中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2023中考英语考前最后读记练05名词 冠词
【考前技巧】名词和冠词
名词
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类
专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
(1)名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
(2)不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Children’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、注意
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
(1)谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
(2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
(4)maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
(6)a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
(7)and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
(8) there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
(9)用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
(10)主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
(11)either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
(12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
(13)主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China (中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析:
(1)sport、game、match、race
sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
(2)festival、holiday、vacation
festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
(3)journey、tour、trip、travel
journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last year.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels (旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
(4)sound、noise、voice
sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
(5)fish的用法
指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
冠词
1、冠词分类及读法:
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法:
表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。
如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。
如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)
(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)
表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
表示“一”这个数量。
如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)
表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)
在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go (谁第一个去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
【考前预测】名词和冠词
1.(2022·江苏徐州·中考真题)From my ________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A.tradition B.condition C.position D.situation
2.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
3.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
4.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)The ________ rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.bike
5.(2022·重庆·中考真题)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
6.(2022·西藏·中考真题)All ________ received fresh flowers on Women’s Day.
A.woman teacher B.woman teachers C.women teachers D.women teacher
7.(2022·山东青岛·中考真题)Traditional Chinese Medicine is a great ________ for our nation.
A.treasure B.resolution C.pleasure D.standard
8.(2022·内蒙古内蒙古·中考真题)In a conversation between two persons, 65% of ________ is done through body language.
A.information B.pronunciation C.introduction D.communication
9.(2022·青海西宁·中考真题)—What a clean and tidy room!
—Yes. It’s ________ room.
A.Tina and Nina’s B.Tina’s and Nina
C.Tina and Nina D.Tina’s and Nina’s
10.(2022·广西河池·中考真题)—Lisa, could you help me buy some ________ on your way home
—Ok, mom.
A.egg B.beef C.banana D.potato
11.(2022·四川广元·中考真题)Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ________.
A.man teachers B.men teachers C.woman teachers D.women teacher
12.(2022·黑龙江大庆·中考真题)—Can I help you
—Please give me ________ about the trains to Daqing.
A.a few informations B.a little informations C.a little information D.a few information
13.(2022·广西百色·中考真题)Uncle Li has a farm, there are some________ on the farm.
A.chicken and sheep B.chickens and sheeps
C.chickens and sheep D.chicken and sheeps
14.(2022·贵州铜仁·中考真题)—You have a nice house! Whose room is this
— It’s ________.
A.Jack and Peter’s B.Jack’s and Peter’s C.Jack’s and Peter D.Jack and Peter
15.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)The pink hair band must belong to ________.
A.Linda’s B.Linda C.hers
16.(2022·新疆·中考真题)—Are you free on weekends
—Yes, I am going to have ________ picnic on ________ Sunday.
A.the; an B.a; the C.a; / D.an; /
17.(2022·天津·中考真题)After ________ school, I bought ________ present for my mother.
A./; a B.a; / C.a; the D.the; /
18.(2022·湖南岳阳·中考真题)Gu Ailing is _______ excellent sports star who made a great success in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
A.a B.an C.the
19.(2022·江苏扬州·中考真题)China has helped end 70% of poverty worldwide since ________ late 1970s, according to ________ World Bank.
A.a; a B.the; the C.a; the D.the; a
20.(2022·湖南怀化·中考真题)As we know, Singapore is _______ Asian country.
A.A B.an C.the
21.(2022·云南·中考真题)— What are you going to be when you grow up, Lily
— I’m going to be ________ astronaut like Wang Yaping.
A.a B.an C.the D./
22.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)I just bought a new shirt. ________ shirt was pretty expensive.
A.A B.An C.The D./
23.(2022·浙江温州·中考真题)Ben watched Tom and Jerry yesterday. ________ cartoon made him laugh.
A.A B.An C.The D./
24.(2022·四川自贡·中考真题)—What’s the most important tradition in a Chinese family
—We must care for ________ old.
A.an B.the C./
25.(2022·四川遂宁·中考真题)There is ________ useful robot in the restaurant near my home. It can serve food to customers.
A.an B.the C.a D./
26.(2022·重庆·中考真题)I usually have _______egg and some bread for breakfast.
A.a B.an C.the D./
27.(2022·四川成都·中考真题)_______ medical book Tian Hui Yi Jian by Bian Que and Cang Gong has come out in Chengdu.
A.The B.An C.A
28.(2022·重庆·中考真题)There is ________ bank across from the hospital.
A.a B.an C.the D./
29.(2022·四川达州·中考真题)Natalia, ________ exchange student from Spain, is ________ university student in Sichuan now.
A.a; an B.an; the C.an; a D.a; the
30.(2022·江苏连云港·中考真题)Me and My Winter Games is ________ interesting film. It’s a gift for Beijing 2022.
