【课堂新坐标，同步备课参考】2013-2014学年高中英语译林版必修三教师用书Unit 2　Language

Unit 2　Language
【美文阅读】
The official UN languages
在目前尚存的数千种语言中，使用人口超过100万的语言有140多种，但使用最为广泛的是联合国的六种官方语言。
The United Nations w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as founded in 1945 after World War Ⅱ to stop wars between countries，and to provide a platform for dialogue.The headquarters of the United Nations is in New York.There are 193 members now.The official languages of the United Nations are the six languages.They are Arabic，Chinese，English，French，Russian and Spanish.
When the UN was found ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed，five official languages were chosen：English，French，Chinese，Russian and Spanish.Arabic was added in 1973.There languages are used at meetings.They are also used for the dissemination(宣传)of official documents.These six languages are all working languages in the General Assembly(联合国大会)and in the Economic and Social Council.They are also the working languages of the Security Council.The working languages at the UN Secretariat are only English and French.
Language Days at the UN
In 2010，the UN's Depa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rtment of Public Information announced an initiative of six“language days”to be observed throughout the year，one for each official language，with the goal of celebrating linguistic diversity(语言的多样性)and learning about the importance of cross cultural communication.The days and their historical significance are：
UN Arabic Lan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )guage Day：December 18th.It is the date on which the United Nations General Assembly chose Arabic as the sixth official language of the United Nations in 1973.
UN Chinese Language ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Day：April 20th.It is also the day to honor Cang Jie，the ancient Chinese mythical figure who invented Chinese characters.
UN English Langua ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ge Day：April 23rd.The date is traditionally regarded as the death of William Shakespeare.
UN French Languag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e Day：March 20th.It is the date of International Francophonie Day(全球法语日)．
UN Russian Language Da ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y：June 6th.It is the birthday of Alexander Pushkin.
UN Spanish Language Day：October 12th.It's the date of Columbus Day.
【诱思导学】
1．Which two l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )anguages are the working languages of the UN Secretariat
2．When do people celebrate UN Chinese Language Day
【答案】　1.English and French.　2.On April 20th.
Period ⅠPreviewing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，为下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。
●教学地位
本课时主要讲述英语的发展历史，要求学生 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )了解英语的历史及其发展，使学生通过阅读这篇文章掌握阅读此类文章的阅读策略和阅读技巧，提高学生的阅读能力和综合运用语言的能力，同时，培养学生提高对英语的认识，从而增加学习英语的兴趣。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
建议教师以Brainstorm的形 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式导入新课 : Ask students the following questions: 1.Are you good at English 2.What do you think is the most difficult part of studying English－pronunciation，grammar，vocabulary or anything else 3.Do you think English has always stayed the same
●教学流程设计
导入新课。 学生阅读“美文阅读”与“诱思导学”(见学案第23页)。 学生就“美文阅读”进行讨论，统一答案。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
学生再次阅读课文(课本第22－23页)并 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )完成“语篇理解”(见学案第24页)。 师生共同讨论并统一答案。 让学生快速阅读课文，(见课本22－23页)并完成“篇章结构”(见学案第24页)。
　　　　　
学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )最后统一答案。 学生再次仔细阅读课文，(课本22－23 页)进行深度理解，并完成“课文缩写”(见学案第24－25页)。 老师指导学生讨论，共同找出答案。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生根据所给出的表格进行自我评估(见 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学案第25页)。 学生讨论，并让学生代表发表他们讨论得出的答案，老师予以更正。 让学生完成“知识初探”部分(见学案第25页)。
　　　　
老师布置作业。让学生完成课本第24页C1，C2，D三题，预习学案Period Ⅱ(见学案第25－30页)。
Ⅰ.篇章结构
阅读P22～23的Reading部分，完成下列表格(每空1词)
Middle English In 1066By the latter half of the 6. centuryIn 1399 The Normans 5. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) England and took control of the country.7. had come into widespread use among all classes in England.8. became King of England and used English for all official events.
Modern English During the Renaissance in the 9. century 10. English appeared.
【答案】　1.Celtic　2.9th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )　3.moved　4.official　5.conquered　6.14th　7.English　8.Henry Ⅳ　9.16th　10.Modern
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P22～23的Reading部分，选择最佳答案
1．What is the main reason for English's development
A．The borrowing from other languages.
B．The mixing of diffe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rent languages from different countries，and the invasions.
C．Both A and B.
2．The base of Old English is .
A．Celtic
B．Anglo Saxon
C．the languages of Denmark and Norway
3．Which of the following is TRUE about the history of English
A．The language ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) used before the middle of the 5th century is called Old English.
B．Middle English st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arted from about the 12th century and ended in the 16th century.
C．Only the English we are using today is Modern English.
4．Which is the reas ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on why French didn't have the same result as the first language in spite of its invasion
A．The Normans conque ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st didn't have the same result as the Germanic invasion had.
B．The Normans didn't rule England as long as the Germans did.
C．It is not mentioned in the passage.
5．Which of the following terms come from French
A．Beef，sheep and bacon.
B．Pig，mutton and tooth.
C．Beef，pork and bacon.
【答案】　1.C　2.B　3.B　4.C　5.C
Ⅲ.课文缩写
用所给单词或短语的正确形式完成课文缩写
official；adopt；modern； ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )include；affect；nowadays；upper；take control of；process；contribute
Throughout history ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，English has changed a lot.English can be divided into three sections: Old English，Middle English and 1. English.Old English is very different from the English we speak 2. .By the 10th century，Old English was the 3. language of England.
Many factors 4. to the development of Middle English.In 1066，the Normans conquered England and 5. the country.After the Norman Conquest，6. class people spoke French while common people spoke English.By the latter half of the 14th century，English was 7. by all classes in England.
Modern English began ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) during the Renaissance in the 16th century.Modern English 8. many Latin and Greek words.Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period.Where a person comes from will
9. his st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )yle of speech.If a person from the south of England goes to the north，he may find it difficult to understand what people there are saying.It is certain that this 10. will continue.
【答案】　1.Modern　2.no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wadays　3.official　4.contribute　5.took control of　6.upper　7.adopted　8.includes 9．affect　10.process
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．defeat　 A．a particular way of speaking
2．lead to B．difference
3．replace C．be made up of
4．entire D．result in；cause
5．accent E．take the place of
6．Distinction F．beat sb；win a victory
7．consist of G．complete；whole
【答案】　1.F　2.D　3.E　4.G　5.A　6.B　7.C
Ⅱ.短语填空
take control of；nam ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e after；play a part in；as well；go through；be made up of；aside from
1． the prize，he also got much experience and honor.
2．Last week th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e government the nation's two biggest housing finance companies.
3．China is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )big agricultural country，and agriculture(农业) its national economy.
4．His family suggested that the robot he had invented him.
5．This book twelve separate short stories.
【答案】　1.Aside from　2.t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ook control of　3.plays a part in　4.(should)be named after　5.is made up of
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．That is why English ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )has so many difficult rules that confuse people.
这就是英语为什么有很多令人不解的规则。
2．In fact，we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.
事实上，如果我们现在听到古英语，我们不可能懂它的意思。
3．This is because Engl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ish has many words and phrases from different languages.
这是因为英语有很多单词和短语来自不同的语言。
4．On the other hand，the English did borrow many words from French.
另一方面，英语确实借用了很多法语单词。
5．It is certai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n that this process will continue，and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.
