【课堂新坐标，同步备课参考】2013-2014学年高中英语北师大版必修三教师用书Unit 9　Wheels

本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
Unit 9　Wheels
【美文阅读】　
交通阻塞已经成为各大城市最头疼的问题，在解决这个问题的过程中，世界知名城市都在各显神通，效果如何呢？让我们一起去领略一番吧！
You may ride on your ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) bicycle in a rush to get to school every morning.You may fight to get a bit of space on a bus or on the subway.You may also watch taxis crawl their way through traffic jams.
No matter where you a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re，all big cities around the world have traffic jams these days.But although they all have their problems，many cities also have a type of transport that has become a cultural icon(文化标识)．
In London，to avoid th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e traffic above ground，people use the“underground”，also called the“Tube”．The city has the oldest and most complicated underground railway system in the world and is the pride of many Londoners.With 12 lines and 275 stations across the city，the Tube，is normally the quickest and easiest way of getting around London.In London，you are never far from a Tube station.
New York is f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )amous for its Yellow cabs.They serve as a quick and easy way of getting across Manhattan，where the subway doesn't take you everywhere.Stopping a cab is easy；just stick out your arm like you
do in any city.But， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )with over 12,000 yellow cabs in the Big Apple，they also cause traffic jams.
Since 1873 when t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he first cable car started public service，the slow and noisy vehicle has been a symbol of San Francisco.Although once damaged by a serious earthquake and challenged by cars，it is never caught in traffic jams and provides better views than the subway.
But there are no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )such symbols in Los Angeles.If you visit you'd better rent a car.The city's public transportation is terrible.It can take hours to get across town by bus.The subway covers just a small part of the city centre.The light rail line only runs between the Long Beach hotel area and the city centre.That's why Angelenos love their private cars more than any other people in the world.
【诱思导学】　
1．If you have a chance ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to visit London，what should you do to avoid the traffic jam
2．Why do Yel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )low cabs become a cultural icon of transportation in New York
3．What does the passage mainly tell us
【答案】　1.I had better use subway to go out.
2．Because Yellow cabs serve as a quick and easy way of traveling.
3．It tells us how people in the city avoid the traffic jams.
Period ⅠPreviewing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给内容 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的学习，了解下一课时即将出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，将对下一节课内容的全面理解起到了铺垫作用。
●教学地位
此部分内容是是对下一课时的感悟和预习，合 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )理利用本学案，能大大提升下一课时的课堂效率，有效促进学生对新单元学习的热情，提升课堂的积极活跃程度，并能在课上能与老师形成较为默契的配合。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
让学生讨论个人在上学路上的交通方式， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )直接导入新课。在设计这堂课时，要从引导学生培养绿色出行习惯的角度出发，介绍有关的词汇和表达，给学生布置具有一定挑战性的任务，让学生以绿色交通在我身边为题进行讨论或口笔头描述。21cnjy.com
●教学流程设计
导入新课。 学生阅读“美文阅读”与“诱思导学”(见学案第53页)。 学生就“美文阅读”进行讨论，统一答案。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
老师指导学生讨论，共同找出答案。 师生共同讨论并统一答案。 让学生快速阅读课文(见课本第36页)并完成“篇章结构”(见学案第54页)。
　　　　　
学生再次仔细阅读课文(课本第36页)进 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )行深度理解，并完成“课文缩写”(见学案第54页)。 学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。 学生再次阅读课文(课本第36页)并完成“语篇理解”(见学案第54页)。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生根据所给出的表格进行“自 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我评估”(见学案第55页)。 学生讨论，并让学生代表发表他们讨论得出的答案，老师予以更正。 让学生完成“知识初探”部分(见学案第55页)。
　　　　　
老师布置作业，让学生完成课文第36—37页第4、7题；预习学案Period Ⅱ(见学案第55～61页)。
Ⅰ.篇章结构
根据P36的Reading部分，在表格中填入恰当的单词或短语，每空不超过3个单词
Nowadays People are enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam.Reasons：(1)It's 1. and convenient for bikes.(2)There are plenty of places for 2. .(3)Most streets in the city have a bicycle path.
In the 1960s A group of cycling ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fans had an idea.Reasons：It would he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lp to save energy，reduce 3. and provide 4. .Actions：(1)The group ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in lots of 5. around Amsterdam.(2)Anyone was allowed to take them and use them for 6. .(3)Wherever so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )meone finished a journey，they would 7. the bike there for someone else to use.Result：It didn't work because 8. took all the bicycles within weeks！
More than30 years later The“white bike”is b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ack in town.Ways：(1)A computer 9. to record its every move.(2)You have to 10. a special card to take a bicycle.Result：Many people have been enjoying city centre streets without cars.
【答案】　1.flat　2.bicycl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e parking　3.pollution　4.free public transport　5.neighbourhoods　6.short journeys　7.leave　8.thieves　9.chip　10.insert21*cnjy*com
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P36的Reading部分，从每题所给的3个选项中选择最佳答案
1．The“return of the white bikes”means .
A．people returned the bikes they borrowed
B．thieves returned the bikes they stole
C．bikes reappeared in Amsterdam
2．The following offers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) convenience for cycling in Amsterdam except .
A．flat ground　　　　　B．friendly citizens
C．bicycle paths
3．In the 1960s，people in Amsterdam .
A．couldn't drive cars in the city centre
B．only rode white bikes
C．had the chance to enjoy free transportation
4．Compared to the bikes in the 1960s，the returning bikes .
A．can't be stolen easily
B．are specially designed
C．Both A and B
5．According to the passage，we know .
A．tourists can use the white bikes as well as local people
B．no cars are allowed in central Amsterdam
C．people can enjoy city centre streets without cars only in Amsterdam
【答案】　1.C　2.B　3.C　4.C　5.A
Ⅲ.课文缩写
从方框中选择恰当的单词或短语，完成下列短文
indeed；within week ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s；neighbourhood；convenient；benefits；flat；allow；wherever；actually；without cars
People have been en ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )joying the 1. of cycling in Amsterdam for years.It is a good city for cycling because it is 2. and therefore is 3. for bikes.
In the 1960s，a group ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of cycling fans had an idea.They thought it would be better if cars weren't 4. in the city center and only bicycles were.They painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in lots of 5. for people to use.6. someone finished a journey they would leave the bike there for someone else to use.But the problem was that thieves took all the bicycles 7. .
More than thirty ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )years later，the “white bike” is back in town.The new “white bike” is not 8. white but is an unusual design with bright colours.Now there is already less traffic in central Amsterdam.9. ，thanks to the ideas，like the cycling fans in the 1960s，many people around the world have been enjoying city centres streets 10. for many years.
【答案】　1.benefits　2.flat　3.convenient　4.allowed
5．neighborhoods　6. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Wherever　7.within weeks　8.actually　9.Indeed　10.without cars
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．effect　　　　　A．suit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed to one's needs or to the situation；not causing any difficulty
2．benefit B．a result or condition produced by a cause
3．convenient C．giving cause for hope of success
4．hopeful D．to be useful，profitable，or helpful to；to gain advantage
5．indeed E．st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h.that follows from an action or set of conditions；result
6．consequence ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) F．to say why you think sth.is right or wrong；to provide reasons for or against
7．argue G．certainly，really，even true
【答案】　1.B　2.D　3.A　4.C　5.G　6.E　7.F
Ⅱ.短语填空
feed up；in the 1960s； ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )more than；thanks to；work out；for years；around the world；within weeks
1． his effort，it is more successful than we have expected.
2．True friendship is worth money.
3．I believe that you can this problem by yourself.
4．They spent a year voyaging .
5．I'm with this boring life.
6． ，his confidence had spread throughout the team.
【答案】　1.Thanks to　2.more than　3.work out
4．around the world　5.fed up　6.Within weeks
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．They believed that i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.
