【课堂新坐标，同步备课参考】2013-2014学年高中英语北师大版选修七教师用书Unit 21　Human Biology

Unit 21　Human Biology
【美文阅读】　
Nearly third of children globally are couch potatoes
American children aren't the only couch potatoes with nearly one third of children globally spending three hours a day or more watching TV or on computers，according to a study of over 70,000 teens in 34 nations.
From Argentina to Zambia，Regina Guthold of the World Health Organization in Geneva and her colleagues found most children aren't getting enough exercise and it made no difference if they lived in a rich or a poor country.
“With regards to physical activity levels，we did not find much of a difference between poor and rich countries，”Guthold said.
“Growing up in a poor country does not necessarily mean that kids get more physical activity.”
They study looked at 72,845 schoolchildren aged 13 to 15 from North and South America，Asia，Europe，and the Middle East.The children were surveyed between 2003 and 2007.
The researchers defined adequate physical activity as at least an hour of exercise outside of gym class at least five days a week.Children who spent three or more hours a day watching TV，playing computer games，or chatting with friends－aside from time in school or time spent doing homework－were classified as sedentary(惯于久坐)．
The researchers found only one quarter of the boys and 15 percent of the girls were getting enough exercise by these definitions.
A quarter of boys and nearly 30 percent of girls were sedentary and didn't get enough exercise with girls less active than boys in every country aside from Zambia.
Uruguay had the highest percentage of active boys，at 42 percent，while Zambia had the lowest，at 8 percent.Girls from India were the most active，with 37 percent meeting exercise recommendations，while girls from Egypt were the least active，with just 4 percent getting adequate exercise.
Children in Myanmar(缅甸)were the least sedentary，with 13 percent of boys and 8 percent of girls classified as sedentary.The most sedentary nations were the Cayman Islands(开曼群岛)，with 58 percent of boys and 64 percent of girls spending at least three hours a day in sedentary activities.
While the study didn't look at the reasons behind the lack of physical activity in various nations，Guthold speculated(推测)that urbanization could be a factor as well as access to cars and TVs.
【诱思导学】　
1．What is the meaning of couch potatoes?



2．What leads to the children's lack of physical activity?


【答案】　1.Couch potatoes mean some people who spend most of his or her free time sitting or lying on a couch，watching TV，and it means that they are lazy.
2．Urbanization could be a factor as well as access to cars and TVs.
Period ⅠPreviewing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，对下一堂课就课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。
●教学地位
本单元是让学生了解我们的身体并更多了解如何充分利用我们身体的潜力。另外，它还介绍了瘟疫在历史上的流行、发展和是否应该用生命维持器维持昏迷者的生命。通过本节的学习，使学生对人类生物学这一话题产生浓厚的兴趣和强烈的求知欲，从而带着好奇心去了解、探究。此外，上好本堂课会增进学生了解文中一些科普知识并掌握阅读科普文章的一些方法。
(教师用书独具)
●教学流程设计
导入新课。?学生阅读“美文阅读”与“诱思导学”(见学案第55页)。?学生就“美文阅读”进行讨论，统一答案。?让学生快速阅读课文(见课本第34页)并完成“篇章结构”(见学案第56页)。?师生共同讨论并统一答案。?学生再次阅读课文(课本第34页)并完成“语篇理解”(见学案第56页)。?学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。?学生再次仔细阅读课文(课本第34页)进行深度理解，并完成“课文缩写”(见学案第56页)。?老师指导学生讨论，共同找出答案。?让学生完成“知识初探”部分(见学案第56页)。?学生讨论，并让学生代表发表他们讨论得出的答案。老师予以更正。?让学生根据所给出的表格进行自我评估。(见学案第57页)。?老师布置作业，让学生看课本第34页课文并完成课本第34页2、3题，预习学案Period Ⅱ(见学案第57页)。让学生课下写一篇有关未来人类生物学猜想的短文。

Ⅰ.篇章结构
Super Athletes
The usual way to improve athletic performance
Better equipment，1. and diet
The reason for using doping
The drugs are 2. developed to help people with 3. .But in the wrong hands，doping is a form of 4. to enhance performance.
Fields which doping is used in
It's not only a problem in 5. ，but it is part of every sport.
How to catch athletes using illegal drugs
We can use 6. .It's compulsory for winners to be tested while other participants are only tested 7. .
A new way to improve performance
8. will be the next big threat.This way can build 9. and increase strength by changing people's 10. .
【答案】　1.training　2.originally　3.illness　4.cheating 5．athletics　6.drug tests　7.at random　8.Gene－therapy 9．muscle　10.genes
Ⅱ.语篇理解
1．Which of the following is NOT the reason for improving performance?
A．Better equipment.
B．Training.
C．Better coaches.
2．Why is doping illegal?
A．Because doping is not good enough.
B．Because doping can cause diseases.
C．Because only small number of athletes can use it.
3．What can we know about the world records in the 1980s?
A．Although Ben Johnson broke the 100 meters world record，he was caught taking drugs in the 1988 Olympics.
B．Although Ben Johnson took drugs in the 1988 Olympics，he didn't break the world record.
C．Marion Jones was not caught taking drugs in the 1988 Olympics.
4．What would the effect of gene－therapy be on sport?
A．It's a good way to improve the athletic performance.
B．If gene－therapy were used now，it would be easy to find out.
C．The gene－therapy would contradict the whole spirit of sport.
5．What is the Olympic spirit?
A．To try one's best to get the gold medal.
B．To compete and succeed.
C．To emphasize taking part rather than winning.
【答案】　1.C　2.B　3.C　4.C　5.C
Ⅲ.课文缩写
seek；violate；unfortunately；be known as；come across；annual；tolerate；abuse；compulsory；supreme
Years ago when we talked about “cheating”，an exam would occur to our mind.However，cheating is now used not only in exams but also in sports or games.When referring to “cheating” in the games，we 1. the issue of performance－enhancing drugs.The drugs are originally developed to help people with illnesses，but now they also create 2. athletes making them faster and stron－ger than is normal for human beings.Taking these drugs 3. “doping”，which can cause serious health problems in later life for those who 4. them，but some athletes 5. to achieve beyond their natural limits and are prepared to cheat to do so.The sports world doesn't 6. doping as it is a fundamental form of cheating.To our surprise，some athletes，including some world－record keepers or breakers 7. the rule，such as Ben Johnson in 100 metres in the 1988 Olympics.Floyd Landis in the8. cycling race in 2006 and American athlete Marion Jones in the Olympics.
9． ，it is not easy to catch athlete using illegal drugs because it is 10. for winners to be tested，but others only at random.However，doping is not the only thing we need to worry about.“gene－therapy”will be the next big threat.If gene－therapy were used now，it would be almost impossible to find out.
【答案】　1.come across　2.supreme　3.is known as
4．abuse　5.seek　6.tolerate　7.violated　8.annual
9．Unfortunately　10.compulsory
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．swap　　　　A．to move in or flow through a
circle continuously
2．digest B．to convert food into
absorbable substances
3．circulate C．to give sth.to sb.and receive sth.in
exchange
4．supreme D．to look for
5．tolerate E．to be against or express strong
disapproval
6．doubtful F．feeling doubt；unsure
7．seek G．to endure or bear
8．oppose H．most important；greatest
　【答案】　1.C　2.B　3.A　4.H　5.G　6.F　7.D　8.E
Ⅱ.短语填空
come across；catch sb.doing；in vain；at random；at all costs；make it；be known as；find out
1．We must avoid war .
2．Don't throw waste paper or it will make the classroom dirty.
3．After hard work of many years，he finally .
4．I a picture of you when I was going through my stuff.
5．Kunming “the Spring City”for its pleasant climate.
6．He tried to open the door.
【答案】　1.at all costs　2.at random　3.made it　4.came across　5.is known as　6.in vain
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．These drugs are originally developed to help people with illnesses，but in the wrong hands，they create supreme athletes making them faster and stronger than is normal for human beings.
这些药物被开发原本是用来帮助有疾病的人们，但一旦用于歧途，它们会创造出比常人更快更强的超级运动员。
2．Taking these drugs is known as“doping” and although they enhance performance...
