句之间的逻辑关系来判断使用哪个关联词。unless除非，表示相反的条件；when表示时间(有时兼有条件)；even though即使，表示让步；so that以便，表示目的或结果。句意：当你们有相似的兴趣时，就更容易成为朋友。此处为时间兼条件，故选B项。
【答案】 B2．(2013·北京高考)Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.
A．when B．which
C．whose D．where【解析】 句意：眼下，许多国家正在建立一些国家公园，动物和植物在那儿可以得到保护。分析结构可知，此处是考查定语从句的引导词，先行词为national parks，定语从句中缺少地点状语，要用where来引导，相当于in which。关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语；which在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whose只作定语，三者均不符合语境，故正确答案为D项。解答这类题目首先要找准先行词，然后根据定语从句所缺的成分来确定选项。
【答案】 D3．(2012·上海高考)Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from you received gifts?
A．which B．them
C．that D．whom
【解析】 句意：收到亲戚的礼物，你给他们发了感谢信没有？本题考查定语从句。先行词为relatives，从句中的介词from提到了从句的句首，排除C项；先行词还原到后面的定语从句中作from的宾语，且指人，故排除A项，选D项。them不能引导定语从句。
【答案】 D4．(2013·四川高考)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment they live.
A．what B．which
C．when D．where
【解析】 句意：现在人们更加关注他们生活的环境。分析句子结构可知，题中缺少定语从句的引导词，并且引导词要在从句中作地点状语，所以D符合题意。而what不能引导定语从句；which可以引导定语从句，但是在从句中作主语或宾语；when也可以引导定语从句，但是在从句中作时间状语。
【答案】 D【解析】 句意：玛丽娅已写了两部小说，它们都已被拍成了电视剧。空格处应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。
【答案】 C【解析】 句意：在我们班上有46个学生，其中有一半的学生戴眼镜。做此题可用排除法。因空格前有逗号，而无连接词，再分析句子结构可以判断，这是个非限制性定语从句，故首先排除B、D两项。再根据句意可知，此处指其中的一半，表所属关系应该用of。
【答案】 C7．(2011·江苏高考)Between the two parts of the concert is an interval， the audience can buy ice-cream.
A．when B．where
C．that D．which
【解析】 句意：音乐会的两个部分中间有休息时间，在此期间观众可以去买冰激凌。when引导的定语从句修饰an interval，when在从句中作时间状语。
【答案】 A8．(2011·天津高考)The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A．when B．that
C．where D．which
【解析】 句意：全靠体力谋生的日子已经一去不复返了。先行词为days，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导从句。
【答案】 A9．(2011·浙江高考)A bank is the place they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
A．when B．that
C．where D．there
【解析】 句意：银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。本题考查定语从句。先行词为the place，将先行词代入定语从句后为：They lend you an umbrella in fair weather and...in the rain.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为C项。
【答案】 C10．(2011·江西高考)She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction had taken more than three years.
A．for which B．with which
C．of which D．to which
【解析】 句意：她带领游客参观了这个博物馆，其建造花了三年多的时间。先行词是the museum，和construction之间具有所属关系，所以应该用介词of，故答案为C项。
【答案】 CⅡ.用适当的介词和关系代词填空
1. The teacher I learnt most was Mrs.Zhu.
2. What's the name of the sport you go in a boat?
3. Mathematics is the subject I am most interested.
4. This is the question we have had a discussion.
5. This is the house I was born.
6. Is that the girl you lent your bicycle?
7. This is the pen I wrote the letter.
8. Is that the fish you asked the waiter?9．I need a knife I can cut the cake.
10．Do you remember the days we stayed together?
【答案】 1.from whom 2.for which 3.in which
4．about which 5.in which 6.to whom 7.with which 8．for which 9.with which 10.in which课件92张PPT。教师用书独具演示●教学目标
1．熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
2．通过学案中所给出的重点词汇和句式的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些词汇和句式，并能够运用这些知识点造句。3．通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识，能够熟练的掌握形容词和副词比较级的语法功能。
4. 听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。●教学地位
形容词和副词比较级的语法内容让学生感觉比较繁琐的知识，语法规则较多，易混易错的地方层出不穷。让学生正确理解和掌握语法知识是让学生学好英语的关键，教学过程中不要让学生死记硬背语法条文。●新课导入建议
Answer these questions to prepare yourself.
Use the key words below to help you.
crab; seal; polar bear; dolphin; penguin; shark; whale
1．Which animal mentioned above is your familiar one?2．Can you write comparative and superlative sentences about the sea creatures，using the adjectives below and others?
dangerous; colourful; intelligent; big; small; friendly; beautiful; noisy; ugly; common.演示结束 1．ban vt.禁止 n．禁令；禁止(教材P10)
He's been banned from driving for a year.
他被禁止开车一年。ban sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事
ban on/against...禁止……
put a ban on...禁止……
remove/lift the ban on...解除对……的禁令Everybody is banned from putting up notices randomly.
谁也不许胡乱张贴布告。
The government has banned/has put a ban on the use of chemical weapons.
政府已经禁止使用化学武器。2．deal with应付，处理；对待
How can we deal with this problem？(教材P10)
我们如何处理这个问题？
He must deal with many difficulties.
他必须应付许多困难。
Be careful.She is very difficult to deal with.
可得当心，她很难对付。I don't know how they dealt with the problem.
＝I don't know what they did with the problem.
我不知道他们是怎么处理那个问题的。【教师备课资源】
deal in做买卖，经营
deal n．协议，交易3．altogether adv.完全；总共；总而言之
Some fish may disappear altogether.(教材P11)
有些鱼类可能彻底消失。
The noise has altogether stopped.
吵闹声完全停止了。
The school bought 100 computers altogether.
