【课堂新坐标，同步备课参考】2013-2014学年高中英语人教版必修三教师用书Unit 4　Astronomy：the science of the stars

Unit 4　Astronomy：the science of the stars
【美文阅读】　
关于大地起源的神话有许多许多，你了解多少呢？
The sky and the eart ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h were at first one blurred entity(混沌整体) like an egg. Then Pangu was born into it. The separation of the sky and the earth took eighteen thousand years. The yang which was light and pure rose to become the sky，and the yin which was heavy and murky(黑暗的)sank to form the earth. Between them was Pangu, who went through nine changes every day, his wisdom greater than that of the sky and his ability greater than that of the earth. Every day the sky rose ten feet higher, the earth became ten feet thicker, and Pangu grew ten feet taller. Another eighteen thousand years passed, and there was an extremely high sky, an extremely thick earth, and an extremely
tall Pangu. After Pan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gu died, his head turned into the Five Sacred Mountains(Mount Tai, Mount Heng, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Mount Song), his eyes turned into the moon and the sun, his blood changed into water in river and sea, his hair into grass. In all, the universe and Pangu combine in one.
【诱思导学】　
1．Do you agree on the forming of the universe？Give your reasons.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．What kind of people is Pangu in your eyes
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】　1.No，I don't ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) agree.Because the scientists have already found out how the universe formed.
2．I think Pangu is very great and determined.He is a hero.
Period ⅠPreviewing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容的学习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，就下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。
●教学地位
本单元的中心话题是“天文学”。这篇文章采用了叙述性文体。按照时间顺序主要叙述了太阳系、地球上生命的起源和发展过程、宇宙大爆炸。可以说单元科学知识含量较高，更能激发学生的学习兴趣和好奇心。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
第一步：教师：Imagin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e you are a scientist on Astronomy，which star do you want to study most？教师展示太阳系的图片，让同学们识别不同的行星。
地球Earth；水星Me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rcury；金星Venus；火星Mars；木星Jupiter；土星Saturn；天王星Uranus；海王星Neptune。
第二步：教师提问：Among thes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e planets，the earth is really special for its living life.And do you know how the life began on the earth 在同学们自由回答后，教师应指明的是：关于生命的起源，主要有宗教和科学两类不同的解释。教师可通过图片、文字等方式向学生介绍以下三方面的说法：
1．中国古代关于人类起源的传说(Chinese legends)：如“盘古开天”和“女娲造人”等；
2．西方圣经(biblical story)的“上帝造人说”；
3．较为公认的科学解释(scientific ideas)：“宇宙大爆炸”说。
●教学流程设计
导入新课。 学生阅读“美文阅读”与“诱 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )思导学”。(见学案第48页) 学生就“美文阅读”进行讨论，统一答案。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
学生再次阅读课文(课本第25～26 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )页)并完成“语篇理解”。(见学案第48～49页) 师生共同讨论并统一答案。 让学生快速阅读课文，(见课本第25～26页)并完成“篇章结构”。(见学案第48页)
　　　　　
学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )统一答案。 学生再次仔细阅读课文，(课本第25～26页)进行深度理解，并完成“课文缩写”。(见学案第49页) 老师指导学生讨论，共同找出答案。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生根据所给出的表格进行自我评估。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )(见学案第49页) 学生讨论，并让学生代表发表他们讨论得出的答案。老师予以更正。 让学生完成“知识初探”部分。(见学案第49页)
　　　　　
老师布置作业，让学生看课本第25～26页并完成课本第27页1、2、3题，预习学案Period Ⅱ。(见学案第50～53页)
Ⅰ.篇章结构
阅读P25－26的Reading部分，完成下列表格
How Life Began on the Earth
Big Bang Earth：a cloud of
1．________ a solid 2.________
↓　　　　　　　　　
small 5.________
on the surface of
the water Water：4.________
to the development
of life the earth's
3．________
　↓
early 6.________
and all sorts of fish green
7．________
on land land
8．________ reptiles
↓　　　　
human 10.________ the rise of mammals huge 9.________
(dinosaurs)
【答案】　1.dust　2.globe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )　3.atmosphere　4.fundamental　5.plants　6.shellfish　7.plants　8.animals　9.animals　10.beings
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P25－26的Reading部分，从每题所给的3个选项中选择最佳答案
1．What is the right order according to the text
①Animals appeared and spread.
②The forming of the earth.
③Plants appeared.
④Difference between the earth and other planets.
A．②③④①　　 B．②④③①　　 C．③④②①
2．What is the m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ain cause that life was able to develop on the earth but not on other planets
A．The earth had a solid shape.
B．Water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.
C．The earth was not too hot or too cold.
3．From the last paragraph we can infer that the author is________.
A．confident B．sad C．concerned
4．What does the wor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d “they” refer to in the sentences “It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and...”？
A．Planets. B．Gases. C．Fire and rock.
5．It can be inferred from the text that________.
A．after the “Big Bang ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )”， what the dust was to become remained a mystery
B．the plants multiplied and filled the oceans with oxygen
C．plants played an important part in the appearance of the animals
【答案】　1.B　2.B　3.C　4.C　5.C
Ⅲ.课文缩写
The earth was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )just a cloud of 1.________after the “Big Bang”. The earth 2.________loudly with fire and rock. They were in 3.________to produce many things, which were to make the earth's atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. It allowed the earth to dissolve 4.________gases. Then life began to develop.
The first small pla ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts 5.________and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen. This encouraged the 6.________of early shellfish and fish. Land animals such as insects, reptiles and dinosaurs and so on appeared after green plants appeared. Small clever animals 7.________all over the earth. They are putting too 8.________carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which 9.________heat from the earth into space. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will 10.________on whether this problem can be solved.
【答案】　1.dust　2.exploded　3.time　4.harmful
5．multiplied　6.development　7.spread　8.much
9．prevents　10.depend
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1. atmosphere　 A．different from，not similar to
2．unlike B．the mixed gases that surrounds the
earth
3. fundamental C．for that reason; for this reason
4. theory D．increase, add to the number of
5. thus E．very important or necessary
6. multiply F．idea that tries to explain something
7. exist G．causing harm
8. harmful H．to be present or happen
【答案】　1.B　2.A　3.E　4.F　5.C　6.D　7.H　8.G
Ⅱ.短语填空
用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空
in time；lay eggs；gi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve birth to；in one's turn；prevent...from；be harmful to
1．A bird____________in the nest it has built.