A.a B.an C.the D./
1.C
【解析】
句意:从我在电视塔顶部的位置,我可以完美地看到我们的城市。
考查名词辨析。tradition传统;condition条件;position位置;situation形式,情况。根据“on the top of the TV tower,”可知,此处是要表示一个位置。故选C。
2.A
【解析】
句意:托尼和彼得的爸爸是飞行员。他去过世界上许多国家。
考查名词所有格。根据“father”可知,此处指两个人共有的爸爸,在后一个人名后加’s,故选A。
3.A
【解析】
句意:随着“双减”政策的出台,其中一个变化就是学生的作业变少了。
考查名词复数和主谓一致。one of+名词复数,排除B;one of加名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。故选A。
4.A
【解析】
句意:电话铃响了,帕特接了电话。是他儿子从纽约打来的。
考查名词辨析。telephone电话;doorbell门铃;clock时钟;bike自行车。结合语境和下一句“It was his son calling from New York.”可知帕特的儿子从纽约打电话来,所以应该是电话铃声响了。故选A。
5.D
【解析】
句意:今年,全家在6月1日儿童节去露营。
考查名词所有格。由语境可知,此处指“儿童节”,英文表达为“Children’s Day”。故选D。
6.C
【解析】
句意:所有的女老师们都在妇女节这一天收到了鲜花。
考查复合名词复数的用法。“女教师”由woman teacher来表示,而由句中的“女教师们”可知这里应用复合名词的复数形式,其变化规则为两个名词都应变成其复数形式,为women teachers。故选C。
7.A
【解析】
句意:中国传统医学是我们民族的伟大财富。
考查名词辨析。treasure财富;resolution决议;pleasure快乐;standard标准。根据“Traditional Chinese Medicine”可知,中国传统医学是巨大的财富,结合选项,treasure符合句意。故选A。
8.D
【解析】
句意:在两个人的对话中,65%的交流是通过肢体语言进行的。
考查名词辨析。information信息;pronunciation发音;introduction介绍;communication交流;根据“In a conversation between two persons”以及“through body language”可知,此处指的是“交流”中65%是肢体语言,故选D。
9.A
【解析】
句意:——多干净整洁的房间啊!——是的。它是蒂娜和尼娜的房间。
考查名词所有格。根据句意,空处应用名词所有格,表示“……的”,故排除C项;根据空后“room”是单数可知,这是蒂娜和尼娜共有的房间;两者或两者以上共同所有,只在最后一个名词加’s。故选A。
10.B
【解析】
句意:——Lisa,你能在回家的路上帮我买些牛肉吗?——好的,妈妈。
考查名词辨析。egg鸡蛋,可数名词;beef牛肉,不可数名词;banana香蕉,可数名词;potato土豆,可数名词。some修饰可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词,ACD都应该用其复数形式,排除ACD,故选B。
11.B
【解析】
句意:我们学校五分之三的教师是男教师。
考查名词复数。结合动词are可知,名词要用复数形式,以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都变成复数,B选项正确,故选B。
12.C
【解析】
句意:——我可以帮到你吗?——请告诉我一些去大庆的火车的情况。
考查不定代词及不可数名词。a few一些,修饰可数名词;a little一点,修饰不可数名词。information是不可数名词,无复数形式,排除A和B选项。修饰不可数名词用a little,故选C。
13.C
【解析】
句意:李叔叔有一个农场,在农场上有一些鸡和羊。
考查名词复数的用法。根据“there are some…on the farm”可知,农场上会有鸡和羊。some后接不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式,chicken鸡,复数形式是chickens;sheep羊,复数形式是sheep,故选C。
14.A
【解析】
句意:——你的房子真漂亮!这是谁的房间?——这是Jack和Peter的。
考查名词所有格。Jack and Peter’s是指Jack和Peter两人共同的;Jack’s and Peter’s指Jack和Peter两人各自的;C选项形式错误;Jack and Peter指两个人。根据句中“Whose room is this”可知,答语中应表示“是……的”,且这里提到的是一个房间,因此应该是Jack和Peter两人共同的。故选A。
15.B
【解析】
句意:这个粉红色的发带一定属于Linda。
考查名词和代词。Linda是一个女孩的名字;Linda’s是名词所有格形式;hers是名词性物主代词,意为“她的”。句中使用了短语belong to…“属于……”,后跟名词或人称代词宾格形式作宾语。故选B。
16.C
【解析】
句意:——你周末有时间吗?——是的,星期天我要去野餐。
考查冠词。have a picnic“野餐”,固定用法;on Sunday“在周日”,星期前不加冠词。故选C。
17.A
【解析】
句意:放学后,我给妈妈买了一件礼物。
考查冠词辨析。after school“放学后”,固定搭配,故第一空不填。第二空指“一份礼物”,表泛指,且present是以辅音音素开头的单词,应填a,故选A。
18.B
【解析】
句意:谷爱凌是一位优秀的体育明星,她在北京2022年冬奥会上取得了巨大的成功。
考查冠词辨析。a用于辅音音素前;an用于元音音素前;the定冠词。根据“excellent sports star”可知,需要不定冠词表示泛指,excellent是元音音素开头,因此an符合句意;故选B。
19.B
【解析】
句意:据世界银行称,自20世纪70年代后期以来,中国已帮助消除了全球70%的贫困人口。
考查冠词。空格一处表示年代,用“the+年份复数”,表示“在几世纪几十年代”,排除AC;World Bank“世界银行”是专用名词,前加定冠词the。故选B。
20.B
【解析】
句意:我们知道,新加坡是一个亚洲国家。
考查冠词辨析。此处表示一个亚洲国家,表泛指,且Asian是以元音音素开头的,故选B。
21.B
【解析】
句意:——Lily,你长大了要做什么?——我要像王亚平一样成为一名宇航员。
考查冠词辨析。此处表示“一名宇航员”,表泛指,且astronaut是以元音音素开头的,故选B。
22.C
【解析】
句意:我刚刚买了一件新衬衫。这件新衬衫相当贵。
考查冠词用法。此空特指前文提到的这件衬衫,用the表特指,故选C。
23.C
【解析】
句意:本昨天看了《汤姆和杰瑞》。 这部卡通片使他笑了。
考查冠词辨析。此空特指前文提到的《汤姆和杰瑞》这部卡通片,用冠词the表特指,故选C。
24.B
【解析】
句意:——中国家庭最重要的传统是什么?——我们必须要照顾老人。
考查冠词。根据“We must care for...old”可知此处指照顾老人,表示一类人可用“the+形容词”。故选B。
25.C
【解析】
句意:在我家附近的餐厅里有一个很有用的机器人。它可以为顾客提供食物。
考查冠词辨析。an一个,泛指,用于元音音素前;the指已提到或易领会到的人或事物;a一个,泛指,用于辅音音素前;/不填。此处表示“一个有用的机器人”,表泛指,且useful是以辅音音素开头,故选C。
26.B
【解析】
句意:我早餐通常吃一个鸡蛋和一些面包。考查冠词用法。根据句意可知早餐吃一个鸡蛋和一些面包,这里表示的是泛指一个鸡蛋,应用不定冠词来修饰,且egg的发音是以元音音素开头的,所以应用不定冠词an;故答案选B。
【点睛】
本题考查冠词用法。冠词分为定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。不定冠词包括a和an ,表示泛指某人或某物,a用于辅音音素开头的单词前面;an用于元音音素开头的单词前面。The是定冠词,表示特指某个(些)人或者物,或者在文中再次提到该事物时;零冠词用于一些特殊的结构中。本题根据题干可知此处表示泛指,而且egg是以元音音素开头的单词,所以用不定冠词an修饰,故答案选B。
27.A
【解析】
句意:扁鹊和仓公所著的医书《天惠一鉴》在成都出版。
考查冠词。分析句子可知,此处特指《天惠一鉴》这本书,用定冠词the。故选A。
28.A
【解析】
句意:医院对面有一家银行。
考查冠词。此处泛指“一家银行”,bank以辅音音素开头,其前用不定冠词a。故选A。
29.C
【解析】
句意:Natalia是来自西班牙的交换生,现在是四川的一名大学生。
考查冠词的用法。两处均表示泛指。用不定冠词修饰,第一处“exchange”首字母发元音音素,“university”首字母发辅音音素。故选C。
30.B
【解析】
句意:《我和我的冬奥》是一部有趣的电影。这是北京2022年的一份礼物。