服用这些药物被公认为“使用兴奋剂”，虽然能提高成绩……
3．If American athlete Marion Jones hadn't taken drugs，would she have made it to the Olympics at all?
如果美国运动员马里昂·琼斯没有服用药物的话，她会取得奥运会上的那些成绩吗？
4．It is compulsory for winners to be tested but other participants are only tested at random.
获胜者要强制性地接受药检，但其他参加者都只是随机地检查。
5．In the future，athletes who have their genes changed might be able to do the 100 metres dash in just 8 seconds or the marathon in less than two hours.
在将来，那些经过基因改变的运动员在8秒内跑完100米或在不到两小时内跑完马拉松。

Period Ⅱ Warm－up & Super Athletes
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些单词和短语造句。
(3)通过对这些词汇的学习能够更深层次的理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练的运用这些词汇。
(4)通过对本课文的学习，让学生学会用英语写议论文，以提高学生的书面表达能力。
(5)通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识，熟练掌握混合虚拟语气的用法。
●教学地位
单词和短语是构成句子的最小单位，在语言学习中起至关重要的作用，所以理解和正确使用英语单词和短语是英语学习的重点所在。另外，掌握语法知识是学生学好英语的关键，所以应给学生创设一个语境，让学生理解该语法的应用，而不要让学生死记硬背语法条文，应从理解的基础上去运用这些语法。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
用多媒体向学生展示一段2012年第30届伦敦奥运会上男子100米飞人大战，博尔特以9秒63破奥运纪录卫冕的视频，从而引出本课时话题。(老师让xxx同学读一读他/她写的短文)。
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业，检查学生对学案预习的情况。?导入新课。?让学生就“课堂互动探究”(见学案第57页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。?让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。?老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。?让学生再次阅读课文，(课本第34页)以加深对所学单词与短语的理解。?让学生讨论完成“语法精析”(见学案第61页)并让各个讨论组发表各自见解。?老师对语法部分给以点拨。让学生掌握本单元语法知识。?让学生完成“当堂双基达标”。(见学案第62页)?师生共同讨论“当堂双基达标”并给出答案，并对难以理解的或有争议的地方给出详解。?自我评估。(见学案第62页) ?布置作业。让学生完成课本35页4、5、6、7题，预习学案Period Ⅲ(见学案第63页)
1．digest vt.&vi.(P33)消化；吸收；领悟
You should allow a little time after a meal for the food to digest.饭后你应该留点时间让食物消化。
He paused，waiting for her to digest the information.
他停了下来，等她慢慢领会这一信息。
digest n．摘要；概要；文摘；汇编
digestion n．[U]消化　[C]消化能力
digestible adj.易消化的；口感好的；易理解的；可领会的
digestive adj.消化的；和消化有关的
Some of his translations were published in English Digest.他有几篇译作发表在《英语文摘》上。
I did a little exercise to help my digestion.
我做了一点运动来帮助消化。
完成句子
①我领悟了书中大部分要点。
I have in the book.
②这位老人一直读每月新闻摘要。
The old man has been reading .
【答案】　①digested most of the important points
②monthly news digest
2．swap v．交换；交流
Write down five telephone numbers and swap with your partner.(P33)
写下五个电话号码并且与你的搭档交换。
People can swap their rice for wheat in the South.
在南方，人们可以拿大米换小麦。
I usually swap views with my friends online.
我通常和我的朋友在网上交流意见。
swap sth. with sb.与某人交换某物
swap sth. for sth.拿某物与某物交换
Your book looks more interesting than mine.Do you want to swap it with me?
你的书好像比我的有意思，你愿意和我交换吗？
Nor can aircraft fuel be swapped for a green alternative.
飞机燃料也无法被替换为其他绿色环保的替代品。
完成句子
①我说什么也不愿意处于他的地位。
I wouldn't him for anything.
②把这件衬衣换成大一点的。
a bigger one.
【答案】　①swap places with　②Swap the shirt for
3．abuse vt.滥用；虐待；辱骂n.谩骂；虐待
Taking these drugs is known as“doping” and although they enhance performance，they also cause serious health problems in later life for those who abuse them.(P34)服用这些药物的行为即是所谓的“服用兴奋剂”。对滥用兴奋剂的人来说，兴奋剂虽然能提高他们的运动成绩，但同时也会给他们以后的生活带来严重的健康问题。
Some officials were punished by law because they
abused their power.
有些官员受到法律惩罚，因为他们滥用职权。
I don't see why I should put up with this kind of abuse from anyone.
我不明白我为什么要忍受有人这样辱骂我。
abuse one's power滥用职权
abuse animals虐待动物
drug abuse嗜用毒品上瘾
be open to abuse易被滥用
abuse one's trust/confidence背信弃义
　Some government leaders abused their power to get illegal profits for themselves.
一些政府官员滥用权力为他们自己谋取非法利益。
I'm afraid the position is open to abuse.
恐怕这个职位容易使人滥用职权。
完成句子
①不要滥用你的职权。按照告诉你的去行事。
Don't .Take it as you are told to.
②政府已成立工作组以调查毒品滥用问题。
The government has set up a working group to look into .
【答案】　①abuse your power　②the problem of drug abuse
4．tolerate vt.容忍；忍耐；容许
The sports world does not tolerate doping as it is a fundamental form of cheating.(P34)由于它从根本上讲是一种欺骗形式，体育界是不会容忍运动员服用兴奋剂的。
I can't tolerate your rude manners.
我真受不了你粗鲁的举止。
The school cannot tolerate cheating on exams.
学校无法容忍考试作弊现象。
tolerate (doing) sth.容忍(做)某事
tolerance n．容忍；宽容
have no tolerance of/for sth.不能容忍某事物
tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的
be tolerant of/towards sb./sth.忍受；宽容
She refused to tolerate being called a liar.
她拒不接受被称为撒谎者。
You should be more tolerant of/towards other people's weaknesses.你对他人的缺点该宽容些。
用所给单词的适当形式填空
①I can't tolerate my son (talk) at table.
②Perhaps you need to be more (tolerate) of your neighbours.
【答案】　①talking　②tolerant
5．If American athlete Marion Jones hadn't taken drugs，would she have made it to the Olympics at all？(P34)如果美国运动员玛里昂·琼斯没有服用兴奋剂的话，她真能参加奥运会吗？
本句为虚拟条件句，且表示与过去事实相反的假设。不同虚拟条件下，虚拟条件句中主句和从句谓语的不同形式：
时间
从句
主句
现在
did(be→were)
would/should/could/might do
过去
had done
would/should/could/might have done
将来
①did(be→were)②were to do③should do
would/should/could/might do
If I had enough money (now)，I would buy a car.
(现在)如果有足够得钱，我就买辆汽车。
If it were to rain/should rain/rained，the crops would be saved.要是下雨的话，庄稼就能得救了。
If we hadn't made adequate preparations，the conference wouldn't have been so successful.
如果没做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。
【提示】　虚拟条件从句中若含有were，had或should，可以把if省略，把were，had或should放到句首构成部分倒装。
【对接高考】
(2012·陕西高考)If my car more reliable，I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.
A．was　　　　　　 B．had been
C．should be D．would be
【解析】　考查虚拟条件句。句意：假如我的车更可靠的话，我去年夏天会开车去拉萨而不是坐飞机去。此处是对过去事情的假设，故条件从句用过去完成时，主句用would/could/might/should have done。
【答案】　B
完成句子
①要是我知道她的电话号码的话，我就给她打电话了。
，I would/should/could/might ring her up.
②要是我早点动身的话，我就准时到了。
，I would/should/could/might have been here on time.
【答案】　①If I knew her number　②If I'd left sooner
6．seek(sought，sought)vt.寻找；探求；追求；征求；试图vi.寻找；探求；追求
Doping is not only a problem in athletics，it is part of every sport where athletes seek to achieve beyond their natural limits and are prepared to cheat to do so.(P34)
服用兴奋剂不仅仅是田径运动的问题，也是有运动员想寻求取得超常体育成绩而准备欺骗的任何一项体育项目的问题。
Nothing seek，nothing find.
无所求则无所获。
If you want to seek success，you must work hard.
如果你想追求成功，就必须努力工作。
seek for/after找寻；寻求
seek to do sth.试图做某事
seek out找到；寻出
seek into仔细检查
seek one's fortune外出寻找发财机会；外出闯荡
seek sth.from sb.向某人请求某事
He sought to speak to her.