学校共买了100台电脑。
Altogether，the attempt was a success.
总体而言，这次尝试是成功的。4．make a living谋生
They also try to help people to get other kinds of jobs so there are less people trying to make a living from fishing.(教材P11)他们也尝试帮渔民们得到其他类型的工作，这样以捕鱼为生的人会少一些。
He left his office job to try to make a living on the land.
他辞去了办公室的工作，改以务农为生。
How can people make a living in this arid area?
这片不毛之地上的人们怎么谋生呢？Her dream was to earn her living as a singer.
她的梦想是靠当歌手来谋生。
He asked me what I did for a living.
他问我靠什么生活。5．present vt.讲演；演示；赠送；颁发；出席；到场
How will you present your project？(教材P11)
你将如何展示你的计划？
The prize was presented to the winner.
优胜者被赠予奖品。①present sth.to sb.把某物呈递/赠给某人
present sb.with sth.赠送/颁发某物给某人
②present n．现在，目前；礼物，赠品
for the present就目前而言；暂时
at present＝at the present time现在，目前
up to the present直到现在
③present adj.出席的，在场的；现在的，目前的On his retirement，colleagues presented him with a set of golf clubs.
在他退休之际，同事们赠给他一套高尔夫球杆。
We do not have any further information at the present time.目前我们没有进一步的消息。
【提示】 present作为形容词，作“在场的，出席的”讲时放在被修饰词的后面；而作为“现在的，目前的”讲时放在被修饰词的前面。
the people present at the meeting出席会议的人
the present president现任总统6．Well，they're animals of high intelligence and they can communicate.(教材P11)
哦，它们(海豚)是高智商的动物，能够进行交流。
句中的of high intelligence作后置定语，修饰animals，用以说明animals的性质、特征(注意：此处的of结构不是名词所有格)。
“(be)of＋名词”结构表示人或事物所具有的性质、特征或所属。Speaking loudly is of great importance to beginners of English.大声说对英语初学者很重要。
Machines are of different types and sizes.
机器有不同的型号和规格。7．Ok，I'm going to make a project book with lots of pictures in it.(教材P11)
好，我将做一份有许多示意图的计划书。
句中的“with lots of pictures in it”是“with＋n.＋介词短语”结构，在句中作定语。
He likes to go to sleep with the window open.
他喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
Jack left the classroom with the lights on.
杰克离开了教室，灯还亮着。I can't focus my attention on my study with the boys shouting.孩子们大喊大叫，我不能集中注意力学习。
Tom went out to play with his homework unfinished.
汤姆未做完家庭作业就出去玩了。
The manager was very worried with so many problems to settle.有这么多问题要解决，经理很着急。【答案】 ①With a lot of work to do ②With the weather warm ③With the guide leading the way8．educate vt.教育；培养；训练
They can be educated about daily life on the beach in this exciting area.(教材P12)在这个令人兴奋的地方，他们(小孩)可以接受海滩上日常生活的教育。
He has been educated at college.
他接受过大学教育。
It is a difficult task to educate children.
教育孩子是件困难的事。①educate sb.to do sth.教导某人做某事
educate sb.about sth.对某人进行关于……的教育
educate oneself 自学
②education n．教育
③educated adj.受过教育的
④educational adj.有教育意义的Parents should educate their children to behave well.
父母应当教育子女守规矩。
The poor boy had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.
这个贫穷的孩子不得不在晚上干完活后自修。9．attract vt.吸引，招引；有吸引力
Some fish attract other fish with a light on their body—and then eat them！(教材P12)有些鱼用它们身上的光来吸引其他的鱼，然后吃掉它们！
She was attracted by his smile.
她被他的微笑吸引住了。
The moon attracts the earth's seas towards itself.
月球对地球上的海洋有吸引力。①attract one's attention 引起某人的注意
attract sb.to...把某人吸引到……
②attractive adj.吸引人的
③attraction n．吸引人的地方
have an attraction for sb.对某人具有吸引力The beautiful beaches are the Maldives' main attraction.漂亮的海滩是马尔代夫主要的吸引人之处。
Schools must try to make science more attractive to youngsters.学校必须尽力使科学更能吸引年轻人。10．watch out注意
They have a huge mouth and can eat fish as big as themselves.Watch out！(教材P12)它们的嘴很大，可以吞下与它们自身一样大的鱼。当心！
Watch out！There's a car coming.
小心！有车过来了。
You'll be in trouble if you don't watch out.
如果你不注意的话会有麻烦的。【教师备课资源】
“Be safe！”和“Take care！”均意为“当心！保重！”，通常用于表示对他人的关怀。
“Look out！”“Be careful！”和“Watch out！”均意为“小心啊！”，通常用于突如其来的情况。
“Attention！”意为“注意了！”，通常用在下口头通知及说明注意事项。
“Caution！”意为“注意！”，通常用于告示牌上的警告语(是最常用的)。
watch for观察等待(某人的出现或某事发生)
watch over看守；照管；监视11．on the one hand...on the other hand...
一方面……另一方面……
On the one hand，we loved most of the attractions，especially the one for the children.On the other hand，I didn't think that the café was as good as it should be.(教材P13)一方面，我们喜欢大部分吸引人的区域，尤其是儿童专区；另一方面，我认为餐厅还可以更好。
On the one hand I admire his gift，but on the other hand I distrust his judgement.一方面我钦佩他的天赋，但另一方面我不信服他的判断。On(the)one hand you accept their presents；on the other hand，you are rude to them.一方面你接受了他们的礼物；另一方面你对他们又很粗鲁。①有时候根据上下文的情况，只出现on the other hand，表示“(然而)另一方面”。on the other hand单独使用时，hand不能省略，但与on the one hand连用时，hand可省略。
②on the other hand所表达的内容并不与前面的内容相反，只是提出一个不同的看法。on the contrary所表达的内容与前面的内容正好相反，多用于对话中。—Are you nearly through？你快干完了吗？
—On the contrary，I've only just begun.