考查冠词的用法。此处泛指一部电影,用不定冠词修饰,“interesting”首字母发元音音素,故选B。
【考前技巧篇05】名词和冠词
名词
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类
专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
(1)名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
(2)不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Children’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、注意
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
(1)谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
(2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
(4)maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
(6)a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
(7)and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
(8) there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
(9)用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
(10)主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
(11)either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
(12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
(13)主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China (中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析:
(1)sport、game、match、race
sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
(2)festival、holiday、vacation
festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
(3)journey、tour、trip、travel
journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last year.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels (旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
(4)sound、noise、voice
sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
(5)fish的用法
指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
冠词
1、冠词分类及读法:
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法:
表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。
如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。
如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)
(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)
表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
表示“一”这个数量。
如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)
表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)
在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go (谁第一个去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
【考前预测篇05】名词和冠词
1.(2022·江苏徐州·中考真题)From my ________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A.tradition B.condition C.position D.situation
1.C
【解析】
句意:从我在电视塔顶部的位置,我可以完美地看到我们的城市。
考查名词辨析。tradition传统;condition条件;position位置;situation形式,情况。根据“on the top of the TV tower,”可知,此处是要表示一个位置。故选C。
2.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
2.A
【解析】
句意:托尼和彼得的爸爸是飞行员。他去过世界上许多国家。
考查名词所有格。根据“father”可知,此处指两个人共有的爸爸,在后一个人名后加’s,故选A。
3.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
3.A
【解析】
句意:随着“双减”政策的出台,其中一个变化就是学生的作业变少了。
考查名词复数和主谓一致。one of+名词复数,排除B;one of加名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。故选A。
4.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)The ________ rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.bike
4.A
【解析】
句意:电话铃响了,帕特接了电话。是他儿子从纽约打来的。
考查名词辨析。telephone电话;doorbell门铃;clock时钟;bike自行车。结合语境和下一句“It was his son calling from New York.”可知帕特的儿子从纽约打电话来,所以应该是电话铃声响了。故选A。
5.(2022·重庆·中考真题)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
5.D
【解析】
句意:今年,全家在6月1日儿童节去露营。
考查名词所有格。由语境可知,此处指“儿童节”,英文表达为“Children’s Day”。故选D。
6.(2022·西藏·中考真题)All ________ received fresh flowers on Women’s Day.
A.woman teacher B.woman teachers C.women teachers D.women teacher
6.C
【解析】
句意:所有的女老师们都在妇女节这一天收到了鲜花。
考查复合名词复数的用法。“女教师”由woman teacher来表示,而由句中的“女教师们”可知这里应用复合名词的复数形式,其变化规则为两个名词都应变成其复数形式,为women teachers。故选C。
7.(2022·山东青岛·中考真题)Traditional Chinese Medicine is a great ________ for our nation.
A.treasure B.resolution C.pleasure D.standard
7.A
【解析】
句意:中国传统医学是我们民族的伟大财富。
考查名词辨析。treasure财富;resolution决议;pleasure快乐;standard标准。根据“Traditional Chinese Medicine”可知,中国传统医学是巨大的财富,结合选项,treasure符合句意。故选A。
8.(2022·内蒙古内蒙古·中考真题)In a conversation between two persons, 65% of ________ is done through body language.