他们认为如果不让汽车驶入市中心，只让自行车进入，那会对每个人都有好处。
2．Wherever someone fin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ished a journey they would leave the bike there for someone else to use.
他们可以将自行车留在完成旅行的任何地方以便其他人使用。
3．The problem was that it didn't work...
问题是这种做法行不通。
4．A boy，all wet，is coming out of the pond in the park.
一个男孩浑身湿透了，从公园的池塘里出来。
Period ⅡWarm up & On Your Bike
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
1．熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
2．通过对学案中重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，并能够运用这些词语造句。
3．通过对这些词汇的理解能够更深层次地理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练地运用这些词汇。
4．通过对现在完成进行时的教学，让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识。
●教学地位
词汇学习和记忆是英语学习的一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )个重要环节，在课堂教学中起至关重要的作用，所以理解和记忆英语单词和短语是本部分教学的重点所在。本课时的语法是现在完成进行时，应根据学生的实际基础状况做耐心细致的讲解。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
可以尝试用学生日常生活的话题互动式引入本课：
T：I think most o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f us like going experience different types of transport. Some transport in your daily life is very important, do you think so
S：
T：We know about all k ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inds of ways of travel, such as bus, car, bicycle, balloon, boat, the underground and so on. What is your favorite type of transport in your family
Tell the class. Use ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) some key words to help you. (Show some slides about types of transport)
S：
T: Why do you like this kind of transport
S：
●教学流程设计
导入新课。 老师检查上堂课所布置的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作业，检查学生对学案预习的情况。 让学生就“要点讲练”(见学案第55～60页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生讨论完成“语法精析”部分( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )见学案第60页)并让各个讨论组发表各自见解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
　　　　　
老师对语法部分给以点拨，让学生掌握本单 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )元语法知识。 让学生完成“当堂双基达标”(见学案第61页)。 师生共同讨论“当堂双基达标”，给出答案，并对难以理解的或有争议的地方给出详解。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
布置作业：让学生完成课本第78—7 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )9页第3、5、6题；完成“课时作业”和预习Period Ⅳ(见学案第62～67页)。 让学生进行“自我评估”(见学案第61页)。
1．effect n．结果；效应；影响
What effects have the white bikes had？(教材P36)
这些白色自行车起什么作用？
In effect，he has no choice.实际上，他没有选择的余地。
in effect实际上
take effect奏效；生效
put/bring...into effect实行；实施
come into effect生效；开始实施
have a (n)．..effect on/upon对……有……影响
The new law will take effect next May.
这项新的法律将于明年五月生效。
The recommendations will soon be put into effect.
这些建议不久将付诸实施。
完成句子
①新的税制自下月起实行。
A new system of taxation will next month.
②这部影片对她影响很大。
The film her.
【答案】　①come into ef ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fect/take effect或be put/brought into effect　②had a great effect on
2．fed up不愉快的；厌烦的
You look fed up！(教材P36)你看起来不高兴！
She felt tired and a bit fed up.
她觉得累，还有点厌烦。
I'm really fed up with this constant rain.
我真的对这连绵不断的雨烦透了。
Anna got fed up(with)waiting.安娜等烦了。
【提示】　fed up用作表语；后接名词、代词时须用with；接动名词时可用with，也可不用with；接从句时不用介词。21·cn·jy·com
feed...on/with...用……喂养……
feed on...以……为主食；以……当饲料
feed up...给……吃营养食物；养肥；使吃饱
feed...to...把……喂给……
Bats fly at night and feed on insects.
蝙蝠在夜间飞行，以昆虫为食。
【教师备课资源】　
“厌烦”短语小聚：
be/get/become fed up with
be/get/become tired of
be/get/become bored with
be/get/become sick of
【对接高考】
(2013·湖北高考)Butterfl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ies a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other insects collect.
A．carry on　　　　　　　　　B．feed on
C．put on D．focus on
【解析】　四个动词短语的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主要含义：carry on“继续”；feed on“吃，以……为食”；put on“上演，穿/戴上”；focus on“聚焦于”。句意：蝴蝶以花卉产生的一种甜甜的液体为食，蜜蜂和别的昆虫则采集这种液体。根据句意选B，表示“吃，以……为食”。www.21-cn-jy.com
【答案】　B
完成句子
①你应当增加营养使身体长得更强壮些。
You must to grow stronger.
②我受够了他的懒惰和粗心。
I am his laziness and carelessness.
【答案】　①feed up　②fed up with
3．benefit n．利益；好处v.(使)受益
People have been ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years.(教材P36)多年来，人们一直享受着在阿姆斯特丹骑自行车的益处。21·世纪*教育网
It is said that Yoga is of great benefit to human health.【出处：21教育名师】
据说瑜珈对人体健康有极大好处。
We should spend the money on something that will benefit everyone.
我们应该把这笔钱花在大家都能受益的事上。
benefit from/by...从……中受益
be of benefit (to) (对……)有益的
for the benefit of 为了……的利益，为……
beneficial adj.有益的
be beneficial (to...) (对……)有益的
The plants benefited from the rain.
植物得益于这场雨。
Sports are beneficial to building our bodies.
体育运动有益于增进我们的体质。
benefit/advantage/profit
benefit 既可指物质利益，又可指精神方面的好处。
advantage 侧重指物质利益及竞争中所占的优势或有利条件。
profit 局限于物质或金钱利益；意为“利润”时常用复数。
用benefit，advantage，profit填空
①I have received much from his teaching.
②Many women think this is a(n) for men.
③This new invention will bring you great like a gold mine.
【答案】　①benefit　②advantage　③profits
4．It is a go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )od city for cycling because it is flat and therefore is convenient for bikes.(教材P36)这是个骑自行车的好地方，因为道路平坦，因此方便骑自行车。21教育名师原创作品
(1)therefore adv.所以；因此
Their car was bigger and therefore more comfortable.
他们的汽车更宽敞，因此也更舒适。
We have a growing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) population，and therefore we need more food.我们的人口在增长，因此需要更多的食物。
therefore正式用语，为副 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词，常用于数学、逻辑和其他精细的推论中，特别用以表示严密的推理；连接两并列分句时，其前常用分号。so可作连词，前用逗号或直接连接句子，用于简洁的会话和日常的文体中，推理不必严密。
用therefore，so填空
①He was very tired，and he didn't give the market report.
②He wore a mask no one should recognize him.
③He was down with the flu； he couldn't come to the party.
【答案】　①therefore　②so　③therefore
(2)convenient adj.方便的；便利的
A bicycle is often more convenient than a car in towns.
在城镇骑自行车常常比开车方便。
It's very convenient to pay by credit cards.
用信用卡付款很方便。
①if/when it is convenient to/for sb.
如果某人方便的话
It is convenient for sb.to do sth.
某人方便做某事
②convenience n．方便；便利
at one's convenience 在某人方便的时候
for the sake of convenience 为方便起见
Will three o'clock be convenient for you
三点钟对你来说方便吗？
Please come at your(earliest)convenience.
请您在方便时(尽早)前来。
【提示】　convenient作表语时，不可用人作主语，而是要用事物作主语或用it作形式主语。
【教师备课资源】　
convenience store便利商店
conveniently adv.方便地
完成句子
④为了方便起见，图书馆的书都分为不同的类别。
，the library books are separated into different categories.21教育网
⑤当你方便的时候，来看看我。
Come and see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me whenever .
【答案】　④For the sake of convenience　⑤it is convenient to/for you
5．in the 1960s 20世纪60年代
In the 1960s，a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )group of cycling fans han an idea.(教材P36)在20世纪60年代，一群自行车迷提出了一个想法。
①表示在某个世纪的几十年代，用“in the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )＋年份(尾数为0)＋s/'s”。有时年份前还可加修饰语early/middle/late，表示在“某世纪某年代的早期/中期/晚期”。
in the early 1990s/1990's在20世纪90年代早期
in the late 1760s/1760's在18世纪60年代晚期
②“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十岁的时候”。
in his teens在他十几岁时
in her twenties在她20多岁时
完成句子
①他们是20世纪30年代后期或40年代初期结婚的。
They had married .