恰恰相反，我才刚刚开始。12．measure vt.度量(大小、长短等)；测量；打量；估量
An average fish like this measures 90 centimetres in length，and it can weigh as much as 30 kilos.(教材P13)像这样的鱼，平均每条有90厘米长，并且体重可达30千克。
The tailor measured me for a suit.
裁缝量了我做衣服的尺寸。
The room measures about 12 feet by 13 feet.
房间大约是宽12英尺，长13英尺。measure表示“量起来……高/长”时，是不及物动词，不能用被动语态。measure 用作名词时，意为“度量单位；测量；措施”。
take/get one's measure(＝take the measure of sb.)量某人的尺寸；估量某人的能力
make...to one's own measure
根据某人自己的尺寸做(衣服)
take measures采取措施We should take effective measures to improve our teaching.我们应当采取有效措施提高我们的教学质量。
Please make a suit to my measure.
请按照我的尺寸做一套西服。【教师备课资源】
be measured by用……来衡量
in great/large/some measures在很大/某种程度上观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会比较级的用法。
①It's three times as big underwater.
②They are less colourful than some other fish but they move beautifully.
③Some fish can produce sounds almost twice as loud as your speaking voice!
④They have a huge mouth and can eat fish as big as themselves.[自我总结] 以上四句均含有 结构，其中①③句为 表达方式，其结构为：倍数＋as...as；②句为 级，其结构为less...than...；④句为 的比较用法，其结构为：as...as。
【答案】 比较；倍数；比较；同级形容词和副词的比较级
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级是高考必考的语法项目，必须熟练掌握其用法。对于形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法应注意以下具体问题：
1．表示倍数的几个句型
(1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...
(2)倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than...
(3)倍数＋the＋性质名词＋of...
(4)The＋名词＋be＋倍数＋what从句(5)The＋名词＋be＋倍数＋that/those of...
At a rough estimate，Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain.
＝At a rough estimate，Nigeria is three times as big as Great Britain.
＝At a rough estimate，Nigeria is three bigger than Great Britain.
粗略估算，尼日利亚的面积是大不列颠的3倍。The output of this year is 3 times that of 2008.
＝The output of this year is 3 times what it was in 2008.
今年的产量是2008年的三倍。
2．同级的比较用as...as，the same...as，such...as引导。
Mr.Li is as good a teacher as Mr.Zhou；both of them are deeply loved by their students.
李老师与周老师一样慈祥，他们都被他们的学生所深深爱戴。3．与比较级有关的结构及运用
(1)more and more意为“越来越……”，其后接名词(不可数名词或可数名词复数均可)，也可修饰形容词、副词、介词短语、动词等。
More and more people are concerning themselves with environmental problems.越来越多的人关心环境问题。
(2)the＋比较级．..＋the＋比较级．..表示“越……越……”。
The harder you work，the more progress you will make.
你越努力，取得的进步就越大。(3)否定＋比较级＝最高级
He has never spent a more worrying day.
他过了最担心的一天。
(4)no＋比较级＋than结构
“no＋比较级＋than”结构通常不是表示一般意义的否定，而是表示对两个待比较的对象同时进行否定，通常可理解为“与……一样不……”。
You are no more careful than he is.
你和他一样不仔细。4．比较级的修饰语常见的有：
(1)rather，much，still，even，far，any(常用于否定句或疑问句)，a lot，a little，a great deal，by far，a bit，a great deal等。
(2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
(3)修饰最高级的有by far，nearly，almost，by no means等。
The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.现在正在修建的这座桥是迄今为止跨越黄河的最长的桥。③注意比较结构中的省略现象。
在日常交际中，彼此都明白的比较对象往往省略。
—What do you think of the film?
——你认为这部电影怎么样？
—I have never seen a better one.(后边省略了than the film)——我从没有看过更好的一部。
Tom's composition，if not better(后边省略了than Jack's)，is at least as good as Jack's.汤姆的作文，如果不比杰克的好，至少跟他的一样好。
这种省略现象给考生正确判断造成一定的障碍，在高考中出现频率较高，应引起足够的重视。1．(2012·课标全国卷)The result is not very important to us，but if we do win，then so much .
A．the best B．best
C．better D．the better
【解析】 so much the better常常和if条件句连用，意为“如果……那就更好了”，其反义词组是so much the worse“那就更糟糕了”。句意：结果对我们来说并不非常重要，但是如果我们真的能赢，那就更好了。
【答案】 D2．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)Next to biology，I like physics .
A．better B．best
C．the better D．very well
【解析】 句意：除了生物，我最喜欢物理。学生在校学习的科目很多，在多个事物之中表达“最喜欢”，应该用最高级。本题中的前半部分有很强的迷惑性，其中“next to”在此意为“居于……之后”。很容易使人误以为是biology和physics两者相比较而误选A。
【答案】 B【解析】 句意：据说这个发电厂现在是以前的两倍大。倍数的表示法有多种，此处为“倍数词＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋其他”结构。
【答案】 A4．(2013·江西高考)There are a small number of people involved, possibly twenty.
A．as few as B．as little as
C．as many as D．as much as
【解析】 句意：有少数人被牵涉其中，可能才20人。as few as常用来强调数量出乎意料地少。根据语境可知A项正确。
【答案】 A5．(2013·天津高考)I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time—there are meaningful things to do.
A．less B．more
C．the least D．the most
【解析】 句意：我认为每晚看电视是浪费时间——有更多有意义的事要做。根据a waste of time可知说话人不同意每晚都看电视，故破折号后的意思是去做更多有意义的事，所以选择B项。less与题目原意正好相反，所以错误；C、D两项都是最高级形式，不符合语境。
【答案】 B6．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)It may not be a great suggestion. But before is put forward, we'll make do with it.
