中考英语必考语法点学案—名词(解析版)

文档属性

名称 中考英语必考语法点学案—名词(解析版)
格式 doc
文件大小 1.6MB
资源类型 试卷
版本资源 通用版
科目 英语
更新时间 2023-05-20 19:54:57

图片预览

文档简介

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
名词
Part1 中考考点
命题趋势:
名词属于十大词类中的一种,主要包括普通名词和专有名词两种。纵观近几年中考对于名词的考查,主要以选择题和填空题为主,考查内容以词义理解、名词所有格及词形转换居多。在备考2020年中考时,注意掌握名词变复数的变化规则,掌握不可数名词向可数名词转化的规律,名词所有格的用法,名词的句法功能等,并做到灵活运用,以便提高综合运用能力。
【知识归纳】
一、名词的分类
分类 说明 例句
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示人或事物的个体名称 city城市,panda熊猫,chair椅子,hospital医院,nurse护士
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 public公众,people人们,class班级,family家庭,police警察
不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 rice大米,snow雪,steel钢铁,cotton棉花,corn玉米,air空气
抽象名词 表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词 courage勇气,determination决心,satisfaction满意,happiness幸福,success成功,love热爱
专有名词 表示人名、地名、国名 London伦敦,Tom汤姆,the Great Wall长城,Asia亚洲
表示书名、电影名、各种标语 Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》
表示机构、组织、团体 UNESCO联合国教科文组织Beijing University北京大学
表示月份、星期、节日 Monday星期一,National day国庆节
【特例清单】
有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同
work(工作)—a work(著作) glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯) paper(纸)—a paper(报纸;文件;试卷)
tea(茶)—a tea(一种茶)(表示种类) wood(木头)—a wood(小树林) room(空间)—a room(房间)
chicken(鸡肉)—a chicken(小鸡) light(光,光线)—a light(电灯) fish(鱼肉)—fishes(各种各样的鱼)
exercise(锻炼,运动)—exercises(习题) life(生活)—lives(生命) orange(橘子汁)—an orange(橘子)
time(时间)—times(倍,次数) hand(帮助)—a hand(手) radio(无线电)—a radio(收音机)
二、可数名词的复数形式
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加-s cap→caps dog→dogs bike→bikes driver→drivers
以字母s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加-es bus→buses wish→wishes watch→watches box→boxes
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i再加-es lady→ladies century→centuries family→families story→stories
以f或fe结尾 一般变f, fe为v,再加-es leaf→leaves life→liveshalf→halves knife→knives
以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加-es, o前为元音音素时加-s。 tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes potato→potatoes radio→radios zoo→zoos photo→photospiano→pianos
复合名词 将后一个词变为复数 tooth-brush→tooth-brushes film-goer → film-goers
两部分都变复数 man doctor→men doctors woman teacher→women teachers
特殊名词 改变内部元音字母 foot→feet tooth→teeth man→men mouse→mice
词尾加-ren child→children
单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese sheep→sheep deer→deer
【特例清单】
1.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词须用单数形式。
five-year-old 5岁大的;
a five-pound note 一张5英镑的纸币
a six-foot-deep hole一个6英尺深的洞
2.以-s结尾的名词,有的作单数使用,有的作复数使用
(1)以-s结尾的学科类名词,一般是不可数名词
例:maths, physics, politics
(2)表示由两部分构成的物体的名词,其形式上可数,若表达具体数目时,要借助数量词pair来表示,其单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式
例:a pair of trousers一条裤子
(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词,看作单数名词
例:The New York Times(《纽约时报》)
(4)以-s结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词,通常被看做单数
例:the United States(美利坚合众国)
(5)以-s结尾表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等自然景观的专有名词,通常被看做复数
例:the Olympic Games(奥林匹克运动会)