②他三十多岁时成为了教授。
He became a professor .
【答案】　①in the late 1930s or early 1940s
②in his thirties
6．hopeful adj.有希望的
They were hopeful ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that this would help to save energy，reduce pollution and provide free public transport.(教材P36)他们希望这样做能有助于节约能源、减少污染和提供免费的公共交通设施。
I feel hopef ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ul that we'll find a suitable house very soon.我对很快找到合适的房子抱有希望。
be/become hopeful about...对……充满希望
hope n．& v．希望
hopefully adv.有希望地；怀有希望地
hopeless adj.无望的；无能的
hopelessly adv.无望地
hopelessness n．绝望感
They are all hopeful about the future.
他们都对前途充满希望。
She is always full of hope for the bright future.
她总是对美好的明天充满希望。
【对接高考】
(2013·浙江高考)If we leave right away， we'll arrive on time.
A．hopefully B．curiously
C．occasionally D．gradually
【解析】　句意：如果我们 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )马上出发，我们将有望按时到达。hopefully有希望地；curiously好奇地；occasionally偶尔地；gradually逐渐地。由题干意思可知正确答案为A项。
【答案】　A
用hope的适当形式填空
①He was that he would win.
②Most of the stude ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts are making good progress but Jeremy seems a case.
③ ，they'll get there one day.
【答案】　①hopeful　②hopeless　③Hopefully
7．Wherever someone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )finished a journey they would leave the bike there for someone else to use.(教材P36)不管人们在哪里结束旅程，他们都将把自行车放在那里以便其他人使用。
wherever“无论到哪里”，引导让步状语从句。
Wherever he goes，he always remembers you.
不管他去哪儿，他总是记着你。
Children will play wherever they happen to be.
小孩子走到哪里玩到哪里。
①no matter＋疑问词(where ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )/when/how/what/who/which)只能引导让步状语从句，此时相当于疑问词＋ever；疑问代词(what/who/which)＋ever既可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句，且引导名词性从句时，疑问词＋ever比单独用疑问词的语气强。
②wherever adv.究竟哪里，究竟到哪儿。用于问句，表示惊讶。
Wherever can he have gone？他究竟会到哪儿去了呢？
Wherever has he put the book
他究竟把书放在哪儿了呢？
You can take whatever you like.(宾语从句)
你可以拿你喜欢的任何东西。
No matter what(＝Wha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tever) you say，he won't believe you.(让步状语从句)不管你说什么，他都不会相信你。
【对接高考】
(2013·江苏高考)In the glob ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )al economy，a new drug for cancer， it is discovered，will create many economic possibilities around the world.
A．whatever B．whoever
C．wherever D．whichever
【解析】　通过分析句子结构可知 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )， it is discovered在句中作状语。在这个状语从句中，不缺少构成句子的主要成分，所以引导词只能在从句中作状语，从而选择具有副词性质的词成为答题的关键。分析四个选项可知符合条件的只有C项(wherever)，故答案选C。句意：在全球经济中，无论是在哪儿发现一种治疗癌症的新药物，这都将会在全球产生很多经济方面的可能性。
【答案】　C
完成句子
①你想坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
You can sit .
②无论去哪儿，他都会带把伞以防下雨。
，he will take an umbrella with him in case.
【答案】　①wherever you like　②Wherever he goes
8．However，more th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an thirty years later，the“white bike”is back in town—this time with a computer chip to record its every move！(教材P36)然而，30多年后，“白色自行车”又回来了——这次每辆车上都装有电脑芯片来记录它的每一次行动！
(1)however adv.然而；不过
He was feeling sad.However，he went to work.
他感觉不舒服，然而他还是去上班。
however/but/while
however adv.“然而”，在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中和句末，并且常用逗号与句子隔开。
but conj.“但是”，表示转折，一般放在句首，后跟句子，不用逗号隔开。
while conj.“然而”，后跟句子，不用逗号隔开，表示两者之间的对比。
I dialed the right number，but nobody answered.
我拨的号是对的，但没有人接电话。
用however，but，while的适当形式填空
①I'm sorry， it's nothing to do with you.
②I went swimming the others played tennis.
③ ，he soon got down to learning the language.
【答案】　①but　②while　③However
(2)more than多于；超过
This city has a population of more than 1,000,000.
这个城市人口超过一百万。
more than＋数词 超过，多于(相当于over)
more than one＋n.不止一个……(作主语时，谓语用单数)
more than＋n.不只是……，不仅仅是……
more than＋adj./adv./v.非常/十分……
more than＋句子(常含can/could)超出……的能力范围
More than one house was burnt down in the fire.
不止一所房子在火灾中烧毁。
Jason is more than a lecturer；he is a writer，too.
杰森不仅是个演讲家，还是个作家。
【教师备课资源】　
than短语集锦：
more...than...比……更……；与其说(后者)倒不如说(前者)
not more than...至多，不超过
no more than...不过，仅仅(＝only)
no more...than...和……一样不……(否定两者)
not more...than...(前者)不如(后者)……
less than...少于……
not less than...不少于，至少
no less than...有……之多，多达
no less...than...与……一样……(肯定两者)
rather than而不是
other than除了，不同于
完成句子
④他们非常乐意帮助你。
They are to help you.
⑤我难以描绘那个山村的美。
The beauty of the mountainous country is .
【答案】　④more than willing　⑤more than I can describe
9．Indeed，thank ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s to the good ideas of lots of people，like the cycling fans in the 1960s，many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years.(教材P36)实际上，多亏人们献计献策，就像20世纪60年代的自行车迷那样，世界各地的人们多年以来都在享受市中心没有汽车的环境。
(1)indeed adv.当然；确实
He is a great man indeed.他实在是一个伟人。
This is indeed an involved sentence.
这确实是个复杂的句子。
①indeed常用于加强“very＋adj. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )/adv.”的意义，即very＋adj./adv.＋indeed的结构中，没有very便不能用indeed。
②在简短的回答中，indeed常与助动词连用，用于强调同意。
They can run very fast indeed.
他们确实可以跑得非常快。
indeed/truly/really/actually
indeed 意为“确实；的确”，多用于承接前句，加强自己所说话的确定性，或肯定对方所说的话。
truly 意为“真实地；正确地”，强调事物“真的”性质。
really 意为“真正地”，多用于预料对方有不同意见时，表示所说的话不和真实相违背，有“确实如此”的意思。
actually 意为“实际上”，指不是想象或推测，而是与实际相符的事。
It is truly hot.今天真热。
Do you really want to go？你真要去吗？
用indeed，actually，really，truly的适当形式填空
①Our hearts were filled with thanks.
②I am not familiar with the local laws.
③ I have been taught history for five years.
④A friend in need is a friend .
【答案】　①truly　②really　③Actually　④indeed
(2)thanks to由于；多亏
It was thanks to your ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) timely help that we accomplished the task on time.
多亏你及时帮忙，我们才按时完成了任务。
Thanks to the bad weather，the match had been put off.由于天气不好，这场比赛被推迟了。
thanks to/because of
thanks to 只作状语，较正式，表示“多亏”时有感谢含义；但是，有时也含有贬义。
because of 较常用，作状语，有时作表语。
It was supposed to be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a surprise，but thanks to your big mouth she knows all about it now.本来打算来一次惊喜的，但是，就怪你多嘴，她现在什么都知道了。
They are here because of us.他们是因为我们来这里的。
用thanks to，because of的适当形式填空
⑤ his e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ffort，the activity is more successful than we expected.