他寻找机会与她说话。
All men have the right to seek after happiness.
所有人都有追求幸福的权利。
Many farmers went to towns to seek their fortune.
许多农民到城里寻找发财机会。
【对接高考】
(2011·安徽高考)Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek food safety problems.
A．in　　　　　　　　 B．to
C．on D．after
【解析】　proper answers是seek逻辑上的宾语，food safety problems是proper answers的定语，answer常与介词to搭配，故本题选B。
【答案】　B
完成句子
①我们不应该贪图安逸，追名逐利。
We comfort，personal fame，or gain.
②我试图改变她的心意。
I change her mind.
【答案】　①shouldn't seek after/for　②sought to
7．in vain徒然；白费力气
Floyd Landis made several lame excuses blaming medicine he had been taking for an injury but these were all in vain.(P34)弗洛伊德·兰蒂斯作了几次站不住脚的辩解，责怪他因伤服用的药物，但是这些都是徒劳的。
Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
花在脑子上的钱没有冤枉钱。
We tried in vain to make him change his mind.
我们试图使他改变主意，结果是白费工夫。
vain adj.除了“徒劳；白费力气”外，还有“空虚的；无益的；自负的；虚荣心强的”意思。
be vain about/of对……虚荣的/自负的/自以为了不起的
vainly adv.＝(in vain)徒劳地；不成功地；白费力地
　He made a lot of vain promises but never carried them out.他作出了很多虚假的承诺，但从未兑现过。
She was vain of/about her good looks.
她对她的美貌很自负。
【教师备课资源】　
in general大体上　　 in place在适当的位置
in secret秘密地 in public公开地
in surprise惊奇地 in person亲自
in particular特别地 in sight在视线之内
in return作为回报 in time及时
in turn反过来 in advance提前
in effect实际上 in reality实际上
　
完成句子
①警察没有找到失踪的罪犯。
Police searched for the missing criminal.
②他试过了，但是无效。
He tried，but .
【答案】　①in vain　②in vain/vainly
8．oppose vt.反对
Gene－therapy is very controversial and many people oppose further research into it.(P34)
基因治疗是很有争议的，许多人反对对其进一步研究。
Many residents opposed the plan of cutting the trees to build the motorway.
许多居民反对砍掉树木来修建公路的计划。
I oppose your going there alone.
我反对你单独去那里。
oppose doing sth.反对做某事
be opposed to doing sth.反对……；不符合
oppose oneself to反对
oppose A against/to B把A与B相对照或相比
I am opposed to going shopping on Sundays for it is too crowded.我反对星期天逛街，因为太拥挤了。
He considered the matter，opposing its merits against/to its demerits.
他考虑了那件事，将其优点和缺点加以比较。
【教师备课资源】　
opposition n．反对；对立；敌对
opposite adj.对面的；相反的
be opposite to在……对面；和……相反
opposited adj.反对的，截然不同的
　
完成句子
①他强烈反对在河上建一座新桥的想法。
He strongly of building a new bridge over the river.
②你反对我参加这个会吗？
Do you oppose the meeting?
【答案】　①opposed the idea　②my taking part in
9．In the future，athletes who have their genes changed might be able to do the 100 metres dash in just 8 seconds or the marathon in less than two hours.(P34)将来，基因发生改变的运动员可能在8秒内跑完100米，或在不到两个小时的时间里跑完马拉松。
本句使用了“have sth.done”句式，表示“使某事被做，请/让/叫别人做某事”。其中过去分词done在句中作宾语补足语，表示被动意义。
I'm disappointed to see the machine I had repaired yesterday go wrong again.
看到昨天找人修理的机器又坏了，我很失望。
Tom had his leg broken while playing football yesterday.昨天汤姆踢球时摔断腿了。
结构
含义
宾语与宾
补的关系
have sth. done
使/让别人做某事；使遭受
动宾
have sb./sth.
doing
使/让某人(物)持续地做某事，该结构用于否定句时，have意为“容忍”
主动
have sb.
/sth. do
使/让某人(物)去做某事
主动
I had my bike repaired yesterday.
我昨天让人修了自行车。
My teacher had me write a short passage.
老师让我写了一篇短文。
They don't have women working in this department.
他们不允许妇女在这个部门工作。
【对接高考】
(2011·陕西高考)Claire had her luggage an hour before her plane left.
A．check　　　　　　 B．checking
C．to check D．checked
【解析】　考查have sth.done结构。句意：距飞机起飞还有一个小时的时候，克莱尔把行李进行了安检。check与her luggage之间是动宾关系，所以应用过去分词作宾补。have sth.done表示“使……被……”。
【答案】　D
用动词的适当形式填空
①She had her son (stand) in the sun.
②Jerry had Laura (send) the letter.
③Mr·Smith had his wallet (steal) on a bus.
【答案】　①standing　②send　③stolen
10．contradict vt.与(其他事物)相矛盾
However，if a generation of sports stars with enhanced genes were created，it would contradict the whole spirit
of sport.(P34)然而，如果造出一代有强化基因的运动明星，这将有悖于整个运动精神。
What you did contradicted what you said.
你的行为与你的言语相矛盾。
The speaker had got confused and started contradicting himself/herself.
演讲者变糊涂了，说话开始自相矛盾。
contradict oneself自相矛盾
contradictory adj.矛盾的；完全相反的
be contradictory to sth.与……相矛盾
contradiction n．反驳；矛盾
in contradiction to/with与……相矛盾；与……相违背
His private actions are in direct contradiction to/with his publicly expressed opinions.
他私下的行为跟公开的言论完全是两码事。
完成句子
①他的叙述与事实相矛盾。
His remark was the truth.
②整个晚上她说什么她丈夫都和她拌嘴。
All evening her husband she said.
【答案】　①contradictory to　②contradicted everything
11．at all costs(＝at any cost)不管多大代价；无论如何
The Olympic spirit－the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather than winning－has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.
人们不惜任何代价来获胜的愿望违背了重在参与而不是获胜的奥林匹克精神。
We should promote the project at all costs.
我们无论如何都要推动这计划。
The doctors will save his life at all costs though he is badly ill.尽管他病得很厉害，但医生们将不惜任何代价挽救他的生命。
At all costs，we must complete the task on time.
无论如何，我们要准时完成任务。
cost可用作名词，意为“费用，代价”，常用词组：
at any cost不惜一切代价，无论如何
at the cost of以……为代价
She saved him from the fire but at the cost of her own life.她从火中救了他，却付出了生命的代价。
She would like to finish her project at any cost.
她愿意不惜任何代价来完成自己的计划。
【教师备课资源】　
at cost按成本价
at a cost of以……的价格
cover the cost of sth.足以支付……的费用
know/learn/find sth.to one's cost付出代价后才知道……
　
完成句子
①他救了溺水的儿子，自己却丢了性命。
He saved his son from drowning but his own life.
②无论如何不要让任何人离开这所房子。
You're not to allow anyone to leave the house .
【答案】　①at the cost of　②at any cost/at all costs
　
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，体会混合条件句的用法。
①Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder，if he had not been caught.
②If Peter were a more skillful player，he would have scored more points.
[自我总结]　从以上两个句子可以看出：句中使用了混合条件句，又叫错综时间条件句。在该条件句中，从句和主句动作发生的时间 ，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据各自所发生的不同 选用不同的 。
【答案】　不一致　时间　时态
混合条件句(错综时间条件句)
一、概念及用法
在虚拟语气中，虚拟条件句与主句所指的时间不一致(如一个是过去的，一个是现在的)，这时主、从句谓语动词的形式需要根据具体的时间来调整，从而构成混合虚拟条件句，即错综时间条件句。该句式中不仅仅存在时间的不同，更重要的是事实和假设的混合，其基本用法如下：
1．想象的过去事件可能对现在或将来有影响。
归纳：
句子
时间意义
谓语形式
从句
与过去事实相反
had done
主句
与现在/将来事实相反
would/should/could/might＋动词原形
If you had taken his advice then，you would be better now.如果你当时听取了他的建议，你现在会好些。
If you hadn't watched TV that late last night，you wouldn't be so sleepy.如果你昨晚看电视不看那么晚，你现在就不会这么困倦。
2．想象的过去事件可能对现在正在进行的动作有影响。
归纳：
句子
时间意义
谓语形式
从句
与过去事实相反
had done
主句
与现在正在进行的事实相反
would/should/could/might be doing
If I had studied hard，I would be studying in college.