(6)复合名词的复数形式分为两种:一是只将主体名词变为复数形式;二是如果是man,woman与其他名词组成的复合名词,那么两个名词都要变为复数形式。
例:an apple tree→two apple trees; a woman teacher→some women teachers
三、不可数名词的计量
类型 英语 含义 例子
个数单位词 piece 张 a piece of advice; two pieces of advice
drop 滴 a drop of ink; three drops of ink
pile 堆 a pile of wood; four piles of wood
容器单位词 cup 杯 a cup of coffee; seven cups of coffee
glass (玻璃)杯 a glass of milk; eight glasses of milk
bottle 瓶 a bottle of juice; nine bottles of juice
box 盒、箱 a box of chalk; ten boxes of chalk
bag 袋 a bag of flour; eleven bags of flour
度量衡单位词 pound 磅 a pound of meat; fourteen pounds of meat
kilo 公斤 a kilo of oil; two kilos of oil
【特例清单】
1.不可数名词表示数量时,可用a lot of,much,little,a little,some,no等修饰
例:I want some water. 我想要一些水。
2.不可数名词表示一定的数量时,可借助可数名词,用“a+可数名词+of+不可数名词”结构。表示复数意义时,把可数名词变为复数形式
例:He needs two pieces of paper. 他需要两张纸。
四、名词所有格
类型 构成方法 例子
有生命的名词(人或动物) 在词尾加’s Tom’s book; the girl’s ear-ring; the dog’s ears; the hero’s name
以s, es结尾的复数名词只加’ the students’ desks; the workers’ tools; the teachers’ office
不以(e)s结尾的复数名词加’s men’s clothes; Children’s Day; Women’s Day; sheep’s wool
无生命的名词 时间、世界、国家、城市等 一般在词尾加’s China’s capital; Chengdu’s industries; the world’s population; today’s news
其他 一般用of结构 the door of the room; a map of the world; the legs of the tables; a way of life
【特例清单】
用and连接两个并列名词的所有格:
(1)当and连接的两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加’s
例:Mary and her sister’s bedroom. 玛丽和她姐姐共有的卧室
Lily and Lucy’s mother. 莉莉和露西的妈妈。
(2)当and连接的两个并列名词表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系
例:Tom’s and Mary’s bags. 汤姆和玛丽他们各自的包。
表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在表示职业的名词或是姓氏后加上’s代表场所。
例:a tailor’s裁缝铺 a barber’s理发店 a doctor’s诊所
my sister’s我姐姐的家 a stationer’s文具店 Chaplin’s卓别林的家
of 所有格
无生命的名词的所属关系一般要用介词of短语来构成。如a map of China,at the end of this term。但表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词直接在词尾加-’s或-’。
five minutes’ walk
双重所有格
表示所属物的名词前有冠词(a/an),数词(one,two...),不定代词(some,all,any...),物主代词(my,your...),指示代词(this,that...时,常用"of +’s所有格"形式,即双重所有格来表示所属关系。
a photo of my sister’s 我妹妹的一张照片 this book of my classmate’s 我同学的这本书
集体名词的分类
1. 本身是复数,如,cattle牛群,people人们,police警察。
2. 本身单复数均可表示,如audience观众,class班级,club俱乐部,committee委员会,company公司,crew船员,enemy敌人,family家庭,government政府,group组,team队(当这一类词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其表示的具体含义,如果作为一个整体看待时,谓语动词用单数形式;如果指的是具体成员,则谓语动词用复数形式)
The family is the basic unit of society. 家庭是构成社会的基本单位。
My family are going on a trip this summer. 我们全家今年夏天要外出旅游。
Part2 中考真题精选
2022年中考真题
1.(2022·江苏徐州)From my ________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A.tradition B.Condition C.position D.Situation
【答案】C
【解析】句意:从我在电视塔顶部的位置,我可以完美地看到我们的城市。考查名词辨析。tradition传统;condition条件;position位置;situation形式,情况。根据“on the top of the TV tower,”可知,此处是要表示一个位置。故选C。
2.(2022·黑龙江绥化)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
【答案】A
【解析】句意:托尼和彼得的爸爸是飞行员。他去过世界上许多国家。
考查名词所有格。根据“father”可知,此处指两个人共有的爸爸,在后一个人名后加’s,故选A。
3.(2022·黑龙江绥化)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
【答案】A
【解析】句意:随着“双减”政策的出台,其中一个变化就是学生的作业变少了。考查名词复数和主谓一致。one of+名词复数,排除B;one of加名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。故选A。