A.information B.pronunciation C.introduction D.communication
8.D
【解析】
句意:在两个人的对话中,65%的交流是通过肢体语言进行的。
考查名词辨析。information信息;pronunciation发音;introduction介绍;communication交流;根据“In a conversation between two persons”以及“through body language”可知,此处指的是“交流”中65%是肢体语言,故选D。
9.A
9.(2022·青海西宁·中考真题)—What a clean and tidy room!
—Yes. It’s ________ room.
A.Tina and Nina’s B.Tina’s and Nina
C.Tina and Nina D.Tina’s and Nina’s
【解析】
句意:——多干净整洁的房间啊!——是的。它是蒂娜和尼娜的房间。
考查名词所有格。根据句意,空处应用名词所有格,表示“……的”,故排除C项;根据空后“room”是单数可知,这是蒂娜和尼娜共有的房间;两者或两者以上共同所有,只在最后一个名词加’s。故选A。
10.(2022·广西河池·中考真题)—Lisa, could you help me buy some ________ on your way home
—Ok, mom.
A.egg B.beef C.banana D.potato
10.B
【解析】
句意:——Lisa,你能在回家的路上帮我买些牛肉吗?——好的,妈妈。
考查名词辨析。egg鸡蛋,可数名词;beef牛肉,不可数名词;banana香蕉,可数名词;potato土豆,可数名词。some修饰可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词,ACD都应该用其复数形式,排除ACD,故选B。
11.(2022·四川广元·中考真题)Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ________.
A.man teachers B.men teachers C.woman teachers D.women teacher
11.B
【解析】
句意:我们学校五分之三的教师是男教师。
考查名词复数。结合动词are可知,名词要用复数形式,以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都变成复数,B选项正确,故选B。
12.(2022·黑龙江大庆·中考真题)—Can I help you
—Please give me ________ about the trains to Daqing.
A.a few informations B.a little informations C.a little information D.a few information
12.C
【解析】
句意:——我可以帮到你吗?——请告诉我一些去大庆的火车的情况。
考查不定代词及不可数名词。a few一些,修饰可数名词;a little一点,修饰不可数名词。information是不可数名词,无复数形式,排除A和B选项。修饰不可数名词用a little,故选C。
13.(2022·广西百色·中考真题)Uncle Li has a farm, there are some________ on the farm.
A.chicken and sheep B.chickens and sheeps
C.chickens and sheep D.chicken and sheeps
13.C
【解析】
句意:李叔叔有一个农场,在农场上有一些鸡和羊。
考查名词复数的用法。根据“there are some…on the farm”可知,农场上会有鸡和羊。some后接不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式,chicken鸡,复数形式是chickens;sheep羊,复数形式是sheep,故选C。
14.(2022·贵州铜仁·中考真题)—You have a nice house! Whose room is this
— It’s ________.
A.Jack and Peter’s B.Jack’s and Peter’s C.Jack’s and Peter D.Jack and Peter
14.A
【解析】
句意:——你的房子真漂亮!这是谁的房间?——这是Jack和Peter的。
考查名词所有格。Jack and Peter’s是指Jack和Peter两人共同的;Jack’s and Peter’s指Jack和Peter两人各自的;C选项形式错误;Jack and Peter指两个人。根据句中“Whose room is this”可知,答语中应表示“是……的”,且这里提到的是一个房间,因此应该是Jack和Peter两人共同的。故选A。
15.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)The pink hair band must belong to ________.
A.Linda’s B.Linda C.hers
15.B
【解析】
句意:这个粉红色的发带一定属于Linda。
考查名词和代词。Linda是一个女孩的名字;Linda’s是名词所有格形式;hers是名词性物主代词,意为“她的”。句中使用了短语belong to…“属于……”,后跟名词或人称代词宾格形式作宾语。故选B。
16.(2022·新疆·中考真题)—Are you free on weekends
—Yes, I am going to have ________ picnic on ________ Sunday.
A.the; an B.a; the C.a; / D.an; /
16.C
【解析】
句意:——你周末有时间吗?——是的,星期天我要去野餐。
考查冠词。have a picnic“野餐”,固定用法;on Sunday“在周日”,星期前不加冠词。故选C。
17.(2022·天津·中考真题)After ________ school, I bought ________ present for my mother.
A./; a B.a; / C.a; the D.the; /
17.A
【解析】
句意:放学后,我给妈妈买了一件礼物。
考查冠词辨析。after school“放学后”,固定搭配,故第一空不填。第二空指“一份礼物”,表泛指,且present是以辅音音素开头的单词,应填a,故选A。
18.(2022·湖南岳阳·中考真题)Gu Ailing is _______ excellent sports star who made a great success in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
A.a B.an C.the
18.B
【解析】
句意:谷爱凌是一位优秀的体育明星,她在北京2022年冬奥会上取得了巨大的成功。
考查冠词辨析。a用于辅音音素前;an用于元音音素前;the定冠词。根据“excellent sports star”可知,需要不定冠词表示泛指,excellent是元音音素开头,因此an符合句意;故选B。
19.(2022·江苏扬州·中考真题)China has helped end 70% of poverty worldwide since ________ late 1970s, according to ________ World Bank.
A.a; a B.the; the C.a; the D.the; a
19.B
【解析】
句意:据世界银行称,自20世纪70年代后期以来,中国已帮助消除了全球70%的贫困人口。
考查冠词。空格一处表示年代,用“the+年份复数”,表示“在几世纪几十年代”,排除AC;World Bank“世界银行”是专用名词,前加定冠词the。故选B。
20.(2022·湖南怀化·中考真题)As we know, Singapore is _______ Asian country.