如果我努力学习的话，我现在就在大学里学习了。
If he hadn't left for Shanghai，he would be helping me now.如果他不去上海的话，他现在就帮助我了。
3．想象中的现在状态，可能对过去有影响。
归纳：
句子
时间意义
谓语形式
从句
与现在事实相反
动词的过去式(be→were)
主句
与过去事实相反
would/should/could/might＋have done
If I were you，I would have gone to Shanghai to watch
the Expo then.
如果我是你，当时我就去上海看世博会了。
If she didn't speak a few languages，she wouldn't have got that job.如果她不会说几种语言，她就不能得到那份工作了。
二、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。
If you had come earlier，you could see him now.
＝Had you come earlier，you could see him now.
如果你早来一点的话，你现在能够见到他。
If I were you，I wouldn't feel sorry.
＝Were I you，I wouldn't feel sorry.
我要是你的话，我不会感到抱歉的。
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2013·北京高考)If we a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.
A．have booked　 B．booked
C．book D．had booked
【解析】　句意：如果我们早订张桌子的话，我们就不会站在这儿排队了。根据语境可知，此处是if引导的虚拟条件句，从句叙述的是与过去事实相反的情况，因为“我们没有早订桌子”，谓语动词用had done；而主句叙述的是与现在事实相反的情况，“现在我们正站着排队”。故正确答案为D项。
【答案】　D
2．(2013·天津高考)If he had spent more time practising speaking English before，he able to speak it much better now.
A．will be B．would be
C．has been D．would have been
【解析】　句意：如果以前他花更多时间练习说英语的话，现在他英语就会说得好多了。由从句中的had spent可知从句与过去事实相反；由主句中的now可知主句与现在事实相反，故用would be。本题实际上是考查错综时间的虚拟语气。
【答案】　B
3． it rain tomorrow，we would have to cancel the football match.
A．Were B．Would
C．Will D．Should
【解析】　句意：如果明天下雨，我们将不得不取消足球比赛。根据主句中的would have以及从句中的tomorrow可知此句为与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。所以从句谓语为should/were to＋do；本句省略了if，故应把should提句首；A项应为Were it to rain才正确。
【答案】　D
4．Had Paul received six more votes in the last election，he our chairman now.
A．must have been B．would have been
C．were D．would be
【解析】　条件从句省略了if，把助动词had提到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句是对现在情况的假设，所以此处应用“would＋动词原形”。
【答案】　D
5． he had not hurt his leg，John would have won the race.
A．If B．Since
C．Though D．When
【解析】　句意：若是没伤着腿，约翰就赢得这场比赛了。根据句意，虚拟语气中对过去作相反假设，if从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词用过去将来完成时。四个选项中只有A选项符合题意。
【答案】　A
6．Maybe if I science，and not literature then，I would be able to give you more help.
A．studied B．would study
C．had studied D．was studying
【解析】　句意：也许如果当时我学习的是理科而不是文科的话，那么我(现在)就可以给你更多的帮助了。根据then可以确定此处表示与过去事实相反，故if引导的从句部分用had done。
【答案】　C
7．If I hadn't forgotten the article，I it to you now.
A．will show B．would show
C．am going to show D．am showing
【解析】　本题隐含了一个错综时间条件句if I hadn't forgotten the article，可知从句与过去事实相反，而主句根据时间状语now可知是与现在事实相反，所以要用would do这一形式。
【答案】　B
8．If he quietly as the doctor instructed，Ronald wouldn't suffer so much now.
A．laid B．lay
C．should lie D．had lain
【解析】　根据句意可知，从句是对过去时间的虚拟，应用过去完成时，而主句是与现在事实相反，应用would do sth.形式。
【答案】　D
9． so hard，he wouldn't have passed the exam.
A．Hadn't he worked
B．Hasn't he worked
C．If he didn't
D．If he doesn't
【解析】　考查虚拟语气。根据后文的wouldn't have passed可知是与过去事实相反，所以条件句中要用过去完成时，若从句中含有had，则可以把if省略，把助动词had提到句首构成部分倒装。
【答案】　A
10．If I had seen the movie，I you all about it now.
A．would tell　　　　　　B．will tell
C．have told D．would have told
【解析】　从句表示的是对过去情况的假设，而主句是对现在情况的假设，故此处用“would＋动词原形”。
【答案】　A
Ⅱ.用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．If you had posted the letter，Joan (receive) it last Monday.
2．What would you say or do if someone (call) you a fool?
3．If he (not be) ill，he would have done something to help us.
4．If you had studied hard，you (be) a college student now.
5．I am not tired.If I were tired，I (have) a rest.
6．If you (follow) the doctor's advice，you (be) all right now.
7．If Mary (be) a girl of strong character，she “No” to her boss.
8．If he six more votes，he (be) our monitor now.
【答案】　1.would have received　2.called　3.hadn't　been　4.would be　5.would have　6.had followed；would be　7.were；would have said　8.had received　would be
Period ⅢBrain Power & Epidemics Explained
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些单词和短语造句。
(3)听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。
●教学地位
听力是学生感到比较难以提高的东西。听力是英语语言交流的一项基本技能，让学生掌握听力技巧和提高听的能力是至关重要的。掌握语法知识是学生学好英语的关键，在语法教学中应给学生创设一个语境，让学生理解该语法的应用，而不要让学生死记硬背语法条文，使其能在理解的基础上掌握、运用这些语法。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
通过对学生作业的检查导入本堂新课。
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业，检查学生对学案预习的情况。然后处理第36～37页的听力部分内容。?导入新课。?学生快速阅读课文(见课本第38～39页)并根据学案所设置的问题做出判断。?学生就学案中的问题相互交换意见。老师指导学生统一答案。?让学生再次仔细阅读课文，并完成学案中“课前自主导学”部分(见学案第63页)。?学生共同讨论。师生统一答案。?让学生就“课堂互动探究”(见学案第63页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。?自我评估(见学案第67页)。?布置作业。让学生完成课本39页4、6、7题，预习学案Period Ⅳ(见学案第67页)。

Ⅰ.判断正误
1．War，crowded cities and a lack of basic health routines are the condition for “The Black Death” to spread worldwide.(　　)
2．The Spanish Flu struck the young and fit most.(　　)
3．Every country can find the solutions to stop a Bird Flu epidemic separately.(　　)
【答案】　1.T　2.T　3.F
Ⅱ.语篇理解
1．Why is it important to look at the spread of diseases through the history?
A．Because it can enlarge our knowledge.
B．Because many epidemics could be the next global epidemics.
C．Because it can help us discover the causes and effects of epidemics，and foresee and prevent them in the future.
2．Which of the following is one of the earliest epidemics on record?
A．The Black Death.
B．The epidemic which happened about 500－550 AD through North Africa，the Middle East and Europe.
C．The Spanish Flu.
3．Which of the following is one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire according to the passage?
A．Up to 50% of the area's population died from a serious epidemic.
B．The king of the Roman Empire died.
C．The economy of the Roman Empire had fallen down.
【答案】　1.C　2.B　3.A
1．consist of由……组成；由……构成
The brain consists of grey and white matter.(P36)
大脑由灰质和白质组成。
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
水由氢和氧组成。
The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
英国由大不列颠和北爱尔兰组成。
consist of＝be made up of＝be composed of
由……组成
consist in在于；存在于
consist with与……相存/相容/相一致
Happiness consists in good health.
幸福在于健康。
What he said didn't consist with what he did.
他说的与他做的不一致。
【提示】　consist of不用于被动语态和进行时态。
完成句子
生活主要是由快乐和悲伤组成的，而快乐和悲伤存在于拼搏之中。
Life mainly happiness and sorrow while happiness and sorrow struggle.
【答案】　consists of；consist in
2．cater vi.(P36)满足；迎合
The class caters for all ability ranges.
这个班对各种不同水平的人都适合。
They only publish novels which cater to the mass market.他们只出版迎合大众市场的小说。
cater for满足需要；承办酒席；(for可省略)
cater to迎合
TV programs must cater to all tastes.