可以确定的是这种进程仍会继续，人们也会不断地发明新词汇和新的说话方式。
Period ⅡWelcome to the unit & Reading
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
(3)通过对这些词汇的学习能够更深层次的理解课文，再通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练的运用这些词汇。
●教学地位
学生需要打好牢固的基础，因此对每一单元里的重点单词、短语及句型的用法牢牢掌握，所以理解和正确使用英语单词和短语是英语学习的重点所在。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
教师可以以检查上堂课所布置的作业导入课堂。
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业，检查 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学生对学案预习的情况。 导入新课。 让学生就“课堂互动探究”(见学案第25－30页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生再次阅读课文，(课本第 22－23页 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))以加深对所学单词与短语的理解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
　　　　　
让学生完成“自我评估”(学案第30页) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。 布置作业。让学生完成课本第 25 页 E，F题，“课时作业”和预习Period Ⅲ(见学案第31－34页)。
1．be made up of由……组成(构成)
The English langu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )age is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain.(P22)英语是由这些人带到英国的语法和词汇构成的语言。
A car is made up of many different parts.
汽车由许多不同的部件组成。
be made in在……生产/制造(介词后跟地点)
be made into制成……(介词后跟产品/制成品)
be made of由……制成(能看出原材料)
be made from由……制成(看不出原材料)
Cotton can be made into cloth.
棉花可以制成布。
The paper is made from rice straw.
这种纸是由稻草做的。
【教师备课资源】
make的常用短语
make up化妆，打扮；和解；编造，虚构；构成
make out理解；看清，辨认清楚
make up for弥补，补偿
make one's way前往
make it成功
完成句子
①这个医疗队由五个医生和五个护士组成。
This medical team five doctors and five nurses.
②现代楼房主要由砖和水泥建成。
Modern buildings bricks and concrete.
③木头可以制成许多种家具。
Wood many kinds of furniture.
④葡萄酒是用葡萄酿制的。
Wine is grapes.
⑤我买的车是中国制造的。
The car I bought is made .
【答案】　①is made up ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of　②are often made of　③can be made into　④made from　⑤in China
2．occupy vt.占领；占用(时间、空间等)；担任(职务)，使从事
Then two Germanic g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )roups from the European mainland－the Angles and the Saxons－occupied Britain.(P22)然后来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部落——盎格鲁人和撒克逊人——占领了不列颠。
Is that seat occupied
那个座位有人吗？
He occupies an im ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )portant position in the Ministry of Education.他在教育部担任要职。
keep sb.occupied使某人忙碌
occupy oneself with/in (doing) sth.
某人忙于(做)某事
be occupied in (doing) /with sth.
忙于(做)某事；正在做某事
occupation n．职业
How does he occupy himself now that he's retired
他既已退休，那如何打发日子呢？
He was occupied in writing letters.
他正在写信。
完成句子
①公共汽车上所有的座位都有人了。
All the seats on the bus .
②他们占领这座岛屿的企图失败了。
They failed in their attempt to .
③她把自己一半的时间用于从事政治活动。
Half of her time politics.
【答案】　①were occupied　②occupy the island　③is occupied with
3．consist of 由……组成(构成)
Old English consis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ted of a mixture of their languages.(P22)古英语就是由他们的语言混合而成的。
This club consists of more than 300 members.
这个俱乐部由300位以上的会员组成。
He is reading a book consisting of many chapters.
他正在读一本由许多章节组成的书。
consist of＝be made up of
consist in在于；存在于；以……为主要因素
consist with和……一致
Tolerance consists in respecting the opinions of others.
宽容在于尊重别人的意见。
His statement doesn't consist with the fact.
他的陈述与事实不符。
完成句子
①水由氢元素和氧元素构成。
Water hydrogen and oxygen.
＝Water hydrogen and oxygen.
②这是面粉和水的混合物。
This is a mixture flour and water.
③一国之幸福以其全民之自由为首要。
The happiness of a country the freedom of its citizens.
④理论应与实践相一致。
Theory should .
【答案】　①consists of；is made up of　②consisting of
③consists in　④consist with practice
4．name after以……命名
Both the English la ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nguage and the English people are named after the Angles.(P22)
英语和英国人都是以盎格鲁命名的。
The machine is named after its inventor.
这台机器是以其发明者的名字命名的。
in (the) name of (in sb.'s name)
代表某人；凭借某事物的权威
put one's name down for报名上(学、课等)
under the name of用……作名字
by the name of名叫……的
Someone by the name of Henry wants to see you.
有个叫亨利的要见你。
Open，in the name of law.
以法律的名义命令你打开。
He writes under the name of Mao Dun.
他以“茅盾”这个名字发表著作。
【教师备课资源】
name的相关短语
to one's name属于自己的(通常与no，not连用)
named adj.指定的
nameless adj.无名的；匿名的
namely adv.即；也就是
注意：namely＝that is to say即；也就是
worth the name名副其实
name sb.for提名某人担任某职务
翻译句子
①她是根据她祖母的名字命名的。
②我代表总统前来迎接你。
③他报名参加这个社团。
【答案】　①She was named after her grandmother.
②I greet you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in the name of the President.　③He put his name down for the society.
5．aside from除了……；除……之外，还……
Aside from place ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )names such as London，very few Celtic words became part of Old English.(P22)除了像“London”这样的地名，很少凯尔特语中的单词成为古英语的一部分。
Aside from motorcars，the factory turns out bicycles.
除了汽车之外，这家工厂还生产自行车。
besides/except/aside/apart from
besides 意为“除了……，(还，也)”，表示的是追加关系，整体中包括了“除了”的部分。
except 意为“除了……，(其余的都)”，表示的是剔除的关系，整体中不包括“除了”的部分，except除了后面接名词、代词外，还可接介词短语或从句。
aside/apart from 在不同的上下文中，既有besides的含义，又有except和except for的含义，要根据上下文来判别。
Apart from English，he has a good command of Russian and French.
除英语外，他还精通俄语和法语。(＝besides)
He has no interests，apart from his work.
他除了自己的工作外，没什么兴趣爱好。(＝except)
翻译句子
①他除了脸部和双手受伤以外，两条腿也断了。
②除了我的主人，在那儿我一个人也不认识。
【答案】　①Aside/Apart ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) from(或Besides)the injuries to his face and hands，he broke both legs.　②I didn't know a single person there apart/aside from(或except)my host.
6．official adj.官方的；正式的 n．官员；公务员
By the 10th c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )entury，Old English had become the official language of England.(P22)
到公元10世纪，古英语已成了英国的官方语言。
You have to get ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) official permission to build a new house.你要盖新房必须得到正式的许可。
An official of the local government called to see him.
当地政府一位官员来看他。
official/officer
official 是官员的总称。凡是担任公职的官员、公务员、行政管理人员等文职官员，均可称为official。
officer 通常指军官和警官；也可以指政府官员、工商企业或社会中的负责人或高级职员等一类地位重要的人物。
完成句子
①他父亲是一位政府官员。
His father is a .
②这个年轻军官被提升为上尉。
The young was promoted to the rank of captain.
【答案】　①government official　②army officer
7．The most important c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ontribution was from the Normans，a French speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066.(P22)最大的贡献来自于讲法语的诺曼人，他们在1066年打败并统治了英格兰。
(1)contribution n．贡献；促成因素；捐款(赠)
Robert's contribution should also be remembered.
罗伯特的贡献同样应该久记不忘。
make contributions to (toward)对……作出贡献
contribute vi.& vt.捐助；捐献；贡献；投稿
contribute...to...向……捐献(投稿)
contribute to...促成；起作用；有助于
You have made great contributions to our firm.
你为公司做出了很大贡献。
She has contributed several poems to magazines.
她给刊物投了几首诗稿。
Does smoking contribute to lung cancer
吸烟会导致肺癌吗？
单项填空
①A proper amount of exercise good health.