2．Do you think we'll be____________to catch the train to go to Paris
3．No matter what wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l happen，nothing and nobody can________the plan________being carried out.
4．Reading in dim light____________your eyes.
5．After the second com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )petitor went off the stage，my son went onto the stage to perform____________.
6．He told us happi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly that his wife would____________a baby the next week and that he would be a father.
【答案】　1.lays eggs　2. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in time　3.prevent；from　4.is harmful to　5.in his turn　6.give birth to
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．The earth became s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.
地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
2．What is even mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re important is that_as_the_earth_cooled_down，water_began_to_appear_on_its_surface.
更为重要的是当地球平静下来时，水开始在地球表面出现了。
3．This produced a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )chain reaction，which made_it_possible for life to_develop.
这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。
4．So whether life w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether_this_problem_can_be_solved.
所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
Period ⅡWarming Up & Reading
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
(3)通过对这些词汇的学习能够更深层次地理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练的运用这些词汇。
(4)通过对本课文的理解，让学生学会用英语写解决问题作文，以提高学生的书面表达能力。
●教学地位
单词和短语是构成句子的最小单位，在语言学习中起至关重要的作用，所以理解和正确应用单词和短语是英语学习的重点所在。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
教师提问：Are you i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nterested in science What science subjects do you know Which field is your favorite
不同的科学学科名词：physics，chemistry，biology，geology and mathematics etc.
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，检查学生对学案预习的情况。 导入新课。 让学生就“课堂互动探究”(见学案第50～53页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生再次阅读课文(课本第25～26页)， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )以加深对所学单词与短语的理解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
　　　　　
让学生完成“自我评估”。(学案第53页) 布 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )置作业。让学生完成课本第28页第1、2、3题，“课时作业”和预习Period Ⅲ。(见学案第54～56页)。
1．The earth became so_ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )violent_that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.(P25)
地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
句子中的that引导的是结果状语从句，和so构成固定搭配：so...that...。
The boy worked so hard that he got a rise soon.
那个男孩工作很努力，不久就得到了提升。
The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
这个箱子太重，以至于我搬不动它。
表示“如此……以至于……”的句型结构
so＋adj.＋a(n)＋名词单数＋that从句
so＋many/few/little(少)/much＋n.＋that从句
such＋a(n)＋adj.＋名词单数＋that从句
such＋adj.＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋that
　 She is so beautiful a girl that all the boys of our class like her.
＝She is such a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) beautiful girl that all the boys of our class like her.
她如此美丽，以至于我们班的所有男孩都喜欢她。
There is so little water that you can't drink.
没有水了，所以你不能喝了。
They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.
他们是非常好的老师，我们对他们极为尊敬。
完成句子
①她是一个如此好心的女孩，以至于她会帮助你。
She is____________that she can help you.
②这次考试很难，结果很多学生不及格。
This exam is____________many students failed.
③天气如此之好，我想去海滩。
It is____________that I would like to go to the beach.
【答案】　①so good a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )girl/such a good girl　②so difficult that　③such nice weather
2．in time及时，终于
They were in time to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases，which were to make the earth's atmosphere.(P25)最终它们产生了碳、 氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
Lucky for him，he was just in time for the bus.
幸运的是，他及时赶上了公共汽车。
The doctor came in time to save his life.
医生及时赶到并抢救了他的生命。
on time准时；按时
at a time一次；每次
at one time曾经；一度；同时
at times有时；偶尔
at no time决不
in no time马上；立刻
　 They were good fr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iends at one time，but now they are in poor relationship.
他们曾经是好朋友，但现在他们关系不好。
Although he is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )good student，he is late for class at times.虽然他是个好学生，他偶尔也会迟到。
【对接高考】
(2012·江苏高考)—Thank God，you're safe!
—I stepped back，just________to avoid the racing car.
A．in time　　　　　　B．in case
C．in need D．in vain
【解析】　句意：——谢天谢地，你 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )安然无恙！——我退回去了，恰好及时避开了飞驰的汽车。A项表示“及时”；B项表示“以防万一”；C项表示“需要”；D项表示“徒劳地”。
【答案】　A
用time短语填空
①He can be really bad tempered____________.
②William arrived at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the theatre just____________for the play was to be on.
③Hurry up！The concert will begin____________.
④____________will I give up.
【答案】　①at times　②in time　③in no time　④At no time
3．unlike prep.& adj.不同，不像，相异
Water had also ap ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )peared on other planets like Mars but，unlike the earth，it had disappeared later.(P26)
在火星等其他行星上都出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来消失了。
Tammy was unlike any other woman I have ever known.塔米和我认识的其他女人都不一样。
They are both teac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hers.Otherwise，they are quite unlike.他们两位都是老师，除此之外，他们迥然不同。
①It's unlike sb.to do sth.做某事不像某人平常的样子
②unlikely adj.不大可能发生的；未必会发生的
③like prep.像，类似(反义词) v．喜欢
dislike v．不喜欢
④likely adj.可能的
sb./sth.be likely to do sth.可能……
⑤alike adj.相像 adv.同样地
　 It's very unlike him to be so late.
迟到这么久可实在不像他平时的作风。
He's likely to arrive a bit late.
他可能会晚到一会儿。
【教师备课资源】　
①dislike/like作动词，后接to do/doing。
②likely主语可以是人或物，也可用于It is likely that...句型。
　
用unlikely/likely/unlike/like填空
①They are so________that nobody believes they are sisters.
②Since their parents strongly disagree，they are________to marry.
③He is more________his mother than his father.
④John is________to be in London this autumn.
【答案】　①unlike　②unlikely　③like　④likely
4．fundamental adj.根本的；基本的；基础的；必不可少的
It was not immediat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ely obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.(P26)水对于生命的发展会起到关键作用这一点并没有立即明朗化。
Reading is a fundamental skill for a student.
对学生来说，阅读是一种基本技巧。
be fundamental to...是……的基础；对……必不可少
fundamentally adv.根本上；完全地
　 Water is fundamental to survival.
水对于生存是必不可少的。
The two ways are fundamentally different.