电视节目必须迎合各种喜好。
I think these books will cater for your needs.
我认为这些书能满足你的需要。
完成句子
①通过向消费者提供可以在家里组装的零件，商店迎合了“自己动手”的狂热心理。
Shops the do－it－yourself craze by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.
②我们的餐厅尽力满足所有旅客的口味。
Our dining－room tries to all passengers' tastes.
【答案】　①cater for　②cater to
3．treat vt.(P36)对待；治疗；款待；处理 n．款待，乐事
I'll treat my old friends to lunch next Sunday.
下星期天我要请老朋友们吃午饭。
I'm going to treat myself to a new pair of shoes.
我打算给自己买双新鞋。
treat...to...用……招待……
treat...with...用……医治……
treat...as...把……看作……
be one's treat由……请客
Parents always teach us to treat other people with respect.父母经常教育我们要尊敬他人。
Do not treat this serious matter as a joke.
不要把这件严肃的事情当做玩笑。
This meal is my treat，so put your money away.
这顿饭我请客，所以你把钱收起来吧。
【对接高考】
(2011·四川高考)All visitors to this village with kindness.
A．treat　　　　　　 B．are treated
C．are treating D．had been treated
【解析】　treat在此表示“对待”，all visitors是treat的承受者，两者是动宾关系，且此处表示一般事实，故用一般现在时。
【答案】　B
完成句子
①作为对你帮助的回报，我要请你吃冰淇淋。
I'll you an ice－cream in return for your help.
②今天我请客，一切账由我来付。
This is today，so I'll pay for everything.
【答案】　①treat；to　②my treat
4．Our eyes and ears send signals all the time，and it is our brain that interprets these signals and builds up a picture of the outside world.(P36)我们的眼睛和耳朵不停地发射信号，大脑翻译出这些信号并构建出外部世界的画面。
It is our brain that...属于强调句型，被强调部分our brain在句子中作主语。
It is Chairman Mao who led people to establish the PRC.是毛主席领导人民建立的中华人民共和国。
It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital.
直到做完最后一例手术白求恩才离开战地医院。
Where was it that you met Jack yesterday?
你昨天在哪里碰到的杰克？
①强调句的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子的其他部分；
②被强调部分可以是句子的主语、宾语、表语或状语；
③当被强调部分指人时，强调句中的连接词既可用who也可用that，其余情况使用that；
④强调句型的一般疑问句只需把was/is提前，而在特殊疑问句中，只有疑问词可以被强调，其语序为：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分；
⑤该句型可以强调until引导的时间状语从句，结构为：It is/was＋not until...that＋句子其他部分；
⑥该句型不能强调谓语部分，若需要强调谓语动词时，在其前加助动词do的某种形式。
I met an old friend in the street yesterday.
我昨天在街上碰到一位老朋友。
→It was I that/who met an old friend in the street yesterday.
(强调主语，是“我”而不是别人。)
→It was an old friend that/who I met in the street yesterday.
(强调宾语，是“老朋友”而不是老同学等。)
→It was in the street that I met an old friend yesterday.
(强调地点状语，是“在街上”而不是在其他地方。)
→It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the street.
(强调时间状语，是“昨天”而不是前天或别的日子。)
Was it you that/who broke the window?
是你打破窗户的吗？
Why is it that everyone thinks I'm a fool?
是什么原因使每个人都认为我是一个傻子？
【对接高考】
(2012·湖南高考)It was not until I came here I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
A．who　　　　　　 B．that
C．where D．before
【解析】　句意：直到我来到这里我才意识到这个地方不仅因为它的美丽而闻名，还因它的天气而闻名。句中出现not until结构，且not与until放在一起使用。能够出现这种情况的句型有两种：①It is/was not until...that...强调句型；②Not until...部分倒装句。根据句子结构可确定答案。此外，我们也可以将It is/was与空格去掉来验证此句是否是一个强调句。
【答案】　B
完成句子
①第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？
the Second World War broke out?
②我们在校门口见到的就是他。
we met at the school gate.
【答案】　①Was it in 1939 that　②It was him that/who
5．postpone vt.(P37)推迟；延期
We postponed the match from March 5th to March 19th.我们把比赛从3月5日推迟到3月19日举行。
The ball game was postponed until the next Sunday because of the rain.球赛因雨延期到下个星期天。
postpone...to/till/until...把……推迟到……
postpone doing sth.推迟做某事
The party was postponed until 8 o'clock.
聚会推迟到了8点。
It was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital.延迟兴建新医院的决定是不得人心的。
【提示】　postpone后可接名词、代词和动名词作宾语，但不接不定式作宾语。
完成句子
①咱们在获取更多情报之后再做决定不迟。
Let's until we have more information.
②比赛因天气不好而延期到下星期六进行。
The match the following Saturday because of bad weather.
【答案】　①postpone making a decision　②was post－poned to/till/until
6．go through浏览；阅览；仔细检查；经历；做完(工作等)
She was very helpful and she went through all of the things that would probably come up in the exam.(P37)
她非常乐于助人，并浏览所有可能在考试中出现的题目。
Mr White used to go through the latest newspapers before supper.
怀特先生过去常常在晚饭前浏览一下最新的报纸。
No one can go through life without being offended or hurt.没有人可以不经历被冒犯或被伤害就走完人生。
go ahead前进；可以；往下说
go after追逐；追求
go by走过；路过；(时间)流逝
go over仔细检查；从头到尾温习
go in for从事；酷爱；参加
Several years went by before they met again.
他们过了好几年才再度见面。
You should go over a house before buying it.
你买房子之前，应该仔细查看一番。
【教师备课资源】　
go against违反；反对
go away走开；离开
go off离开；走掉，消失
go out出去；(灯、火等)熄灭
go up上升；攀登；增长
　
用go的短语填空
①She bird－watching.
②She the lines time and again.
③He had left his wallet on the table，so I him.
④He's a great deal in his life.
【答案】　①goes in for　②went over　③went after　④gone through
7．wipe out彻底毁灭
Epidemics can wipe out up to half of the population in urban areas.(P38)
流行病可能夺去多达一半城市居民的生命。
The whole village were wiped out by the earthquake.
地震把整个村庄夷为平地。
They have wiped out the enemy's major military targets.他们已经彻底摧毁了敌人的主要军事目标。
wipe away/off擦干；揩净
wipe down把……擦干净
Wipe your tears away /off；believe yourself and try
again.擦干你的眼泪，相信自己，再试一次。
When you've washed the car，wipe it down well.
洗完车后，要把它用布彻底擦干净。
完成句子
①仅仅两个小时，暴风雨就把建筑物毁坏了。
The storm the building only in two hours.
②她把桌子上的灰尘擦掉。
She the dust on the table.
【答案】　①wiped；out　②wiped off/away
8．attempt to do sth.试图做某事
One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about 500－550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time was attempting to rebuild the Roman Empire.(P38)历史记录最早的流行病之一爆发在大约公元500～550年，当时罗马帝王正试图重建罗马帝国。
The player attempted to shoot a goal，but failed.
这个队员试图进一个球，但是失败了。
He attempted to pass the exam，but failed.
他试图通过考试，但是失败了。
attempt n．[U]&[C]试图；努力
make an attempt at(doing) sth.试图做某事
in an attempt to do sth.试图做某事
without any attempt to do sth.无意做某事
He made an attempt at learning to ski.
他尝试着学滑雪。
He failed in his attempt to win first prize.
他试图获得头奖，但却失败了。
完成句子
①一名宇航员正试着离开宇宙飞船，然后再回到里面去。
An astronaut the spaceship and then return to it.
②他们并未图谋逃跑。
They .
【答案】　①is attempting to leave　②made no attempt to escape/at escaping
9．prohibit vt.禁止；不准
Since the SARS epidemic ended，scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prohibit any future outbreaks.(P38)自从非典疫情结束以来，科学家们一直在进行治疗方面的试验以预防未来的突发状况。
The athletes are prohibited from doping in the Olympics.奥运会中，运动员禁用兴奋剂。
His poor sight prohibited his becoming of a pilot.