A．results from　　 B．contributes to
C．attends to D．devotes to
【解析】　句意：适当的运动有助于健康。contribute to意为“导致，引起，促成”。
【答案】　B
②He all his time and energy to his work.
A．spent B．cost
C．contributed D．combined
【解析】　句意：他把他所有的精力和时间都奉献给他的工作。contribute...to...把……贡献给……。
【答案】　C
(2)defeat vt.击败，战胜 n．失败，战败
The mayor defeated all opponents in the last election.
在上次竞选中市长打败了所有对手。
The hopes were defeated.
希望落空了。
It is not easy for him to admit his defeat.
他不轻易承认自己的失败。
win/beat/defeat
win 指在游戏、比赛、竞争、选举中获胜，后面不能接人，可用于短语win a battle/victory/prize/seat。
beat 指在运动比赛、竞赛中获胜，打败了其他人或其他队，可用于短语beat sb.at/in sth.
defeat 与beat意思及用法相同，但defe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at较为正式。若指一个国家在战争中获胜则只能用defeat，可用于短语defeat sb.by...points。
It was a lac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k of money，not efforts，that defeated their plan.导致他们计划失败的不是不努力，而是缺钱。
I could always beat my brother at chess.
每次下棋，我都能赢我兄弟。
He won the love and respect of his students.
他赢得了学生们的喜爱和尊敬。
完成句子
③昨天游泳我赢了她。
I her at swimming yesterday.
④我赢了昨天那场比赛。
I the match yesterday.
【答案】　③beat/defeated　④won
(3)take control of控制，取得对……的控制
You can't ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke control of others but you can control yourself.你无法控制他人，但你可以控制自己。
The police have taken control of the situation.
警方已经控制住了局面。
in control of控制；掌握；管理
in/under the control of在……控制下
lose control of失去对……的控制
beyond/out of control无法控制
under control处于控制之下
Who's in control of the project
谁是这个项目的负责人？
John lost control of his car.
约翰的车子失去了控制。
At first，the fire got out of control.
起初，火势变得无法控制。
完成句子
⑤巴拿马控制了运河区。
Panama the Canal Zone.
⑥他很容易失控。
He is easy to himself.
⑦副总统现在掌管一切。
The Vice President is now .
⑧汽车失去控制而撞毁了。
The car went and crashed.
⑨这个国家现在在军队的控制之下。
The country is the military now.
【答案】　⑤took control ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of　⑥lose control of　⑦in control　⑧out of control　⑨in/under the control of
8．However，the Norma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons' victory about 600 years earlier，which led to Old English replacing Celtic.(P22)然而，诺曼征服对英语的影响并不及约600年前盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的胜利对英语的影响，那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯尔特语。
(1)lead to 导致；通往……
Eating too many hamburgers can lead to health problems.吃太多汉堡会引发健康问题。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条道路通罗马。
lead sb.to do sth.导致某人做某事
lead sb.to＋名词 把某人引向……
lead a．..life过着……生活
近义词(组)有：result in；bring about；cause
What led you to change your mind
是什么使你改变了想法？
The sign is not correct.It will lead us to a wrong way.
这个路标不对。它会把我们引到错路上去的。
完成句子
①他的话使我们相信他是对的。
What he said he was right.
②走这条路你就能到镇上。
The road .
③除癌症外，吸烟还可引起其他疾病。
Besides cancer，smoking can .
【答案】　①led us to believe　②leads you to the town
③lead to other diseases
(2)replace vt.替换，代替，取代；把……送回(原处)
Have you found anyone to replace me yet
你们找到人来代替我了吗？
E mail has largely r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eplaced the traditional business letter.电子邮件已在很大程度上取代了传统的商务书信。
She carefully replaced the china plate on the shelf.
她小心翼翼地把瓷盘放回到架子上。
replace A with B用B代替A
take one's place取代某人；代替某人
take the place of sb.代替某人；取代某人
in place of sb.＝instead of sb.代替某人
I'll replace the cup I have broken with a new one.
我将用一只新杯子赔偿被我打碎的那只。
No one could take her mother's place in her mind.
没有人可以取代她母亲在她心目中的地位。
Who will take the place of Mr.Smith
谁将取代史密斯先生的位置呢？
完成句子
④有什么东西能代替母爱吗？
Can anything a mother's ？
⑤我用新窗户来替换破了的窗户。
I replaced the broken windows new ones.
⑥报纸阅读后放回原处。
after reading.
【答案】　④replace；love　⑤with　⑥Replace the newspapers
9．Even though the N ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ormans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England，French did not replace English as the first language.(P23)尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整250年间一直都说法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一语言。
(1)even though在此引导让步状语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句，该从句中还包含一个定语从句，即they ruled England，修饰the entire 250 years。该定语从句的关系词已省略。
(2)even though意为“即使，尽管”，相当于even if，引导的让步状语从句的内容既可以是事实，也可以是一种假设。
Even though you disagree with her，she's still worth listening to.
即使你不同意她的观点，她的意见还是值得听取的。
Even though he is poor，she loves him.
尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。
【对接高考】
(2012·北京高考)—Look at those clouds!
—Don't worry. it rains，we'll still have a great time.
A．Even if B．As though
C．In case D．If only
【解析】　首先了解四个选项的汉 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语意思。even if“即使”，引导让步状语从句；as though“好像”，引导方式状语从句；in case“以防，万一”，引导条件状语从句；if only“要是……就好了”，引导虚拟条件句。由题干中的关键信息Don't worry.和．..we'll still have a great time.可知此处填Even if“即使”。句意：——看那些乌云！——别担心。即使下雨，我们仍然会玩得很开心。
【答案】　A
完成句子
①即使明天下雨，我们也决不改变计划。
，we won't change our plan.
②尽管这次聚会上我谁也不认识，我也玩得挺痛快。
at the party，I had a nice time.
【答案】　①Even if/tho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ugh it rains tomorrow　②Even though/if I didn't know anybody
10．result in 造成；导致
This resulted ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in even more words with similar meanings，such as answer (from Old English)and reply (from Old French)．(P23)这使英语产生了更多意思相近的词语，如answer(源自古英语)和reply(源自古法语)。
The accident resulted in three deaths.
这起事故造成了三人死亡。
The bone resulted in a fight among the dogs.
这根骨头在一群狗之间引发了争斗。
result in/result from
result in 意为“结果，导致”。句中的主语是起因；in的宾语是结果。与cause，lead to同义。
result from 意为“由……引起，产生”。句中的主语是结果；from的宾语是起因。可与as a result of，because of同义。
The driver's carelessness resulted in the accident.
驾驶员的粗心导致了这次事故。
The accident resulted from the driver's carelessness.
这次事故起因于驾驶员的粗心。
用result的短语完成句子
①勤奋才能成功。
Hard work will success.
②由于吃得太多，他肚子疼。
His stomachache his eating too much.
③美国的袭击使本·拉登死亡。
The American's attack the death of Bin Laden.
④由于下雨，会议取消了。
，the meeting has been put off.
【答案】　①result in　②resulted from　③resulted in　④As a result of the rain
11．raise vt.养育，培养；举起；增加，提高；筹募；提及
After the Norman Conqu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )est，many English people worked as servants who raised animals.(P23)诺曼征服之后，很多英国人沦为诺曼人的仆人，他们为诺曼人饲养牲畜。
I was raised by my aunt on a farm.
我是在农场由姨妈抚养大的。
They wanted to raise money for Project Green Hope.
他们想为绿色希望工程募集资金。
The wind raised the fallen leaves from the garden.
那阵风把庭院中的落叶刮了起来。
His long absence raised fears about his safety.