这两种方法完全不同。
用fundamental的适当形式填空
①Soil is________to the growth of the plants.
②By the 2010s，the situation had changed________.
【答案】　①fundamental　②fundamentally
5．harmful adj.有害的
What many sc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(P26)
很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，它使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
It's harmful to your eyes to read books in the bus.
在公共汽车上看书对你的眼睛有害。
①be harmful to...对……有害
②harmless adj.无害的
③harm n．损害；伤害 v．对……有害；伤害；损害
do sb.harm(good)/do harm(good)to sb.对某人有害(好)处
There is no harm in doing sth.做某事无害处
　 There is no harm in your talking with your friend.
你和朋友谈一谈没有害处。
It does no harm to you to work with him.
你和他一起工作没有害处。
句型转换
①Too much worry does harm to one's soul and body.
→Too much worry____________one's soul and body.
②Asking your teachers for advice more often does no harm to you.
→____________asking your teachers for advice more often.
【答案】　①is harmful to　②There is no harm in
6．This produced a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) chain reaction，which_made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop.(P26)这就产生了一种连锁反应，使得生命的发展成为可能。
which在句中引导非限 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )制性定语从句，指代先行词a chain reaction。此句包含“make it＋adj./n.(＋for sb./sth.)＋to do sth.”结构，其中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式的复合结构(for sb./sth.)to do sth.；而形容词(或名词)充当了宾语补足语成分，尤其是当宾语太长时，常用it作形式宾语。
The things we kno ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w can sometimes make it more difficult for us to understand new ideas.
我们已知的事物有时候会增加我们理解新观念的难度。
vt.＋it＋adj./n.＋t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o do/doing/that clause。其中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式短语或动名词部分或从句，it后的形容词或名词作宾语补足语。常用此结构的动词有think，find，consider，feel，make，take等。
　 George made it clear that he disagreed.
乔治表示得很清楚了，他不同意。
I felt it my duty to change all that.
我认为改变这一切是我的责任。
完成句子
①我认为过量喝酒对你的身体有害。
________________to your health to drink too much.
②我们每天晚饭后散步已成惯例了。
We________________to walk after supper.
【答案】　①I think it harmful　②(have)made it a rule
7．exist vi.存在；生存
They laid eggs to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(P26)
它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。
Nothing exist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s on the moon as there is no water and no air.月球上没有东西生存，因为那里没有水和空气。
①exist in存在于
exist on靠……生存
There exist(s)/existed...某地有/存在……
②existence n．存在；生存
come into existence开始存在；成立
in existence现存的；现有的
　 It was impossible for them to exist on a small income.
他们靠这一点收入生存是不可能的。
There exist two huge stone lions at our company gate.
在我们公司门口有两个巨大的石狮子。
Nobody knows when the earth came into existence.
没人知道地球是何时形成的。
用exist的适当形式填空
①He doesn't believe in the________of God.
②Does life________on other planets
【答案】　①existence　②exist
8．give birth to产生；分娩
...because they ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.(P26)
……因为它们生出幼仔，用自己的母乳喂养。
To our great joy，my si ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ster in law gave birth to a baby boy.使我们大为高兴的是，我嫂子生了个男孩。
at birth出生时
by birth天生地；生来；在血统上
a second birth新生，再生
　 She weighed 8 pounds at birth.她出生时重8磅。
He was a German by birth.他在血统上是德国人。
用birth短语填空
①对历史的研究孕育了社会科学。
It was the study of history that____________the social sciences.
②据说杰克逊生来就是黑人。
Jackson was said to be a black man____________.
【答案】　①gave birth to　②at birth
9．in one's turn轮到某人；接着
Thus they have，in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )their turn，become the most important animals on the planet.(P26)它们的时代到来了，它们成了这个行星上最重要的动物。
When it was in my turn，I was too excited to speak.
当轮到我时，我激动得都说不出话来了。
in turn依次；轮流；因此；因而
by turns轮流；依次
take turns to do sth./in doing sth.轮流做某事
It is sb.'s turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事
　 We took turns to drive/in driving on the way to Canada.
在去加拿大的路上我们轮流开车。
The girls called out their names in turn.
那些女孩逐一报名。
介词填空
①We should take turns________looking after the old man.
②The new couple of lovers did housework________turns.
③When they had a rest，we went on with it________our turn.
【答案】　①in　②by　③in
10．prevent...from...阻止，制止
They are put ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.(P26)他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。
No one can prevent me from going there.
没有人能够阻止我去那儿。
阻止……干某事
protect...from(against)．..保护……不受……侵袭
(from后接能带来伤害或损害之物)
　 They were ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stopped/prevented from entering the burning building.他们被拦在了燃烧着的大楼外面。
【提示】　表示“阻止……干某事”的三个短语用于被动语态中时，from都不能省略。
【对接高考】
(2012·福建高考)China r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ecently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from________in the South China Sea.
A．attacking B．having attacked
C．being attacked D．having been attacked
【解析】　句意：中国最近加紧了对黄岩岛 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )附近海域的控制以保护中国的渔船在南海海域不被袭击。prevent...from doing保护……免受……，根据句意可知“保护渔船不被袭击”，故from后为being done。
【答案】　C
翻译句子
他们没有阻止他发表自己的观点。
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】　They didn't prevent/stop/keep him from expressing his views.
11．So whether life ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.(P26)
所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
此句为主从复合句。句中两个whether分别引导了两个名词性从句，分别在句中作主语及介词on的宾语。
It remains to be seen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )whether or not this idea can be put into practice.(whether引导主语从句)
这一想法能否付诸实践还有待于观察。
I'll see whether she's at home.(whether引导宾语从句)我来看看她在不在家。
【助记】
whether和if是否一样用？
主从表从同位从，if不用whether用；
discuss和介词后，whether用来引宾从；
不定式，or not后面跟，whether独能显神通；
宾从如是否定句，if发挥其功能。
(注：主从指位于句首的主语从句)
【对接高考】
(2012·安徽高考)The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )limits of a person's intelligence，generally speaking，are fixed at birth，but ________ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
A．where B．whether
C．that D．why
【解析】　句意：一个人的智力极限， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )通常来说，出生时就已经定型了。但他是否能够达到这些极限则取决于他所处的环境。根据depend on可知，主语从句含有不确定因素，可排除C。where表示地点，why表示原因，用于此处不合适，而使用whether表示“是否”，与题意吻合。
【答案】　B
完成句子
①他喜不喜欢并没有什么关系。
It matters little________________.