他因视力差而不能成为一名飞行员。
①prohibit sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事
prohibit one's doing sth.使某人不能做成某事
②“禁止/阻止某人做某事”的表达：
discourage sb.from doing sth.
ban sb.from (doing) sth.
prevent sb.(from) doing sth.
forbid sb.from doing sth.
keep sb.from doing sth.
stop sb.(from) doing sth.
These citizens were prohibited from travelling abroad.
这些公民被禁止出国旅游。
His small size prohibits his becoming a policeman.
他个子太小，无法当警察。
完成句子
①在处理易爆物时，严格禁止吸烟。
in the process of handling explosive materials.
②这机器价格昂贵，很难普及使用。
The high cost of the machine being widespread.
【答案】　①Smoking is strictly prohibited　②prohibits it from
10．With recent press reports drawing parallels between Bird Flu and a killer epidemic in the past，Jim Smith looks through the history of epidemics for clues about what the future might hold.(P39)
当近来媒体报道将禽流感与过去的流行性传染病杀手相提并论时，为寻找未来将会发生什么的线索，吉姆·史密斯查询了一下流行病的历史。
with recent press reports drawing parallels between Bird Flu and a killer epidemic in the past为“with复合结构”作伴随状语，其中drawing...现在分词短语作宾补。
with复合结构
①构成：with＋宾语＋宾补，宾补形式有：

②作用
With the boy leading us，we finally got to what we thought was the cottage.在男孩的带领下，我们终于到达了我们要找的那座农舍。
With more and more trees being cut down，large quantites of soil are being washed away.由于越来越多的树木被砍掉，大量的土壤也随之被水冲走。
With a lot of things to deal with，I can't go to the cinema tonight.
因为有很多事得处理，今晚我无法陪你去看电影了。
【对接高考】
(2012·辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog them.
A．to follow　　　 B．following
C．followed D．follows
【解析】　句意：这对老夫妇经常晚饭后在公园散步，他们的宠物狗跟着他们。考查非谓语动词作宾补。首先排除D项。在with复合结构中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语their pet dog与follow是主动关系，排除C项。A项不定式常表示将要发生的事情，不符合题意。
【答案】　B
用with的复合结构完成句子
①问题解决了，他感觉轻松了。
，he felt relaxed.
②他过去常开着窗户睡觉。
He used to sleep .
③我们开着灯上课。
We are having our lessons .
④老师手里拿着书进来了。
The teacher came in .
【答案】　①With the problem settled　②with windows open　③with the light on　④with a look in his hand
11．It struck near the end of the First World War and left families mourning worldwide.(P39)它爆发于一战结束之时，使世界各地的许多家庭承受丧亲之痛。
本句中含有“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补由现在分词短语充当，leave意为“使……处于某种状态”。
①leave＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介宾短语，表示“使……处于某种状态”。
②leave＋宾语＋名词，多表示一种结果。
③leave＋宾语＋现在分词/不定式，其中宾语与构成宾补的动词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
④leave＋宾语＋过去分词，其中宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
His illness has left him very weak.
他的病使他身体很虚弱。
His parents both died last year，leaving him an orphan.他父母去年双双去世，他成了孤儿。
Don't leave her waiting in the rain.别让她在雨中等着。
Don't leave the work half done.不要半途而废。
完成句子
①让窗子开着。
Leave the window .
②我让她做决定。
I left her the decision.
③这部悲惨的电影使我哭了。
The sad movie left .
④他干什么事从来没有不干完的。
He will never leave .
【答案】　①open　②to make　③me crying
④a job unfinished
12．faith n．(P39)信心；信任；信仰；忠诚
Faith can move mountains.精诚所至，金石为开。
His perseverance won our complete faith in him.
他的顽强精神赢得了我们对他的完全信赖。
have faith in相信
lose faith in不再信任
in good faith诚实地；真诚地
in bad faith不诚实地；欺诈地
续表
have faith that...句式表示“相信……”，其中that为连词，引导同位语从句，用以解释说明faith的具体内容。
I have great faith in you—I know you'll do well.
我对你有信心——我知道你会干好的。
I bought the car in good faith.I didn't know it was stolen.这辆车是我正大光明买下来的，我不知道那是赃物。
完成句子
①我相信我们会找到解决问题的好办法。
I we'll find a good solution to the problem.
②我们完全相信政府的许诺。
We the government's promises.
【答案】　①have faith that　②have great faith in
Period ⅣCommunication Workshop
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)掌握本学案中所给出的词汇，能够理解并能熟练运用。
(2)理解课文。
(3)培养学生对课文的理解能力和听、说、读、写能力。
(4)掌握写英语议论文的方法。
●教学地位
本课时的内容是有关是否应该用生命维持器维持昏迷者的生命，是为了让学生了解这方面的科普知识。此外，掌握用英语写议论文的写作方法在本单元中也占有相当重要的地位。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
让学生谈谈他们对植物人了解哪些知识，讨论一下为了维持植物人的生命投入大量的金钱是否值得，说出他们的理由，由此引出本课时的话题。
●教学流程设计
检查上堂课所布置作业。?导入新课。?学生快速阅读课文(见课本第40页)并完成学案上的“课前自主导学”(见学案第67页)。?学生就学案中的问题相互交换意见。老师指导学生统一答案。?学生共同讨论。师生统一答案。?学生完成“要点讲练”部分(见学案第67页)。?学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。?学生完成“写作提升”部分(见学案第70页)?自我评估(见学案第72页)。?让学生做“课时作业”。?老师布置作业：让学生课下预习PeriodⅤ部分(见学案第72页)。
Ⅰ.判断正误
1．Doctors know how well patients will progress in less severe cases.(　　)
2．Even with treatment，some patients may never return to normal.(　　)
3．The writer disagrees with the decision of the courts and medical institutions.(　　)
【答案】　1.F　2.T　3.F
Ⅱ.课文缩写
The recent 1. of an American woman，Terri Schiavo，2. husband won a legal battle to have her 3. off life support machines 4. she spent 15 years in a coma－like state，has exposed the many sensitive legal and medical issues 5. surround the care of coma patients.
【答案】　1.case　2.whose　3.taken　4.after　5.that
1．I've broken bones before.However，this is the first time I've broken my leg.(P40)
我以前摔断过骨头，但是这是我第一次弄断腿。
该句是一复合句，I've broken my leg属于that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the first time，其中that可以省略。若主句为一般过去时，从句用过去完成时；若主句为一般现在时，从句用现在完成时。
It was the first time that I had ever got such a good chance to go abroad for further education.
那是我第一次获得出国深造的好机会。
It is the first time that I have ever seen her lose her temper.这是我第一次看到她发脾气。
①It is time sb.did sth.到某人做某事的时候了(该句式中time前不用冠词，从句采用一般过去时)
②It＋be＋时间段＋since...句型，意为“自从……以来已经有多长时间了”。
③It＋be＋时间段＋before...句型，意为“一段时间后才……”。
④在It＋be＋时间点＋(that/when)．..句型中，如果将it，be和连词去掉后句子仍然完整，说明是强调句型，应用连词that；如果去掉这些成分后句子不完整，应用连词when(引导时间状语从句)。
It was 11 o'clock when he got to the small village last night.他昨晚十一点到达那个小村庄。(时间状语从句)
It was at 11 o'clock that he got to the small village last night.他昨晚到达那个小村庄的时候是十一点。(强调句)
It is 30 years since he joined the army.
他参军已30年了。
【对接高考】
(2011·福建高考)It was April 29,2011 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A．that　　　　　　B．when
C．since D．before
【解析】　句意：2011年4月29日，英国威廉王子和凯特·米德尔顿走入婚姻殿堂。本题考查状语从句。根据句意可知设空处引导时间状语从句，故答案为B项。本题易误选A项，认为本题考查强调句型，如选A项，需在April 29,2011前加上介词on。
【答案】　B
完成句子
①这是我第一次来这里。
the first time that I here.
②他受雇于那家公司已经一年多了。
he was employed in the company.
③我们很快就会再见面的。
we meet again.
【答案】　①This/It is；have come
②It is/has been more than a year since
③It won't be long before
2．rob vt.(robbed，robbed)使丧失；抢夺；掠夺
Terri had fallen into a coma in 1990 when a heart attack
robbed her brain of oxygen causing permanent harm.(P40)在1990年，特里心脏病发作，大脑缺氧，造成永久性伤害，陷入昏迷状态。
The accident robbed him of his legs.