他长期不在引起了大家对他安全的担心。
raise/rise
raise 是及物动词，可用于被动语态，表示“提高，举起，抚养，筹募”，可指工资、数量、价格、容量、地位等增长、增加、上涨、加大、提高等。
rise 是不及物动词，使用范围较广，可指太阳、月亮 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、物价、数量、地位、河水等升起、增长、上升、发源，还可指人“起床、起立”等。rise的过去式为rose，过去分词为risen。
The sun rises above the horizon.
太阳从地平线上升起。
He rises very early in the morning.
他早上起得很早。
选词填空：raise/rise
①I am always wondering how you manage to
four children on such a small income.
②My spirit when I heard the good news that I would be given a chance to study abroad.
③In order to ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke everyone hear me clearly，I had to my voice.
【答案】　①raise　②rose　③raise
12．The question of whe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ther English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer.(P23)英语在未来是不是要继续变化这个问题其实很容易回答。
(1)本句是一个复合句，o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f whether English will keep on changing in the future为介词短语作定语修饰question。of后面有由whether引导的宾语从句。
whether从属连词，主要引导下列几种从句。
I don't know ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )whether/if they will come to help us.(引导宾语从句)我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。
Whether the news is true remains a question.(引导主语从句)消息是否真实仍是个问题。
(2)本句的主语the question又作不定式to answer的逻辑宾语，不定式用其主动形式表被动意义。
在“be＋形容词＋to do”结构中，如果不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，不定式常用主动形式表被动意义。
This kind of water isn't fit to drink.
这种水不适宜饮用。
The girl isn't easy to get along with.
这个女孩不容易相处。
①在“be＋形容词＋to do”结构中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语。如果不定式中谓语动词为不及物动词，应加上适当的介词。
②句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以不定式后不可以再加宾语。
③常用于此句型的形容词有diffic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ult，easy，hard，light，heavy，comfortable，interesting，dangerous，pleasant等。
The article is difficult to understand.
这篇文章很难理解。
The room is too small for five men to live in.
这个房间太小了，5个人住不下。
【教师备课资源】
在英语中下列的几类词也常用主动形式表被动意义。
①当feel，look，smell，ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ste，sound等后面接形容词时；当cut，read，sell，wear，write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
This kind of cloth doesn't wash easily.
这种布不易洗。
These books won't sell well.
这些书不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.
我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won't lock.
门锁不上。
The dish smells delicious.
这道菜闻起来很香。
②want，require，need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
③be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
④be to blame，be to rent也用主动形式表被动意义。
【对接高考】
(2012·辽宁高考)This m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )achine is very easy .Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A．operating B．to be operating
C．operated D．to operate
【解析】　句意：这台机器很容易操作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，任何人都能在几分钟内学会使用它。题干第一句是“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，the machine虽是operate逻辑上的宾语，但不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
【答案】　D
单项填空
Mom asked Tom .
A．if had he finished his homework
B．whether he had finished his homework
C．if he has finished his homework
D．if you have finished your homework
【解析】　从句为宾语从句，且从句应用陈述语序。由asked知，从句应用过去的某种时态。引导宾语从句时if与whether可互换。
【答案】　B
Period ⅢWord power & Grammar and usage
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
(3)通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识。
●教学地位
语法是学生感到比较难以掌握的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )东西。让学生正确理解和掌握语法知识是让学生学好英语的关键，所以应给学生创设一个语境，让学生理解该语法的应用，而不要让学生死记硬背语法条文，应从理解的基础上去运用这些语法。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
建议教师准备适量的含疑问词引导的名词性从句及it做形式主语的名词性从句的句子为学生呈现，让学生观察思考过去完成时适用场合。
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业，检查 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学生对学案预习的情况。 导入新课。 让学生就“课堂互动探究”(见学案第31－34页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生讨论完成“语法精析”部分，(见 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学案第32－34页)并让各个讨论组发表各自见解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
　　　　　
老师对语法部分给以点拨，让学生掌握本 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )单元语法知识。 自我评估(见学案第34页)。 布置作业。让学生完成课本第 29及 31 页A，B 题，预习学案Period Ⅳ(见学案第35－42页)。
1．concern n．关心；忧虑 vt.涉及；使担忧；对……感兴趣
King Henry Ⅶ was a poet who showed great concern for language.(P29)
亨利七世国王是一位诗人，非常关心语言。
The story concerns a man who was a friend of mine.
故事讲的是我过去的一个朋友。
The World Cup tak ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing place in Germany concerns all the fans throughout the world.在德国举行的世界杯足球赛影响到全世界所有的球迷们。
show/express(great)concern about...
对……表示关心/担心
be concerned about/for...关心/挂念
concern oneself with/in/about sth.忙于某事；关心某事
as far as...be concerned就……而言
be concerned with与……有牵连
It concerns sb.that...……使某人担忧
concerning prep.关于，至于
He didn't concern himself with the details.
他对细节不感兴趣。
I'm concerned for her safety.
他挂念着她的安全。
It concerns me that you no longer seem to care.
你似乎不再在乎，这让我担忧。
单项填空
①This novel was co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ncerned the Second World War，while most teenagers are more concerned the hero's love story.
A．with；for　　　　　 B．with；with
C．for；about D．about；with
【解析】　考查固定短语搭配。句意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )这本小说与第二次世界大战有关，而大部分青少年更多地关心英雄的爱情故事。be concerned with/in与……有关，参与；be concerned about/for关心，挂念。
【答案】　A
单句改错
②It is not your problem—don't concern yourself of it.
③Concerned yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur letter，I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable to us.
【答案】　②of→with/about　
③Concerned→Concerning
2．ban vt.&n.禁止；取缔
At one time the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )department banned some‘borrowed words’ from English，including ‘weekend’ and ‘e mail’．(P29)这个部门一度废除了来自英语的“借用词”，包括“weekend”和“e mail”。
Chemical weapons are banned internationally.
国际上禁止使用化学武器。
There is to be a total ban on smoking in the office.
办公室将彻底禁止吸烟。
ban sth.禁止……，取缔……
ban sb.from sth.禁止某人得到……，禁止某人去……
ban sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事
impose/lift a ban(on sth.)颁布/解除(对……的)禁令
He was banned from the meeting.
他被取消了出席会议的资格。
She's been banned ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) from leaving Greece while the allegations are investigated.
在对那些指控进行调查期间，她被禁止离开希腊。
The local government has imposed a ban on import.
当地政府颁布了进口的禁令。
【教师备课资源】
“禁止……做……”表达法聚焦：
forbid...from doing sth.(上级对下级，长辈对晚辈)
forbid...to do sth.(上级对下级，长辈对晚辈)
forbid sb.'s doing sth.(上级对下级，长辈对晚辈)
ban...from doing sth.(用法律、舆论等禁止)
prohibit...from doing sth.(用法律、规则等禁止)
restrain...from doing sth.(用武力制止)
完成句子
①他被禁止开车一年。
He for a year.
②楼内禁止吸烟。
Smoking .
③剧院内禁止吸烟。
There is in theatres.
【答案】　①was banned f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rom driving　②is banned in this building　③a ban on smoking
3．unique adj.独特的，唯一的；罕有的，极好的
French people sup ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ported this because they wanted to keep their language pure and unique.(P29)法国人支持这一点因为他们想保持他们语言纯净和独特。
Beethoven's symphony is unique in music.
贝多芬的交响曲在音乐中是无与伦比的。
Her style of writing is rather unique.
她的写作风格很不寻常。
unique to只有……才有的
make sb./sth.unique使……独特
The custom is unique to the region.