②问题是人们会不会买。
The question is________________it.
③她拿不定主意是该留下来还是离开。
She was uncertain________________.
④他没有说他是否住在这里。
He didn't say________________.
【答案】　①whether ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he likes it or not　②whether people will buy　③whether to stay or leave
④whether or not he wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l be staying here/if he'll be staying here or not/whether he'll staying here or not
12．puzzle n．谜；难题 vi.& vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难
How life began on ear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )th is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.(P27)
生命到底是怎样起源的是科学家们发现难以解决的最大难题之一。
It is still a puzzle to me how he solved the problem.
他怎样解决的那个问题对我来说仍是一个谜。
It puzzles scientists ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )how these creatures can survive in such severe conditions.科学家们很疑惑这些生物是如何在这样艰难的条件下存活的。
①be in a puzzle感到困惑；不知如何是好
②puzzle about/over冥思苦想；苦苦思索
③puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
④puzzled adj.感到迷惑的
be puzzled about对……迷惑不解
　 The puzzled l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ook on her face suggested she was puzzling over the puzzling math problem.她困惑的表情暗示了她正在思考那个令人困惑的数学问题。
完成句子
①对于下一步该做什么我也不知道。
________________as to what to do next.
②这是最令人迷惑的问题之一。
This is________________problems.
【答案】　①I'm puzzled　②one of the most puzzlingPeriod ⅢLearning about Language
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
(3)通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用主语从句。
●教学地位
语法是学生感到比较难以掌握的东西。让学生正确 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )理解和掌握语法知识是让学生学好英语的关键，所以应给学生创设语境，让学生学会该语法的应用，而不要让学生死记硬背语法条文，应从理解的基础上去运用这些语法。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
通过对学生作业的检查导入本堂新课。
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，检查学生对学案预习的情况。 导入新课。 让学生就“课堂互动探究”(见学案第54～56页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
让学生讨论完成“语法精析” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )部分，(见学案第55页)并让各个讨论组发表各自见解。 老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。 让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
　　　　　
老师对语法部分给以点拨。让学生掌握本 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )单元语法知识。 让学生完成“当堂双基达标”。(见学案第56页) 师生共同讨论“当堂双基达标”并给出答案，并对难以理解的或有争议的地方给出详解。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　布置作业。让 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学生完成课本第29页2、3题，预习学案Period Ⅳ。 (见学案第57～60页) 自我评估。(见学案第56页)
1．crash vi.& vt.碰撞；坠落；使撞毁 n．(汽车的)撞车事故；(飞机的)失事；突然发出的巨响
Other scientists ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )believe that a comet crashed into the earth long ago and caused the disappearance.(P29)
其他科学家认为很久以前一颗彗星与地球相撞导致恐龙灭绝。
He witnessed a se ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rious car crash today.Two cars crashed into each other and let out a loud crash.
今天他目睹了一起严重的撞车事故。两辆车撞在了一起，发出了很大的爆裂声。
　
完成句子
①汽车撞在一块大石头上并燃烧起来。
The car________________and burst into flames.
②许多旅客在火车车祸中丧生。
A lot of passengers________________.
【答案】　①crashed into a big stone　②were killed in the train crash
2．climate n．气候，风气，潮
Since the last ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ice age，the climate of the earth has not changed very much.(P29)
自从上一个冰川世纪以来，地球上的气候变化不大。
I don't like the moral climate in some countries.
有些国家的道德风气我不喜欢。
climate/weather
词语 词义
climate 指某个地方长期、平均或固定的气候状况，包括气温、湿度等。可用不定冠词修饰，如a cold climate寒冷的气候。
weather 指一天或一段时间内的晴雨、寒暖变化。不可用不定冠词修饰，如weather report天气预报。
　 North China has a mild climate.
中国北部地区气候温和。
The weatherman said the weather would be fine tomorrow.天气预报员说明天天气很好。
用climate/weather填空
①The climbers reached the top，in spite of bad________conditions.
②We can sum up t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he________of Britain as mild winter，cool summer，and rain all the year round.
【答案】　①weather　②climate
3．block out挡住(光线)，不去想(回忆)
As a result of thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s event，a great dust cloud formed in the sky blocking out the sunlight.(P29)正因为这一事件，天空中形成了一团巨大的尘云，挡住了阳光。
The heavy curtain blocks out the light.
这厚窗帘把光挡住了。
block off封闭；封锁(道路)
block one's way挡住某人的路
block up阻塞；阻挡
　We found that a big elephant blocked our way.
我们发现一头大象挡住了去路。
The traffic is ver ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y heavy and has begun to block up the streets.交通量很大，已经开始把街道阻塞了。
　
根据句意用block的适当短语填空
①我们把一块布横挂在窗子上遮住阳光。
We put a piece of cloth across the window to____________the sunlight.
②他们用大石头堵住了洞口。
They____________the entrance to the cave with big rocks.
③雪阻碍了高速公路上的交通。
Snow has____________traffic on the motorway.
【答案】　①block out　②blocked up　③blocked off
　
观察下列从Reading中选取的句子，并说出其引导的从句在主句中充当的成分及引导词的功能。
①What it was to b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ecome was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
②The earth became ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.
③What is even mor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e important is that as the earth cooled down，water began to appear on its surface.
④It was not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.
⑤What many sc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
[自我总结]　1.引导词what/whether/that引导的从句在句中均可作主语。
2．what引导从句，并在从句中充当表语(①)、主语(③)、宾语(⑤)。
3．that引导从句，但在从句中不充当成分，也无意义(④)。
4．whether引导从句，在从句中不充当成分，但是有“是否”的意义(②)。
名词性从句：主语从句
在复合句中作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
1．主语从句的引导词
类别 例词 说明
从属连词 that，whether 两者在从句中均不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether表示“是否”。
连接代词 who，what，which，whoever，whatever等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
连接副词 when，where，how，why等 在从句中作时间、原因、地点、方式状语等成分。
　 Who will do it doesn't matter.(连接代词who在从句中作主语)
谁做这件事都没有关系。
What we need is more water.(连接代词what在从句中作need的宾语)
我们需要的是更多的水。
2．it作形式主语
为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形式主语时常用于以下句型：
句型 说明
It＋系动词＋形容词＋that从句 常用于此句型的形容词有important，(un)likely，possible，necessary，natural，wrong等。
It＋系动词＋名词＋that从句 常用于此句型的名词有fact，idea，honor，question，pity等。
It＋系动词＋过去分词＋that从句 常用于此句型的分词有known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought等。
It＋特殊动词＋that从句 常用于此句型的动词有appear，happen，seem，occur等。
　 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪儿开会并不要紧。
It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.