A．a good one B．a better one
C．the best one D．a best one
【解析】 句意：这也许不是一个很棒的建议，但是在 被提出之前，我们还是先凑合着用吧。分析题意可知，另一个建议是与先前的相比较，故应该用比较级，所以选B项。
【答案】 B7．What a wonder！They've finished half of the project in such a short time.
A．no more than B．no less than
C．not more than D．much less than
【解析】 句意：真是奇迹！在这么短的时间内他们已经完成了这项工程的一半还多。no more than仅仅，只；not more than不超过；much less than远远不到；而no less than不少于，超过，符合语境。
【答案】 B8．Bob ran the 100 metres in 9.91 seconds，and I have not seen this year.
A．the best B．a better
C．the most D．more
【解析】 由句意可知，今年还没有比这个更好的成绩。“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级的含义。
【答案】 B9．About 11 million people have moved to this city.The population is as ten years ago.
A．as twice large B．twice as large
C．as many twice D．twice as many
【解析】 考查倍数的表达法。句意：大约有一千一百万人搬到这座城市，现在这座城市的人口是十年前的两倍。表示倍数时，其结构为“倍数＋as＋adj./adv.＋as...”；此处as ten years ago为省略句，补充完整为as it was ten years ago。
【答案】 B【解析】 表示数目的多少用large或small，不能用many或much，故应将B、D两项排除；依据后句提示可知，还剩下许多票没卖出去，故只能选择much smaller，much用来修饰比较级，加强语气。
【答案】 AⅡ.用形容词或副词的适当形式填空
1．There are (many)new beautiful spots here than in other cities of China.
2．This lesson is (easy)than the last one.
3．Of the two girls I'm teaching，I find Nancy the (clever)．
4．Gold is (little)useful than iron.
5．My sister is two years (old)than I.
6．The boy runs almost as (badly)as Joe.7．The boy runs almost as (quickly)as his teacher.
8．He could drive as (carefully)as his father.
9．This article is slightly(稍微的) (well)organized than that one.
10．We all love ourselves (much)and hate ourselves (little)than we ought.
【答案】 1.more 2.easier 3.cleverer 4.less 5.older 6．badly 7.quickly 8.carefully 9.better 10．more；less课件83张PPT。教师用书独具演示●课标解读
1．通过学案中所给出的重点词汇的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些词汇。2．通过对这些知识点的理解能够更深层次的理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练的运用这些词汇。
3．借助本学案写作提升的讲解，培养学生用英语写调查报告的能力，逐步养成用英语书写应用文体的能力。
●教学地位
本单课时讲解的知识点是以教材重点词汇和句式出现的先后顺序依次呈现的。通过一篇相关话题的写作训练，思路点拨→词汇热身→句式温习→连句成篇。一步一步教会学生如何写出一篇调查报告。●新课导入建议
每一位学生都有各自独特的经历和体验，结合本课时即将提到的大海里的故事，让同学们各自表达自己在特定环境和情形下的故事，共同分享彼此的快乐和悲伤。演示结束 Ⅰ.语篇理解
1．What did the writer and his two brothers do when they were caught in the storm?
A．They were fishing.
B．They were playing on the islands.
C．They were returning home.2．What made the brothers go in the direction of the whirlpool?
A．The wind and wave.
B．The brothers themselves.
C．Nothing.3．“It”at the beginning of Part A refers to .
A．that the brothers were on the edge of the whirlpool
B．that the brothers were in a terrible storm on their way home
C．that the writer felt calmer at that moment
【答案】 1.C 2.A 3.CⅡ.经典句子
1． less than a single day my hair from black to white.
就在不到一天的时间里，我的头发由黑变白。
2．One day，my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands， .
一天，我和我的两个兄弟从海岛返回，船上载满了鱼。3．... to recover my elder brother put his mouth close to my ear.
我正竭力从恐惧中回过神来，就在这时，哥哥把嘴凑到我耳旁……
4．As you can see，I escape.
如你所见，我的确得救了。
【答案】 1.It took；to change 2.our boat full of fish 3．I was trying；when 4.did1．make sense有意义；讲得通
Read them in that order to see if the story makes sense.(教材P14)按那个顺序读读看故事是否讲得通。
What you said made no sense/didn't make(any) sense.
你说的话毫无意义。make sense of理解，弄懂
in a sense在某种意义上
in no sense决不(位于句首时句子用倒装语序)
There's no sense in doing sth.做某事没有意义2．horrible adj.可怕的；令人厌恶的
We went round and round，nearer and nearer to the horrible edge of the whirlpool.(教材P14)
我们旋转着，越来越靠近那个可怕的漩涡的边缘。
What a horrible thing to say!
说起来这是多么可怕的事情啊！
The decision they made was horrible.
他们作出的决定令人感到恐怖。①horrify vt.使惊恐
②horror n．惊恐；厌恶
in horror惊恐地
to one's horror使某人感到惊恐的是You should have seen the look of horror on his face.
你该注意到他脸上的恐惧神色。
At the sight of the snake，he drew back in horror.
一瞧见那蛇，他便吓得缩了回来。3．terrify vt.令人感到恐惧；使受惊吓
I tried to make my brother understand，but he was terrified and stayed in the heavy boat.(教材P14)
我努力使哥哥明白这一点，但他那时太恐惧了，呆坐在沉重的船里。
His sudden appearance terrified them.
他的突然出现把他们吓了一跳。terrifying adj.极其可怕的；骇人听闻的
terrified adj.非常害怕的；极度恐惧的
be terrified of 因……而害怕，后接名词、代词或动名词表示原因。
be terrified at 表示因听到/看到……而害怕，后除接名词、代词或动名词外，还可接what从句。A terrifying scream in the blackness of the night made my blood run cold.