4.(2022·甘肃平凉)The ________ rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.Bike
【答案】A
【解析】句意:电话铃响了,帕特接了电话。是他儿子从纽约打来的。考查名词辨析。telephone电话;doorbell门铃;clock时钟;bike自行车。结合语境和下一句“It was his son calling from New York.”可知帕特的儿子从纽约打电话来,所以应该是电话铃声响了。故选A。
5.(2022·重庆)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
【答案】D
【解析】句意:今年,全家在6月1日儿童节去露营。考查名词所有格。由语境可知,此处指“儿童节”,英文表达为“Children’s Day”。故选D。
6.(2022·黑龙江绥化)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
【答案】A
【解析】句意:随着“双减”政策的出台,其中一个变化就是学生的作业变少了。考查名词复数和主谓一致。one of+名词复数,排除B;one of加名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。故选A。
7.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
【答案】A
【解析】句意:托尼和彼得的爸爸是飞行员。他去过世界上许多国家。考查名词所有格。根据“father”可知,此处指两个人共有的爸爸,在后一个人名后加’s,故选A。
8.(2022·重庆·中考真题)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
【答案】D
【解析】句意:今年,全家在6月1日儿童节去露营。考查名词所有格。由语境可知,此处指“儿童节”,英文表达为“Children’s Day”。故选D。
2021年中考真题
1.(2021 牡丹江、鸡西)Me and My Motherland is a famous movie and I have seen it twice in the ________.
A. bank B. cinema C. supermarket
【答案】B
【解析】 bank银行;cinema电影院;supermarket超市。根据“Me and My Motherland is a famous movie”可知要在电影院看电影。故选B。
2.(2021 扬州)--- We can always find something good in a bad ________ if we look for it.
---It’s so true. Let’s make full use of what comes.
A. situation B. direction C. instruction D. competition
【答案】A
【解析】 situation情况;direction方向;instruction指导;competition比赛。根据“We can always find something good in a bad…”可知,此处指“在不好的情况下/在逆境中”,故选A。
3.(2021 盐城)Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of ________ for many people.
A. hunger B. health C. pollution D. population
【答案】A
【解析】hunger饥饿;health健康;pollution污染;population人口。根据“Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of…for many people.”和常识可知,袁隆平和他的团队解决的是饥饿问题,故选A。
4.(2021 宿迁)Mr. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second ________.
A. family B. house C. village D. hometown
【答案】D
【解析】family家庭;house房子;village村庄;hometown家乡;根据语境可知,此处指的是第二故乡,故选D。
5.(2021 泰州)The landing of China’s rover (登陆车) Zhurong on Mars shows China has made great ________ in space exploration.
A. progress B. project C. product D. protection
【答案】A
【解析】progress进步、进展;project项目;product产品;protection保护。根据“The landing of China’s rover Zhurong on Mars shows China has made great ... in space exploration.”可知,空格处表达取得了“进展”。故选A。
6.(2021 南通)---Have you decided what to write about Gulliver in Lilliput in the report
---I'm not sure. Maybe I need to read some ________ about it before writing.
A. reasons B. rewards C. results D. reviews
【答案】D
【解析】 reasons理由;rewards奖励;results结果;reviews评论。空格后的it指代前文提到的“Gulliver in Lilliput”,结合“I’m not sure”可知,并不太确定写什么,所以需要参考一些有关它的评论,故选D。
7.(2021 南京)Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice ________ has been increased greatly.
A. population B. contribution C. production D. introduction
【答案】C
【解析】population 人口;contribution贡献;production产量;introduction介绍。根据常识可知,由于袁隆平的成就,水稻产量大大增加。故选C。
8. (2021 江西) Your leg looks really bad! I think you should send for a ________ about that.