据说格林先生已抵达北京。
3．主语从句中应注意的问题
(1)从句的语序要用陈述语序。
Whoever leaves t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he room last is expected to turn off the lights.无论谁最后离开房间都要把灯关掉。
(2)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。有时受表语的影响用复数形式。
Who has left so m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )any sweets on his table makes him curious.谁在他的桌上留下了那么多糖块令他很好奇。
What he wants to read now are some magazines.
现在他想读的是一些杂志。
(3)从句的时态一般要取决于主句。
What made people e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xcited was that the solar ship had completed around the world trip.
让人们激动的是太阳能船已完成了环游世界的旅行。
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2013·江西高考)________one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
A．Whoever　　　　　　B．Whatever
C．Whichever D．Wherever
【解析】　句意：你们当中无论哪一个打破窗户都必须赔偿。此处指从“you”这一范围中作出选择，故选C项，表示“无论哪一个”。
【答案】　C
2．(2013·陕西高考)It rem ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ains to be seen________the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
A．that B．which
C．what D．whether
【解析】　句意：新组建的委员会的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )政策是否会付诸实施还有待观察。该句包含一个由whether引导的主语从句“whether the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”，该主语从句不缺成分，所以排除B和C；由语境中的remains to be seen可知，“是否实施新政策”还有待观察，所以此处要用whether。故选D。
【答案】　D
3．Was________decided that they should start the project the next week
A．he B．this
C．that D．it
【解析】　本句可还原为“It was decided that...”，it为形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句。
【答案】　D
4．It matters little_ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______a person dies，but________matters much more is________he lives.
A．how；what；how B．how；it；how
C．why；it；why D．which；what；that
【解析】　句意为“一个人怎么死的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不太重要，但重要的是他是如何活着的”。第一空用how引导主语从句，it作形式主语；第二空what引导主语从句；第三空用how引导表语从句。
【答案】　A
5．Which topics y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou are interested in________none of my business.________about is the present problem.
A．is；What I am concerned
B．are；What I am concerned
C．is；What am I concerned
D．are；What am I concerned
【解析】　which引导的从句作主语时通常按单数处理，主句谓语应用单数形式，排除B、D两项；主语从句要用陈述句语序，故选A项。
【答案】　A
6．The villag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers have already known________we'll do is to rebuild the bridge.
A．this B．that
C．what D．which
【解析】　句意：村民们已经知道 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我们要做的事是重修这座桥。分析句子结构可知，known后的宾语从句中含有一个主语从句，该从句缺少引导词并且从句中do缺少宾语，故用what，意为“……的事情”。this不能引导从句；that在名词性从句中不作句子成分；which强调“哪一个”，不符合句意。
【答案】　C
7．—It remains to be seen________the plan can be put into practice.
—It depends on your determination.
A．whether B．where
C．how D．that
【解析】　It remains ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )...中的it是形式主语，“________the plan can be put into practice”是真正的主语，根据句意，空格处应有“是否”的含义，所以选用whether。
【答案】　A
8．________all the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) inventions have in common is________they have succeeded.
A．What；what B．That；that
C．What；that D．That；what
【解析】　句中is前面的部分为主语从句， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句中含有“have...in common”短语，因此前一空格中的词应引导主语从句并作have的宾语；后一空格中的连词引导表语从句，从句中succeeded为不及物动词，因此该连词不充当句子成分。that引导名词性从句时不在从句中充当句子成分。
【答案】　C
9．________he ref ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.
A．That B．What
C．Whether D．Where
【解析】　句意：文章中他所提及的内容一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )般读者不知道。此主语从句中referred to后面明显缺宾语，所以应该选连接代词，故C、D项被排除；that在从句中不充当成分，故选B项。
【答案】　B
10．It is obvious to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the students________they should get well prepared for their future.
A．as B．which
C．whether D．that
【解析】　that引导从句为真正的主语，it作形式主语。
【答案】　D
Ⅱ.用适当的连接词完成下列句子
1．________he g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ot the first prize in the English Contest surprised all of us.
2．________we will go to visit Hong Kong in this winter vacation remains unknown.
3．________will take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the place of Mr.Li as our new headmaster hasn't been decided.
4．________caused the accident to happen hasn't been made clear yet.
5．________has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
6．It is said________Peter will have a chance to travel abroad next month.
7．________Liu Yang ate her food in space is________we want to know.
8．________he found ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the way home after he lost his way in the deep forest is not clear to us.
9．________he didn't come yesterday is unknown.
10．I read about ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )it in some book or other.Does it matter________it was
【答案】　1.That　2 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).Whether　3.Who　4.What　5.Whoever　6.that　7.How；what　8.How　9.Why　10.wherePeriod Ⅳ　Using Language
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)掌握本学案中所给出的词汇，能够理解并能熟练运用。
(2)理解课文。
(3)听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。
(4)能够根据课文中所提出的问题，询问别人的看法和给出自己的看法。
(5)用英语写解决问题作文。
●教学地位
学生通过本课的学习，进一步增加天文学方面的知识。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
展示科幻影片中与太空有关的片段，激发学生的兴趣。
●教学流程设计
检查上堂所布置作业。 导入新课。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )学生快速阅读课文(见课本第30～31页)并根据学案所设置的问题做出判断。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
学生共同讨论。师生统一答案。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 让学生再次仔细阅读课文，并完成学案中“文本感知”部分。(见学案第57页) 学生就学案中的问题相互交换意见。老师指导学生统一答案。
　　　　　
学生完成“要点讲练”部分。(见学案第5 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )7～59页) 学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。 学生完成“情景交际”部分。(见学案第59页)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
自我评估。(见学案第60页) 学生完成“写 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作提升”部分。(见学案第59～60页) 老师指导学生共同找出答案。讲解本单元交际话题，并从高考命题角度来分析本交际话题。
　　　　　
让学生做“课时作业”。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )老师布置作业：让学生课下做“单元归纳提升”部分(见学案第61～62页)和Workbook 第63页Using words and Expressions第1、2、3、4题。
Ⅰ.判断正误
阅读P30－31课文，判断正误
1．The spaceship can't ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fall back to the earth because it is too far away from the earth.(　　)
2．When I was on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the moon I felt I was heavier than I am on the earth.(　　)
3．At the very beginn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing，the author felt strongest of the gravity of the earth.(　　)
【答案】　1.T　2.F　3.T
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P30－31课文，选取最佳答案
1．The passage is mainly about________.