黑夜里一声可怕的尖叫让我毛骨悚然。
He is terrified of spiders.他害怕蜘蛛。
She was absolutely terrified at the thought of jumping off the bridge.
她想到从桥上跳下去就感到非常恐惧。【教师备课资源】
be terrified out of one's sense吓得魂不附体
terrify sb.into(doing)sth.恐吓某人做某事4．escape vi.逃脱；逃跑
Without waiting，I dived into the sea to try and escape.(教材P14)我毫不犹豫地跳进了海里，设法逃生。
The boy escaped unhurt when the fire in his room spread.
当房间里火势蔓延时，那个男孩毫发未损地逃了出来。He escaped from prison，but was rearrested by police a month later.
他成功越狱，但一个月后再次被警方逮捕。
He was lucky to escape being punished.
他幸运地逃脱了惩罚。
They had little hope of escape.
他们几乎没有逃脱的希望。
【提示】 后面只能接动名词作宾语而不能接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：avoid，miss，advise，finish，enjoy，admit，escape，risk，deny，stand，keep，practise等。5．One day，my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands，our boat full of fish.(教材P14)
一天，我和我的两个兄弟从海岛返回，船上载满了鱼。
our boat full of fish是独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示伴随状况。
独立主格结构：名词＋形容词(短语)
Computers very small，we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
The clothes very dirty，you'd better wash them immediately.衣服很脏，你快点儿洗洗吧！①构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
②作用：在句中充当时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随状语，多用于书面语中。The light still on in the room，he went out.(名词＋副词)他出去了，房间里灯还亮着。(伴随状语)
The professor entered the classroom，a book in his hand.(名词＋介词短语)教授手拿一本书走进了教室。(伴随状语)
Weather permitting，we're going to visit you tomorrow.(名词＋现在分词)如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。(条件状语)
His homework done，he went out to play football.(名词＋过去分词)做完家庭作业后，他出去踢足球了。(时间状语)So many people to help him，he is sure to succeed.(名词＋不定式)如此多的人帮助他，他一定会成功的。(原因状语)
【提示】 ①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
②独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子隔开。【对接高考】
(2012·新课标全国卷)The party will be held in the garden，weather .
A．permitting B．to permit
C．permitted D．permit
【解析】 句意：如果天气允许的话，聚会将在花园里举行。weather permitting是独立主格形式，相当于if引导的条件状语从句，即if weather permits。
【答案】 A【答案】 ①It being Sunday ②His wife being ill
③her face red with anger ④Homework finished6．all at once(＝all of a sudden＝suddenly)忽然；突然
All at once，the sky was covered with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm.(教材P14)突然，天空被乌云笼罩，刹那间，我们被卷入了可怕的暴风雨中。
There are so many new ideas introduced all at once.
突然之间介绍了许多新观念。
All at once，a rabbit came out of a hole.
突然，一只兔子从一个洞中跑了出来。all at once还意为“同时，一齐”，此时等于all together
all in all总的说来
all along始终，一直
all over到处，遍及
All in all it had been a great success.
从各方面来说，那都是极大的成功。【教师备课资源】
above all首先
after all毕竟
in all总共，总计
all the same仍是一样7．survive vi.幸存；生存下来vt.幸免于；从……中生还
Our boat survived，and I was trying to recover when my elder brother put his mouth close to my ear，and screamed out the terrifying word“Whirlpool！”(教材P14)我们的船保住了。我正竭力从恐惧中回过神来，就在这时，哥哥把嘴凑到我耳旁，大声说出了那个让人胆战心惊的词——“漩涡！”Of the four people in the car accident，only one survived.在发生车祸的四个人中，只有一个人幸存。
He feels lucky to have survived the war.
他为经历那场战争后能幸存下来感到很幸运。survive 作及物动词时，还有“比……寿命长”之意，常与by连用。
survive 作不及物动词用时，常用于survive from sth.或survive on sth.结构中。
survival n．幸存
survivor n．幸存者Amy's only chance of survival was a liver transplant.
艾米生存的唯一机会是进行肝脏移植。
Most parents expect that their children will survive them.大多数父母都希望子女能够比自己长寿。8．pick up(从海里或危险处)搭救；营救
In the end，a boat picked me up.(教材P15)
最后，一条船把我救了起来。
Air-Sea Rescue picked up the drowning fisherman after receiving an SOS message.
海空救援队在接到呼救信号后，救起了溺水的渔民。pick up还有其他意义：
①拾起，拿起
②(偶然)学会，得到
③增加
④振作起来，恢复健康
⑤收拾，整理
⑥接收(节目)He picked up a set of rare stamps at a second-hand shop.他在一个二手店无意中得到了一套珍奇的邮票。
The speed of the train began to pick up.
火车开始加速了。
His spirits pick up.他的精神振奋起来了。
I can pick up BBC News.我能接收BBC新闻。9．recognise vt.辨认出；承认；认可
The fishermen were my old friends，but they were unable to recognise me.(教材P15)
那些渔民是我的老朋友，但他们都认不出我了。
I could hardly recognise him.
我几乎认不出他来。
They recognised him as/to be a great leader.
他们承认他是一位伟大的领袖。①recognise sth.as...承认……是……
be recognised as...被公认为……
recognise that...承认……；意识到……
②recognition n．认识；认出
beyond recognition认不出来Lawrence's novel was eventually recognised as a work of genius.劳伦斯的小说最终被公认为天才之作。
Illness and age had changed her beyond recognition.