A.A B.an C.the
20.B
【解析】
句意:我们知道,新加坡是一个亚洲国家。
考查冠词辨析。此处表示一个亚洲国家,表泛指,且Asian是以元音音素开头的,故选B。
21.(2022·云南·中考真题)— What are you going to be when you grow up, Lily
— I’m going to be ________ astronaut like Wang Yaping.
A.a B.an C.the D./
21.B
【解析】
句意:——Lily,你长大了要做什么?——我要像王亚平一样成为一名宇航员。
考查冠词辨析。此处表示“一名宇航员”,表泛指,且astronaut是以元音音素开头的,故选B。
22.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)I just bought a new shirt. ________ shirt was pretty expensive.
A.A B.An C.The D./
22.C
【解析】
句意:我刚刚买了一件新衬衫。这件新衬衫相当贵。
考查冠词用法。此空特指前文提到的这件衬衫,用the表特指,故选C。
23.(2022·浙江温州·中考真题)Ben watched Tom and Jerry yesterday. ________ cartoon made him laugh.
A.A B.An C.The D./
23.C
【解析】
句意:本昨天看了《汤姆和杰瑞》。 这部卡通片使他笑了。
考查冠词辨析。此空特指前文提到的《汤姆和杰瑞》这部卡通片,用冠词the表特指,故选C。
24.(2022·四川自贡·中考真题)—What’s the most important tradition in a Chinese family
—We must care for ________ old.
A.an B.the C./
24.B
【解析】
句意:——中国家庭最重要的传统是什么?——我们必须要照顾老人。
考查冠词。根据“We must care for...old”可知此处指照顾老人,表示一类人可用“the+形容词”。故选B。
25.(2022·四川遂宁·中考真题)There is ________ useful robot in the restaurant near my home. It can serve food to customers.
A.an B.the C.a D./
25.C
【解析】
句意:在我家附近的餐厅里有一个很有用的机器人。它可以为顾客提供食物。
考查冠词辨析。an一个,泛指,用于元音音素前;the指已提到或易领会到的人或事物;a一个,泛指,用于辅音音素前;/不填。此处表示“一个有用的机器人”,表泛指,且useful是以辅音音素开头,故选C。
26.(2022·重庆·中考真题)I usually have _______egg and some bread for breakfast.
A.a B.an C.the D./
26.B
【解析】
句意:我早餐通常吃一个鸡蛋和一些面包。考查冠词用法。根据句意可知早餐吃一个鸡蛋和一些面包,这里表示的是泛指一个鸡蛋,应用不定冠词来修饰,且egg的发音是以元音音素开头的,所以应用不定冠词an;故答案选B。
27.(2022·四川成都·中考真题)_______ medical book Tian Hui Yi Jian by Bian Que and Cang Gong has come out in Chengdu.
A.The B.An C.A
27.A
【解析】
句意:扁鹊和仓公所著的医书《天惠一鉴》在成都出版。
考查冠词。分析句子可知,此处特指《天惠一鉴》这本书,用定冠词the。故选A。
28.(2022·重庆·中考真题)There is ________ bank across from the hospital.
A.a B.an C.the D./
28.A
【解析】
句意:医院对面有一家银行。
考查冠词。此处泛指“一家银行”,bank以辅音音素开头,其前用不定冠词a。故选A。
29.(2022·四川达州·中考真题)Natalia, ________ exchange student from Spain, is ________ university student in Sichuan now.
A.a; an B.an; the C.an; a D.a; the
29.C
【解析】
句意:Natalia是来自西班牙的交换生,现在是四川的一名大学生。
考查冠词的用法。两处均表示泛指。用不定冠词修饰,第一处“exchange”首字母发元音音素,“university”首字母发辅音音素。故选C。
30.(2022·江苏连云港·中考真题)Me and My Winter Games is ________ interesting film. It’s a gift for Beijing 2022.
A.a B.an C.the D./
30.B
【解析】
句意:《我和我的冬奥》是一部有趣的电影。这是北京2022年的一份礼物。
考查冠词的用法。此处泛指一部电影,用不定冠词修饰,“interesting”首字母发元音音素,故选B。
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2023中考英语考前最后读记练05名词 冠词
【考前技巧】名词和冠词
名词
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类
专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
(1)名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
(2)不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Children’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、注意
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
(1)谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
(2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
(4)maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
(6)a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
(7)and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
(8) there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
(9)用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
(10)主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
(11)either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
(12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
(13)主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China (中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析:
(1)sport、game、match、race
sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
(2)festival、holiday、vacation
festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
(3)journey、tour、trip、travel
journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last year.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels (旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
(4)sound、noise、voice
sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
(5)fish的用法
指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
冠词
1、冠词分类及读法:
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法:
表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。
如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。
如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)
(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)
表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
表示“一”这个数量。
如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)
表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)
在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go (谁第一个去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
【考前预测】名词和冠词
1.(2022·江苏徐州·中考真题)From my ________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A.tradition B.condition C.position D.situation
2.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
3.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
4.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)The ________ rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.bike
5.(2022·重庆·中考真题)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
6.(2022·西藏·中考真题)All ________ received fresh flowers on Women’s Day.
A.woman teacher B.woman teachers C.women teachers D.women teacher
7.(2022·山东青岛·中考真题)Traditional Chinese Medicine is a great ________ for our nation.
A.treasure B.resolution C.pleasure D.standard
8.(2022·内蒙古内蒙古·中考真题)In a conversation between two persons, 65% of ________ is done through body language.
A.information B.pronunciation C.introduction D.communication
9.(2022·青海西宁·中考真题)—What a clean and tidy room!