这种风俗是这一地区特有的。
Its magnificent pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )portions make this palace unique among the buildings of the world.这座宫殿完美匀称的比例使它在世界建筑中是独一无二的。
完成句子
①这座城市有一种十分独特的氛围。
The city has an atmosphere .
②这种猴子是该岛所独有的。
This monkey is .
【答案】　①that/which is quite unique　②unique to the island
4．access vt.进入；使用 n．通道；(使用的)机会，权利
Today，the spread ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of ‘borrowed words’ is mostly due to the easily accessed Internet and television programmes from across the world.(P29)今天，世界各地都可以方便地上网、收看电视节目，使得外来词广为传播。
The loft can be accessed by a ladder.
搭梯子可以上阁楼。
There is no access to the house from the main road.
从大道走没有进入这所房子的入口。
give access to准许进入
have/get/gain/obtain access to获得进入……的机会；可以进入；可以使得
accessible adj.可达到的；可进入的
be accessible to sth.可进入；可使用
Students must have access to good resources.
学生必须有机会使用好的资源。
You need a p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )assword to get access to the computer system.使用这个计算机系统需要密码。
The island is accessible only by boat.
只有乘船才能上该岛。
Medicine should not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )be kept where it is accessible to children.药品不应该放在儿童容易拿到的地方。
完成句子
①海滩应向所有人开放。
The beach should be .
②教师可以自由使用图书馆。
Teachers have the library.
③他得到一个和总统接近的机会。
He to the president.
【答案】　①accessible to everyone　②free access to　③got access
5．up to由……决定
Whose opinion you agree with is up to you.
同意谁的意见由你自己决定。(P29)
It's up to you.这取决于你。
—Shall we go to the art exhibition right away
—It's all up to you.
——我们现在就去看艺术展览，好吗？
——由你决定，听你的。
up to的其他用法
①达到……程度或数量(相当于as far as)
②有资格做……，胜任，适于(相当于fit for)
③由……决定，取决于(相当于be decided by)
④做；忙于，从事(相当于doing或busy doing/with)
⑤直到，不迟于(相当于until)
Up to now he's been very quiet.
到目前为止，他一直很安静。
This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.
该旅馆可供500位来宾住宿。
I'm not sure if she is really up to that job.
我不确定她是否真的胜任那项工作。
The children are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) very quiet；I wonder what they are up to.孩子们很安静，我不知道他们在搞什么名堂。
【对接高考】
(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)—What shall we do tonight then
— —whatever you want.
A．Help yourself B．It's a deal
C．No problem D．It's up to you
【解析】　句意：——那么今天晚上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我们做什么？——由你决定，你想做什么都可以。由“whatever you want”可知D项切题，D项表示“由你决定”。A项表示“自便”，B项表示“成交”，C项表示“没问题”。
【答案】　D
单项填空
Who is it up decide whether to go or not
A．to to　　　　　　 B．for for
C．to for D．for to
【解析】　题干为“It' ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s up to sb.to do sth.”的特殊疑问形式，第一个to为介词，be up to由……决定；第二个to为不定式符号。
【答案】　A
　
观察下列句子中的画线部分，判断分别为哪种名词性从句。
①When they will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
②Here are some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )interesting pictures.You can choose whichever you like.
③That is why pige ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ons have been used to carry the news or the mail since ancient times.
④King Henry Ⅶ was a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )poet who showed great concern for language and set a standard for how people were to speak English.
⑤I read the book ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) over and over again，but it was very difficult and I had no idea what I was supposed to do.
[自我总结]
1．以上例句中画线部分分别是 从句、 从句、 从句、 从句和 从句。
2．名词性从句除了可以由连词that， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )whether/if引导之外，还可以由 (如例句②和⑤)和 (如例句①、③和④)引导。
【答案】　1.主语；宾语；表语；宾语；同位语　2.连接代词；连接副词
名词性从句(Ⅱ)
一、连接代词、连接副词引导的名词性从句
1．由what，which，who/wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om，whose等连接代词和when，where，why，how等连接副词引导的名词性从句在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
(1)主语从句
Where we will go hasn't been decided.
我们要去哪儿还没有定下来。
Why he did this is not known.
他为什么要这样做还不知道。
What we need is your help.
我们所需要的就是你的帮助。
(2)宾语从句
He didn't know what time it was.
他不知道几点了。
Please tell me whose book it is.
请告诉我这是谁的书。
(3)表语从句
The problem is how we could make him understand it.
问题是我们如何能使他明白这些。
The question is where we should go.
问题是我们应该去哪儿。
(4)同位语从句
I have no idea where he has gone.
我不知道他去了哪里。
We don't under ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stand the problem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题——为什么这是最好的选择。
2．连接代词和连接副词的选择
连接代词和连接副词的选择要把握住两点：
(1)成分：连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中作状语。
(2)意义：无论是连接代词还是连接副词，都有各自的意义。
That's where the accident took place.
那就是事故发生的地方。
She didn't know who/whom we were talking about.
她不知道我们在谈论谁。
3．名词性从句语序问题
名词性从句总是用陈述句语序，而不能使用疑问句语序，尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时，不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句语序。
误：The problem is how can we prevent pollution.
正：The problem is how we can prevent pollution.
问题是我们怎样才能制止污染。
二、形式主语it
在英语中，有时一个句子的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主语太长会使这个句子显得笨拙且难以理解，而使这个句子变得容易理解的一个方法就是使用形式主语it。有了形式主语it，主语就被移到句子的末尾，it被放在句子开头的位置。
1．it作形式主语置于句首代替名词性从句的结构：
(1)It＋be＋形容词＋that从句结 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )构，常用于这种句型的形容词有：fortunate，possible，(un)likely，strange，probable，true，doubtful等。
It is strange that no one wants to go there.
真奇怪，竟然没有人想要去那里。
It is likely that he will come.
他可能要来。
It is best that you finish your homework first.
你最好先完成你的家庭作业。
It's hard to say how much money is needed.
很难说将需要多少钱。
(2)It＋be＋名词＋that从句结 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )构，常用于这种句型的名词及名词短语有good news，common knowledge，an honour，a pity，a shame，no wonder，a mystery等。
It is common knowle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dge that the earth turns around the sun.地球围着太阳转是常识。
It is a pity that he can't attend the party.
真遗憾，他不能参加晚会。
It is a fact that she won the first place.
她得了第一是事实。
(3)It＋be＋ ed分词＋t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat从句结构，常用于这种句型的过去分词有known，said，believed，reported，pointed out，discussed，proved，decided等。
It is known to all that money can't grow on the tree.
众所周知，钱不会长在树上。
It is said that he was a famous writer.
据说他曾是一名著名的作家。
It is reported that there will be a storm this afternoon.
据报道今天下午有暴风雨。
(4)It＋seems/appears等不及物动词＋that从句结构。
It seems that it is going to rain soon.
看起来马上要下雨了。
It now appears that they are in trouble.
看起来他们现在是处在困境中。
2．it作形式主语代替不定式的结构：
在很多情况下(尤其是作主语的不定式短语过长时)，我们常用it代替不定式放在句首，而将作主语的不定式后置，以使句子显得平衡。
(1)It＋be(或seems/feels等系动词)＋形容词＋不定式
It is hard to translate this sentence into English.
把这个句子译成英语很难。
It seems easy to deal with him.
同他打交道好像挺容易。
(2)It＋be＋名词＋不定式
It is a pleasure to be with you.
跟你在一起很高兴。
It is a mistake to do it in this way.
这样做是错误的。
(3)It＋动词短语＋不定式
It needed hard work to finish the job.
做完那项工作需要艰苦劳动。
It requires patience to teach children.