疾病和衰老已使她变得认不出来了。【教师备课资源】
in recognition of承认……；作为……的报酬
recognisable adj.容易认出的；易于识别的10．opposite n．对立的人(物)；反义词(教材P15)
The results were the very opposite of what we expected.结果与我们期望的正好相反。
Black and white are opposites.
黑和白是反义词。opposite adj.相反的，对立的；相对的，对面的
prep.与……相对，在……对面
be opposite to...和……相反的；与……相对的
We live further down on the opposite side of the road.
我们住在马路对面再远一些的地方。
It's easy to find—there's a church just opposite my house.我家很容易找，就在教堂对面。【教师备课资源】
①oppose vt.反对，抵制
②opposed adj.强烈反对的；截然不同的
be opposed to sth.反对……
③opposition n．反对，反抗
in opposition to sb./sth.强烈反对……；对比/对照……如何写调查报告
一、概述
调查报告是针对某一现象、某一事件或某一问题进行深入细致的调查，对获得材料进行认真分析研究，发现本质特征和基本规律之后写成的书面报告。在英语书面表达训练中，我们经常会遇到这一类写作题，要求同学们根据调查结果，对某种现象进行分析并谈谈自己的看法，写一份调查报告。二、具体写作步骤和写作方法
写调查报告要写明调查的原因、调查过程、调查结果以及你得出的结论。一般而言，写调查报告时要从以下几个方面进行分析和写作：
首先，根据题目中所给的现象和问题做一些客观的介绍，通常使用的时态是一般现在时。这类题目一般会给出一个图表，列举一些数据或一些事实。我们首先要描述这个图表中的信息。常见的写作方法有：
①按调查的先后顺序逐点写；
②按事物发展的阶段来写；③将两种事物进行对比，以显示其是非、优劣，找出其差异来写；
④按调查对象的特点分门别类来写。
常用的句型有：
According to a survey...
I've made a survey and find that...
A recent study shows that...
As far as I know...
Some...while some...其次，分析这些数据或事实反映出的问题。这部分不是调查报告的主体，通常用一两句话阐述就可以。但要做到“一针见血”，即观点提炼准确、鲜明。
最后，通常在文章的最后一段阐述作者个人的看法和建议。常用的句型有：
I think...
In my opinion...
I hope...
I advise that...我们是寄宿制学校，大部分学生住校，也有一部分学生选择走读。我校开展了一次问卷调查，主题为“我们是否应该住校？”
下表是本次调查的结果，请你就此结果写一篇调查报告，并适当阐述自己的观点。[思路点拨]
本次写作任务要求写一篇应用文。首先要说明调查内容，对象和方式，重点放在对调查结果的分析和阐述上。[句式温习]
1．百分之七十支持这个观点，因为住校有助于形成好的学习和生活习惯。
70% of us are it as living on campus can help develop a good habit of studying and living.
2．再者，他们可以向老师咨询，和同学讨论，这有助于他们提高。
，they can consult teachers and discuss with classmates，which will their improvement.3．他们将很少有机会和社会接触。
They'll have little chance to society.
4．没有父母陪伴，他们之间交流更少。
，they communicate less with them.
【答案】 1.in favor of 2.What's more；contribute to 3．get in touch with 4.Without parents accompanying【参考范文】
Recently，a survey has been made in our school on whether we students should live on campus in a boarding school.The opinions are divided.
70% of us are in favor of it as living on campus can help develop a good habit of studying and living.Besides，they can spend less time on the way to school and home.What's more，they can consult teachers and discuss with classmates，which will contribute to their improvement.However,30% of them are against it for the reasons below：First，the school canteen can't meet the various needs of students.Second，if they live on campus，they will have little chance to get in touch with society.Last，without parents accompanying，they communicate less with them.
Personally，I think it's necessary to live on campus because we can live，study and play together happily.课件35张PPT。In addition to Chinese，he also speaks Japanese.
除汉语外，他也说日语。
My father in addition to his workmates has been to Beijing.我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。①in addition to除……之外(还有……)，相当于介词besides，后要接宾语。
②in addition“此外，也”，意义上相当于besides，但此时是副词，其后不接宾语。
③其他表示“此外”的单词或短语：furthermore，moreover，what's more等。You'd better stay in bed for a few days.In addition，you should take more water.
你最好在床上休息几天，此外，还要多喝点水。
【提示】 in addition to，as well as，together with与along with这些词组都可以连接并列主语，意思是“除此之外，和，也”，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据第一个名词的单复数来确定。2．From then on，they were happy to follow Zheng He wherever he led them.(教材P18)从那时起，不管郑和领着他们去哪里，他们都非常情愿地跟着。
wherever相当于no matter where“不管哪里”，引导让步状语从句。
Wherever you work，I'll support you.
无论你在哪里工作，我都会支持你。
Wherever the policeman carries out his work，his family will be thinking of him.无论这警察在哪里开展工作，他的家人都会一直牵挂着他。whatever＝no matter what 无论什么
however＝no matter how 无论怎样
whenever＝no matter when无论何时
whoever＝no matter who 无论是谁
whichever＝no matter which 无论哪个；无论哪些I'd like to see you whenever it's convenient.
在你方便的时候我想来看看你。
Whoever else goes hungry，he won't.