—Yes. It’s ________ room.
A.Tina and Nina’s B.Tina’s and Nina
C.Tina and Nina D.Tina’s and Nina’s
10.(2022·广西河池·中考真题)—Lisa, could you help me buy some ________ on your way home
—Ok, mom.
A.egg B.beef C.banana D.potato
11.(2022·四川广元·中考真题)Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ________.
A.man teachers B.men teachers C.woman teachers D.women teacher
12.(2022·黑龙江大庆·中考真题)—Can I help you
—Please give me ________ about the trains to Daqing.
A.a few informations B.a little informations C.a little information D.a few information
13.(2022·广西百色·中考真题)Uncle Li has a farm, there are some________ on the farm.
A.chicken and sheep B.chickens and sheeps
C.chickens and sheep D.chicken and sheeps
14.(2022·贵州铜仁·中考真题)—You have a nice house! Whose room is this
— It’s ________.
A.Jack and Peter’s B.Jack’s and Peter’s C.Jack’s and Peter D.Jack and Peter
15.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)The pink hair band must belong to ________.
A.Linda’s B.Linda C.hers
16.(2022·新疆·中考真题)—Are you free on weekends
—Yes, I am going to have ________ picnic on ________ Sunday.
A.the; an B.a; the C.a; / D.an; /
17.(2022·天津·中考真题)After ________ school, I bought ________ present for my mother.
A./; a B.a; / C.a; the D.the; /
18.(2022·湖南岳阳·中考真题)Gu Ailing is _______ excellent sports star who made a great success in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
A.a B.an C.the
19.(2022·江苏扬州·中考真题)China has helped end 70% of poverty worldwide since ________ late 1970s, according to ________ World Bank.
A.a; a B.the; the C.a; the D.the; a
20.(2022·湖南怀化·中考真题)As we know, Singapore is _______ Asian country.
A.A B.an C.the
21.(2022·云南·中考真题)— What are you going to be when you grow up, Lily
— I’m going to be ________ astronaut like Wang Yaping.
A.a B.an C.the D./
22.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)I just bought a new shirt. ________ shirt was pretty expensive.
A.A B.An C.The D./
23.(2022·浙江温州·中考真题)Ben watched Tom and Jerry yesterday. ________ cartoon made him laugh.
A.A B.An C.The D./
24.(2022·四川自贡·中考真题)—What’s the most important tradition in a Chinese family
—We must care for ________ old.
A.an B.the C./
25.(2022·四川遂宁·中考真题)There is ________ useful robot in the restaurant near my home. It can serve food to customers.
A.an B.the C.a D./
26.(2022·重庆·中考真题)I usually have _______egg and some bread for breakfast.
A.a B.an C.the D./
27.(2022·四川成都·中考真题)_______ medical book Tian Hui Yi Jian by Bian Que and Cang Gong has come out in Chengdu.
A.The B.An C.A
28.(2022·重庆·中考真题)There is ________ bank across from the hospital.
A.a B.an C.the D./
29.(2022·四川达州·中考真题)Natalia, ________ exchange student from Spain, is ________ university student in Sichuan now.
A.a; an B.an; the C.an; a D.a; the
30.(2022·江苏连云港·中考真题)Me and My Winter Games is ________ interesting film. It’s a gift for Beijing 2022.
A.a B.an C.the D./
1.C
【解析】
句意:从我在电视塔顶部的位置,我可以完美地看到我们的城市。
考查名词辨析。tradition传统;condition条件;position位置;situation形式,情况。根据“on the top of the TV tower,”可知,此处是要表示一个位置。故选C。
2.A
【解析】
句意:托尼和彼得的爸爸是飞行员。他去过世界上许多国家。
考查名词所有格。根据“father”可知,此处指两个人共有的爸爸,在后一个人名后加’s,故选A。
3.A
【解析】
句意:随着“双减”政策的出台,其中一个变化就是学生的作业变少了。
考查名词复数和主谓一致。one of+名词复数,排除B;one of加名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。故选A。
4.A
【解析】
句意:电话铃响了,帕特接了电话。是他儿子从纽约打来的。
考查名词辨析。telephone电话;doorbell门铃;clock时钟;bike自行车。结合语境和下一句“It was his son calling from New York.”可知帕特的儿子从纽约打电话来,所以应该是电话铃声响了。故选A。
5.D
【解析】
句意:今年,全家在6月1日儿童节去露营。
考查名词所有格。由语境可知,此处指“儿童节”,英文表达为“Children’s Day”。故选D。
6.C
【解析】
句意:所有的女老师们都在妇女节这一天收到了鲜花。
考查复合名词复数的用法。“女教师”由woman teacher来表示,而由句中的“女教师们”可知这里应用复合名词的复数形式,其变化规则为两个名词都应变成其复数形式,为women teachers。故选C。
7.A
【解析】
句意:中国传统医学是我们民族的伟大财富。
考查名词辨析。treasure财富;resolution决议;pleasure快乐;standard标准。根据“Traditional Chinese Medicine”可知,中国传统医学是巨大的财富,结合选项,treasure符合句意。故选A。
8.D
【解析】
句意:在两个人的对话中,65%的交流是通过肢体语言进行的。
考查名词辨析。information信息;pronunciation发音;introduction介绍;communication交流;根据“In a conversation between two persons”以及“through body language”可知,此处指的是“交流”中65%是肢体语言,故选D。
9.A
【解析】
句意:——多干净整洁的房间啊!——是的。它是蒂娜和尼娜的房间。
考查名词所有格。根据句意,空处应用名词所有格,表示“……的”,故排除C项;根据空后“room”是单数可知,这是蒂娜和尼娜共有的房间;两者或两者以上共同所有,只在最后一个名词加’s。故选A。
10.B
【解析】
句意:——Lisa,你能在回家的路上帮我买些牛肉吗?——好的,妈妈。
考查名词辨析。egg鸡蛋,可数名词;beef牛肉,不可数名词;banana香蕉,可数名词;potato土豆,可数名词。some修饰可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词,ACD都应该用其复数形式,排除ACD,故选B。
11.B