教育孩子需要耐心。
【提示】　用作主语的不定式，它的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可由介词for或of引出。
①It is＋形容词＋fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r sb.to do sth.句型中it为形式主语，动词不定式的复合结构for sb.to do sth.是真正的主语。使用这一句型只表明不定式行为的特点，而不表明sb.本身的特点。常见的此类形容词有easy，difficult，hard，important，necessary，expensive，impossible等。
It is impossible for him to go alone.
他一个人去不可能。
It is not easy for us to master a foreign language.
对我们来说掌握一门外语是不容易的。
②It is＋形容词＋of sb. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to do sth.句型中it是形式主语，动词不定式的复合结构of sb.to do sth.是真正的主语。使用这一句型意在对sb.及其所做的行为进行评价。此类形容词有good，kind，nice，wise，wrong，clever，brave，honest等。
It is kind of you to say so.
你这样说太好了。
It is stupid of you to make such a mistake.
你犯这样的错误是愚蠢的。
3．当句子的主语是v. in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g形式时，it作形式主语代替v. ing形式。有时为了避免头重脚轻的感觉，在日常英语中，特别是主语较长而宾语或表语较短时，常用it作形式主语。
It's nice talking to you.
跟你交谈很好。
It's good taking exercise every day.
每天锻炼是有好处的。
【提示】　在it is no good/it is no use之后，我们通常用动词的 ing形式作句子的真正主语。
It is no use explaining it to him.
向他解释没有用。
It is no use sending him over.
派他去没用。
It's no good talking.
空谈无益。
Period ⅣTask & Project
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)掌握本学案中所给出的词汇，能够理解并能熟练运用。
(2)理解课文。
(3)听懂课文中所给出的听力材料并根据材料得出结论。
(4)能够根据课文中所提出的问题，询问别人的观点并发表自己的观点。
(5)写一篇有关身势语的报告并设计一本小册子。
●教学地位
本课时的内容是通过对两篇文章的学习使学生了解汉字的发展史及关于布莱叶盲文的故事，并能运用所学信息设计一本小册子
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
建议从检查上节课作业导入新课。
●教学流程设计
检查上堂课所布置作业。 导入新课。 学生快速阅读课文(见课本第38页)并根据学案所设置的问题做出判断。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
学生共同讨论，师生统一答案。 让学生再 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )次仔细阅读课文，并完成学案中“文本感知”部分(见学案第35页)。 学生就学案中的问题相互交换意见，老师指导学生统一答案。
　　　　　
学生完成“要点讲练”部分(见学案第36－4 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )0页)。 学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。 学生完成“写作提升”部分(见学案第40－42页)。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
老师布置作业：让学生课下 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )做“单元归纳提升”部分(见学案第42－44页)。 让学生做“课时作业”。 自我评估(见学案第42页，课本第40页)。
Ⅰ.篇章结构
阅读课本P38～39页的内容，完成下列表格(每空1词)
The development of Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese characters Introduced in the 1950s and coming into widespread use now
The story of Braille
The 7. of Braille Name Louis Braille
Experiences ●Losing his sight at the age of three 8. to an injury●Going to school for the blind at ten
Formation ●Its development was 9 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). on a soldier's idea.●Being a system with patterns of six raised dots which stand for each letter
Advantages Being 10. for the blind to recognize with the fingers and write with a special typewriter
【答案】　1.combining　2.inspired　3.represent
4．ways/methods　5.made　6.indicating/suggesting
7．inventor　8.due　9.based　10.easy/practical
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P38页的课文，选择最佳答案
1．The main differenc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e between the Chinese language and many Western languages should be that
according to the passage.
A．Western langua ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ges are usually formed by combining and mixing many different languages from different countries
B．the charact ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers the Chinese language uses have meanings and can work alone as words，while Western languages can't
C．the Chinese language has a longer history than Western languages
2．How many kinds of Chinese characters are mentioned in the passage
A．1.　　　B．2.　　　C．3.
3．Which is the cor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rect explanation about the forming of the character“休”？
A．A man lying on the ground with his arms crossed.
B．A man lying against a tree.
C．A man running.
【答案】　1.B　2.B　3.B
1．embarrass vt.使尴尬，使难堪
She is making ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fun of you and trying to embarrass you into trying harder.(P35)
她在取笑你，试图使你尴尬，使你更努力学习。
The old woman's questions embarrassed her.
老妇人的问题使她很尴尬。
It embarrassed her to meet strange men in the corridor at night.
夜里在走廊上遇见陌生男人使她感到很不好意思。
embarrass sb.with sth./by doing sth.以……难住某人或使某人窘迫
embarrassed adj.窘迫的；尴尬的；害羞的
be embarrassed at/about such a request这样的请求使某人为难
be embarrassed to do sth.因做了某事感到不好意思
be embarrassed by sb.'s praise因为某人的表扬而感到窘迫
embarrassing adj.使人害羞的/难堪的/惭愧的
embarrassment n．害羞；困窘；难堪；困境
Don't embarrass thempersonal questions.不要问隐私事情让他们觉得不好意思。
She is embarrassed about her height.
她因为自己个子高而困窘。
He was embarrassed to admit making a mistake.
他承认犯了一个错误，感到很不好意思。
It was so embarrassing having to sing in public.
非得在众人面前唱歌太令人难为情了。
Much to her embarrass ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ment，she realized that everybody had been listening to her singing.
她意识到大家一直在听她唱歌，感到很不好意思。
完成句子
①His bad table manners (使她尴尬)．
②Tom seemed (尴尬的)by the question.
③I nearly died of (难堪)when he said that.
【答案】　①embarrassed her　②embarrassed　③embarrassment
2．conclusion n．结论；推论；结尾
In conclusion， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we need to know the customs of a country so that we do not make others embarrassed or annoyed.(P36)总之，我们需要了解一个国家的风土人情，这样我们才不会让别人尴尬或生气。
We came to the conclusion that the room must have been empty.
我们得到的结论是，那个房间(当时)一定是空的。
I found the conclusion of her story very exciting.
我觉得她那故事的结尾很激动人心。
come to/reach/arrive at/draw a conclusion得出结论
make a conclusion下结论
in conclusion总之
conclude vt.& vi.结束；得出结论；断定
conclude by/with以……结束
conclude from从……中得出；推断
In conclusion，I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) would like to thank you for what you have done for me.最后，我想感谢你为我所做的。
They came to the c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onclusion that they shouldn't have rushed to lift up the senior who had fallen over.他们得出的结论是他们不应该匆忙地扶起这位摔倒的老人。
The story concluded with the hero's death.
这故事随主人公死亡而告终。
用conclusion的适当形式填空
①We can that he is confident of his future.
②We draw different from the fact.
③In ，I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself.
【答案】　①conclude　②conclusions　③conclusion
3．interrupt vi.& vt.插嘴，打断，暂停
Saying‘sorry’if w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e interrupt or disagree with someone also helps us to be polite.(P36)当我们打扰或不同意某人的看法时说声“对不起”也会使我们显得有礼貌。
Don't interrupt me when I'm busy.
当我忙的时候，别打扰我。
Don't interrupt the speaker now；he will answer questions later.
现在不要打断演讲者的话，他稍后再回答问题。
disturb/interrupt
disturb 作“打扰，妨碍，使不安”解，重在“扰”字上，含有“困扰，使不安”之意
interrupt 作“打岔，打断，中断”解，重在“断”字上，指“使中断，使暂停”。
She told her son not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to stamp his feet on the floor and disturb his father.她告诉儿子不要在地板上跺脚，以免影响他爸爸。
Please continue；I didn't mean to interrupt.