⑥Sandy's very upset and it's all you.
【答案】　⑤Thanks to/Because of　⑥because of
10．consequence n．后果；结果
a past activity that h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as some consequences in the present(教材P37)过去的行为对现在造成后果
Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
许多人认为贫穷是人口过剩带来的直接后果。
as a consequence of＝in consequence of＝as a result of由于；因为……的缘故
as a consequence＝in consequence＝as a result结果；因此
consequently adv.结果；因此
answer for the consequences对后果负责
take/suffer/face/deal with the consequences
承担后果
As a/In conse ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )quence of your laziness and rudeness，I am forced to dismiss you.21世纪教育网版权所有
由于你的懒惰和粗野，我不得不辞退你。
The bank refused to help the company；consequently，it went bankrupt.
银行拒绝资助这家公司，因此该公司破产了。
【教师备课资源】　
①as a consequence(a不能省略)＝in consequence(in后不加冠词)。
②表示因果关系的一些常见的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )短语：as a result of由于；because of因为；due to由于，归因于；thanks to多亏了；owing to由于，因……缘故。
完成句子
①他听从了医生的建议。结果，他很快就好了。
He followed the doctor's advice. ，he got well soon.
②由于暴风雨，航班不得不延迟起飞。
The flight has to be put off taking off the storm.
【答案】　①In consequen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce/As a result/As a consequence　②in consequence of/as a consequence of/as a result of
11．work out锻炼身体，做运动；计算，算出；成功；制订出；总计；结果为(教材P37)
She worked out the problem with no difficulty.
她毫无困难地解决了这个问题。
The research centre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )worked out a new plan and decided to carry it out immediately.
研究中心拟订出一项新计划并决定立即实施。
work at从事；致力于，钻研
work for为……工作，为……做事
work off除去；解除
work on继续工作；影响；从事于
work over检查；研究
work with与……共事，与……合作
I have had to work for every single penny I earned.
我挣的每一便士都是辛苦工作得来的。
I spent some time in working over these books.
我花了一些时间去好好研究这些书籍。
用适当的介词或副词填空
①The other day，I saw my English teacher working
on the playground.
②She worked hard her French and passed the exam.
③By the time she finished cleaning，she had worked
her anger.
④What are you working at the moment
⑤Don't worry now；everything will work all right in the end.
【答案】　①out　②at　③off　④on　⑤out
12．argue v．争辩，争吵；说服
argue with someone(教材P37)同某人争辩
The lawyers argued the case for hours.
律师们对那个案件辩论了好几个小时。
argue about...争论……
argue for/against赞成/反对
argue with sb.about/over sth.因……而与某人争论
argue sb.into/out of＋n./doing说服某人做/不做
We argued her into joining us in the party.
我们说服她参加了宴会。
We argued with the waiter about the price of the meal.
我们跟服务员争执那顿饭的价钱。
argue/debate/quarrel
argue 指通过陈述自己的理由，提出论证，阐 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )明自己的观点和立场以说服别人。常见搭配argue about议论某事；argue over辩论某事；argue with与某人议论。
debate 指对立双方进行正式的或公开的辩论，争论着重双方“交锋或论战”，各自阐明自己的立场和观点，可接名词或“疑问词十不定式”结构。
quarrel 指尖锐的、气愤的言语交锋，意为“争吵；吵架”。
【教师备课资源】　
argument n．争论，辩论
get into an argument 吵了起来
have an argument争论，争吵
用argue，debate，quarrel的适当形式填空
①He them into continuing the experiment.
②They bitterly on this problem.
③Those children are always over little things.
【答案】　①argued　②debated　③quarrelling
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会现在完成进行时的用法。
①People have been ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years.
②Both locals and tourists have been using the white bikes.
③Many people a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )round the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years.
[自我总结]　以上三句时态结构一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )致，都是have/has＋been＋doing结构，这种时态结构被称作 时，表示动作从 发生一直持续到 ，可能仍会进行下去。
【答案】　现在完成进行；过去；现在
现在完成进行时
一、现在完成进行时的构成
　现在完成进行时由“have/has been＋动词的现在分词”构成，第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have。
二、现在完成进行时的肯定式、否定式、一般疑问式及其回答
列表如下：(以动词work为例)
肯定式 否定式
has been working.
have been working. hasn't been working.
haven't been working
一般疑问式及其回答
Hasbeen
working？
Havebeen w
orking？ Yes，has.
Yes，have. No，hasn't.
No，haven't.
三、现在完成进行时的用法
1．表示发生在过去一直持续到现在的动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍继续进行下去，动词常用延续性动词，并常带有表示动作起始时间的状语，如since last week，since 1992等或由since引导的时间状语从句；也可以带有表示时间段的状语，如for an hour，for a few days，these days等。【版权所有：21教育】
I have been writing the letter since then.
从那时起我一直在写这封信。
We have been studying for nearly 3 hours.
我们已经学了近3个小时了。
2．表示不久前刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。
Sorry! I'm late.Ho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w long have you been waiting for me？很抱歉！我来迟了。你等我多长时间了？
四、不能用现在完成进行时的情况
1．某些不能用于进行时的动词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，只能用现在完成时。如：see，hear，know，have，like，be等。
他已经感冒两个星期了。
(×)He has been having a cold for two weeks.
(√)He has had a cold for two weeks.
2．不具有延续意义的动词，如finish，come，go，marry等不能用于现在完成进行时。
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2013·福建高考)The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )girl has a great interest in sport and badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
A．took　　　　　　　　　B．is taking
C．takes D．has been taking
【解析】　句意：这个女孩对运动很感兴 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )趣，在过去的3年里一直一周两次去上羽毛球课。本题的关键信息是时间状语over the last three years，表示以现在为起点的过去的3年时间。“take”这个动作从过去到现在一直有规律地(一周两次)持续，并且有可能持续下去，符合现在完成进行时的特点，所以选D项。本题的干扰项是C项，做题时要注意抓住关键信息——时间状语。
【答案】　D
2．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )manager the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
A．has told B．is telling
C．has been telling D．will have told
【解析】　句意：经理从上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )午9点开始就一直在告诉工人们如何改善这个项目。本题的关键信息词是“since 9 a．m.”。since引导的时间状语多与完成时连用，而且此句强调从上午九点开始到现在，经理“一直”在说，符合现在完成进行时的语法规则。
【答案】　C
3．(2012·浙江高考)—Alvin，are you coming with us
—I'd love to，but something unexpected .
A．has come up B．was coming up
C．had come up D．would come up
【解析】　——阿尔文，你和 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我们一起来吗？——我很愿意去，不过发生了一些意外的事情。根据句意，此处是指因为发生了一些意外的事情，造成了“我”不能去，符合现在完成时“过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响”，故选A。B项表示(过去)即将来临；C项表示过去的过去；D项表示过去将来，均不符合语境。
【答案】　A
4．(2012·江西高考)—Look！Somebody the sofa.
—Well，it wasn't me.I didn't do it.
A．is cleaning B．was cleaning
C．has cleaned D．had cleaned
【解析】　句意：——看！有人把沙发打扫干净了。——噢，不是我，我没有打扫。本题强调对现在造成的影响或结果(打扫干净)，故用现在完成时。
【答案】　C
5．(2012·安徽高考)In ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )order to find the missing child，villagers all they can over the past five hours.
A．did B．do
C．had done D．have been doing
【解析】　句意：为了找到丢失的孩子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，在过去的5个小时里，村民们做了他们所能做的一切。over the past five hours通常与完成时连用，可排除A和B。再结合can为现在时，可知在过去到现在的这段时间里村民们一直在寻找，并有可能继续找下去，因此，符合现在完成进行时的使用条件。故选D。
【答案】　D
6．(2011·陕西高考)His f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )irst novel good reviews since it came out last month.