这次事故使他失掉了双腿。
While he was away，his home was robbed.
当他离开时，他的家被抢劫了。
rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物
rob sp.of sth.抢某地某物
rob Peter to pay Pual借新款还旧债；拆东墙补西墙
　The young man robbed her of her bag.
那名年轻男子抢了她的包。
They robbed the bank of thousands of dollars.
他们抢走了那家银行数千美元。
rob/steal
rob
rob指公开地“抢”、“夺”(通常使用暴力)。
steal
指在人们不防备或不在场的情况下悄悄地“偷”
　They robbed the bank of a lot of money.
他们从银行抢了很多钱。
They stole a lot of money from the bank.
他们从银行偷了很多钱。
用rob/steal及其短语的适当形式填空
①They her her money.
②A dog a piece of meat a butcher's shop.
【答案】　①robbed；of　②stole；from
3．decline vi.下降；拒绝；谢绝
...it is generally agreed that a patient's chances of recovery decline...(P40)
……通常认为病人康复的可能性降低了……
The arts of China have not declined in spite of Western influence.虽然有西方影响，中国的艺术并未因此而衰落。
He declined to answer.他拒绝回答。
decline n．(数量、价值、质量等的)减少，下降，衰落
fall into (a) decline开始衰落
(be) in decline衰落
on the decline在衰退中，走下坡路
The competition has caused the textile industry fall into a decline.竞争使纺织业趋于衰落。
The number of robbery in the area is on the decline.
这个地区的抢劫案数量在减少。
【对接高考】
(2012·浙江高考)According to scientists，our mental abilities begin to from the age of 27 after reaching the highest level at 22.
A．differ　　　　　　B．shrink
C．fail D．decline
【解析】　句意：据科学家说，我们的思考能力在22岁达到顶峰后，从27岁开始下降。decline下降，符合语境。
【答案】　D
完成句子
①这家公司自从去年以来一直走下坡路。
The company had been since last year.
②她婉言拒绝和他一起去看电影。
She to the cinema with him.
【答案】　①in decline　②declined to go
4．equip vt.(P41)有准备
Your training will equip you for your future job.
你的培训使你能够胜任将来的工作。
We equip our children with good education.
我们使孩子们受到良好的教育。
equip sb./sth.to do sth.使……具备条件做……
equip sb./sth.with sth.用……装备……
equip for sth.为……做准备
be equipped with配备有……(表示状态)
equipment n．装备；器材；装置
Please equip yourself with a pencil and a rubber for the exam.请准备一支铅笔和一块橡皮参加考试。
He is equipped with much experience in teaching.
他具有丰富的教学经验。
Your training will equip you for your future job.
他的训练使你能够胜任将来的工作。
【提示】　equipment为不可数名词，“一件设备”应表达为a piece of equipment。
　
单项填空
①The factory is equipped modern machinery and uses the most recent techniques.
A．with　　　　　　B．on
C．by D．into
【解析】　句意：这家工厂配备着现代化机械并使用最新技术。equip…with“以……配备”，符合句意。
【答案】　A
完成句子
②良好的教育能让你受用终生。
A good edueation should .
③我们必须使年轻教师有能力对付难管的孩子。
We must difficcult children.
【答案】　②equip you for life
③equip young teachers to deal with
5．fortune n．(P41)大笔钱财，巨款；命运，运气
The fortune sets him free from financial worries.
这笔钱使他不用为经济问题担忧。
I wanted to know my fortune so I went to a fortuneteller.
我想知道自己的运势，所以去找算命的人。
make a fortune发财
by good/bad fortune幸运/不幸地
have good/bad fortune to do...有幸/不幸做……
try one's fortune碰运气
seek one's fortune外出寻找发财机会，外出闯荡
tell one's fortune给某人算命
I have had good fortune to work with some brilliant directors.我有幸与一些卓越的主管共事。
He made a fortune in the London property boom.
他在伦敦房产升温的时候发了财。
【教师备课资源】　
fortunate adj.幸运的　　　　unfortunate adj.不幸的
fortunately adv.幸运地 unfortunately adv.不幸地
　
完成句子
①她非常幸运免于受伤。
She escape injury.
②他靠卖废料发了财。
He selling waste materials.
【答案】　①had good fortune to　②made a fortune
6．at any rate(P41)无论如何；至少
At any rate，the medicine and food will reach the farmers before the snowstorm.
无论如何，药品和食物将于暴风雪前送到农民手里。
You ought to read one of the English articles every day at any rate.你应该至少每天读一篇英语文章。
at this rate照这种样子
at a rate of以……速度；以……比例
The richer the rich is，the poorer the poor is at this rate.照这样下去，富的越富，穷的越穷。
We can arrive in Beijing within 6 hours at a rate of 100 miles every hour.以每小时100英里的速度，我们能在6个小时内到达北京。
完成句子
①我们干得太慢了，照这样下去，永远也干不完这个活儿。
We're working so slowly that， ，we'll never finish the job.
②无论如何，我们必须在天黑以前赶到那里。
，we must get there before dark.
【答案】　①at this rate　②At any rate
7．submit vt.(P41)提交；屈服；顺从；认为
You must submit your report by next Wednesday.
你必须在下星期三前提交你的报告。
I hope you can submit your term papers before the deadline.我希望你们能在最后期限之前交你们的学期论文。
submit sth.to sb.提交；呈递某物给某人
submit (oneself) to sb./sth.顺从；屈服
submit that提议；认为
submissive adj.服从的；顺从的；恭顺的
submission n．屈服；呈送；提交
—What would you do next step？下一步你怎么办？
—I submit to your judgment.我听从你的判断。
Such was his fortune，and he was obliged to submit to it.这就是他的命，他只能逆来顺受。
I submit that the house is unfit for you to live in.
我认为这栋房子不适合你居住。
完成句子
①他向委员会提交了关于那个案件的报告。
He the report on the matter the committee.
②面对威胁，她拒不屈服。
She refused threats.
【答案】　①submitted；to　②to submit to
8．concern n．(P42)[U]担心；忧虑[C]关心的事；重要事件vt.关于；涉及；使担忧
She showed a great deal of concern for her son's safety.她非常担心她儿子的安全。
The global warming is a concern of the whole world.
全球变暖是世人所关切的事。
Don't be involved in what doesn't concern you.
不要管那些与你无关的事。
have (no) concern with/in与……(没)有关系
show/express concern for/about
对……表示关心/担心
with concern关切地
as (so) far as...be concerned就……而言
concern oneself about/for担忧/关心
concern oneself with/in从事；参与
I have no concern with/in the company.
我和该公司没有任何关联。
She showed a great deal of concern for/about her son's illness.她非常担心她儿子的病情。
As far as I am concerned，I cannot object to your marriage.
就我(个人)而言，我不反对你们的婚事。
【教师备课资源】　
concerned adj.担心的；忧虑的；有关的
concerning prep.关于
be concerned about/for关心……；担忧……
be concerned that...关心……；担忧……
　
完成句子
①就我而言，越快越好。
，the sooner，the better.
②你不用管这事。
There is no need to the matter.
【答案】　①As far as I'm concerned　②concern yourself with/in
9．vote v．(P42)表决，投票，选出；n.投票，表决
We voted Democrat in the last election.
上次选举中我们投了民主党的票。
The motion was passed by 9 votes to 6.
这项动议以9票对6票获得通过。
vote for/against投票赞成/反对
vote on就……投票表决
vote sb.in/out投票选出某人任职/投票免去某人的职务
vote to do sth.投票决定……
put...to the vote将……付诸表决
Now we will vote on this question.
现在我们就这个问题进行投票。
We voted to accept the proposal.
我们投票决定接受这项提议。
The issue was put to the vote.
这一问题被付诸表决。
完成句子
①We couldn't decide who to be given the prize，so we had to (投票表决)it.
②Please (投票支持)Tom，a good citizen.
③The citizens (投票反对)his being president.