A．an introduction of the moon
B．the gravity that I felt on my way to the moon
C．my visit to the moon
2．From the text， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we know that the force of the gravity would change________times.
A．2　　　　　B．3　　　　　C．4
3．If a baby i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s growing on the moon，when he grows up，he will grow________than he is on the earth.
A．taller B．shorter C．fatter
【答案】　1.C　2.B　3.A
1．pull n．[C]& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
As the rocket rose ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) into the air，we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth's gravity.(P30)随着火箭升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。
She pulled his sleeve to get his attention.
她拉拉他的袖子以引起他的注意。
He gave a strong pull at the rope.
他用力拉了拉绳子。
【助记】
pull down摧毁、推翻、拆除
pull in进站停靠；驶向路边(或某处)停靠
pull out离站；(使)摆脱困境
pull through恢复健康；渡过危机
pull up停车；停住
　 The doctor is sure that he will pull through.
医生确信他将恢复健康。
Has the train pulled in (out)
火车进(出)站了吗？
　
在下列各句中填入恰当的介词、副词
①The train has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) already pulled________，and the passengers are boarding it now.
②His home was pulled________by fire.
③The driver pulled________at the gate of our school.
【答案】　①in　②down　③up
2．cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋；高兴起来；振奋起来
I cheered up immediat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ely and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.(P31)我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。
I wrote that song just to cheer myself up.
我写那首歌只是为了让自己高兴。
cheer可用作及物动词或不及物动词，意为“欢呼，喝彩”。
cheer sb.on为某人加油
cheers干杯(用于祝酒)；谢谢
cheerful adj.令人高兴的；愉快的
cheering n．欢呼，喝彩 adj.令人振奋的，令人高兴的
　 【提示】　cheerful多用来形容人的天性热情、快乐或和蔼的举止。
The spectators cheered the runners on.
那些观众为运动员们加油。
The cheerful g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )irl always wears a sweet smile on her face.这个快乐的女孩脸上总是挂着甜甜的笑。
　
填入与cheer有关的词及短语
①这个令人鼓舞的消息使得这个小男孩高兴起来，他的父母也感到高兴。
The________news ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) made the boy________，which made his parents________，too.
②当他将要放弃时我们尽最大努力鼓励他。
We did our best to________him________when he was about to give up.
【答案】　①cheering；cheerful；cheer up　②cheer；on
3．But when I tried ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to step forward，I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.(P31)而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
twice as far as...意为“是……的两倍远”，属倍数表达法句型之一。
This line is three times as long as that one.
这根线是那根线的3倍长。
As we all know，cats sleep twice as much as people.
众所周知，猫睡觉的时间比人长一倍。
①倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as...是……的多少倍……
②主语＋谓语＋by＋...times表示：主语……了多少倍。
③主语＋谓语＋...times＋t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he size(或amount，length...)＋of＋被比较的内容，用于尺寸、体积、数量、长度等的比较。是……的多少倍。
④主语＋谓语＋...times＋that of...是……的多少倍。
⑤主语(A)＋谓语＋倍数＋形容词或副词的比较级＋than＋B表示“A比B大(小、高、长等)多少倍”。
　 The production of this year is twice that of last year.
今年的产量是去年的两倍。
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球的大小是月球的49倍。
【对接高考】
(2013·安徽高考)It's said ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that the power plant is now ________ large as what it was.
A．twice as　　　　　　　B．as twice
C．twice much D．much twice
【解析】　句意：据说这个发电厂现在是以前的两倍大。倍数的表示法有多种，此处为“倍数词＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋其他”结构。
【答案】　A
　
一句多译
那条新修建的铁路是旧铁路的两倍长。(3种)
①________________________________________________________________________
②________________________________________________________________________
③________________________________________________________________________
【答案】　①The newly bu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ilt railway is twice as long as the old one.　②The newly built railway is twice the length of the old one.　③The newly built railway is twice that of the old one.
4．“Oh，dear，”I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now_that gravity has changed.”(P31)
“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”
now that“既然”，引导原因状语从句，其中的that可以省略。
Now that everyone is here，let's begin our meeting.
既然大家都到齐了，我们就开始开会吧。
Now that dinner is ready，wash your hands.
既然晚饭准备好了，你去洗手吧。
【提示】　①引导原因状语从句的连词：now ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that，since，because，as，considering(that)，in that等。
②引导原因状语的短语：due to，t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hanks to，because of，as a result of，owing to，on account of等。
　
完成句子
①既然天气那么好，我们去野餐吧。
________________，let's go for a picnic.
②既然已经长大，你必须停止这种幼稚的行为。
________________，you must stop this childish behaviour.
【答案】　①Now(that)the weather is fine　②Now(that)you have grown up
5．break out突发，爆发
We watched，amazed as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth's gravity increased.(P31)
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。
Fighting broke out in the prison cells.
牢房里发生了斗殴。
break up解散；打碎
break away from...脱离……
break down打破；坍塌；(精神、身体)垮掉
break in进入；插话
break into强行进入(某处)；突然开始(大笑、欢呼等)
　 If you go on working like that，you will break down sooner or later.
如果你继续像那样工作的话，你迟早会累垮的。
He broke into my house and stole my money.
他闯进我家偷了我的钱。
【提示】　break out，take pl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ace，happen等动词及动词短语有两个共同点：①终止性——不用于进行时；②不及物——不用于被动语态。
【对接高考】
(2013·福建高考)Old fash ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ioned phones matter when wireless networks ________ in disasters.