A．receives B．is receiving
C．will receive D．has received
【解析】　句意：他的第一本小说自从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上个月出版以来受到了良好的评价。根据since it came out last month可知本句应用现在完成时，故选择D项。
【答案】　D
7．(2011·北京高考)Tom ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in the library every night over the last three months.
A．works B．worked
C．has been working D．had been working
【解析】　句意：在过去的三个月里 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，汤姆一直每晚都在图书馆工作。根据时间状语over the last three months及语境可知用现在完成进行时，故选C项。
【答案】　C
8．Now that s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he is out of job，Lucy going back to school，but she hasn't decided yet.
A．had considered B．has been considering
C．considered D．is going to consider
【解析】　由hasn't decided ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) yet可知consider这个动作正在进行且还要继续下去，只有现在完成进行时和现在进行时可以表示这个意思。
【答案】　B
9．Since it was founded in Nov.1989，APEC
for about 24 years.
A．had developed B．has been developed
C．had been developed D．has been developing
【解析】　句意：自从1989年1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1月份创立以来，APEC(亚太经合组织)已经经历了约24年的发展历程。根据since引导的从句可知，应该用现在完成时，又根据常识可知APEC(亚太经合组织)未解散，将继续生存下去，故用现在完成进行时。
【答案】　D
10．Cathy is taki ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School，where she English for a year.
A．studies B．studied
C．is studying D．has been studying
【解析】　句意：凯西正在 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )阳光学校的课堂上记语法笔记，她在这里学英语已经一年了。表示动作或状态从过去开始一直持续到现在，且还在持续，故用现在完成进行时。
【答案】　D
Ⅱ.用所给动词的正确时态完成下列句子
1．You should go to bed.You (watch) TV for 5 hours.
2．I (write)letters since 6 o'clock.
3．I (look)for him everywhere.Where can he be
4．They (help) us since five o'clock this morning.
5．I ( work)in this school since I graduated from college.Now I am still working here.
6．You know，I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) (look)for a job for three months，and this is my first formal interview.
7．My sister (stay)in Beijing for three months last year.
8．The little boy is dirty all over because he
(play)in the mud all the morning.
9．He (read)in the library since it opened this morning.
10．Here he is！We (wait)anxiously for him since last night.
【答案】　1.have been ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )watching　2.have been writing　3.have been looking　4.have been helping　5.have been working　6.have been looking　7.stayed　8.has been playing/has played　9.has been reading　10.have been waiting
Period ⅢOn the Move & Clean Machines
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
1．熟记学案中所列出的词汇及用法。
2．通过学案中所给出的重点词汇和句式的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些词汇和句式，并能够运用这些句式造句。
3．通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识，能够熟练的掌握现在完成时和现在完成进行时的语法功能。
4. 听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。
●教学地位
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的语法内容及其 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )它们之间的区别让学生感觉区分度较小，易混易错的地方层出不穷。让学生正确理解和掌握语法知识是本课时学习的关键。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
Answer these questions to prepare yourself.
Use the key words below to help you.
Air hostess; bag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gage; boarding card; carriage; check－in; flight; gate; information desk; passenger; passport control ; platform; public transport; seat; ticket; ticket collector
1．There are many wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rds or phrases above about travel; can you choose some of them to tell us a story
2．Can you imagine or describe some problems about transport
Show some words to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )help students: accident; air pollution; bus service; carbon monoxide; car park ; crossroads highway; pedestrian area; speed limit; traffic jam; traffic lights; tunnel
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )检查学生对学案预习的情况。 导入新课。 让学生就“要点讲练”(见学案第62～65页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生讨论完成“语法精析 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )”部分(见学案第65～66页)并让各个讨论组发表各自见解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
　　　　　
老师对语法部分给以点拨，让学生掌握本单元 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语法知识。 让学生完成“当堂双基达标”(见学案第67页)。 师生共同讨论“当堂双基达标”，给出答案，并对难以理解的或有争议的地方给出详解。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
布置作业：让学生完成课本第80页第2题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )；第81页第1题；第82页2、3题；完成“课时作业”和预习Period Ⅳ(见学案第68～72页)。 让学生进行“自我评估”(见学案第67页)。
1．sensitive adj.敏感的；能理解的
Mary，the American a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mbassador is a sensitive woman who is very friendly and gets on well with people.(教材P38)玛丽，那位美国大使是一位非常善解人意的女士，她非常友好，与人相处融洽。
He's very sensitive about his weight.
他很忌讳别人说他胖。
It's made me muc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h more sensitive to the needs of the disabled.它使我更加明白残疾人的需要。
be sensitive about/to...对……敏感的
be sensitive of...意识到；认识到
It is sensitive of sb.to do sth.某人做某事是正确的
She is sensitive to what people think of her.
她很敏感人们对她是怎么想的。
sensitive/sensible
sensitive 涉及反应及洞察力，指“敏感的；神经过敏的；能理解的”。
sensible 指“可感觉到的；鉴别力强的；明智的，合情合理的。”
用sensitive，sensible填空
①The eyes of a cat are to light.
②There was a increase in temperature.
③I think that's a very idea.
【答案】　①sensitive　②sensible　③sensible
2．likely adj.可能的
“He's most likely still in bed，”thinks Mary.(教材P38)
“他很可能还在睡觉，”玛丽想。
John's likely to go to the beach tomorrow.
约翰明天可能去海滩。
sb./sth.be likely to do sth.某人/某物极有可能做某事
It is likely that...……是可能的
The weather i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s likely to be fine.＝It's likely that the weather will be fine.天气可能好转。
likely/possible/probable
likely 表面迹象看来有可能，常用于sb./sth.be likely to do sth.或it is likely that句型中。
possible 由于有适当的条件和方法，某事可能发生或做到，强调客观上有可能，但常含有实际希望很小的意思。
probable 语气比possible强，指有根据、合情理、值得相信的事物，有“大概，很可能”的意思。
十有八九的　　　十有五六七　　十有一二三可能性　　　　的可能性　　　　的可能性
【教师备课资源】　
likely adv.可能地
likelihood n．可能性
Not likely！(口)不可能！才不呢！(强调否认或拒绝)
【对接高考】
(2010·陕西高考)Studies show that people are more
to suffer from ba ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ck problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours.
A．likely　　　　　　 B．possible
C．probable D．sure
【解析】　所填词做表语，主语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是人，由more来修饰，意思是：更可能。其中四个选项中possible和probable也都“可能的”之意，但他们做表语时主语只能是物，sure在此处意思不恰当。
【答案】　A
用likely，possible，probable填空
①They are to become angry with him.
②I'll do everything to help you.
③It is to go to the moon now.
④I don't think the story is .
【答案】　①likely　②possible　③possible　④probable
3．“I'd better take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )more responsibility for my own life，”she thinks.“I rely on Hao Qi too much！”(教材P38)“我最好还是为我自己的生活多承担点责任，”她想，“我太依赖郝奇了！”
(1)responsibility n．负责；责任；职责
Both of us were fully aware of our responsibilities.
我们俩都对自己的职责有充分的认识。
take/have the responsibility for sth.对……负责
responsible adj.负责任的，对(某人)负责的
be responsible for对……负责
respond v．回答；反应；应答
response n．回答
He will have responsibility for sales.
他将负责销售。
Would someone take responsibility for bringing Paul home？有人负责带保罗回家吗？
用responsibility，responsible，response，respond填空
①The patient did not to treatment.
②His cool suggested that he didn't like the idea.
③Our teacher is a very person.
④They accepted for the accident.