请往下说，我不是有意打断你的话的。
选词填空：interrupt/disturb
①Her son's illness her，and she felt upset.
②I'm sorry to the meeting，but there is an urgent long distance call.
③We in the middle of our conversation.
【答案】　①disturbed　②interrupt　③were interrupted
4．People from the W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )est like to use these words in cases where some people in Asia may not think it necessary.(P37)在一些亚洲人或许认为没有必要用这些词的情况下西方人喜欢使用这些词。
(1)句中where引导定语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，并在从句中作地点状语，先行词为cases；like to use these words是like to do sth.结构，该结构表示“喜欢做某事”；think it necessary属于“think＋宾语＋宾补”结构，其中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为省略了的不定式短语to use these words。
(2)句中cases意为“情形，情况”，表示抽象地点，其后定语从句的引导词通常用where或in which。如：
There are many cas ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es where the pen is mightier than the sword.文胜于武的情形很多。
英语中诸如case的表示抽 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )象地点的名词还有stage，position，situation，point，occasion，career，degree等，这些名词充当先行词时，若定语从句的引导词在从句中作状语，则引导词用关系副词where，where可用“相应的介词＋which”替换；若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，则引导词用that/which。此外，记住这几个常见的表示抽象地点的名词对解题也大有帮助。
He's got himself into ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.
他使自己处于一种危险处境，在这种情况下他很可能失去对飞机的控制。
Until today we have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.
直到今天我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。
【对接高考】
(2012·重庆高考)Sales director is a position
communication ability is just as important as sales.
A．which　　　　 B．that
C．when D．where
【解析】　句意：销售主管是一个交际能力和销 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )售同样重要的职位。 communication ability is just as important as sales为定语从句，先行词为position，表示抽象地点，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故本题选D。
【答案】　D
单项填空
I have reached a point ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in my life I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A．which B．where
C．how D．why
【解析】　 I am s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )upposed to make decisions of my own为定语从句，先行词为表示抽象地点的名词point，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故引导词用where。
【答案】　B
5．The Chines ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e language differs from Western languages in that，instead of an alphabet，it uses characters which stand for ideas，objects or deeds.(P37)汉语与西方语言不同，区别在于汉语不是字母，而是使用汉字本身表达思想、物体或动作。
(1)differ vi.相异，有区别
That's where they differ.
那就是他们意见不合的地方。
They always differ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )from/with me about how to stop the factory from polluting the river.
关于如何防止这个工厂对这条河流的污染，他们和我的意见总是相左。
A and B differ in sth.A和B在某方面不同
differ/disagree with sb.about/on...在……上与某人持不同意见。
be different from不同于
tell the difference between A and B(＝tell A from B)区别A与B
make a/no/some difference有/没有/有些关系(影响)
French differs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) from English in this respect.＝French and English differ from each other in this respect.在这方面法语不同于英语。
It makes no difference to me whether you go or not.
你去不去对我都没有什么影响。
It's thought ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that city life is quite different from country life.大家认为都市生活和乡村生活是非常不同的。
完成句子
①他认为他与其他人没什么两样。
He thought he anybody else.
②这个节目是关于全国各地的风俗习惯的。
The programme was about customs parts of the country.
③你今天去也好，明天去也好，关系不大。
It won't you go today tomorrow.
④他的长相和几个兄弟不同。
He differs his brothers looks.
【答案】　①was not different from　②in different
③make much difference whether；or　④from；in
(2)stand for代表，象征，主张，支持
What does BBC stand for
BBC代表什么？
I want to kn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ow what she stands for before I vote for her.在投票选她之前，我想知道她主张什么。
stand by袖手旁观；支持；靠近
stand out显眼，突出
stand up for支持，维护
How can you stand by a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd let him treat his dog like that？他那样虐待他那只狗，你怎么能袖手旁观？
He is a kind of person who stands out in a crowd.
他是那种在人群中很显眼的人。
Always stand up for your friends.
要永远维护朋友的利益。
完成句子
⑤What does“≌”in your maths homework
(代表)
⑥Her songs make the girl (突出)from the numerous(众多的)newcomers.
⑦Don't just (袖手旁观)．Can't you lend a hand
【答案】　⑤stand for　⑥stand out　⑦stand by
6．represent vt.代表；展示，描绘
Then he had the ide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a that he could use different shapes to represent different objects.(P38)然后他有了一个主意：可以用不同的形状来代表不同的物体。
Brown areas represent deserts on the map.
地图上的棕色区域代表沙漠。
The colour red commonly represents danger.
红色一般代表“危险”。
The picture represents a hunting scene.
这是一幅行猎图。
翻译句子
①他的意见代表大多数人的意见。
②他的作品表现出运动中的美。
【答案】　①His opinion represents that of the majority.
②His works represent(s) the beauty in movement.
7．as a whole 作为整体，总体上；一般地说
However，as a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )whole，the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms.(P38)
然而，就其总体来说，汉字是从图画发展成标准形式的。
We must consider these matters as a whole.
我们必须全盘来考虑这些事情。
Is the collec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tion going to be divided up or sold as a whole？这批收藏品是零卖还是一起卖？
The population as a whole is/are in favour of the reform.全体人民都拥护改革。
on the whole总的说来；大体上
wholly adv.完全地；全部地
the whole of ……的全部
On the whole we have the same opinions.
大体上我们的意见是一样的。
I wholly agree with you.
我完全同意你的话。
I have finished the whole of it.
我全部完成了。
完成句子
①这个喜庆日对我们城市乃至整个国家都将是意义重大的。
The festival will be g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reat for our city and for the country .
②大体说来，我赞成这个想法。
，I'm in favor of the idea.
③她住院住了整整一年了。
She spent the year in hospital.
【答案】　①as a whole　②On the whole　③the whole of
8．Not all characters ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )were developed from drawings of objects.(P38)并不是所有的汉字都是由物体的图形形式发展而来的。
句中not all characters“并不是所有汉字”，在此处表示部分否定。
英语中的all，both，every，ev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erybody，everything，complete，completely，always，whole，wholly，entirely，altogether等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，构成部分否定，表示“不都，并非都”的意思。
All American people didn't support Obama.
并非所有的美国人都支持奥巴马。
Everybody was not rescued from the earthquake.
那次地震中并不是所有人都被抢救出来了。
Your composition is n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ot altogether bad，the spelling is good but grammar is poor.
你的作文并非都不好，拼写好，但语法差。
Not everyone can answer such an easy question.
不是人人都能回答这样一个简单的问题的。
部分否定
全部否定
Not every Welshman speaks Welsh.＝Every Welshman doesn't speak Welsh.
并不是每个威尔士人都说威尔士语。
None of these things are yours.
这些东西都不是你的。
Neither of us came here.
我们两个人都没有来过这里。
完成句子
①并非他的父母都在国外。
his parents abroad.
②他的父母没有一个在国外的。
his parents is abroad.
③并非每个姑娘都喜欢唱歌。
singing./Every girl singing.
④这些姑娘中没有一个喜欢唱歌的。
the girls like singing.
⑤他并不老打排球。
He volleyball.
【答案】　①Both；are not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )/Not both；are　②Neither of　③Not every girl likes；doesn't like　④None of
⑤does not always play
9．combine vt.& vi.组合；(使)联合
Sometimes to expre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ss ideas，some characters were made by combining two or more characters together.(P38)有时候为了表达思想，一些汉字是由两个或更多的汉字组合而成。
They combined their efforts to finish the work.
他们结合彼此的力量完成工作。
The two parties combined against the government.