【解析】
句意:我们学校五分之三的教师是男教师。
考查名词复数。结合动词are可知,名词要用复数形式,以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都变成复数,B选项正确,故选B。
12.C
【解析】
句意:——我可以帮到你吗?——请告诉我一些去大庆的火车的情况。
考查不定代词及不可数名词。a few一些,修饰可数名词;a little一点,修饰不可数名词。information是不可数名词,无复数形式,排除A和B选项。修饰不可数名词用a little,故选C。
13.C
【解析】
句意:李叔叔有一个农场,在农场上有一些鸡和羊。
考查名词复数的用法。根据“there are some…on the farm”可知,农场上会有鸡和羊。some后接不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式,chicken鸡,复数形式是chickens;sheep羊,复数形式是sheep,故选C。
14.A
【解析】
句意:——你的房子真漂亮!这是谁的房间?——这是Jack和Peter的。
考查名词所有格。Jack and Peter’s是指Jack和Peter两人共同的;Jack’s and Peter’s指Jack和Peter两人各自的;C选项形式错误;Jack and Peter指两个人。根据句中“Whose room is this”可知,答语中应表示“是……的”,且这里提到的是一个房间,因此应该是Jack和Peter两人共同的。故选A。
15.B
【解析】
句意:这个粉红色的发带一定属于Linda。
考查名词和代词。Linda是一个女孩的名字;Linda’s是名词所有格形式;hers是名词性物主代词,意为“她的”。句中使用了短语belong to…“属于……”,后跟名词或人称代词宾格形式作宾语。故选B。
16.C
【解析】
句意:——你周末有时间吗?——是的,星期天我要去野餐。
考查冠词。have a picnic“野餐”,固定用法;on Sunday“在周日”,星期前不加冠词。故选C。
17.A
【解析】
句意:放学后,我给妈妈买了一件礼物。
考查冠词辨析。after school“放学后”,固定搭配,故第一空不填。第二空指“一份礼物”,表泛指,且present是以辅音音素开头的单词,应填a,故选A。
18.B
【解析】
句意:谷爱凌是一位优秀的体育明星,她在北京2022年冬奥会上取得了巨大的成功。
考查冠词辨析。a用于辅音音素前;an用于元音音素前;the定冠词。根据“excellent sports star”可知,需要不定冠词表示泛指,excellent是元音音素开头,因此an符合句意;故选B。
19.B
【解析】
句意:据世界银行称,自20世纪70年代后期以来,中国已帮助消除了全球70%的贫困人口。
考查冠词。空格一处表示年代,用“the+年份复数”,表示“在几世纪几十年代”,排除AC;World Bank“世界银行”是专用名词,前加定冠词the。故选B。
20.B
【解析】
句意:我们知道,新加坡是一个亚洲国家。
考查冠词辨析。此处表示一个亚洲国家,表泛指,且Asian是以元音音素开头的,故选B。
21.B
【解析】
句意:——Lily,你长大了要做什么?——我要像王亚平一样成为一名宇航员。
考查冠词辨析。此处表示“一名宇航员”,表泛指,且astronaut是以元音音素开头的,故选B。
22.C
【解析】
句意:我刚刚买了一件新衬衫。这件新衬衫相当贵。
考查冠词用法。此空特指前文提到的这件衬衫,用the表特指,故选C。
23.C
【解析】
句意:本昨天看了《汤姆和杰瑞》。 这部卡通片使他笑了。
考查冠词辨析。此空特指前文提到的《汤姆和杰瑞》这部卡通片,用冠词the表特指,故选C。
24.B
【解析】
句意:——中国家庭最重要的传统是什么?——我们必须要照顾老人。
考查冠词。根据“We must care for...old”可知此处指照顾老人,表示一类人可用“the+形容词”。故选B。
25.C
【解析】
句意:在我家附近的餐厅里有一个很有用的机器人。它可以为顾客提供食物。
考查冠词辨析。an一个,泛指,用于元音音素前;the指已提到或易领会到的人或事物;a一个,泛指,用于辅音音素前;/不填。此处表示“一个有用的机器人”,表泛指,且useful是以辅音音素开头,故选C。
26.B
【解析】
句意:我早餐通常吃一个鸡蛋和一些面包。考查冠词用法。根据句意可知早餐吃一个鸡蛋和一些面包,这里表示的是泛指一个鸡蛋,应用不定冠词来修饰,且egg的发音是以元音音素开头的,所以应用不定冠词an;故答案选B。
【点睛】
本题考查冠词用法。冠词分为定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。不定冠词包括a和an ,表示泛指某人或某物,a用于辅音音素开头的单词前面;an用于元音音素开头的单词前面。The是定冠词,表示特指某个(些)人或者物,或者在文中再次提到该事物时;零冠词用于一些特殊的结构中。本题根据题干可知此处表示泛指,而且egg是以元音音素开头的单词,所以用不定冠词an修饰,故答案选B。
27.A
【解析】
句意:扁鹊和仓公所著的医书《天惠一鉴》在成都出版。
考查冠词。分析句子可知,此处特指《天惠一鉴》这本书,用定冠词the。故选A。
28.A
【解析】
句意:医院对面有一家银行。
考查冠词。此处泛指“一家银行”,bank以辅音音素开头,其前用不定冠词a。故选A。
29.C
【解析】
句意:Natalia是来自西班牙的交换生,现在是四川的一名大学生。
考查冠词的用法。两处均表示泛指。用不定冠词修饰,第一处“exchange”首字母发元音音素,“university”首字母发辅音音素。故选C。
30.B
【解析】
句意:《我和我的冬奥》是一部有趣的电影。这是北京2022年的一份礼物。
考查冠词的用法。此处泛指一部电影,用不定冠词修饰,“interesting”首字母发元音音素,故选B。
【考前技巧篇05】名词和冠词
名词
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类
专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
(1)名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
(2)不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Children’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、注意
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
(1)谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
(2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
(4)maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
(6)a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
(7)and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
(8) there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
(9)用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
(10)主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
(11)either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
(12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
(13)主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China (中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析:
(1)sport、game、match、race
sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
(2)festival、holiday、vacation
festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
(3)journey、tour、trip、travel
journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last year.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels (旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
(4)sound、noise、voice
sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
(5)fish的用法
指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
冠词
1、冠词分类及读法:
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法:
表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。