【答案】　①respond　②response　③responsible　④responsibility
(2)rely on依赖；依靠
Nowadays we rely incr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )easingly on computers for help/to help us.如今，我们越来越依赖计算机协助工作。
rely on/upon sb./sth.依靠某人/某物
rely on/upon...for...依赖；依靠……
rely on/upon sb.to do sth.依靠/指望某人做某事
rely on/upon it＋that从句　相信……；指望……
reliable adj.可信赖的；可靠的
You can't rely on the weather.(＝it may well be bad)2-1-c-n-j-y
这天气可是靠不住。
They have to rely on the river for their water.
他们用水只好依靠这条河。
You may rely on it that I shall always help you.
你要相信我会一直帮助你的。
【提示】　rely on与depend on，see to等词后如需要用that从句作宾语时，必须用it作形式宾语。
rely on/depend on/trust
rely on 指认为某人或某物一定会达到所期望的目的所以信赖。
depend on 意味着对另一个人的帮助或支持有信心。
trust 常表示信心，但往往缺乏有说服力的证据。
用rely on，depend on，trust填空
⑤We must try to one another.Stay and cooperate.
⑥You are the only woman I can to be interested in her.
⑦It is fooli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sh to the Middle East countries for all the oil supplies.
【答案】　⑤trust　⑥rely on　⑦depend on
4．check in托运；办理手续，存取某物
I've already checked in my luggage.(教材P39)
我已经把行李托运了。
I want to check in these books.
我想托运这些书。
Where can I check in
我可以在哪儿办理登记手续？
check into登记住进……
check out办理旅馆付账或退房手续
check off核对
check on sb./sth.核实某人/某物
She has just checked into the hotel.
她刚刚在旅馆办好住宿登记。
完成句子
①这家旅馆要求客人在上午12点前结账后离开房间。
The hotel insists that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) guests of their rooms before 12 o'clock in the morning.
②让我们把将被邀请的人的名单核实一下。
Let's the names of the people to be invited.
【答案】　①check out　②check off
5．pull up(车辆)停止；训斥(某人)
She pulled up suddenly at the traffic lights.(教材P39)
她突然把车在交通灯前停下来。
All the cars an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d buses were pulled up，for there was a terrible accident on the road.所有的车辆都停下了，因为路上发生了一起严重的交通事故。
He was pulled up by the chairman.
他被主席训斥了一顿。
pull down拉下(遮帘、帘子等)；拆毁，拆掉(建筑物)
pull in (列车)到达，进站；(船、车)靠向一边，停靠
pull out驶离路边；驶出
pull through渡过难关，摆脱危难
Plans have been put ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )forward to pull down and rebuild the area.已提出计划，要把这个地区的房屋推掉重建。
The boat pull out into the middle of the river.
那只船划出到了河中央。
【教师备课资源】　
pull at拉扯
pull on/off穿戴/脱(袜子，手套等)
pull over车(船)驶向一边
pull together齐心协力
用适当的副词填空
①His injuries are severe but he's expected to pull
.
②He was about to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) pull to overtake(超车)the car in front of him.
③They'd pull the old buildings and then left an open place.
④The taxi pulled and the driver jumped out.
【答案】　①through　②out　③down　④up
6．so far迄今为止
I've designed five or six different cars so far.(教材P40)
迄今为止我已经设计了五六款不同的汽车。
So far no solid facts can support his theory.
迄今为止还没有可靠的事实可以支持他的理论。
We have learnt about 3,000 English words so far.
迄今为止我们已经学习了大约3 000个英语单词。
①同义短语：up till now；up to now；up to the present；until now。
②与far相关的短语和句型
so far as 只要
so/as far as I know 据我所知
as/so far as it goes就其本身而言；就目前的情况而论
I will help you as far as I can.
我将竭尽全力来帮助你。
So far as I know，they're coming by car.
据我所知，他们将坐汽车来。
so far/by far
so far 是副词词组，意为“到目前为止；迄今”，所在句子常用现在完成时。
by far 是介词词组，一般做表示程度的状语，常用来修饰比较级或最高级，是“非常……得多”的意思。
用so far，by far的适当形式填空
① it has been the tallest building in the city.
②The last of these reasons is the most important.
【答案】　①So far　②by far
7．take place发生
Where do these races take place？(教材P40)
这些(汽车)比赛是在哪儿举行的？
The Olympics take place every four years.
奥运会每四年举行一次。
I don't know exactly what took place in the classroom.
我不知道教室里到底发生了什么。
take one's place就坐，就位
take the place of＝take someone else's place代替
in place of sb./sth.代替……，顶替……
Take your places for the next dance.
各就各位，准备跳下一个舞。
Electric trai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ns have now taken the place of steam trains in China.在中国，电气化火车现在已经取代了蒸汽机车。
take place/happen/occur/break out
take place 作“发生”讲时较为正式，不带有偶然之意，多用来指事先安排的事情。
happen 常用来表示偶然、碰巧“发生”，而且多指整个情况，这时不能用另外两个词代替。
occur 多用来指具体事情的发生，虽也可指偶然性，但与happen相比程度较弱。
break out 多指战争、火灾等的爆发。
Traffic jams in the town happen everyday.
城里的交通天天堵塞。
Did it occur to you to close the window
你有没有想到关窗户？
用take place，happen，occur，break out的适当形式填空
①When will the basketball game ？
②She pressed the button but nothing .
③“Death about midnight.”the doctor says.
④They had escaped to America shortly before the war
in 1939.
【答案】　①take place　②happened　③occurred　④broke out
8．impression n．印象；感觉
I want people to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave a good impression of solar cars.(教材P40)我想让人们对太阳能汽车有个好印象。
What's your impression of him
你对他的印象如何？(他给你的印象怎样？)
I got the impression(that) they'd just had an argument.
我感到他们刚刚争论过。
①have/get a good/bad impression of sb./sth.
对某人/某物的印象好/不好
make an impression on sb.
对某人造成影响/留下印象
②impress vt.给……留下印象；使铭记
impress sb.with sth.给予某人深刻印象
impress sth.on/upon sb.使某人铭记某事物
be impressed with/by对……留下深刻印象
③impressive adj.给人印象深刻的
She impresses her teacher with her diligence.
她的勤奋给老师的印象很深。
The general is an impressive man.
那位将军是个令人肃然起敬的人物。
用适当的介词填空
①My life impression England was of a grey and rainy country.
②Though I atte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nded the school less than a year，a couple of teachers there made an impression me.
③His words was strongly impressed my memory.
④The girl impressed us her skillful hands.
【答案】　①of　②on　③on　④with
9．appreciate vt.欣赏，鉴赏；感激，感谢
She'll appreciate it.(教材P41)她会喜欢上它的。
You can't really appr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eciate foreign literature in translation.看翻译作品不能真正欣赏到外国文学原著的美妙之处。
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
你今天下午回电话我将非常感激。
appreciate＋
I would appreciate it if...如果……，我将不胜感激。
We greatly appreciate your timely help.
对于您的及时帮助我们十分感激。
I'd appreciate it if you'd wait here for my return.
如果你要在这儿等我回来，我会很感激的。
【提示】　①当appreciate表“感激”时，后面宾语一般是事情或it作形式宾语，如果表示“感激某人”则用thank sb.。
②it表示在条件、时间等的情况下所隐含的句子。这样用法的动词还有hate，love，like，dislike等。
appreciate/enjoy
appreciate 作“欣赏”讲时指对事物有深入的了解并能鉴赏。
enjoy 作“欣赏”讲时不像appreciate那样需要较高的修养，仅从中得到快乐。
用appreciate，enjoy的适当形式填空
①We ourselves outdoors this afternoon.
②It's very hard for the children to the poetry.
【答案】　①enjoyed　②appreciate
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会现在完成时和现在完成进行时的用法。
①People have been worried about pollution caused by fuels.
②You've been designing solar racing cars for a long time.
③I have been interested in cars since kindergarten.
④I have designed five or six different cars so far.
⑤I have been taking part in races for about four years.
⑥So far I've only written the first few chapters.