A. pilot B. doctor C. singer D. postman
【答案】B
【解析】pilot飞行员;doctor医生;singer歌手;postman邮递员。根据“Your leg looks really bad!”可知,应该是叫医生来。故选B。
9.(2021 安徽)---Have you ever heard “A thousand mile journey begins with the first ________”
---Yes. It’s a famous Chinese saying by Laozi.
A. class B. step C. break D. exam
【答案】B
【解析】class班级;step步;break休息;exam考试。根据“A thousand mile journey begins with the first…”可知,此处表示“千里之行始于足下”,故选B。
10.(2021 长春)We used to buy things in the ____________ but now we usually do it online.
A. shop B. museum C. bank D. library
【答案】A
【解析】shop商店;museum博物馆;bank银行;library图书馆;根据“buy things”及常识可知,买东西应在商店,故选A。
11.(2021 抚顺、本溪、辽阳)_______ can make people happy and want to make greater progress.
A. Fear B. Praise C. Doubt D. Regret
【答案】B
【解析】Fear害怕;Praise表扬、赞扬;Doubt怀疑;Regret后悔。根据空后“can make people happy and want to make greater progress.”可推知,应是表扬可以让人开心并且想要取得更大进步。故选B。
12.(2021 锦州)---What ________ can you give me on my future study
---Believe in yourself. You can do it.
A. news B. advice C. attention D. information
【答案】B
【解析】 news新闻;advice建议;attention注意;information信息。根据“Believe in yourself. You can do it”可知,是询问有关学习的建议,故选B。
13.(2021 营口)Holding the ________, I managed to fix the new kind of machine.
A. introductions B. inventions C. invitations D. Instructions
【答案】D
【解析】introductions介绍;inventions发明;invitations邀请;instructions用法说明、指令。根据后句“I managed to fix the new kind of machine.”可推知,应是拿着说明书。故选D。
14.(2021 山西)---Jenny, I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do
---Maybe working in groups is a good ________.
A. method B. survey C. report
【答案】A
【解析】 method方法;survey调查;report报告。根据“I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do”及“Maybe working in groups is a good…”可知,是提供解决这件事情的办法,故选A。
15.(2021 天津)His beautiful music has brought ________ to people all over the world.
A. difficulty B. pleasure C. weather D. danger
【答案】B
【解析】 difficulty困难;pleasure快乐;weather天气;danger危险。根据“His beautiful music”,结合选项,可知优美的音乐可以给全世界的人带来快乐,故选B。
16.(2021 云南)Hi, Mom is a moving film. It has been on for several months in the ________.
A. museum B. bank C. library D. cinema
【答案】D
【解析】 museum博物馆;bank银行;library图书馆;cinema电影院。根据“Hi, Mom is a moving film.”可知此处讲这部电影在电影院上映。故选D。
17.(2021 昆明)Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls to help them get an ________ in Lijiang, Yunnan.
A. education B. invitation C. information D. Imagination
【答案】A
【解析】 education教育;invitation邀请;information信息;imagination想象。根据“Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls”可知在高中是接受教育。故选A。
18.(2021 温州)Mike, a 7-year-old boy, has a great talent for ________. He can draw nice pictures though he has never learned it.
A. art B. sport C. music D. science
【答案】A
【解析】 art美术;sport运动;music音乐;science科学。根据“He can draw nice pictures though he has never learned it.”可知,此处指美术,故选A。
19.(2021 乐山)---Hello! May I speak to Tony, please
---Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong ____.
A. telephone B. name C. number
【答案】C
【解析】telephone电话;name名字;number数字。根据上句“Hello! May I speak to Tony, please ”可知,是双方在打电话;根据答语“sorry”提示可知,应是打错电话号码了。故选C。
20.(2021 昆明)Being an excellent magician is not child’s play even when you have practiced over and over again.
A. an easy job B. a play by children
C. a hard job D. a play for children
【答案】A
【解析】an easy job一项简单的工作;a play by children孩子们的游戏;a hard job一项辛苦的工作;a play for children儿童游戏。根据“even when you have practiced over and over again”可知句意出现让步,即使反复练习,想成为出色魔术师也不容易,由此推出child’s play意为“一件轻而易举的事情”。故选A。
21.(2021 天水)If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) ________ in the park.