A．turn down B．turn out
C．break down D．break out
【解析】　首先了解四个选 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )项的汉语意思。turn down表示“调小；拒绝”；turn out表示“生产；结果是，证明是”；break down表示“出故障”；break out表示“(战争、疾病等的)爆发”。由题干中的关键信息old fashioned phones matter和in disasters可知此处填break down“出故障”。本题的意思是：“在灾难中，当无线网络出故障时，老式电话就(显得)很重要了。”
【答案】　C
　
介、副词填空
①Unluckily，my car broke________on the way to the airport.
②You'd better not break________while others are chatting.
③For some reason，she broke________laughter during class.
④It is reported that a violent earthquake broke________in Japan.
【答案】　①down　②in　③into　④out
6．watch out for(P31)密切注意……；留意……
You should watch ou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t for John，who often makes fun of others.你应该提防约翰，他经常取笑别人。
①watch out小心，当心
②watch over照看；看守
③look out注意，当心
take care注意，当心
be careful注意，当心
④keep a watch守望；注视
　 Watch out that you don't get her into trouble.
当心，别让她碰到麻烦。
She is watching over her sick child.
她在照料自己生病的孩子。
The police are keeping a watch on his movement.
警方密切注视着他的动向。
　
完成句子
①There must have been an angel(天使)____________(照顾) me that day.
②What problems should I____________(注意) when buying an old house
③You'll become an alcoholic if you don't____________(小心)．
【答案】　①watching over　②watch out for
③watch out
指示(Instructions)
1．Please pay attention to...请注意……
2．Make sure you...一定……
3．Don't forget to...不要忘记……
4．Watch out for...当心……
5．You'd better (not)．..你最好(不)……
翻译句子
1．一定要在睡前关上电视。
________________________________________________________________________
2．——请注意你的言行。——我会的。
________________________________________________________________________
3．出发前不要忘了看一下时间。
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】　1.Make sure you turn off the TV before you go to bed.
2．—Please pay attention to your behavior.
—OK.I will.
3．Don't forget to watch the time as you set out.
探索性写作：解决问题
一、 解决问题类作文的结构安排
1．提出问题或列出现象，并简要阐述其产生原因；
2．说明其对生活和社会的影响；
3．提出解决问题的方法。
写作时应注意以下三个方面：
1．此类书面表达通常为话题作文或看图作文，学生应仔细研读提示信息或图画，明确应围绕什么问题或现象展开评论。
2．围绕主题，进行拓展。根据要求和提示信息合理安排篇章中各部分内容的比例，做到详略得当、条理清楚、文字简练。
3．时态：多采用一般现在时，但如果提示中给出了具体时间，学生则应对时态进行相应的调整。
4．要注意存在的问题，分析此问题可能带来的危害，然后针对此问题应如何解决。
二、常用句型
1．提建议的句型
In my opinion，the best way to solve the problem is...
My tips are as follows...
Only in this way can we...
To solve the above mentioned problem，we must...
2．说明现象或问题的常用句型
It has become the biggest concern of...
Unless we take effecti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve measures, it is likely that...The situation many people are facing is that...
To start with，... T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he second reason is... The last but not least reason is...
Faced with the problem, quite a few people argue that...but others...
There is a general discussion today about the problem of...
3．得出结论
With concerted efforts we will pull through the difficulties.
With the help of... we can manage to overcome these difficulties.
水是生命之源，而在现实生活中，浪费水的现象屡 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )见不鲜。请你以“How to save water”为题，写一篇120词左右的英语短文，提出解决办法。内容包括：
1．说明节约用水的重要性；
2．提出节约用水的具体方法；
3．发出号召。
[思路分析]　
本文时态用一般现在时，人称可使用第一、二人称。
[词汇热身]　
1．过分强调________________
2．大量水________________
3．循环水；再生水________________
4．关小水龙头________________
5．积极参与________________
6．有限的水资源________________
【答案】　1.overem ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )phasize　2.a large amount of water　3.recycled water　4.turn down the tap　5.take an active part　6.limited water resource
[句式温习]　
1．据估计如果遵从以下建议的话，每个家庭每天可以节约70%的用水量。
____________________about 70% of the water used in a family every day can be saved if we follow the tips below.
2．记得不用时及时关掉它。
____________________if you are not using it.
3．我们不管怎样强调节水的重要性都不过分。
____________________the importance of saving water.
4．只有每个人都积极参与，我们才能帮助节约我们有限的水资源。
Only when everyone takes an active part____________________.
【答案】　1.It is estimated ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that　2.Remember to shut it off in time　3.We can never overemphasize　4.can we really help save our limited water resource
[连句成篇]　
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
How to save water
We can never overe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mphasize the importance of saving water.But we are now wasting a large amount of water in our daily life.
It's estimate ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d that about 70% of the water used in a family every day can be saved if we follow the tips below.
First, use recycle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d water. For example, you can use the water to wash rice first, and then use it to wash vegetables. Finally, the water can be used to wash the toilet.
Second, when you are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) taking a bath, turn down the tap a little bit. Remember to shut it off in time if you are not using it.
Third, when you are w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ashing dishes, use some paper to clean them first，and then use the water to wash them, which will save much water.
Only when everyone takes an active part can we really help save our limited water resource.
Ⅰ.立体式复习单词　
A．基础单词
1．________n．系统；体系；制度
2．________n．宗教；宗教信仰
3．________n．学说；理论
4．________prep.不同，不像
5．________vi.& vt.乘；增加
6．________adv.因此，于是
7．________n．万有引力；重力
8．________adj.温和的；文雅的
9．________n．气候
10．________vi.& vt.碰撞，坠落
11．________n．& vt.拉(力)，拖，牵引(力)
12．________vi.& vt.(使)浮动，(使)漂浮
【答案】　1.system　2.religion　3.theory　4.unlike
5．multiply　6.thus　7.gravity　8.gentle　9.climate
10．crash　11.pull　12.float
B．词汇拓展
13．________adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→________n．暴力；暴行；剧烈
14．________adj.基本的；基础的→________adv.根本上；完全地
15．________adj.有害的→________n．危害；害处
16．________vi.存在；生存→________n．存在，生存
17．________n．谜；难题 v ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难→________adj.令人迷惑的，困惑的→________adj.迷惑的，困惑的
【答案】　13.violent；v ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iolence　14.fundamental；fundamentally　15.harmful；harm　16.exist；existence
17．puzzle；puzzling；puzzled
Ⅱ.递进式回顾短语　
A．短语互译
1．________________及时，终于
2．________________下蛋
3．________________产生，分娩
4．________________阻止，制止
5．________________in one's turn
6．________________cheer up
7．________________break out
8．________________watch out
9．________________block out
【答案】　1.in time　2.lay ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) eggs　3.give birth to　4.prevent...from　5.轮到某人，接着　6.感到高兴，感到振奋
7．突发，爆发　8.密切注视，当心　9.挡住(光线)
B．用上面短语的适当形式填空
10．Do you know that crocodiles reproduce by____________？
11．During the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) car accident，he was____________to escape from the car without being hurt.