[自我总结]　以上六句话都表 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )示 开始的动作，延续到 的过程。其中①③④⑥句的结构为：have/has＋过去分词，是 ；②⑤句的结构为：have/has＋been＋现在分词，是 。
【答案】　过去；现在；现在完成时；现在完成进行时
现在完成时和现在完成进行时
一、现在完成时的构成
1．现在完成时由“has/have＋动词的过去分词”构成，第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have。
2．现在完成时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及其回答(以do为例)。
肯定式 否定式
has done...
have done... hasn't done...
haven't done...
一般疑问式及其回答
Hasdone
...？
Havedone
...？ Yes，has...
Yes，have
... No，hasn't
No，haven't
...
二、现在完成时的概念及其用法
1．某动作开始于过去，持续到现 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在(也许还将持续下去)表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：lately，recently，in the last/past few days/years(在过去的这几天/年里)，since then，up to now，so far(至今)等。　　21*cnjy*com
In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
He has been busy writing a book recently.
最近他一直在忙着写书。
2．过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )注意这时说话者说话的重心是过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有already，just(刚刚)，yet，never，before等。
I have already seen the film.(＝I know the film now.)
我已经看过这部电影。
3．This/That/It is the first/second/...time＋that从句that从句中谓语动词要用现在完成时。
This is the first time(that) I have come here.
这是我第一次来这里。
4．在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已经完成的动作。
I will not believ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我亲眼看到，我才会相信你的话。(强调“看完”)
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“干完”)
5．瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词，还叫终止性动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词。瞬间动词可以有现在完成时态，但不可以接一段时间，若要接一段时间，需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词在完成时态中的否定式可以接一段时间。
(×)He has come to Beijing since last year.
(√)He has lived in Beijing since last year.
(×)He has joined the army for 3 years.
(√)He has served in the army for 3 years.
(√)He joined the army 3 years ago.
(√)He has been a soldier for 3 years.
(√)It is 3 years since he joined the army.
(√)He has joined the army.
常见的瞬间动词和短语有：come， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )go，get to/reach/arrive at，leave，buy，sell，open，close，get up，join/take part in，begin/start，return/give，borrow/lend，become/turn，bring/take，die，finish/end，receive/hear from，marry，break，lose，jump等。
三、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
1．完成性
现在完成时的“已完成”用法强调动作的完成，现在完成进行时侧重于表示未完成。
I've dialled four t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )imes.I don't think anyone is in the office.我已经拨了四次电话了，我认为办公室里没人。
I've been dialling.I don't think anyone's in the office.
我一直在打电话，我认为办公室里没人。
2．动作的持久性
现在完成时表示动作过程的持续性，而现在完成进行时更强调动作延续时间的长久性。
I have stayed in Lisbon for six weeks.
我在里斯本待了六周。
I have been staying in Lisbon for six weeks.
我在里斯本待了六周了。
3．动作的频繁性
现在完成时同某些频度副词或数字连 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用时，表示反复的但可能有间断的动作，现在完成进行时可以表示断断续续地重复的动作，但不能同表示具体次数和具体数字的词并用。
I've posted a dozen postcards，but received none.
我已寄出一打贺卡了，可一张别人的也没收到。
I've been posting postcards since early December.
自十二月初开始，我一直都在忙着寄贺卡。
I've read this book Pride and Prejudice several times.(√)
I've been reading this book Pride and Prejudice several times.(×)
《傲慢与偏见》这本书我已经读过好几遍了。
4．感彩
现在完成时感彩不浓，而现在完成进行时带有较为强烈的感彩。
You have been disturbing me.
你一直在打断我的话。
Someone has been speaking ill of me.
有人在一直说我的坏话。
5．其他用法
(1)现代英语中，像lie，rest，wait，stay，sleep等谓语动词更倾向于用现在完成进行时。
The baby has been sleeping for about ten minutes.
这孩子已经睡了大约十分钟了。
(2)It is＋一段时间＋since＋从句时，从句一般用过去时。
(3)It/This is＋the first time＋从句，从句往往用现在完成时。
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2013·浙江高考)Durin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g the last three decades，the number of people participating in physical fitness programs
sharply.
A．was increasing　　　　 B．has increased
C．had increased D．will be increasing
【解析】　句意：在过去的三 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )十年里，参加健身计划的人数急剧增加。由时间状语during the last three decades可知，本句要用现在完成时态，所以正确答案为B项。注意对现在完成时态的时间状语in/during/over the last/past ten years，so far，since...等的积累。
【答案】　B
2．(2010·江苏高考)—Why，Jack，you look so tired!
—Well，I the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.
A．was painting B．will be painting
C．have painted D．have been painting
【解析】　句意：——怎么了，杰克，你看起来很 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )疲倦！——噢，我一直在粉刷房子，明天必须完工。由句意，可知paint这一动作一直延续到tomorrow，故用现在完成进行时。
【答案】　D
3．(2010·天津高考)We on this project for four hours.Let's have a rest.
A．are working B．have been working
C．worked D．had worked
【解析】　句意：我们一直工作了4个小时了。我们休息一会吧。根据语境判断该动作从过去发生并持续到现在，应该用现在完成进行时。
【答案】　B
4．(2013·山东高考)—Oh no！We're too late.The train .
—That's OK.We'll catch the next train to London.
A．was leaving B．had left
C．has left D．has been leaving
【解析】　句意：——噢，不！我们太晚了。火 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )车已经离开了。——没什么。我们将乘坐下一班去伦敦的火车。根据对话中的关键信息“我们太晚了”以及“我们将乘坐下一班火车”可知他们要乘坐的火车已经走了，故用现在完成时。选项A为过去进行时，选项B为过去完成时，选项D为现在完成进行时，均不符合题意。
【答案】　C
5．Thousands of Palesti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nian people their lives for the peace of their own country.
A．have been laying down B．have laid down
C．have been laid down D．were laying down
【解析】　句意：成千上万的巴勒斯坦人为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )了他们国家的和平而一直在献出生命。强调一直在做某事，动作的延续，故用完成进行时。完成进行时强调动作一直在延续，没有停止，而完成时强调动作到说明时刻不再进行。另外，短语lay down one's life是“献出生命”的意思。
【答案】　A
6．—Hi！We have not seen each other for almost two years.
—I in a company as a secretary.
A．had worked B．have work
C．worked D．have been working
【解析】　由时间状语for almost two years可知应该是现在完成时，若强调动作的持续可用现在完成进行时。
【答案】　D
7．This is th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e first time we a film in the cinema together as a family.
A．see B．had seen
C．saw D．have seen
【解析】　句意：这是我们全家第一次在电 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )影院看电影。the＋序数词＋time＋(that)引导的定语从句，从句中动词时态用完成时；参照is可知此处应该用现在完成时。
【答案】　D
8．—Hi，Tracy，you look tired.
—I am tired.I the living room all day.
A．painted B．had painted
C．have been painting D．have painted
【解析】　由all day可知，从早上开始一直在粉刷墙并可能继续刷下去。
【答案】　C
9．My friend，wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o on the International Olympic Committee all his life，is retiring next month.
A．served B．is serving
C．had served D．has served
【解析】　根据时间状语all his life判断此处应用完成时态，再结合主句的谓语动词is retiring可知应用现在完成时。
【答案】　D
10．Ever since his childhood，he of being a policeman.
A．has dreamed B．was dreaming
C．dreamed D．dreams
【解析】　句意：从小时候起他就梦想当一名警察。ever since...从……(时间)起，用于完成时中。
【答案】　A
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．What are you doing all the day
2．It's a good job.Have you done it all by yourself
3．It's a long time since you come to see me.
4．Alice didn't see much of Henry lately.
5．I'm glad to tell you that you passed the exam.
6．Sorry！I'm late.How long had you been waiting for me
7．They have been knowing each other for about twenty years.