不管别的什么人挨饿，他不会。【提示】 whoever，whatever，whichever，however，whenever等都可引导让步状语从句；引导状语从句时，特殊疑问词＋ever相当于no matter＋特殊疑问词。
①no matter what(how...)只能引导让步状语从句，而whatever(however...)既可引导让步状语从句(＝no matter what/how...)，又可引导名词性从句(≠no matter what/how...)。
②however不引导名词性从句。3．When he died in 1435，the stories of his travels made him one of China's most famous sailors.(教材P18)郑和死于1435年，有关他旅行的故事使他成为了中国最著名的海员之一。
make him one of China's most famous sailors为“make＋宾语＋n.(作宾语补足语)”的结构。
We must work hard to make our motherland a stronger one.我们必须努力工作使我们的祖国更强大。“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”中的宾语补足语可以是不带to的不定式、过去分词、形容词或名词。现将make的复合宾语结构总结如下：
①“make＋宾语＋n.”意为“使、让(某人/某物)(成为)……”。
②“make＋宾语＋adj.”意为“使(某人/某事)(变得)……”。③“make＋宾语＋do sth.(不带to的不定式)”意为“使……做某事”；在被动语态中，此类结构中省略的动词不定式中的to要还原。
④“make＋宾语＋v.?ed形式(过去分词作宾补)”这个结构指宾语接受后面的那个动作，表示被动的意思，意为“使(某人/某事)被……”。
⑤“make＋宾语＋v.?ing形式(现在分词作宾补)”这一结构表示的意思是“使(某人/某事)一直在……”。现在分词与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。The worker was made to work twelve hours a day.
这个工人被迫一天工作十二个小时。
He made the boy standing all the time.
他让那个男孩一直站着。【答案】 ①made us very happy ②feel more confident ③make yourself understood ④running4．rather than 而不是……
Rather than using muscles to move its hundreds of tiny legs，the starfish uses a hydraulic system to move around or cling to rocks.(教材P19)
海星用水力系统移动或依附在岩石上，而不是用肌肉来移动它那数以百计的小腿。
I'd like to have a cold drink rather than coffee.
我想要一杯冷饮而不是咖啡。rather than为并列连词，连接并列成分。连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
rather than可分开用，rather...than...表示“与其……，倒不如……”。I think Tom，rather than you，is to blame.
我认为该受责备的是汤姆而不是你。
Rather than get money in such a dishonest way，Bill would beg in the street.＝Bill would rather beg in the street than get money in such a dishonest way.
比尔宁愿沿街乞讨也不愿以这种不诚实的方法赚钱。【教师备课资源】
prefer to do...rather than do...宁愿……，而不愿……
more than不仅，不止
other than除了，非5．break off使折断；中止(谈话或关系)；(使)突然结束
And if it breaks off an arm in an accident，the starfish grows the arm back again.(教材P19)并且如果在事故中折断了一个触手，海星还会再长出一个来。
Why don't you break a branch off the tree and make a walking stick?
你为什么不折断一根树枝做手杖？
I broke off the conversation and answered the phone.
我中止了交谈去接电话。break away from 脱离
break down (机器等)发生故障，破坏，分解
break into 闯入(后面可接宾语)
break in 闯入(后面不接宾语)
break out 爆发
break up 解散，驱散Can't you break away from old habits?
你不能戒除旧习惯吗？
Police were called in to break up the meeting.
出动了警察将集会驱散。Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2013·山东高考) I have to give a speech，I get extremely nervous before I start.
A．Whatever B．Whenever
C．Whoever D．However【解析】 句意：每当我必须演讲时，在开始前，我都变得非常紧张。whatever“任何事物，一切事物；无论怎样”，引导名词性从句或让步状语从句；whenever“每当；无论什么时候”，引导时间状语从句或让步状语从句；whoever“……的人；无论是谁，不管是谁”，引导名词性从句或让步状语从句；however“不管怎样”，引导让步状语从句。故只有whenever符合句意。
【答案】 B2．Thought he had often made his little sister ，today he was made by his little sister.
A．cry；to cry B．crying；crying
C．cry；cry D．to cry；cry
【解析】 make sb.do sth.表示“让某人做某事”；在被动语态中必须加上不定式符号to。
【答案】 A3．Rather than on a crowded bus，he always prefers a bicycle.
A．ride；ride B．riding；ride
C．ride；to ride D．to ride；riding
【解析】 句意：他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿乘坐拥挤的公交车。prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.宁愿做……而不愿做……。
【答案】 C4． giving a general introduction to computers，the course also provides practical experience.
A．In exchange for B．Except for
C．In addition to D．Due to
【解析】 in exchange for 作为交换；except for除了；in addition to除……之外(还)；due to由于。根据后面的also可知前面包括。
【答案】 C5．The computer system suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.
A．broke down B．broke out
C．broke up D．broke in
【解析】 句意：当他正在网上搜索信息时，电脑系统突然发生故障了。break down“(机器等)发生故障”；break out“爆发”；break up“分解，驱散”；break in“闯入”。
【答案】 AⅡ.完成句子
1． (除了)high income，he also likes his working condition.
2． (无论他去哪儿)，he always takes the dog along with him.
3．The doctor made the patient (待在床上)．
4．Parents， (而不是他们的孩子)，are responsible for his good habits.
5．Who will (照料这所房子)while the family is away?【答案】 1.In addition to 2.Wherever he goes 3.stay in bed 4.rather than their child 5.care for the house课件26张PPT。Ⅰ.立体式复习单词
A．基础单词
1． n．精神
2． n．祖先，祖宗
3． vt.说服，劝服
4． vt.使污染
5． adj.工业的
6． adj.农业的7． n．部，系，局，部门
8． adj.有活力的
9． n．吸引人的地方
10． n．打折，减价
11． n．戏法，把戏
12． v．测量
13． vt.令人感到恐惧
14． vi.幸存，生存下来
15． vt.辨认出B．词汇拓展
16． adv.最终，终于→ adj.最后的
17． n．讲授，演讲→ n．演讲者，讲师
18． vi.道歉→ n．道歉
19． n．答案；解决办法→ vt.解决
20． vt.演示，讲演→ n．表演，呈现，展示
21． adj.有灵性的；聪明的→ n．智力，理解力【答案】 1.spirit 2.ancestor 3.persuade 4.pollute 5.industrial 6.agricultural 7.department 8.energetic 9．attraction 10.discount 11.trick 12.measure 13．terrify 14.survive 15.recognise 16.eventually；eventual 17.lecture；lecturer 18.apologise；apology 19.solution；solute 20.present；presentation 21.intelligent；intelligenceⅡ.递进式回顾短语
A．短语互译
1． 根据，依照
2． 陷入麻烦
3． 到达
4． 寻找，寻求
5． 谋生
6． watch out
7． all at once8． deal with
9． make sure
10． every two hours
B．用上面词组的适当形式完成下列句子
11．To ，he had to sell newspapers.