12．We put a curtain across the window to____________the sunlight.
13．The war____________between the two countries.
14．____________for wild animals when you go up the hills.
【答案】　10.laying eggs　11.in time　12.block out
13．broke out　14.Watch out
Ⅲ.仿写式活用句型　
1．The earth bec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ame so_violent_that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.
【句式仿写】　他如此聪明以至于在如此短的时间就解出了那道题。
He is____________he worked out the problem in such a short time.
2．This produ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ced a chain reaction，which made_it_possible for life to_develop.
【句式仿写】　他每天早晨六点起床，这已成为一种习惯。
He____________at six every day.
3．But when I tried to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )step forward，I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.
【句式仿写】　新图书馆比旧图书馆大4倍。
Our new library is____________the old one.
4．“Oh，dear，”I cr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ied，“walking does need a bit of practice now_that gravity has changed.”
【句式仿写】　既然你想提高英语口语，你应该每天说英语。
____________，you should speak English every day.
【答案】　1.so clever th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at　2.makes it a habit to get up/getting up　3.four times larger than　4.Now that you want to improve your oral English
完形填空解题技法(十)
思前想后觅逻辑法
逻辑是作者的行文方式，主要包括并 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )列、转折、条件、因果、递进、让步等。它们之间有的通过连接词来表达，关系非常明显；有的隐含在句与句之中，关系比较隐晦。考生应该根据前后信息进行思考，拨开迷雾，准确理解上下文间的逻辑关系。
【实例透析】　
1．(2012·江苏高考)．..T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oday we can talk，text，e mail，chat and blog(写博客)，not only from our __42__，but from our mobile phones as well.
...
42．A.media　　　　　　　B．computers
C．databases D．monitors
【解析】　B。这句话用了并列连词not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) only...but(also)．..，意为“不仅……而且……”，根据but后面的“our mobile phones”可知，not only后面也要填一个与其属于同一范畴但非同一物的名词，故选computers。
2．(2012·广东高考)．..Fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r example，they may believe that people should always tell the truth，and that lying is __6__ acceptable...
6．A.seldom B．rarely
C．merely D．never
【解析】　D。句中的并列连词a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd表示前后两个分句是逻辑上的并列关系。前一分句的意思是“他们认为人们永远要说实话”，后一分句与前一分句意义一致，故此处要用never，表示“从不”。
【技巧点拨】
应用此法做完形填空题时，需要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )理清上下文之间的逻辑关系，找出它们内在的联系及含义。例如注意一些连词，像and, but, or, if, because, so, though等在句中所起的作用，进而理清上下文之间的逻辑关系作出正确的判断。
When Teresa, a widow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )with four young children, saw a notice from her church for all members to gather to deliver presents and food to a__1__family, she took $ 10 out of her savings jar and bought some ingredients to make three dozen2(cookies). She got to the church parking lot just in time to join the convoy going to the home that was to__3__the people's help.
The route was__4__， a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd she was astonished when the cars pulled up in front of her house. When the pastor saw her, he said, “We__5__expected you to join us, Teresa. We know it's been a great__6__since your husband died, and we all wanted to__7__you. ”
1．A.wealthy B．big
C．noble D．needy
3．A.offer B．receive
C．expect D．refuse
4．A.pleasant B．lengthy
C．familiar D．rough
5．A.never B．just
C．even D．seldom
6．A.failure B．comfort
C．success D．struggle
7. A．satisfy B．support
C．invite D．remember
【解析】　本文是一篇记叙文。特里萨是一个 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )很贫穷的母亲，她一个人带着4个孩子度日。当她看见教堂帮助人的活动通知时，她拿出了10美元买了一些原料，做了一些甜饼，准备送人，并且在那里等着和他人一起给那些需要的人送去。当车队来到自己的家门口的时候，筹办人发现了特里萨，原来她也参与了帮助人的活动。特里萨虽然感到有点不自在，但是她却奉献出自己的甜饼和他人来分享。
1. D　考查语境逻辑。根据 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )前面的语境及下文中的“going to the home that was to__3__the people's help”可知是给予需要帮助的家庭，所以应该是贫穷的家庭，故选D。needy意为“贫困的”。wealthy“富有的”；big“大的”；noble“高贵的”，均不符合语境。
3. B　考查语境逻辑。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )根据前面的语境：她看到一个教堂的通知，要人们准备东西送给那些贫穷的家庭，再根据空格后面的“the people's help”可知此处表示接受人们的帮助，所以选B。offer“提供”；expect“期待”；refuse“拒绝”，均不符合语境。
4. C　考查语境逻辑。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从后面的“she was astonished when the cars pulled up in front of her house”可知车队来到了她家，因此路线是她熟悉的，所以选C。pleasant“令人愉快的”；lengthy“漫长的”；rough“艰难的”，均不符合语境。
5. A　考查语境逻辑。从后面的“We k ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )now it's been a great__6__since your husband died”可知她的丈夫死了，她生活得也很艰难，所以他们从来没有想到她还会去帮助其他人。just“刚才”；even“甚至”；seldom“很少”，均不符合语境。
6. D　考查语境逻辑。从空格后面的“si ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce your husband died”可知她的丈夫死了，因此生活对她来说是很艰难的，所以选D。failure“失败”；comfort“安慰”；success“成功”，均不符合语境。
7. B　考查语境逻辑。前面提到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )她的丈夫死后，她的生活很艰难，所以人们都想帮助她，故选B。satisfy“满足”；invite“邀请”；remember“记得”，均不符合语境。