如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。
如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)
(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)
表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
表示“一”这个数量。
如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)
表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)
在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go (谁第一个去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
【考前预测篇05】名词和冠词
1.(2022·江苏徐州·中考真题)From my ________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A.tradition B.condition C.position D.situation
2.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
3.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
4.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)The ________ rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.bike
5.(2022·重庆·中考真题)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
6.(2022·西藏·中考真题)All ________ received fresh flowers on Women’s Day.
A.woman teacher B.woman teachers C.women teachers D.women teacher
7.(2022·山东青岛·中考真题)Traditional Chinese Medicine is a great ________ for our nation.
A.treasure B.resolution C.pleasure D.standard
8.(2022·内蒙古内蒙古·中考真题)In a conversation between two persons, 65% of ________ is done through body language.
A.information B.pronunciation C.introduction D.communication
9.(2022·青海西宁·中考真题)—What a clean and tidy room!
—Yes. It’s ________ room.
A.Tina and Nina’s B.Tina’s and Nina
C.Tina and Nina D.Tina’s and Nina’s
10.(2022·广西河池·中考真题)—Lisa, could you help me buy some ________ on your way home
—Ok, mom.
A.egg B.beef C.banana D.potato
11.(2022·四川广元·中考真题)Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ________.
A.man teachers B.men teachers C.woman teachers D.women teacher
12.(2022·黑龙江大庆·中考真题)—Can I help you
—Please give me ________ about the trains to Daqing.
A.a few informations B.a little informations C.a little information D.a few information
13.(2022·广西百色·中考真题)Uncle Li has a farm, there are some________ on the farm.
A.chicken and sheep B.chickens and sheeps
C.chickens and sheep D.chicken and sheeps
14.(2022·贵州铜仁·中考真题)—You have a nice house! Whose room is this
— It’s ________.
A.Jack and Peter’s B.Jack’s and Peter’s C.Jack’s and Peter D.Jack and Peter
15.(2022·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)The pink hair band must belong to ________.
A.Linda’s B.Linda C.hers
16.(2022·新疆·中考真题)—Are you free on weekends
—Yes, I am going to have ________ picnic on ________ Sunday.
A.the; an B.a; the C.a; / D.an; /
17.(2022·天津·中考真题)After ________ school, I bought ________ present for my mother.
A./; a B.a; / C.a; the D.the; /
18.(2022·湖南岳阳·中考真题)Gu Ailing is _______ excellent sports star who made a great success in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
A.a B.an C.the
19.(2022·江苏扬州·中考真题)China has helped end 70% of poverty worldwide since ________ late 1970s, according to ________ World Bank.
A.a; a B.the; the C.a; the D.the; a
20.(2022·湖南怀化·中考真题)As we know, Singapore is _______ Asian country.
A.A B.an C.the
21.(2022·云南·中考真题)— What are you going to be when you grow up, Lily
— I’m going to be ________ astronaut like Wang Yaping.
A.a B.an C.the D./
22.(2022·甘肃平凉·中考真题)I just bought a new shirt. ________ shirt was pretty expensive.
A.A B.An C.The D./
23.(2022·浙江温州·中考真题)Ben watched Tom and Jerry yesterday. ________ cartoon made him laugh.
A.A B.An C.The D./
24.(2022·四川自贡·中考真题)—What’s the most important tradition in a Chinese family
—We must care for ________ old.
A.an B.the C./
25.(2022·四川遂宁·中考真题)There is ________ useful robot in the restaurant near my home. It can serve food to customers.
A.an B.the C.a D./
26.(2022·重庆·中考真题)I usually have _______egg and some bread for breakfast.
A.a B.an C.the D./
27.(2022·四川成都·中考真题)_______ medical book Tian Hui Yi Jian by Bian Que and Cang Gong has come out in Chengdu.
A.The B.An C.A
28.(2022·重庆·中考真题)There is ________ bank across from the hospital.
A.a B.an C.the D./
29.(2022·四川达州·中考真题)Natalia, ________ exchange student from Spain, is ________ university student in Sichuan now.
A.a; an B.an; the C.an; a D.a; the
30.(2022·江苏连云港·中考真题)Me and My Winter Games is ________ interesting film. It’s a gift for Beijing 2022.
A.a B.an C.the D./
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