8．It began to rain fou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r days ago.It rains for four days and hasn't stopped.
9．I wondered if you are busy this weekend.
10．Look！You are all wet.Are you cycling in the rain
【答案】　1.are doing→h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave you been doing　2.Have you done→Did you do　3.come→came　4.didn't see→hasn't seen　5.passed→have passed　6.had→have　7.have been knowing→have known　8.rains→has been raining　9.wondered→wonder/am wondering　10.Are...cycling→Have...been cycling
Period ⅣCar Culture & Communication Workshop
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
1．通过学案中所给出的重点词汇的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些词汇。
2．通过对这些知识点的理解能够更深层次地理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练地运用这些词汇。
3．借助本学案写作提升的讲解，培养学生用英语写图标类调查报告的能力，逐步培养学生用英语书写应用文体的习惯。
●教学地位
本单课时讲解的知识点是以教材重点词汇 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和句式出现的先后顺序依次呈现的。通过一篇相关话题的写作训练，思路点拨→词汇热身→句式温习→连句成篇。一步一步教会学生如何写出一篇调查报告。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
在科技发达的今天，每一位同 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学都有多样性的出行交通选择，结合本课时即将阐述的汽车文化，让同学们各自表达自己的日常出行方式，探讨什么样的方式最绿色环保。
●教学流程设计
检查上堂课所布置作业。 导入新课。 学生快速阅读课文(见课本第42～43页)并根据学案所设置的“语篇理解”问题做出选择。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
学生共同讨论，师生统一答案。 让学生再 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )次仔细阅读课文，并完成学案中“经典句子”和部分(见学案第68页)。 学生就学案中的问题相互交换意见，老师指导学生统一答案。
　　　　　
学生完成“要点讲练”部分(见学案第68～7 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1页)。 学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。 学生完成“写作提升”部分(见学案第71～72页)。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
老师布置作业：让学生完成课本第84页第4题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，第85页阅读理解。让学生自学学案Ⅴ的内容，然后做“单元归纳提升”部分(见学案第75～76页)。 让学生做“课时作业”。 让学生进行“自我评估”(见学案第72页)。
Ⅰ.语篇理解
1．What are the A10，the M11 and the M25
A．Cars.　　　　B．Roads.　　　　C．Stations.
2．What's the main idea of the passage
A．Advice about how to give up using cars.
B．Introduction of the traffic in Britain and the ways to deal with.
C．Six easy ways to improve the environment.
3．What produces mos ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t of the carbon monoxide in the atmosphere in London
A．Factories. B．People. C．Car engines.
【答案】　1.B　2.B　3.C
Ⅱ.经典句子
1． ，what kind of car is it
如果有车的话，那是什么车呢？
2．This morning took me forty minutes to work.
今天早上我开车上班用了四十分钟。
3．How often do we arrive at work or school ？
有多少次我们极度焦虑、疲惫、恼怒地到达学校或办公室？
4．Sometimes it can take longer，but ？
有时候乘公共交通工具可能会多花一点儿时间，但是这又有什么关系呢？
5．Do of these things that suit you.
做任何适合你做的事。
【答案】　1.If so　2.it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )；to get　3.stressed out，tired and angry　4.a little bit；so what　5.whichever
1．amount n．数量 vt.& vi.合计；总计
Amount of TV advertising(教材P42)电视广告的数量
He owed me ￡ 50，but could only pay half that amount.
他欠我五十英镑，但只能还总数的一半。
English learning inv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )olves a large amount of memory work.学习英语需要大量的记忆工作。
a certain/fair amount of相当多的
in large/small amount大量地/少量地
A large amount of money was spent on the bridge.
＝Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
这座桥花了很多钱。
【提示】　①a large ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) amount of＋不可数名词＋谓语动词单数形式。②large amounts of＋不可数名词＋谓语动词复数形式。
完成句子
①他的债务共达五千镑。
His debts 5,000 pounds.
②她花了大笔的钱买那件衣服。
She spent money on that coat.
③我们的钱数额有限。
we have is limited.
【答案】　①amount to　②a huge amount of　③The amount of money
2．How often do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we arrive at work or school stressed out，tired and angry？(教材P42)有多少次我们极度焦虑、疲惫、恼怒地到达学校或办公室？
句中stressed o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ut，tired and angry作状语，用来说明主语we的状态。tired为过去分词形式的形容词。形容词在句中作状语，其功能在于说明主语的特征或状态。可以作伴随、原因、让步状语。
Afraid of being caught ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，the thief hid himself in the corner.由于害怕被抓住，这个小偷藏在角落里。(表原因)
Ripe，these apples are very sweet.
熟了时，这些苹果是很甜的。(表时间)
The rabbit turned over，dead.
这只兔子翻了个身，死了。(表结果)
Helpless，we watc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hed half a year's food destroyed before us.我们毫无办法，眼睁睁地看着半年的粮食在我们面前给毁掉了。(表伴随)
完成句子
①他又饿又累地回到家里。
He arrived home， .
②他失望地走开了。
He turned away， .
③尽管天气很糟糕，他还是使所有乘客都安全着陆了。
In spite of the ter ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rible weather，he landed all the passengers .
【答案】　①hungry and tired　②disappointed　③safe
3．compared to/with...与……相比
But anger and st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ress are nothing compared to the real costs of the motor car.(教材P42)但是比起汽车的实际代价，紧张和恼怒还是微不足道的。
Compared to ours，their house is a palace.
他们的房子和我们的相比简直太豪华了．
My handwriting is good，but it is poor compared to my father's.
我的书法很好，但与我父亲的相比，我的就很差了。
【提示】　compared to和compared with以被动的形式出现，作状语时，意思没有区别，可以通用，意思为“与……相比”。
compare...with/to...把……和……比较
compare...to...把……比作……
compare with...与……匹敌(通常用在否定句中)
in comparison with...与……相比
comparative adj.比较的；相当的
We can compare the conditions with theirs.
我们可以把我们的条件与他们的相比较。
Man's life is often compared to a candle.
人生常被喻为蜡烛。
完成句子
①我急切地把我的想象同现实作一番比较。
I am anxious to my fancy reality.
②他在诗中把那姑娘比作月亮。
He the girl the moon in the poem.
③和别人比较起来，他相当迟钝。
He is rather dull others.
【答案】　①compare；with　②compared；to　③in comparison with
4．figure n．数字；数目 v．计算；想；估计
Here are some figures.(教材P42)这里有一些数据。
I've never had a good head for figures.
我对数字一点概念都没有。
My uncle has an income of seven figures a year.
我叔叔一年的收入有七位数。
figure out弄明白；计算出
figure on计划；指望
I figured(that) you'd want to see me about it.
我想你会为这件事来找我的。
We still haven't figured out how to do it.
我们仍然想不出怎么去做这件事。
完成句子
①我计划一月份在纽约。
I being in New York in January.
②我琢磨不透他为什么要辞掉工作。
I can't why he quit his job.
【答案】　①figure on　②figure out
5．I admit：I'm addicted to my car.(教材P43)我承认：我沉溺于我的汽车无法自拔。
(1)admit vt.承认，供认；准许进入
I admit my mistake.＝I admit that I was wrong.
我承认是我的错/我错了。
He is unwilling to admit being jealous of his brother.
他不情愿承认他妒忌他的兄弟。
admit
admit sb./sth.into/to 允许某人/某物进入……
sb.be admitted to school 某人被某学校录取
admission n．准入
She admitted that she had stolen the bicycle.
她承认偷了自行车。
He was admitted to hospital suffering from burns.
他由于烧伤，被送入医院治疗。
完成句子
①我儿子已经被北京大学录取了，这使我很自豪。
My son has been ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Beijing University，which makes me proud.
②我承认我对(玩)网络游戏上瘾。
I