两党联合起来反对政府。
combine A and/with B把A和B结合/联合；兼有
combine to do sth.联(结)合起来干……
combine against...为反抗……而联合
combination n．[U]联合；结合[C]混合体；结合体
We should learn to combine work with pleasure.
我们应学会将娱乐与工作结合在一起。
Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
氢和氧化合成水。
完成句子
①有些影片把教育和娱乐融在一起。
Some films .
②这种型号同时具备电话机和传真机的功能。
This model a telephone fax machine.
③这是一份关于合并小型乡村学校的好处的报告。
This is a report on the small village schools.
【答案】　①combine ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) education with pleasure　②combines；with　③advantages fo combining
10．distinguish vt.区分，辨别；使具有某种特征
It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them...(P38)
通过观看它们就可以很容易地区分它们的意思……
Speeches distinguish human beings from animals.
人类和动物的区别在于人会说话。
distinguish...from...把……与……区分开
distinguish between 辨别……
distinguish oneself引人注目，出名
distinguished adj.受人尊敬的；杰出的；显著的
People who cannot d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )istinguish between colours are said to be colour blind.
不能辨别颜色的人谓之色盲。
He distinguished himself by his courage.
他因英勇而扬名。
The scientist is dist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inguished in many fields of knowledge.这位科学家在许多知识领域中都是杰出的。
完成句子
①很难辨认出他和他的孪生兄弟。
It is hard him his twin brother.
②她在音乐方面成就出众。
She music.
③该法官对许多案件进行辨析。
The judge many cases.
④周总理是一位卓越的政治家。
Premier Zhou was a politician.
【答案】　①to distinguish； ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )from　②distinguished herself in　③distinguished between　④distinguished
11．indicate vt.显示，表示；象征，暗示
Though these kinds ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of characters indicate meanings，one of their shortcomings is that they do not show how they should be pronounced.(P38)尽管这些汉字表示意义，却有一个缺点，就是它们无法表示发音。
Statistics indica ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )te that the world population has doubled.统计数字显示世界人口已倍增。
His hesitation indic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ated that he doubted about the plan.他的犹豫暗示他怀疑那项计划。
indicate sth.(to sb.)指示，指出
indicate that/wh 表明，示意
indication n．指示；征兆
With a nod of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) his head he indicated to me where I should sit.他点头示意我该坐在哪里。
She gave no indication of having heard us.
看不出她听见我们的声音了。
完成句子
①招牌上的箭头指示要去的方向。
The arrow on the sign .
②他的话表明他对你的工作不满意。
His words he was not satisfied with your work.
③有迹象表明情况可能好转。
There are that the situation may be improving.
【答案】　①indicates the way to go　②indicated that　③indications
12．convenient adj.方便的，便利的；合适的
The whole system was not convenient for use.(P39)
整个体系用起来不方便。
Their house is convenient for the children's school.
他们家到孩子们的学校很方便。
We must arrange a convenient time and place for the meeting.
我们必须安排一个合适的时间和地点开会。
convenience n．方便，便利
be convenient to/for...对……是方便的
for convenience为了方便起见
at one's convenience在某人方便的时候
It is convenient(for sb.)to do sth.(某人)做某事方便。
Will it be convenient for you to come in the morning
你上午来方便吗？
Please come whenever it is convenient to you.
请你在任何方便的时候过来。
Please send me an answer at your convenience.
请你在方便的时候给我一个答复。
It is a great convenience to have the school so near.
附近有一所学校，真是方便。
单项填空
①Would it be for you to pick me up at four o'clock and take me to the airport
A．free B．vacant
C．handy D．convenient
【解析】　句意：四点去机 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )场接我方便吗？free 免费的，自由的；vacant空缺的；handy在手边的；convenient方便的。可知D项正确。
【答案】　D
②My house is very for getting to work as it is only a few minutes from the station.
A．comfortable B．suitable
C．convenient D．available
【解析】　comfortable ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“舒适的”；suitable“合适的”；available“可利用的，可得到的”。根据句意可知应选C。“上班很方便……”convenient“方便的”。
【答案】　C
13．While the studen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts found the soldier's idea interesting，the system was too difficult to be of practical use.(P39)尽管学生们认为这个士兵的想法很有趣，但这个系统太难了不实用。
这是一个主从复合句，the system was too...是主句，while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”。
While they are m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y neighbours，I don't know them well.尽管他们是我的邻居，我对他们了解的并不多。
while还可引导时间状语从句，意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为“当……时候”，如从句主语和主句主语相同，可省略从句主语，直接跟分词或介词短语等。while还可作并列连词，意为“然而”。
Never get on or off a bus while it is moving.
汽车在运行时不要上下车。
She listened closely while he read.
他读的时候，她仔细听着。
You like sports，while I'd rather read.
他喜欢体育，而我却喜欢读书。
完成句子
①这样做时他的手指发颤。
His fingers trembled .
②在伦敦时列宁仔细研究了英国的工人运动。
Lenin closely studied the English labour movement.
③虽然你说的我懂，可是我还是不同意。
，I can't agree with you.
④他是工人而我是医生。
He is a worker .
【答案】　①while he was doing so　②while in London
③While I understand what you say　④while I'm a doctor
如何写调查报告
调查报告是为一个主题或问题下定义，收集 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )相关资料和事实，以便尽量做到完整和精确的表达。一份报告应该包括分析、判断、结论和建议。报告应简洁、易懂、准确、逻辑性强，描述性强，针对性强。用于说明、阐述某个事物、某种观点，以说服读者。写好报告最重要的一步就是合理地组织你所获得的信息。
主要分为以下四部分：第一部分应阐述报 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )告的目的，即介绍报告的主题。第二部分要罗列已经完成的以及怎样完成的工作，即简述获得信息的途径或方法。第三部分要说明主要的发现。第四部分应说明主要结论，同时概括主要的建议和意见，也就是发表自己的观点。
一、命题特点
1．调查报告的命题形式一般提供图(graph)或表(table)，要求考生用简洁、生动的语言把图中所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。
2．调查报告命题所提供的图表形 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式多样，表格一般多为数据表，而图一般为柱状图(bar graph)、曲线图(line graph)、圆形图(circular graph)、饼形图(pie graph)或百分比图(percentage graph)等。
3．考生需要正确读取图表数据，同时，围绕题目中心对所给材料进行分析、判断、归纳。
4．有些命题还需要考生分析调查结果，揭示其规律，找出解决问题的对策。
二、调查报告的常用开头
为说明调查的真实性和可靠性，调查报告的开头往往交代调查结果的来源、方式和调查目的。常见的开头有：
1．Recently，a s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )urvey has been done to find out .In this survey， were interviewed.They were asked .
2．Recently，we've cond ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ucted a survey to learn about .In this survey， were interviewed about .
3．According to a survey...
4．I've made a survey and find that...
5．A recent study shows that...
6．常用的表达句式有：
①The survey show(that)．..
②From/According to the survey...
③It can be seen from the figures/statistics...
④We can see from the figures/statistics...
⑤It is clear/apparent from the figures/statistics...
7．常用的过渡性词语
表示起始关系的过渡性词语有first of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) all，above all，according to等；表示空间顺序的词语有on one side，on the other side等；表示转折关系的词语有：while，however，on the contrary等。
目前，针对学生的零用钱(pocket m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oney)的消费方向，你对你们市某中学的高中和初中的部分学生进行了问卷调查，得出数据如下表，现请你用英文写一篇调查报告，并发表一下自己的看法。
注意：1.报告不必一一列举具体数字，只要抓住主要问题和数据说明问题即可。
2．词数：150左右。开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Recently a sur ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vey has been done to find out how middle school students spend their pocket money.
[思路点拨]
本篇作文可以从以下几个方面入手：
一、审清