【答案】　①vote on　②vote for　③voted against
10．circumstance n．(P42)[C](常用复数概念)情形；情况；经济状况
Under no circumstances will I turn against my motherland.我决不会背叛我的祖国。
I can't imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
我无法想象我什么时候会想去偷东西。
in any circumstance(s)在任何情况下
under no circumstances无论如何不；决不(置于句首，句子要用倒装语序)
in/under the circumstances
在这种情况下；情况既然如此
In/Under the circumstances he felt unable to accept the job.在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这项工作。
He isn't reliable man.In/Under no circumstances should you lend him any money.他不可靠。你无论如何都不该把钱借给他。
完成句子
①在这种情况下，他觉得不能接受这份工作。
，he felt unable to accept the job.
②我知道我在任何情况下都能信任她。
I know I can trust her .
【答案】　①In/Under the circumstances　②in any circumstance
议论文的写作
一、体裁介绍
1．议论文的结构和上下文的连贯性
对于议论性的作文，其结构要自然地形成主题、扩展和结尾这样的三段式结构。开头句往往是主题句，主题句要做到内容完整，概括性强，表达清楚，突出主题。
一般说来，一篇议论文讨论的是一个主题，其焦点只有一个，要做到主题的统一性。其次上下文的连贯性也很重要，做到段落中的句子之间相互联系、相互依存、上下一体，也就是逻辑关系要一致。另外，适当地利用一些连接词和过渡词会增强段落的连贯性。议论文上下的连贯性离不开过渡性词语，过渡性词语的使用使文章更加连贯、更具有逻辑性。
2．议论文段落的基本结构
议论文段落的基本结构：主题句(topic sentence)、阐述句(supporting sentence)和结尾句(concluding sentence)。
(1)主题句：包括段落的主题和中心思想，一般置于段首，偶尔也置于段中或段末，并不是所有的段落都有主题句，有的段落其中心是暗示的。
(2)阐述句：通过具体而有说服力的事实来展开主题。
(3)结尾句：是对段落的概括总结或是对主题的评论和建议，以增强回味的余地。
二、技巧点拨
1．英语议论文写作四步法：
议论文就是摆事实、讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通、说透。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。
第一：介绍话题，提出论点。给出一些历史背景或个人材料。例如：
Everyone knows that...大家都知道……
Tobacco was introduced to Europe after the discovery of America.发现美洲后烟草被引入到欧洲。
My parents smoke and they have both tried to give up many times.
我父母都吸烟，而且他们试图戒烟很多次了。
第二：从正方辩论。给出实例，证明论点。
Firstly，it costs a lot of money to treat smokers who get diseases，such as heart disease or lung cancer...
首先，你要花一大笔钱来治疗由吸烟引起的疾病，诸如心脏病或肺癌……
Secondly，some people are in favor of the idea of doing...
其次，有些人赞成这个主意……
They point out the fact that...
他们指出这一事实……
第三：从反方辩论。给出实例，证明论点。
On the other hand，if they banned smoking，the government would lose a lot of money from taxes on cigarettes.
另一方面，如果他们禁止吸烟，政府会损失一大笔对香烟的税收。
However，other people stand on a different ground...
然而，另一些人站在不同的立场上……
They consider it...to do...
他们认为去做……
第四：发表自己的观点。
In my opinion，...依照我的观点……
After things are considered，I believe that...
从各个方面考虑，我认为……
2．常见的议论文过渡词有：
(1)表示增加的过渡词：also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again，on top of that，another，first，second，third等。
(2)表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，later，immediately，soon，next，in a few days，gradually，suddenly，finally等。
(3)表示空间顺序的过渡词：near(to)，far(from)，in front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，to the right/left，around，outside等。
(4)表示比较的过渡词：in the same way，just like，just as等。
(5)表示对照的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，on the other hand，on the contrary，in spite of，even though等。
(6)表示结果和原因的过渡词：because，since，so，as a result，therefore，then，thus，otherwise等。
(7)表示目的的过渡词：for this reason，for this purpose，so that等。
(8)表示强调的过渡词：in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，without any doubt，truly，to repeat，above all，most important等。
(9)表示解释说明的过渡词：for example，in fact，in this case，for actually等。
(10)表示总结的过渡词：finally，at last，in conclusion，as I have shown，in other words，in brief，in short，in general，on the whole，as has been stated等。
3．议论文
(1)First/Firstly，Second/Secondly，Then，Next，After that，Afterwards，Last/Finally...
(2)Some people believe/argue/recognise/think that...
(3)Everyone knows that...
(4)It seems obvious to me that...
(5)People hold different views/ideas about...
(6)As for me，I agree to the former/latter idea...
(7)Above all，...
人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。
赞成的理由
反对的理由
你的看法
1.广交朋友
2.可自由表达思想
3.甚至利于外语学习
1.浪费时间
2.影响学习
3.可能上当受骗
？
注意：1.文章必须包括表中的全部内容。
2．词数为100左右。
3．参考词汇：网络朋友on－line friend(s)；
上当受骗to be cheated
Should students make friends online？




[思路分析]　
1．本文是一篇正反观点式的议论文，时态以一般现在时为主，用第一人称。
2．第一段说明对待网上交友大家有各自不同的观点。
3．第二段说明赞成网上交友的理由。
4．第三段说明反对网上交友的理由。
5．第四段说明自己的看法。
[词汇热身]　
1．人各有所好
2．网上聊天
3．有意义地
4．上当，受骗
5．容易地，乐意地
6．而且
【答案】　1.Every man has his taste　2.chat online
3．meaningfully　4.get cheated　5.readily
6．what's more
[句式温习]　
1．通过上网聊天，学生们能够自由自在地抒发自己的情感和发表自己的看法……
，students can more freely ...
2．……网上交友是在浪费时间，这段时间本来可以好好地用在学习上的。
...making friends online is .
3．就我个人的观点来看，学生们应该把学习、健康和安全放在首位。
in my opinion students should other things.
4．至于友谊，我们能容易地在我们周围的同学和其他人中找到。
，we can readily find it in our classmates and other people around us.
【答案】　1.Chatting online；express their feelings and
opinions　2.a waste of time，which should be spent more meaningfully on study　3.It is；that；place their study，health and safety before　4.As for friendship
[连句成篇]　




【参考范文】
Every man has his taste.Taking “making friends online” for example，everyone has his own different opinions about it.
Should students make friends online? Some people say yes.The Internet helps make many friends.What's more，chatting online，students can more freely express their feelings and opinions，and even get help with their foreign language studies.
Others，however，think students should not.They say making friends online is a waste of time，which should be spent more meaningfully on study.Besides, some students may get cheated online.
Period ⅤLanguage Awareness & Culture
　　　　　　Corner & Bulletin Board
1．in despair绝望地
Lance put his head on the doctor's desk in despair.(P43)兰斯绝望地把头靠在医生的桌子上。
He gave up the experiment in despair.
他绝望地放弃了实验。
“in＋抽象名词”通常在句中作状语
in peace和平地　　　　in decline在衰退；在下降
in demand需要的 in use使用
in trouble麻烦地 in detail详细地
People all over the world should get on with each other in peace.全世界人民应该和平相处。
She is in great trouble，so she needs your advice.
她遇到很大的困难，所以需要你的建议。
He told me his plan of studying in detail.
他详细地把他的学习计划告诉了我。
完成句子
①当他离开她时，她陷于绝望之中。
She was when he left her.
②那年夏天非常热，因此空调需求量甚大。
It was an unusually hot summer and air conditioners were .
【答案】　①in despair　②in great demand
2．focus...on聚焦；集中；对准
In Western Medicine，treatment is focused only on the part of the body that is ill.(P44)
在西方医药学里，治疗的重点只放在身体的病灶部分。
The discussion focused on three problems.
讨论集中在三个问题上。
I focused the camera on her.
我把照相机的焦点对准她。
All their attention was focused on only one thing，how to solve the problem of water pollution.他们把所有的精力都集中在一件事上，那就是如何解决水污染问题。
同义短语：
concentrate on sth.集中(注意力、精力)于某事
pay attention to注意
put one's heart into sth.全神贯注于某事
She couldn't concentrate on a book very long.
她不能长时间专心读一本书。
Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.
世上无难事，只要肯登攀。
完成句子
①他们把所有的精力都集中在如何解决水污染问题上。
All their attention how to solve the problem of water pollution.
②你必须把心思用在学习上。
You must your study.
【答案】　①was fo