A. picnic B. chance C. place D. idea
【答案】A
【解析】 picnic野餐;chance机会;place地方;idea想法。根据“If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) …in the park.”可知,如果天气好,可以在公园里野餐。故选A。
22.(2021 河池)---Lisa, could you help me buy some ________ on your way home
---Ok, mom.
A. egg B. beef C. banana D. potato
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】egg鸡蛋,可数名词;beef牛肉,不可数名词;banana香蕉,可数名词;potato土豆,可数名词。some修饰可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词,ACD都应该用其复数形式,排除ACD,故选B。
23.(2021 重庆A)There are many ________ teachers in this primary school.
A. woman B. woman’s C. women D. women’s
【答案】C
【解析】 many修饰名词复数,woman作定语时,woman与被修饰的名词都要变复数,women teachers女教师,故选C。
24.(2021 重庆B)June 1st is ________ Day.
A. Children B. Children’s C. Child D. Child’s
【答案】B
【解析】Children’s Day儿童节,固定表达。故选B。
25.(2021 西宁)---What a clean and tidy room!
---Yes. It’s ________ room.
A. Tina and Nina’s B. Tina’s and Nina
C. Tina and Nina D. Tina’s and Nina’s
【答案】A
【解析】根据句意,空处应用名词所有格,表示“……的”,故排除C项;根据空后“room”是单数可知,这是蒂娜和尼娜共有的房间;两者或两者以上共同所有,只在最后一个名词加’s。故选A。
26.(2021 十堰) The _________ of the Sanxingdui Ruins site(三星堆遗址)shocked the world.
A. discovery B. development C. disbelief D. difference
【答案】A
【解析】discovery发现;development发展;disbelief怀疑;difference区别。根据“The…of the Sanxingdui Ruins site”可知,是三星堆遗址的发现,故选A。
27.(2021 武汉)The idiom(成语) “Mengzi’s mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best ________ for her child.
A. experience B. instruction C. environment D. information
【答案】C
【解析】 experience经历;instruction指令;environment环境;information信息。根据“Mengzi’s mother makes three moves”及常识,可知,《孟母三迁》讲的就是一个母亲为孩子提供最好环境的故事,故选C。
28.(2021 东营)---I’ve got a “C” in the English test. Can you give me some ________
---Of course. I think reading can help.
A. messages B. information C. suggestions D. instructions
【答案】C
【解析】messages消息;information信息;suggestions建议;instructions说明。根据“I've got a ‘C’ in the English test”可知表示 “给一些建议”,用短语 “give sb. suggestions”。故选C。
29.(2021 东营)---I'm sad to hear that Yuan Longping passed away.
---So am I. We lost a hero. His _______ on hybrid(杂交)rice helped Chinese people solve the problem of eating.
A. surveys B. reports C. researches D. achievements
【答案】D
【解析】 surveys调查;reports报告;researches研究;achievements成就。根据“on hybrid rice”可知讲述的是袁隆平的成就,用名词 “achievements”。故选D。
30.(2021 菏泽)---China’s high-speed railway ________ is leading the world.
---That’s right. It is moving further into the world.
A. technology B. environment C. population
【答案】A
【解析】technology技术;environment环境;population人口。根据“China’s high-speed railway…is leading the world.”可知,是高铁技术,故选A。
31.(2021 鄂州)---What’s your favorite ________, John
---History. It is very interesting.
A. food B. vegetable C. animal D. subject
【答案】D
【解析】food食物;vegetable蔬菜;animal动物;subject科目。根据答语“History”可知,询问的是最喜欢什么学科,故选D。
32.(2021 达州)If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan, hard work is the key to ________.
A. treasure B. beauty C. success D. health
【答案】C
【解析】treasure财富;beauty美丽;success成功;health健康。根据前句“If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan,”可推知,应是努力工作是成功的关键。故选C。
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 (共 2 页)
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)