12．Scientists are a cure for H7N9.
13． for anybody trying to come in this way.
14．I'll go with her to she comes to no harm.
15．A wind arose，and rain drops began falling .【答案】 1.according to 2.get into trouble 3.make it to 4.in search of 5.make a living 6.注意 7.突然，忽然 8.对付，应付，处理 9.确保，确定 10.每两个小时 11.make a living 12.in search of 13.Watch out 14.make sure 15.all at onceⅢ.仿写式活用句型
1．From then on, they were happy to follow Zheng He wherever he led them.
【句式仿写】 不论你到哪里，记住你是中国人。
Remember you are a Chinese .
2．As you can see，I did escape.
【句式仿写】 你知道，我是个很和善的人。
，I am a very kind person.3．Some fish attract other fish with a light on their body－and then eat them!
【句式仿写】 汽车被困在了洪水中，他不得不走回家。
in the heavy flood，he had to walk home.
4．If not，then your group should arrange to meet outside of school hours and choose a time that's best for most people in the group.
【句式仿写】 那时他可能不在家。如果不在家的话，给他留个便条。
He may not be at home then. ，leave him a note.5．Some fish can produce sounds almost twice as loud as your speaking voice!
【句式仿写】 我的新眼镜的花费是我买的前一副眼镜的两倍。
My new glasses cost me the last pair that I bought.
【答案】 1.wherever you go 2.As you know 3.With his car caught 4.If so 5.twice as much as完形填空解题技法(七)
结构分析法
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握句子的基本框架。基本步骤：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；其次，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。【实例透析】
1．(2012·福建高考)．..I was growing up in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s， 38 children from different races and religions played and studied 39(together) in harmony...
38．A.why B．which
C．how D．when
【解析】 D。38题考查连词，根据从句与主句的承接关系可知，后面的从句是定语从句，先行词为the early 1960s，关系词在从句中作状语，所以此处要用关系副词when。2．(2012·江西高考)．..There he was，working hard at his small business,48(waving) at passers-by and stopping to chat now and then 49 elderly men and women on their way to the market nearby.
...
49．A.about B．for
C．with D．like
【解析】 C。根据前面的“chat”可知，此空应用with。chat with sb.表示“和某人聊天”。【技巧点拨】
做此类完形填空题时应注意使用以下方法：
1. 较复杂单句的处理方法——找主语、谓语，即找句子主干。较复杂的单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起考生的充分重视。
2. 并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词。
3. 主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词。
4. 并列句和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句。
5．介词的判定——借助于固定搭配或者前后文的语境。(1)(2012·四川高考)Lightning flashed through the darkness over Sibson's bedroom skylight(天窗)．Sibson was shaken by a clap of thunder 21 he knew what was happening.The storm had moved directly 22 his two-story wooden house.Then he heard the smoke alarm beeping.
...
21．A.before B．while
C．since D．until【解析】 此句句意：在Sibson还不知道发生什么事情的时候，便被一声雷鸣震醒。此处before表示“还来不及……就……”。
【答案】 A22．A.on B．in
C．through D．over
【解析】 “暴风雨直袭他的两层木屋”，暴风雨应该是从房屋上方袭来，故用over。
【答案】 D(2)(2012·浙江高考)．.. 23 he had not seen it in more than 20 years，he recognized it 24(immediately)．
...
23．A.After B．When
C．Since D．Although
【解析】 要填入一个连接词，分析句子结构可知，此处为状语从句。根据从句和主句的内容可以看出这里表示让步关系，故选D。
【答案】 D【实例透析】
(2012·陕西高考)One sunny afternoon，a seven-year-old girl went for a walk.She crossed a large area of grassland into the woods 26(before) she realised that she was lost.
...29(When) it was getting dark，she saw a small，dark wooden house.She opened the door and30(cautiously) stepped in.Suddenly，she heard a strange noise，and she ran out of the door and back to the 31 .Cold and tired，she fell asleep near a 32 ....He 41(jumped) over some bushes and saw the little stream，where the girl was 42(asleep)．
When she opened her eyes and 43 her dog standing beside her，the girl said，“you 44(rescued) me，Laddy，”and she kissed him several times...
31．A.trees B．bushes
C．woods D．grasses
32．A.stream B．rock
C．tree D．house
43.A.spotted B．watched
C．observed D．saw【解析】 31.C；32.A；43.D。第31题与首段中的“into the woods”形成呼应，因此可以确定答案。第32题，由后文中的“and saw the little stream”可知答案。第43题，前面的动作是睁开眼睛，然后应该是看到她的狗站在她旁边，故saw是最佳答案。
【技巧点拨】
此类题型要求考生既要注意在平时的学习中积累词汇又要在做题时分析具体的语境。38．A.sound B．alarm
C．noise D．voice
39．A.animals B．friends
C．farmers D．neighbors
【解析】 38.C；39.A。第38题是一组近义词辨析。sound“声音，响声”；alarm“警报，警报器”；noise“噪音”；voice“声音”。此处意为“我的听力受到了农场设备噪音的损害”。故此处用noise。第39题中的四个名词是普通的名词，但是，根据上文中的“only cats37(as)playmates”可知此处应该用animals，与cats在范畴上保持一致。
